Upload
danghanh
View
220
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SOLLIANCEA R&D cluster bringingthin film solar energy technologyto excellence
Solliance OPV: Towards Low Cost, Efficient and Stable OrganicPhotovoltaic Modules
Ronn Andriessen
Solliance OPV Program
Introduction Presentation
• Introduction• General Goal• Current Status• Way-of-Working• Acknowledgements
3
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Solliance partners
ECN, the leading energy research institute in the Netherlands, Europe
Imec , a world-leading research institute in nanoelectronics, based in Flanders, Belgium, Europe
TNO, the leading Dutch (Europe) institute for applied scientific research and strong in generic technologies
Holst Centre , a joint research initiative of imec en TNO located in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Europe
TU/e, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, Europe
4
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
A. Transparent Conductive Layers
B. Barriers and Encapsulation
C. Interconnection
D. Light Management
E. Manufacturing Technologies: Vacuum
F. Manufacturing Technologies: Wet Chemical
H. Modules & Integration
I. Equipment Design & Engineering
G. Modeling & Characterisation
2. TF-CIGS
3. TF-OPV
1. TF-Si
Shared Research Centre on Thin Film PV
3 thin film PV technologies connected by Generic enabling technologies
5
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Solliance : open thin film PV research lines
Local government investment• Move of thin film PV activities of ECN to Eindhoven, the Netherlands• Alliance of ECN, TNO, TU/e, Holst Centre and IMEC
Investment in new Solliance building
Investment of new infrastructure• CIGS: S2S vacuum R2R “ambient”• tf-Si: R2R• OPV: S2S and R2R “ambient”
Artist impression
6
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Impression new Solliance building @ HTC
Expected Q2 2013
Solliance OPV Program
General Goal Presentation
• Introduction• General Goal• Current Status• Way-of-Working• Acknowledgements
8
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Working principle OPV: Bulk Heterojunction
OMe
O
OMe
O
(
)n
e-
MDMO-PPV PCBMas donor (D) as acceptor (A)
N.S. Sariciftci et al., Science, 1992, 258, 1474C.J. Brabec et al., Chem. Phys. Lett, 2001, 340(3,4), 232
45 fs
Recombination: from µs to ms
D
A
-
metal top electrode
transparent bottom electrodeglass
The donor and acceptor are nanoscopicallymixed to overcome ~10 nm exciton diffusion length and increase donor/acceptor interface.
Light
R. H. Friend et al., Nature, 1995, 376, 498 A. J. Heeger et al., Science, 1995, 270, 1789
D
A
9
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
General goals• Creation of a complete technology toolbox for the design,
processing, integration and characterization of OPV cells and modules
• To unify the extremes of the well-known triangle (for dedicated applications)
• By operating under the open innovation model i.e. shared research together with companies belonging to the
value chain of OPV
Efficiency
CostLifetime
Solliance OPV Program
10
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Performance, lifetime & Processing Roadmap
EL
EL
ELC
11
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Solliance Technology Roadmap for OPV
OPV now:
~ 10 €/Wp (~ 150 €/m2) R2R
• Slot-die coating (halogen based?)
Anode based on:• Vacuum sputtering of ITO
Cell:• ~ 10 % PCE
Module:• ~ 1,7% PCE• Low production yield
Low-end packaging via lamination
OPV now:
~ 10 €/Wp (~ 150 €/m2) R2R
• Slot-die coating (halogen based?)
