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8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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Estimation of Cash Flows
8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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What are the inputs required for DCFanalysis?
• Cash flows – Free cash flows to equity, Free cash flows to firm
• Discount rate – Cost of equity, weighted average cost of capital
• Estimated life – sset with finite!infinite life
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What are the advantages of holdingFree cash ?
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Cash "ich #$%s
Company Cash Rs in crore
Coal &ndia "s '(,()'
*+DC ( ,-('
*.#C /,0)/
1il &ndia (, )0
*2#C 0,30'
42E5 0,/67
4harat Electronics 7,))
$ &5 6, 0' *alco ),7-6
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Why Free cash Flow pproach is superior toaccounting profit in valuation?
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Enron
First $ 100BillionYear
Revenues($ millions)
First$ 10 BYear
Revenue($ millions)
Years from$10 B to$ 100 B
E88on+o9il
3/- -), 6) 3') -,('6 0
Wal – +art 33' -', 60 3/' ,3-3 -
:eneral+otors
3/' -(,/ ) 377 (,66) )
Ford 33( --,0/' 3'7 ,7)0 (0:eneralelectric
33/ --,6'3 30( -,(6- ('
Enron (--- --,0/3 33' ),(/3 6
8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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Enron2000 1999 1998 199 199! 199"
$ales --,0/3 6-, ( ) ,('- (-,(0) ),(/3 3, /3
#rofit 303 /3) 0-) -7 7/6 7(-
Fortune7--ran;ing
0 / (0 70 36 6
8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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Estimation of Cash flows
Free Cash Flow to Equity Free Cash Flow to Firm
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What is meant 9y Free Cash Flows to Equity
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>& plan (--/ (- ( 7 6 9illion7@ - A -f:D#
>&& plan (- ) 0 -(7 9illion
0@' A of :D#
&nvestment and :rowth
• "e invested in infrastructure proBect translates into 0
times the revenue generation• Economic thum9 rule 5ogistics sector grow 9y @( 8 :D#
2igh :D# growth"ate of a9ove / A
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Cash Flows to Equity
• Cash flows to equity for an unlevered firm
• Cash flows to equity for a firm withleverage@
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Cash flows to equity for an unlevered firm
"evenue 88888 operating e8penses 88888
E4&D. 888888 depreciation and amorti ation 888888
E4&. 888888
ta8es 888888
*et income 8888888 depreciation and amorti ation 8888888
Cash flows from operations 8888888
capital e8penditures wor;ing capital needs 8888888
Free Cash Flow to Equity 8888888
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Equity DCF valuation – Free Cash Flow to Equity
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Equity DCF valuation – Free Cash Flow to Equity
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Equity DCF valuation – Free Cash Flow to Equity
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"evenue 88888 operating e8penses 88888
E4&D. 888888 depreciation and amorti ation 888888
E4&. 888888
&nterest 888888
E4. 888888
ta8es 888888
*et income 8888888 depreciation and amorti ation 8888888
Cash flows from operations 8888888
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Cash from operations 888888
preferred dividends Capital e8penditure wor;ing capital needs principal repayments proceeds from new de9t issues 888888
Free cash flow to equity 88888888
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*et income depreciation
− capital e8penditures− change in wor;ing capital− principal repayments
new de9t issue proceeds FCFE
Equity DCF valuation – free cash flow to equity
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*et income
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*et income
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Cash Flows to Firm
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Estimation of cash flows to firm
• Cash flow 9elongs to all sta;e holders of a firm
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Estimation of cash flows to firm
E4&. < ta8 rate= Depreciation
Capital spending Wor;ing capital needs
Free cash flow to the firm
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#ro9lems in estimation of cash flows
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8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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8/18/2019 Estimation of Cash Flows and Discount Rate
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Estimation of Discount "ates
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2ow do you define ris;?
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Chinese $ym9ol of "is;
"is; E8pected
return
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+eaning of ris;
• Refers to li#elihoo that in life%s &ame of
chance' e ill receive outcome that eill not li#e
• *e+ster%s ictionary efines ris# as,e-posin& to loss or ama&e.
•*hat is the financial efinition of ris#/
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7 A E8pected return
( ) 6 7
ctual return
2ow far the actual return deviatesfrom e8pected return?
"is; refers to the li;elihood that we will receive a return on an&nvestment that is different from the e8pected return
E8pected return
ctual return
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What is meant 9y discount rate?
• discount rate is a function of ris; involved in – 9usiness ! asset ! proBect – earning cash flows in the future
• .he discount rate should cover the price for timeand ris; premium@
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Estimation of Discount "ates
Equity GaluationCost of Equity
Firm valuationWeighted average cost of capital
C approach
3ivi en approach
Boo# value ei&ht
ar#et value ei&ht
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Cost of e4uity*hat e4uity investors in a +usiness e-pect to ma#e
on their investment/
&ssues
• %nli;e de9t the cost ofequity is an implicit cost
• E8pected return need not 9e the same for allinvestors
.wo tas;s
@ .o convert implicit costin to e8plicit cost
(@ .o come up with a rateof return common of alldiverse investors@
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"is; return modelsEstimation pproaches
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• $tep +easuring ris; – .he spread of actual returns around the e8pected returnis measured 9y the variance or standard deviation of thedistri9ution@
• $tep( Diversifia9le and *on diversifia9le ris; – "efer ne8t slide
• $tep ) ssume the marginal investor is well diversified• $tep 6 +odels measuring +ar;et ris;
– C #+, 4E. , "is; Free "ate < no default ris;, no uncertainty
a9out reinvestment rates= – "is; premium < $urvey premiums +orningstar and +errill
5ynch= 2istorical premiums@
"is; return modelsEstimation pproaches
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ro5ect may o +etter or orse
than e-pecte
Competitionmay +e stron&er6r ea#er than
anticipate
7ntire sector may +eaffecte
7-chan&e rate anpolitical ris# nterest rate etc
ctions thataffect only one firm ctions that
affect all firm
#roBect ris; Competitive ris;
$ector ris;
+ar;et ris;
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C1$. 1F EH%&.I
Capital sset #ricing +odel pproach Dividend approach
e : r f ; < ( m = R f )J e cost of equity! required rate of return
r f ris; free rate of return
J m e8pected return on mar;et inde8
e : 3> ; &
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Calculation of *1# .
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