ekonomika da biznesi

ekonomika da biznesi

ivlisi-agvisto

JULY-AUGUSTИЮЛЬ-АВГУСТ

2012

ECONOMICS and BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ

ISSN 1987-5789

4

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi

da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé

ðåôåð

International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.

Äæàâàõèøâèëè

gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel

Published since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà

redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,

Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16

e-mail: [email protected]

3

saredaqcio kolegia

revaz gogoxiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–

korespondentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, vladimer papava,

avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri iuri

ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani,

nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia

margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia,

nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer

xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe,

Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.

EDITORIAL BOARDEDITORIAL BOARD

Revaz GogokhiaRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-

tors of Economic Sciences: tors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-

sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.

×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà. Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.

Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Серго Санадзе, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.

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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.

volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) univer-

sitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis

(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaT-

edris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-

ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,

profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) uni-

versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis

fakultetis dekani, profesori.

FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:

Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Eco-nomics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).

ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:

Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

5

SinaarsiSinaarsi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

merab xmalaZe.merab xmalaZe. msoflios demografiuli dabereba: msoflios demografiuli dabereba:

perspeqtivebi, Sedegebi ..........................................................................11perspeqtivebi, Sedegebi ..........................................................................11

Salva gogiaSvili. slava fetelava. Salva gogiaSvili. slava fetelava. bazarze dominire-bazarze dominire-

buli mdgomareobis negatiuri aspeqtebi ..................... 27buli mdgomareobis negatiuri aspeqtebi ..................... 27

nino papaCaSvili. nino papaCaSvili. sagareo savaWro politikis Tavise- sagareo savaWro politikis Tavise-

burebani Tanamedrove safinanso-ekonomikuri krizi-burebani Tanamedrove safinanso-ekonomikuri krizi-

sis pirobebSi ........................................................................................... 43sis pirobebSi ........................................................................................... 43

arCil iakobaSvili. arCil iakobaSvili. sabiujeto inflaciis optimi-sabiujeto inflaciis optimi-

zaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi (lafer-kaganis zaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi (lafer-kaganis

modeli) ......................................................................................................... 57modeli) ......................................................................................................... 57

malxaz Ciqobava. malxaz Ciqobava. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri

krizisi saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ....... 75krizisi saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ....... 75

giorgi gafrindaSvili.giorgi gafrindaSvili. saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis poli- saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis poli-

tikaSi gatarebuli reformebi saqarTveloSi da misi tikaSi gatarebuli reformebi saqarTveloSi da misi

Sedegebi ........................................................................................................... 91Sedegebi ........................................................................................................... 91

mikro-makroekonomikamikro-makroekonomika

daviT niJaraZe. daviT niJaraZe. saerTaSoriso strategiuli dagegmva saerTaSoriso strategiuli dagegmva

mravalerovnul kompaniebSi .........................................................97mravalerovnul kompaniebSi .........................................................97

Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА.Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии на облена облегчение ввоза лекарственных средств .......................... 111чение ввоза лекарственных средств .......................... 111nona gelitaSvili. nona gelitaSvili. Ciles sapensio reforma: arsi da Ciles sapensio reforma: arsi da

mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis ............................................ 123mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis ............................................ 123

asmaT gulordava.asmaT gulordava. saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seq- saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seq-

toris ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................133toris ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................133

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menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

enver lagvilava. enver lagvilava. eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTare-eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTare-

bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ....................................................139bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ....................................................139

rati abulaZe. rati abulaZe. eleqtronuli marTvis aqtualuri eleqtronuli marTvis aqtualuri

sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................... 155sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................... 155

guladi nakaSiZe. guladi nakaSiZe. kiberusafrTxoeba - XXI saukunis kiberusafrTxoeba - XXI saukunis

mwvave gamowveva ................................................................................... 165mwvave gamowveva ................................................................................... 165

sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizisabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi

nadeJda kvataSiZe. nadeJda kvataSiZe. finansuri instrumentebis asaxva finansuri instrumentebis asaxva

finansur angariSgebebSi ............................................................... 180finansur angariSgebebSi ............................................................... 180

nana sreseli. nana sreseli. warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis

aRricxvis Taviseburebebi............................................................. 187aRricxvis Taviseburebebi............................................................. 187

qarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiarebaqarTvel avtorTa saerTaSoriso aRiareba

redaqciisagan redaqciisagan .......................................................................................... 197.......................................................................................... 197