Anode based on:• Vacuum sputtering of ITO
Cell:• ~ 10 % PCE
Module:• ~ 1,7% PCE• Low production yield
Low-end packaging via lamination
OPV 2015:
< 0.5 €/Wp (< 50 €/m2) Foil or film based
• Printed/Coated halogen-free
Anode based on:• Direct printing of TC and metal
Cell:• ≥ 13 % PCE
Module:• > 5 % PCE• ≥ 20% production yield increase
High-end barrier technology• < 10 % PCE-loss after 1000 hrs @
65°C/45% RH, 1 sun
OPV 2015:
< 0.5 €/Wp (< 50 €/m2) Foil or film based
• Printed/Coated halogen-free
Anode based on:• Direct printing of TC and metal
Cell:• ≥ 13 % PCE
Module:• > 5 % PCE• ≥ 20% production yield increase
High-end barrier technology• < 10 % PCE-loss after 1000 hrs @
65°C/45% RH, 1 sun
12
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
New planned OPV facilitiesR2R up to 30 cm width
20 m 16,5 m
No clean room Clean room
20 m
4 m
2,40 m
Deposition
Roll-on
Roll-offCleaning
&Alignment
Post cureInspection
&Alignment
1,20 m
1,20 m
4 m
DryerModule x (DMx)
1,5–2 m
DM1DM2DM3DM4DM5DM6DM7DM8
Foil U-turner
DM1DM2DM3DM4
DM1DM2DM3DM4
R2Rline 1
R2Rline 3
R2Rline 2
R2R metal
R2R lamination
R2R nanoimprint
1,20 m
Eindhoven to be re-integrated and extended
Minimum need for clean room
For OPV but also for other thin film PV like e.g. CIGSbut also forOLED
Easy extensible
Solliance OPV Program
Overview current status Presentation
• Introduction• General Goal• Current Status• Way-of-Working• Acknowledgements
14
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Current status Solliance OPV
Efficiency
CostLifetime
• 8,3% PCE certified & > 9% PCE non-certified polymer single junction cell
• 8,24% PCE polymer tandem cell
• 5,5% PCE certified polymer single junction module
• Low water sensitive OPV stack design
• High end barrier & encapsulation (WVTR 10-6 g/day.m 2)
• Low-cost OPV modules
• Cost of Ownership and Life Cycle Analysis tool
15
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Efficiency status Solliance OPV
Inverted polymer single junction cell• Certified cell performance
PCE = 8,3%
Hadipour et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 2011, XX, 1-6
16
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Efficiency status Solliance OPV
Inverted polymer single junction cell• Further optimized cell design: not yet certified
PCE > 9%
17
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Efficiency status Solliance OPV
N
N
O
O
SS
C6H13
C8H17
C6H13C8H17
n
S
PMDPP3T
H3C
CH3
N
SN
S S
N
C8H17 C8H17
n
PCDTBT
Tandem Jsc
(mA cm −2)
Voc (V) FF PCE
Simulated 9.5 1.47 0.59 8.25%
Experiment 9.6 1.46 0.59 8.24
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Cur
rent
Den
sity
(m
A/c
m2 )
Bias (V)
tandem experiment tandem simulation back cell exp front cell exp front cell simulation back cell simulation
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 9.22 mA/cm2
9.72 mA/cm2
EQ
E
Wavelength (nm)
8.24%
18
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Efficiency status Solliance OPV Certified OPV module efficiency
Lab commentVoc (mV)
Voc/8 (mV)
Jsc(mA/cm2)
Jsc*8 (mA/cm2)
FF (%)Eff (%)
aperture
Aperture
area (cm2)
IMEC after fabrication 6400 800 1.43 11.4 55 5.0 16
IMEC encapsulated 6440 805 1.37 11.0 58 5.1 16
Newport after 3 weeks 6648 831 1.25 10.0 66 5.5 15.65.5%
19
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Efficiency status Solliance OPV
Active layer Configuration
Voc (mV)
Voc/8 (mV)
Jsc(mA/cm2)
Jsc*8 (mA/cm2) FF (%)
Eff (%)aperture
PAL2full contact/
encapsulated 5880 735 1.42 11.4 63 5.2PAL2 semi-transparent 6270 784 1.18 9.4 67 5.0PAL1 semi-transparent 5520 690 1.01 8.1 49 2.8
aperture area: 16 cm2
Semi-transparent OPV module efficiency
5.0%
-250 0 250 500 750 1000-16
-12
-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
PV10 full PV10 semi XPbing semi
8*cu
rren
t den
sity
(m
A/c
m²)
Voltage/8 (mV)
PAL2 - fullPAL2 - semiPAL1 - semi
20
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Lifetime status OPV Solliance
Lifetime• Slow down/inhibit degradation induced
by ambient atmosphere conditions• Reduce impact of hygroscopic layers
Girotto, C. et al; AFM (2011);
Voroshazi, E. et al; SEMSC (2011); Voroshazi, E. et al; OE (2011)
21
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Holst Centre barrier technology
Performance in OLED• Glass substrate & thin film
encapsulation• WVTR 10-6 g/day.m 2
• OLEDs have passed 2500 hrs at 60°C/90%RH: no black spots
Performance in OPV• Flexible barrier substrate &
thin film encapsulation• WVTR 10-6 g/day.m 2
• Similar stability to glass + metal cap
