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Engine Oil UpdateJim Halderman
Introduction: Jim Halderman
• Former flat-rate technician and college instructor
• Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio.
www.jameshalderman.com
Topics to be Discussed
• Types of oils• API grades• SAE grades• ILSAC standards• ACEA specifications• OE specifications
(GM, Ford, BMW etc.)
• What’s new?
Determine Four Things
11. The recommended oil change interval
2. The recommended viscosity (SAE rating)
3. The recommended API and ILSAC rating
4. The vehicle specific specification of the oil
Looks like a good oil … Is it?
Does Not Meet GM and Others
High-Mileage Oil
• Usually higher viscosity and therefore can not meet ILSAC GF-5 rating
• Has esters to swell seals• To be used in engines
with higher than 75,000 miles
• Have higher levels of zinc that may harm catalytic converters.
• Does not have the energy rating of conventional oils
Look for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda and other manufacturers specifications on label
Meets Ford and Chrysler but not GM. Why not?
Do you think that all “quickie” oil change places use exactly the correct oil for each vehicle? What about a warranty claim?
API Service Symbol
• Oils designed for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines fall under API’s “S” (Service) categories.
• Engine oils designed for heavy duty trucks and vehicles with diesel engines fall under API’s “C” (Commercial) categories.
API Ratings
Gasoline Engine Ratings• SA-SH= obsolete ratings• SJ-2001 and older• SM-2010 and older• SN -October, 2010Diesel Engine Ratings• CA-CC=obsolete• Current ratings = CH-4;
CI-4 and CJ-4 (low ash) (2007+ Engines using ULSD)
• API “Donut”• Visit: www.api.org
API GROUPS• Group I- Solvent refined (Older
technology)• Group II- Hydrocracked- (most
oils)• Group III- Further hydrowaxed
(Castrol Syntec/EDGE)- In 1999 ruled a synthetic
• Group IV-Polyalphaolefin (PAO), (synthetic) Mobil 1
• Group V-Esters (synthetic) Royal Purple and Redline
ILSAC RatingsILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
• GF-1-First used in 1993• GF-2-Updated in 1997• GF-3-Updated in 2000• GF-4-Updated in 2004• GF-5-Updated in 2011
• “Star Burst” is always on the front of the container.
• GF means gasoline fueled engines• Star Burst indicates that the oil is of
a good quality and meets the GF rating. Usually only 0W, 5W and 10W oils will have this symbol.
What’s Falling?
• The viscosity is falling
• The sky is NOT falling
Viscosity
© epc graphics
• Viscosity is a lubricant’s resistanceto flow.
• The viscosity of an industrial lubricant is normally given in:– cSt (centistokes) or mm²/second
– measure of kinematic viscosityViscosity is the main feature which
influences the efficiency of lubrication
Calibrated orifice
40°C or
100 °C Measured by timing oil flow through a calibrated orifice @ 40°C (104° F)
and/or 100°C (212° F)
Viscosity Measurement
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity• Viscosity is a
measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (“how thick it is”)
• Viscosity of a fluid is a function of temperature
0 50 1000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
TEMPERATURE (C)
KIN
EM
AT
IC V
ISC
OS
ITY
cS
t
The oil gets thinner as it gets hotter!!!)
VI Improvers - Are polymers (very large molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning out at high temperatures
In the Cold
With Heat
Uncoiling counteracts the normal thinning of oil
Viscosity Index Improvers
VI Improver
Viscosity
SAE 40
SAE 10W
SAE 10W40
Temperature (°C)-18 100
Multigrade Oils
THIN
THICK
SAE Grades
• SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers
• 5W = The “W” means winter and the oil is tested at low temperatures depending on the viscosity such as -30°C (-22°F)
• SAE 5W-30 = The “30” is the viscosity measured at 100° C (212° F)
COLD (WINTER) HOT
-22OF 212OF
THE “W” DOES NOT STAND FOR “WEIGHT”
Do customers know?Do service technicians know?
• SAE=? (Society of Automotive Engineers)
• API=? (American Petroleum Institute)
• ILSAC=? (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee)
• ACEA=? (Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles)
Scary Story
• New car (hybrid); FREE first oil change
• Dealer used SAE 10W-30 (specified SAE 0W-20 in owner’s manual)
• When talking to service manager he said that it was OK to use because it does not get that cold in Ohio.??
