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l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Solliance

▪ Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program

TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21

Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21

▪ 2

Bringing together research and industry

Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users

▪ Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain

▪ Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners


▪ 3

Bringing together research and industry

Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users

▪ Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain

▪ Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners


▪ 4

▪ Efficiency:

• Thin film PV

PSC, CdTe & CIGS

between

mc-Si and c-Si

▪ Maturity:

• PSC << CIGS < CdTe

▪ Cost targets (€/Wp):

• PSC < CIGS ≈ CdTe < cSi

• PSC < 0,25 €/Wp)

Hero Solar Cell efficiency evolution: 2006 - 2016

Multi-junction


▪ 5

Thin Film PV allows customized integration

▪ Current solutions:

• Add-on

• Nothing on façades

• Nothing on windows

• No proper fit

• Severely affected appearance

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjNlPzOwu_KAhXra5oKHW_LD-kQjRwIBw&url=http://www.greensunnj.com/SolarHallofShame&psig=AFQjCNGvmg11tlqb1YtNrU7opz4iBPgh7g&ust=1455273555533024


▪ 6

Solliance Ambition

▪ Develop low-cost production processes for

flexible PV modules with any shape and size

▪ Demonstrate these unique features in integrated PV

products for infrastructure, buildings and vehicles

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjF2_2Vxe_KAhWFIJoKHbQ2AQMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.pv-magazine.com/archive/articles/beitrag/opportunity-knocks-for-third-generation-pv-_100019031/630/&bvm=bv.113943164,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNEko-_sScRH7mLk8a5tRCEo2JEc4A&ust=1455274192337344


▪ 7

Solliance Organization


▪ 8

Solliance: production of PV: from Lab to Fab

▪ Specific process development for CIGS and Perovskite based PV

▪ Process preferences/requirements:

• Low temperature processes: throughput, energy consumption low-cost

• Non-vacuum processes: low cost

• Short tact times (S2S) or fast R2R processes

• Large area well-controlled thin layer deposition of multi layers

▪ Defect free

▪ Layer thickness homogeneity

▪ Performance homogeneity


▪ 9

Solliance: Key infrastructure

▪ S2S and R2R production tools

• Slot die coating

• Ink jet printing

• Rotary screen printing

• Spatial ALD

• PECVD

• Electro-chemical deposition

• …

▪ New production tools developed by

Solliance and its partners

▪ Shared tools between

Holst Centre (flexible electronics) and

Solliance (thin film PV)


▪ 10

Preferred industrial deposition technologies

Wet layer deposition

Slot die coating

S2S15x15cm2 & 30x30cm2

R2R30 cm width

Dry layer deposition

Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (sALD)

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwil6PTg2PDOAhWKDxoKHdG4AOoQjRwIBw&url=http://ntact.com/&psig=AFQjCNHCPe8ZRIugOKPVMLaT_Aa9Gf9h5g&ust=1472906025525602

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjYutz82PDOAhUJvBoKHcjQBV8QjRwIBw&url=http://www.hollandinstrumentation.nl/vdletg&bvm=bv.131669213,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNEho6JIZobapFfiRNaSwJdBl_HL4g&ust=1472906094563296


▪ 15

High potential for Perovskite based PV (PSC)

perovskite:

CH3NH3PbI3

[PbI6]4−

octahedron

CH3NH3(+)

▪ Potential:

• High efficiency (> 22%)

• Low cost: very thin, low cost materials & processes

▪ Compare cSi wafer: 150 µm, CIGS layer 2,5 µm, Perovskite layer ≤ 0,5 µm

▪ Main challenges:

• Scale-ability: demonstrate low-cost and large scale industrial production

▪ Materials

▪ Processes

▪ Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S) Roll-to-Roll (R2R)

• Reliability: improving stability whilst maintaining high performance

• Toxicity: assessment of potential toxicity (Pb) and alternative materials


▪ 16

Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)

▪ Lab baseline V1.0:

• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature

R2R compatible

• Dual Perovskite precursor

▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:

2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing

▪ MAPbI3

• Glass: 14,5%

• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%


▪ 17

▪ Advantages:

• Short research cycles:

ideal for efficient stack optimization

• Not critical

▪ Disadvantage:

• Not scalable > 15x15cm2

• Low layer thickness uniformity

• > 90% material waste

• Batch wise




R2R compatible


▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:


▪ MAPbI3

• Glass: 14,5%


▪ Lab scale process: spin coating

https://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjlyvnXj_DOAhUF2hoKHdOBCLoQjRwIBw&url=http://www.materials360online.com/newsDetails/47293&psig=AFQjCNG-r9uZ5chdONbBx3BPj5UFTmlGKA&ust=1472886419978457


▪ 18




R2R compatible


▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:


▪ MAPbI3

• Glass: 14,5%


Introduce scale-able

industrial processes


▪ 19

Introducing up-scaling processes: S2S Keeping lab scale performances @ ≥ 95%

▪ Vacuum e-beam TiO2

Ambient S2S sALD TiO2

TiO2 deposition Efficiency

e-Beam TiO2

(reference)15%

ALD TiO2

(setting 1)2%

ALD TiO2

(setting 2) 14.1%

sALD TiO2

(setting 3) 9.5%

sALD TiO2

(setting 4) 14.9%

▪ Small area spin coating

Large area S2S slot die coating

9. MOV_0018_long Andriessen.mp4


▪ 20

Laser scribe process development

▪ All processes developed and

optimized

• type of laser, pulse frequency,

pulse power density, …

▪ P1

▪ P2

▪ P3


▪ 21

Up-scaled 6x6 inch2 PSC module on glass

▪ Combining up-scaling processes

• S2S Slot Die coated layers

• E-beam TiO2

• S2S Laser scribed interconnections

• S2S Packaged with laminated flexible

barrier

▪ Glass based PSC with 2 TCO’s

• Tandem applications (cfr. Sjoerd)

Aperture

Area

Sub

cellsVoc Isc FF

Aperture

Efficiency

168 cm2

GFF ≥ 95%25

21.2 V

848 mV/cell

116 mA

17.3 mA/cm267.9% 10.0 %

World record (March 2016)


▪ 22

▪ Tandem = cSi cell AND semi-transparent Perovskite cell

• Potential: cSi efficiency (20 – 25%) > 31%

▪ Solliance works on semi-transparent perovskite stack optimization

and integration into 4T tandem modules

• Example: First-ever fully integrated 64 cm2 4T tandem module:

Semitransparent

16 cm2 PSC module (10%)

4 cm

Development of tandem application

PSCcSi

light

4 4x4 cm2

MWT cSi cells

integrated on

back sheet at

the bottom


▪ 23

Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years

▪ Humidity stability

• Intrinsic

Irreversible

water

up-take

1 H2O

2 H2O


▪ 24



• Intrinsic

RH↑

Baseline V1.0

Fast device deterioration by increased

exposure to humidity


▪ 25



• Intrinsic

RH↑

Baseline V1.0, no Al2O3 Additional ALD Al2O3 on PER

Almost no device deterioration by

increased exposure to humidity

RH↑


▪ 26

Not only stability …


• Intrinsic

ALD Al2O3 (PCE↑) spatial ALD Al2O3 (PCE↑)

6

8

10

12

14

16

PC

Ea

fte

r 5

min (

%)

No (s)ALD sALD1 sALD2 sALD3


▪ 27



• Intrinsic

• Extrinsic:

▪ Flexible R2R produced water barrier foil

• WVTR tune-able:

10-4 ≤ 10-6 g/day.m2

RH↑

Baseline V1.0, no Al2O3 Additional ALD Al2O3 on PER

RH↑


▪ 28


▪ Temperature stability

▪ Introducing improvements:

• Hinder escape of small Methyl Ammonium cation:

▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers


▪ 29




• Hinder escape of small MA cation:


85⁰C


▪ 30






85⁰C


▪ 31






85⁰C


▪ 32






• Larger cation/Smaller anion:

▪ Formamidinium/Bromide


• Planar and low temperature

R2R compatible

• Introducing Formamidinium & Bromide

▪ Two step process

▪ FA1-xMAxPbI3-xBrx

▪ More stable and …

• Glass: 19%

• PET: 16,5% World record

(August 2016)

Next step towards R2R

on dedicated infrastructure

& know-how

Up

-

sc

ale


▪ 33

Towards R2R processed PSC

▪ Substrate: PET + ITO

▪ Step 1:

• sALD TiO2 S2S R2R or

• Slot Die SnOx

▪ Step 2:

• Slot Die PER S2S R2R


▪ 34

Towards R2R processed PSC: results

▪ Substrate: PET + ITO

• R2R slot die of SnOx &

• R2R slot die of PER

• Devices by: S2S OMeTAD + Au

▪ Device performance:

• PCE:

▪ 12,6% MPPT, 13,7% JV scan

• Withstand 100x bending with r=10 mm

Dense crystalline layer


▪ 35Performance Targets PSC Program for 2017 and beyond

20172016 2018 2019Main Platform

module targets

Rigid Non-tr.

Flexible Non-tr.

Mod.

Size15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2

Mod. Eff. 10% 15% 17% / 12% 18% / 15%

Stability

Failure mechanisms

analysis report

% losses determined @

70⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -20% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -10% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -10% @

85⁰C/85%RH/2kh

Mod. Size5x5 cm² on glass with

metal BE (lab scale)*

15x15 cm² on foil

(up-scaled)

all-R2R

15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2

all-R2R

15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2

Mod. Eff. 10% 10% 12% / 10% 14% / 12%

Stability

Start stress assessment

on stability


70⁰C/85%RH/1kh on cell

Stress assessment on

stability + start failure

mechanisms

assessment


65⁰C/85%RH/1kh

Failure mechanisms

analysis report

≤ -20% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -10% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh* + Metal-based lab scale

baseline stack on foil:

≥ 12% on 0,13cm² cell

Mod.

Size5x5 cm² on glass (lab scale) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2

Mod. Eff. 10% 12% 14% 16% / 12 %

Stability n.a.≤ -20% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -10% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

≤ -10% @

85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

Rigid Semi-tr.

l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O

Thank you for your attention!

Ronn Andriessen

Program director

+31 6 13 02 81 62

[email protected]

Documents

[Enter your title here] - Instant Magazinecdn.instantmagazine.com/upload/12499/9_andriessen.47e2949dcc09.pdf · P2 P3. Solliance PSC ... Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days