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time [hours] @ 1,5 AM & 45oC
Nor
mal
ized
MM
P
Glass substrate & metal lid encapsulation
Barrier substrate & thin film encapsulation
1st gen barrier current barrier
Age
ing
@ 6
0°C
/90%
RH
22
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance
Cost of Ownership calculations for R2R 250 MWp fab:• Materials: 59%
• ITO• Barrier• Silver• …
• Scrap (yield): 34%
Benchmark/Process monitor• Solution processed versus evaporated• S2S versus R2R• Tandem versus single junction• 20 MWp fab versus 500 MWp fab• …
Identification of low cost production scenario’s
23
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
24
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
25
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
26
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
27
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
28
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
0,5 USD/Wp seems to be feasible already at
12% cell efficiency (9,3 % total module
efficiency)
0,5 USD/Wp seems to be feasible already at
12% cell efficiency (9,3 % total module
efficiency)
29
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance Low-cost option:
All-Solution Processed
sputter 123
evaporate 1/100
spin coat 150
spin coat 30
sputter 123
evaporate 100
spin coat 180
spin coat 250
spin coat 30
deposition d(nm)material
deposition d(nm)material
ink jet 500
screen pr. 17000
spin coat 1000
spin coat 260
spin coat 30
ink jet 70
deposition d(nm)material
Reference: standard design
Reference: inverted design All-solution processed
-10
-5
0
5
10
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Voltage (V)Cur
rent
Den
sity
(m
A/c
m2 ) standard
inverted PEDOT/inverted PEDOT/inverted solution processed
IntroducingScalableProcesses
P3HT/PCBM
30
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status OPV Solliance
Printing: ink jet, (rotary) screen printing of metal grids• Low sheet resistance (≤ 1 Ohm/Sq ) • with low surface coverage (≤ 5%) possible
Sintering is typical a thermal process Furnace• For R2R @ 10 m/min, 400 meter furnace required• Faster sintering technologies are required: photonic sintering• Example: rotary screen printing (SPG Prints Module) and sintering in-line @ 5 m/min
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SpZPIVtryM
0 2 4 6 8 10100
102
104
106
108
Res
ista
nce
(Ω)
time (min)
Thermal sintering (110 oC)
Photonic sintering (750 W)
SunTronic U5603 Ag nanoparticle ink
31
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Slot die together with nTact: R2R intermittent stripe coating
OTB Solar/MiPlazaS2S 6 inch ink jet engine with integrated dryer
nTact (partner)S2S intermittent slot die with shimsDirect coating of squares or rectangles
R2R 30 cm ink jet modules
S2S
R
2R (c
hoic
e is
CoO
and
appl
icat
ion
rela
ted)
Coatema/Troller/nTact30 cm modular R2R coat and print line
Upscaling status Solliance OPV
Spray CoaterSonotek
Slot Die, Spray Coating, Ink Jet (choice is CoO and application related)
32
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Example: patterned R2R slot die coating of P3HT/PCBM• Ink formulation developed for ink jet printing on HC-PEDOT
• Three (non-chlorinated) solvents system• Only stable enough at elevated temperature (40 – 50 °C)• Heated slot die
• Layer uniformity• Critical for multi-solvent system: unwanted Marangoni flows• High end dry process needed
Drying process 1 Drying process 2
Upscaling status Solliance OPV
Improved edge control with special designed slot die by nTact
33
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Ink Jet Printing of PAL (P3HT (Merck)/PCBM)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-2 -1 0 1bias (V)
I (mA/cm2)
IJP halogen free 3 solvent system vs SC chlorobenzene
dark
solvent IXT
ref cell SC
X
Upscaling status Solliance OPV
Voc(V)
Isc(mA/cm 2)
FF(%)
MPP(mW/cm 2)
Ink Jet Printed 3 solvent system X 0.58 10.62 52 3.19
Spin Coated Chlorobenzene 0.55 11.97 48 3.13
2 cm x 2 cm single pass
Konica Minolta head512 nozzles
LP50Ink Jet PrinterOTB/Roth&Rau
34
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV
Spray coating• Implement spray coating in our module process
+- Spin or sprayed
photo-active
P3HT:PCBM layer
Area Eff Jsc FF Voc
[cm²] [%] [mA/cm²] [%] [mV]
Very small 0.031 3.5 (±0.1) 9.3 (±0.3) 64 (±1.0) 585 (±2.7)
Small 0.134 3.4 (±0.1) 9.2 (±0.1) 63 (±1.9) 584 (±3.3)
Medium 1.33 2.9 1.5 59 3390
Large (spin) 13.9 2.4 1.1 50 4430
Large (spray) 15.8 2.5 1.0 54 4690
35