• Service manager finally said that he was not reimbursed for the more expensive oil
ACEA Gasoline RatingsAssociation des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles
• A1-Low friction; low viscosity
• A2-General use with regular oil changes
• A3-High performance and/or extended oil change intervals
• A4-For gasoline direct-injected engines
• A5-Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil change intervals
ACEA Diesel Ratings
• B1-Low viscosity passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel engines
• B2- Passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel engine. Low viscosity.
• B3-High performance indirect-injected diesel engines; extended oil change interval
• B4-Direct-injected diesel engines
• B5-Low viscosity and extended oil change intervalval
ACEA Combined Ratings• A1/B1-Low HTHS, semi-
synthetic• A3/B3-High HTHS; Mineral
or semi-synthetic• A4/B4-High HTHS;
synthetic• A5/B5-Low HTHS, High
fuel economy additives; extended oil change intervals; syntheticHTHS =High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity (ASTM D-4683)
ACEA “C” ratings
“C” = rating are catalytic converter compatible oils
•C1- Basically an A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low HTHS.
•C2- A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid level SAPS
•C3- A3/B4 (meets 229.3) with high HTHS and mid level SAPS
•C4- Low SAPS; High HTHSSAPS = Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and SulfurHTHS =High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity
Asian Vehicle Specifications
Most Asian brand vehicle manufactures do not specify any specifications other than SAE, API and ILSAC.
These vehicles include:
• Acura/Honda
• Toyota/Lexus/Scion
• Kia
• Hyundai
• Nissan/Infiniti
• Mitsubishi
• Mazda
• Suzuki
Typical Viscosities
• Most newer vehicle manufacturers specify:
SAE 0W-20, SAE 5W-20 or SAE 5W-30
• Most hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) specify SAE 0W-20 or SAE 5W-20
Vehicle OE Specifications
• BMW-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04)
• Changing the oil requires the dealer Service Computer to run all the auxiliary oil pumps.
• Note: The filter is located behind the splash shield in the left front wheel housing. The capacity is 8 liters of BMW synthetic SAE 10W-60 oil.
(AVERAGE COST OF AN OIL CHANGE = $200.00)
General Motors• General Motors-
GM 6094M (many GM vehicles); GM 4718 (synthetic- Corvette)
dexos 1 (Gasoline engines-2011+)
dexos 2 (Diesel engines-2011+)
Now in SAE 5W-30; SAE 5W-20 and SAE 0W-20
OE Specifications-continued
Ford-WSS-M2C153-H;(SAE 5W-20
GF-3)
WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30; 4.0 Liter; 2.0 Liter)
WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20; GF-4
WSS-M2C931-A or B (SAE 5W-50)
WSS-M2C931-B (SAE 5W-40)
WSS-M2C934-A (SAE 5W-30)
WSS-M2C934-B (SAE 5W-20)
OE Specifications-continued
• Chrysler-MS-6395 (2005+ vehicles);
MS-10725 (older than 2005)
MS= Material Standard
• Honda-HTO-06 (Mobil 1 for Acura RDX turbo only)
OE Specifications-continued
Mercedes-229.1 -Super high performance
diesel-(SHPD)
229.3-SHPD extended drain
229.3-gas and diesel; extended drain
229.31- gas and diesel low ash (LA)
229.5- long life (LL)
229.51-low ash and LL
OE Specifications-continued
VW/Audi-
Gasoline engines:
502.00; 505.00; 505.01; 503; 503.01; 505
Diesel engines:
506 ;506.1; 507
What is different with European ratings?
• Usually very high viscosity index (VI) meaning that the SAE grade is broad; often requiring SAE 10W-50 or 5W-40
• Extended oil change intervals requiring a robust additive package - 30,000 km (18,000 mile) oil change interval!
• Low SAPS (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur)
• Higher HTHS (High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity)
Case Study
• 2003 VW Passat with a 1.8 liter turbocharged four cylinder that had been using API approved oil instead of VW 502 oil developed serious oil gelling problems
• Some similar vehicle engines have seized
Motorcycle Oil
• Be sure to use oil designed for use in motorcycles which usually has the following characteristics1. Higher level of ZDDP2. Broader viscosity range (usually SAE 10W-40 or SAE 20W-50)3. Often designed to work with a wet clutch
Fluid Fluid MoleculesMolecules
Why is Friction Reduced?
There is less “friction” between fluid molecules moving over each other than between the two surfaces moving across
each other.
