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Enzymes (Proteins)
Standards 1b, 1h, 4e, 4f,
From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest
entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe
Universe
From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest
entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe
• Universe > Galaxies > Star > • (Milky Way) Solar
• System (Sun)
Universe
Galaxies
Stars
Planets
• Planet > Organisms > Organ >• (Earth) (Human Being) System
(Digestive)
System
Organisms
Organ System
• Organ > Tissue > Cells >(Stomach) (Smooth) (Smooth)
Muscle Muscle Tissue Cells
Organs
Tissue
• Organelles > Macromolecules >
Nucleus (Organic Compounds)
i.e. Protein (Enzymes)
Organelles
Organic Compounds
• Atoms > Subatomic > Quarks >
Elements (Proton)
Carbon (Neutron)
(Electron)
Atoms
Subatomic
Quarks
Proton Neutron
• > Energy Strings ?
String Theory ?
Energy Strings?
Proton
From the Simplest to the Most Complex
• Virus < Bacteria < Animal < Plant
Cell Cell Cell
↓ ↓ ↓
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cells Cells
↓ ↓
No Nucleus Have a Nucleus
Standard 1h
• Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from small collection of simple precursors.
Types of Macromolecules(Organic Compounds)
• Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) sugars
• Proteinas (Enzymes)
• Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
• Lipids (Fats)
Types of Macromolecules(Organic Compounds)
Carbohydrates(Polysaccharides)
Sugars
Proteins(Enzymes)
Nucleic Acids(DNA & RNA)
Lipids(Fats)
Types of Monomers• Monosaccharides
• Amino Acids
• Nucleotides
• Fatty Acids
Types of Monomers
Monosaccharide Amino Acid Nucleotide Fatty Acid
Monomers That Make Up The Macromolecules
• Many Monosaccharide make up a Polysaccharide.
• Many Nucleotides makes up a Nucleic Acid.
• Many Amino Acids make up a protein (Enzyme).
• 3 chains of Fatty Acids attached to a glycerol molecule make up the lipids.
Standard 1b
• Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.
Enzymes
• They are proteins that are made in the ribosomes of the cell, and are involved in speeding up the millions of chemical reactions needed to sustain life in living things.
• They help certain substrates (reactants) become products quickly, but do not become part of the products.
• They lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
Factors that affect Enzyme Function
• Temperature
• pH • Ionic conditions.
Temperature
Review Standards 8th Grade Physical Science
• pH scale 0 14• pH < 7 solution is acidic• pH > 7 solution is basic• pH = 7 solution is neutral
Ionic Conditions
Ionic Conditions at the Molecular Level
Standard 4e
• Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids.
Standard 4f
• Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have different shapes and chemical properties.
Amino Acid AbbreviationAbbreviation
Letter
Alanine Ala A
Asparagine Asn N
Cysteine Cys C
Glutamine Gln Q
Glycine Gly G
Isoleucine Ile I
Leucine Leu L
Methionine Met M
Phenylalanine Phe F
Proline Pro P
Amino Acid AbbreviationAbbreviation
Letter
Serine Ser S
Threonine Thr T
Tryptophan Trp W
Tyrosine Tyr Y
Valine Val V
Aspartic Acid Asp D
Glutamic Acid Glu E
Arginine Arg R
Histidine His H
Lysine Lys K
Insulin
Insulin (Ribbon Form Structure)
Human Growth Hormone