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: L aser ablation
P3P3HT/PCBM ~ 250 nm*
ZnO ~ 30 nm*
ITO~ 100 nm*
Ag ~ 150 nm*
* Layer deposition +/- 10 nm offset
P2P1
On glass and with ITO• 2% efficient modules of 4x4 cm2 on glass/ITO with 8 cells
P1P1 P2P2P1 P2P1P1
P2P2
P3P3
73 µm73 µm
83 µm83 µm
P1
P2
P3
73 µm
83 µm
P1
36
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Laser ablation
On PET and with printed Ag-grid + printed HC-PEDOT
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 1: Selective laser scribing of P1&P2
120 nm
300 nm
180 nm
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
Iso
Step 2: P1 filling with ISO
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 3: Cathode evaporation
37
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Laser ablation
On PET and with printed Ag-grid + printed HC-PEDOT
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 1: Selective laser scribing of P1&P2
120 nm
300 nm
180 nm
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
Iso
Step 2: P1 filling with ISO
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 3: Cathode evaporation
38
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Laser ablation
On PET and with printed Ag-grid + printed HC-PEDOT
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 1: Selective laser scribing of P1&P2
120 nm
300 nm
180 nm
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
Iso
Step 2: P1 filling with ISO
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 3: Cathode evaporation
39
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Laser ablation
On PET and with printed Ag-grid + printed HC-PEDOT
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 1: Selective laser scribing of P1&P2
120 nm
300 nm
180 nm
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
Iso
Step 2: P1 filling with ISO
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 3: Cathode evaporation
40
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Laser ablation
On PET and with printed Ag-grid + printed HC-PEDOT
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 1: Selective laser scribing of P1&P2
120 nm
300 nm
180 nm
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
Iso
Step 2: P1 filling with ISO
PEDOTPAL
Ag
PET
P1 P2
Step 3: Cathode evaporation
41
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Upscaling status Solliance OPV: Barrier
Current S2S status: • WVTR ≤ 10-6 g/day.m2
Current R2R status: • R2R tool developed and built by and Roth & Rau
Solliance OPV Program
Way-of-Working Presentation
• Introduction• General Goal• Current Status• Way-of-Working• Acknowledgements
43
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
WP1WP2
WP3
WP4WP5
How is the R&D program organized?
44
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Solliance OPV: together in ‘Shared Research’
Shared research has a high level of risk leverage• All companies belonging to the value chain of OPV are needed in order to bring
OPV to a real success• First industrial partners have entered the Solliance OPV program and• Several explorative industrial collaborations are running
Material
Suppliers
SF-
Products
Suppliers
Equipment
Suppliers
Manufac-
turersEnd-users
45
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Solliance OPV: together in ‘Shared Research’
Open invitation for open innovation• Industrial value chain still needs to be further completed• OPV is very complex, hence
Material
Suppliers
SF-
Products
Suppliers
Equipment
Suppliers
Manufac-
turersEnd-users
Are you the next to join our initiative?Are you the next to join our initiative?
Solliance OPV Program
Acknowledgements Presentation
• Introduction• General Goal• Current Status• Way-of-Working• Acknowledgements
47
PE 2012 - Solliance OPV Program - Ronn Andriessen
Acknowledgements
Yulia Galagan, Nadia Grossiord, Jürgen Sweelssens, Moa Ren, Date Moet, Jan Gilot, Ike De Vries, Arjan Langen, Eric-Jan Rubingh, Tim Van Lammeren, Francois Furthner, Bérenger Roth, Prof. Paul Blom, Jan Kroon, Sjoerd Veenstra, WiljanVerhees, Tristram Budel, LennekeSlooff, Birger Zimmermann, Dirk Bollen, Prof. René Janssen, Tom Aernouts, Afshin Hadipour, Eszter Voroshazi, Griet Uytterhoeven, Prof. Paul Heremans, …
…
OZOFAB
WWW.SOLLIANCE.EU
Solliance OPVyour Opportunity in a Partnership with Vision
Ronn AndriessenProgram Manager+31 40 40 20 [email protected]
www.solliance.eu
Thank you for your attention!
Visit the Solliance booth Hall 3.0/F12Visit the imec booth Hall 3.1/C7Visit the ECN booth Hall 3.1/F14