The formation of an oil wedge in a plain bearing
Metal-to-metal contact Oil wedge supports load
Connecting Rod Example
SYNTHETIC OILS MINERAL OILS
Large Molecules thicken at low temp
Small molecules
vaporize at high temp
All molecules same size
H-C-C-C-C-C-HH H H H S
H HO N HImpurities oxidize
C10H20
C10H20
C10H20
C10H20
Additives Improve the Base Oil
• Viscosity Index (VI) improver– modifies the viscosity of the base fluid so
that it changes less as the temperature rises allows the lubricant to operate over a wider temperature range
• Pour point depressant– keeps the lubricant flowing at low
temperatures
• Antifoam– foam reduces the effectiveness of a
lubricant– antifoams reduce/stop foaming when the
lubricant is agitated or aerated
Additives Protect the Base Oil
• Antioxidants– slow down the breakdown of the base
fluid caused by oxygen (air) and heat– oxidation is the main cause of lubricant
degradation in service
• Oxidation of the base fluid causes:– acid formation (corrosion)– sludges, varnishes (blockages)
• Life of a lubricant in laboratory oxidation tests is often used to give an indication of service life
Oxidation
Additives Protect the Engine• Rust inhibitor
– inhibits the action of water on ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel)
• Corrosion inhibitor– protects non-ferrous metals
(e.g. copper)
• Anti-wear additive– forms a protective layer on metal surfaces to
reduce friction and prevent wear when no lubricant film is present such as ZDDP.
• Extreme pressure additive– as for anti-wear additive but functioning only
when heavy loads and temperatures are encountered
Roller bearing
wearGear tooth
wear
ZDDP• The phosphorous content of ZDDP=
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (commonly called zinc and/or phosphorous or ZDP)
• Engine oil had about 1200 ppm zinc prior to 2001
• In 2001 the zinc was reduced to 1000 ppm and in 2005 reduced again to the current 800 ppm
• These are typical zinc levels; API ratings do not specify the zinc content, just oil performance
What About Older Engines?
If flat-bottom (non-roller) lifters are used then a ZDDP additive may be needed during break-in.However, it is best to use a special break-in oil
How much zinc is needed?
• Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 ppm zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API SM, GF-4) which contain about 800 ppm zinc
G-Oil
• Made from “cow parts”• Ultimate Biodegradable is
the highest biodegradability ranking determined by ASTM Standards (2.1 ASTM D-5864)”
• API rated• ILSAC rated • www.getg.com
Oil made from natural gas
• Called “gas-to-liquid” (GTL) technology
• Currently being made using the Shell trademark method called Pure Plus
• Sold under the trade names of Pennzoil Platinum and Ultra Platinum
• Formulated to Group III (synthetic) specification
What is coming?
• Coming in late 2016 or early 2017 will be
SAE 0W-16 and SAE 5W-16.• The “16” was selected as to not be confused by
using 15 where some people may think it means SAE 15W-40.
• Driven by Honda for fuel economy reasons
• NOT backward compatible (only for 2017 and newer vehicles)
• SAE 4, 8 and 12 are being discussed
ILSAC GF-6
GF-6 is due out in 2016 or early 2017.
Two formulations:
•GF-6A- backward compatible for older vehicles
•GF-6B-Not backward compatible (for use with SAE 0W-16)
GF-6 Improvements
• Increased fuel economy. Viscosity maintained throughout the oil change interval.
• Enhanced oil robustness. To ensure acceptable engine oil performance due to service requirements, fuel availability (E10, E15, E85), and emissions.
• Protection against “low-speed engine pre-ignition” (LSPi). LSPI that is attributed to engine oil.
• Adequate wear protection for frequently started engines. Needed for start/stop systems.
Oil Additives?
• Don’t USE THEM!• Most, if not all oil experts,
warn about adding anything to the oil.
• Vehicle manufactures warn not to add any additives to the oil.
• Most are friction reducers • Use an oil that meets the
needs instead.
The “3,000 Mile Myth”
• California’s 3,000 mile myth program was started because research showed that 73% of California drivers change their oil more frequently than recommended by the vehicle manufacturer
• General Motors has joined the campaign.
Oil Life Monitor
• Algorithm – – Computer programs contain algorithms that specify the specific instructions a computer should perform (in a specific order) to carry out a specified task
• Mileage (3,750-7,500 miles) (usually every 5,000 miles)
• Capacitance sensor (measures the oil)
GM Oil Life MonitorGMOLS (GM Oil Life System)
SCAN TOOL DATA STREAM SHOWING OIL INFORMATION
Case Study
• 2007 Dodge Durango 5.7 liter Hemi with MDS (multiple displacement system)
• Oil change using SAE 10W-30• Check engine light came on
and stored P0521 DTC stored• DTC Description=Oil pressure
not reaching specified at 1,250 RPM
• Changed to specified SAE 5W-20; cleared DTC ; now no DTC during operation.
• Using the incorrect oil can also cause a P0300 DTC (random misfire detected)
Testing Oil
• Oil sample to lab for analysis
• For example:
• Blackstone Laboratories-$25.00 www.blackstone-labs.com
Oil Test Results
• Spectral Exam: Establishes the levels of wear metals, silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for coolant.
Note: Silicon = dirt; not sealer
• Viscosity: Determines the grade of oil.
• Insolubles: Quantifies the percentage of solids present in the oil.
• Flash Point: Determines the flash point of the oil to determine whether any contamination is present in the oil (such as fuel)
Understanding the Lab Report
• Aluminum: Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks)
• Chromium: Rings, a trace element in steel
• Iron: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part
• Copper: Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers
• Lead: Bearings
• Tin: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings
• Molybdenum: Anti-wear additive, some types of rings
• Potassium: Antifreeze inhibitor, additive in some oil types
• Boron: Detergent/dispersant additive, antifreeze inhibitors
• Silicon: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors
• Sodium: Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils.
• Calcium: Detergent/dispersant additive
• Magnesium: Detergent/dispersant additive
Oil Related Faults
• Gelling and sludge:– Usually caused by
extended oil change intervals
– Can be caused by coolant in the oil
– Engine design or cooling system fault that causes a lot of heat to be in the cylinder which bakes the oil
Improper operation of the PCV system can also cause engine sludge (gelling).
Oil Related Faults• 2007 Toyota lawsuit• Several others facing
similar actions– Audi– BMW– Chrysler– Saab– VW
• No recalls• No admission of fault
Toyota Class-Action Lawsuit Affected Models
ModelYears
Affected
Avalon 6 cyl 1997 - 2002
Camry 4 cyl 1997 - 2001
Camry 6 cyl 1998 - 2002
Celica 4 cyl 1997 - 1999
Highlander 6 cyl 2001 - 2002
Lexus ES300 1997 - 2002
Lexus RX300 1999 - 2002
Sienna 6 cyl 1998 - 2002
Solara 4 cyl 1999 - 2001
Solara 6 cyl 1999 - 2002
Watch Out for…
• Recommended for use where.....• May be used where the following
specifications apply.....• Recommended/Approved by…….??• Racing/Track formula - What does this
mean?• “Synthetic blend" – Which synthetic?
(Usually group III). How much synthetic?(Usually 5%-20%)
Sample- not API approved
Good Oil Label
Please do the following:
• Check the oil level BEFORE changing the oil and document the work order (IMPORTANT) WHY?
• Check and use the oil specified by the vehicle manufacturer
• Recommend that the oil be changed according to the specified distance/time interval
• Reset the oil monitor light.
Oil light Reset Procedures
• Go to
www.jameshalderman.com
for the chart that shows how to reset the light for all vehicles. FREE
Click on “Jim’s Stuff” then look under “favorites”
Genie light??>>>>>>>>>>>>
Always wear PPE
Frequently Asked Questionsons
• Question: Can you go back to using conventional oil after using synthetic?
• Answer: Yes. All oil is miscible meaning that it can be mixed.
Frequently Asked Questions
• Question: Do I have to break in a new engine on mineral oil before switching to synthetic oil?
• Answer: Synthetic oil (Mobil 1) is used by many vehicle manufacturers in new vehicles. Many experts advise keeping mineral oil for the first 5,000 miles.
Summary
1. Determine four things: Oil change interval; viscosity; API and ILSAC rating and OE specs.
2. Most oil is Group II and synthetic can be Group III, IV or V
3. ACEA specifications for European vehicles differ from API specifications.
4. Vehicle manufactures require special oils and publish their own specifications such as GM dexos.
5. Most Asian vehicles can use ILSCA and API-rated oils of the specified viscosity.
6. Special oils include those made from animal parts and natural gas
7. Always check the level of the oil before hoisting the vehicle and record the results.
Information
Go to www.Mobil1.com and search for “chart”.
• www.gf-5.com for information on the ILSAC GF-5 rating plus other good oil information
• For copy of this Power Point, go to www.jameshalderman.com click on “Jim’s Stuff ”, then “Conference Power Points”
(right-click then select “save target as” to save to your computer)