7

CONTENTSCONTENTS

ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY

MERAB KHMALADZE. MERAB KHMALADZE. World Demographic Aging: Prospects World Demographic Aging: Prospects and Results .....................................................................................11and Results .....................................................................................11SHALVA GOGIASHVILI. SLAVA PETELAVA.SHALVA GOGIASHVILI. SLAVA PETELAVA. Negative Aspects Negative Aspects of Dominant Position in the Market ...............................................27of Dominant Position in the Market ...............................................27NINO PAPACHASHVILI.NINO PAPACHASHVILI. Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic Crisis ...............43under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic Crisis ...............43ARCHIL JAKOBASHVILI.ARCHIL JAKOBASHVILI. Determining Factors for Optimizing Determining Factors for Optimizing Budgetary Infl ation (Laffer - Kagan Model) ..................................57Budgetary Infl ation (Laffer - Kagan Model) ..................................57MALKHAZ CHIKOBAVA.MALKHAZ CHIKOBAVA. Modern World Economic Crisis from Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Business Cycle Theory .............................75the Standpoint of the Business Cycle Theory .............................75GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. Reforms carried out in the State Reforms carried out in the State Procurement Policy in Georgia and their Effects ...........................91Procurement Policy in Georgia and their Effects ...........................91

MICRO-MACROECONOMICSMICRO-MACROECONOMICS

DAVIT NIZHARADZE. DAVIT NIZHARADZE. International Strategic Planning in International Strategic Planning in Multinational Companies .............................................................. 97Multinational Companies .............................................................. 97G. M. YABLUCHANSKA.G. M. YABLUCHANSKA. Reaction of Georgian Pharmaceutical Reaction of Georgian Pharmaceutical Market on Liberalized Import of Medications ...............................111Market on Liberalized Import of Medications ...............................111NONA GELITASHVILI. NONA GELITASHVILI. Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Importance for Georgia ............................................................... 123Importance for Georgia ............................................................... 123ASMAT GULORDAVA.ASMAT GULORDAVA. Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in Georgia ............................................................. 133Development in Georgia ............................................................. 133

8

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISMMANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM

ENVER LAGVILAVAENVER LAGVILAVA. Main Directions in e-Learning . Main Directions in e-Learning evelopment .................................................................................. 139evelopment .................................................................................. 139RATI ABULADZE.RATI ABULADZE. Current Issues in Electronic Current Issues in Electronic Governance .................................................................................. 155Governance .................................................................................. 155GULADI NAKASHIDZE.GULADI NAKASHIDZE. Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 21th Century ................................................................................ 16521th Century ................................................................................ 165

ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSISACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS

NADEZHDA KVATASHIDZE.NADEZHDA KVATASHIDZE. Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Financial Reporting ..................................................................... 180Financial Reporting ..................................................................... 180NANA SRESELI.NANA SRESELI. Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Instruments .................................................................................. 187Instruments .................................................................................. 187

INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF GEORGIAN AUTHORSINTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF GEORGIAN AUTHORSEditorial ........................................................................................197Editorial ........................................................................................197

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕСОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ИЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА

МЕРАБ ХМАЛАДЗЕ.МЕРАБ ХМАЛАДЗЕ. Демографическое устарение мира: пер- Демографическое устарение мира: пер-спективы, результаты .................................................................. 11спективы, результаты .................................................................. 11ШАЛВА ГОГИАШВИЛИ. СЛАВА ФЕТЕЛАВА. ШАЛВА ГОГИАШВИЛИ. СЛАВА ФЕТЕЛАВА. Негативные Негативные аспекты доминирующего положения на рынке ....................... 27аспекты доминирующего положения на рынке ....................... 27НИНО ПАПАЧАШВИЛИ. НИНО ПАПАЧАШВИЛИ. Особенности внешней торговой по-Особенности внешней торговой по-литики в условиях современного финансово - экономического литики в условиях современного финансово - экономического кризиса .......................................................................................... 43кризиса .......................................................................................... 43АРЧИЛ ЯКОБАШВИЛИ.АРЧИЛ ЯКОБАШВИЛИ. Определяюшие факторы оптимизации Определяюшие факторы оптимизации бюджетной инфляции (Модель Лаффер-Кагана) ......................57бюджетной инфляции (Модель Лаффер-Кагана) ......................57МАЛХАЗ ЧИКОБАВА.МАЛХАЗ ЧИКОБАВА. Современный мировой экономический Современный мировой экономический кризис в аспекте теории делового цикла ...................................75кризис в аспекте теории делового цикла ...................................75ГЕОРГИИ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ.ГЕОРГИИ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ. Реформы проведенные в Гру- Реформы проведенные в Гру-зии в политике государственных закупок и ее результаты ......91зии в политике государственных закупок и ее результаты ......91

МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКАМИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА

ДАВИД НИЖАРАДЗЕ.ДАВИД НИЖАРАДЗЕ. Международное стратегическое плани- Международное стратегическое плани-рование в транснациональных компаниях ................................97рование в транснациональных компаниях ................................97Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Г. М. ЯБЛУЧАНСКА. Реакция фармацевтического рынка Гру-Реакция фармацевтического рынка Гру-зии на зии на облеоблегчениечение ввоза лекарственных средств ................... 111 ввоза лекарственных средств ................... 111НОНА ГЕЛИТАШВИЛИ.НОНА ГЕЛИТАШВИЛИ. Пенсионная реформа Чили: сущность Пенсионная реформа Чили: сущность и значение для Грузии ...............................................................123и значение для Грузии ...............................................................123АСМАТ ГУЛОРДАВА.АСМАТ ГУЛОРДАВА. Некоторые вопросы развития агропро- Некоторые вопросы развития агропро-довольственного сектора Грузии..............................................133довольственного сектора Грузии..............................................133

10

МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗММЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ

ЭНВЕР ЛАГВИЛАВА.ЭНВЕР ЛАГВИЛАВА. Основные направления электрической Основные направления электрической учебы .......................................................................................... 139учебы .......................................................................................... 139РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ.РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ. Актуалние вопросы электрического управ- Актуалние вопросы электрического управ-ления ............................................................................................155ления ............................................................................................155ГУЛАД НАКАШИДЗЕ.ГУЛАД НАКАШИДЗЕ. Кибербезопасность - острый вызов Кибербезопасность - острый вызов XXI-го века .................................................................................165XXI-го века .................................................................................165

БУХГАЛЬТЕРСКИЙ УЧЕТ И АНАЛИЗ БУХГАЛЬТЕРСКИЙ УЧЕТ И АНАЛИЗ

НАДЕЖДА КВАТАШИДЗЕ.НАДЕЖДА КВАТАШИДЗЕ. Отражение финансовых инстру- Отражение финансовых инстру-ментов в финансовых отчетностиях ........................................180ментов в финансовых отчетностиях ........................................180НАНА СРЕСЕЛИ. НАНА СРЕСЕЛИ. Особенности учета производных финансо-Особенности учета производных финансо-вых инструментов ......................................................................187вых инструментов ......................................................................187

МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРИЗНАНИЕ ГРУЗИНСКИХ АВТОРОВМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРИЗНАНИЕ ГРУЗИНСКИХ АВТОРОВОт редакции ............................................................................... 197От редакции ............................................................................... 197

11

merab xmalaZemerab xmalaZe

iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-isiv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is

asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa doqtorimecnierebaTa doqtori

mosaxleobis daberebis tendencia Seuqcevadi

procesia. amasTan, istoriis wina etapebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli axalgazrdebis metoba saeWvoa, rom

odesme ganmeordes. XIX da XX saukuneebSi dawyebuli

uprecendento demografiuli cvlilebebi gagrZeldeba

XXI saukuneSic da saxes ucvlis msoflios. sicocxlis

xangrZlivobas damatebuli wlebi da Sobadobis

globaluri Semcireba iwvevs kardinalur cvlilebebs

kacobriobaSi. am cvlilebebis yvelaze Zireuli

Sedegia istoriuli gadatrialeba axalgazrda da

xandazmuli mosaxleobis Tanafardobas Soris.

mosaxleobis daberebis Rrma da xangrZlivi Sedegebi

gamowvevaa msoflios sazogadoebisTvis. imavdroulad,

mosaxleobis daberebis Sedegebi aisaxeba TiToeuli

adamianis cxovrebaze.

mosaxleobis daberebis problema centraluri

sakiTxia gaeros mier mosaxleobis Sesaxeb organizebul

saerTaSoriso konferenciebze ukanaskneli ori

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. madridSi, 2002 wlis 8-12

aprils, Sedga meore msoflio asamblea mosaxleobis

daberebis problemebis Sesaxeb, romelzec ganxiluli

iqna gaeros mier Sedgenili moxseneba _ `msoflio

mosaxleobis dabereba 1950-2050 wlebSi.~

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

msoflios demografiuli dabereba: msoflios demografiuli dabereba:

perspeqtivebi, Sedegebiperspeqtivebi, Sedegebi

12

moxsenebaSi Sefasebulia mosaxleobis dabereba

dRevandel msoflioSi. kerZod, masSi aRniSnulia,

rom kacobrioba, sazogadoeba, daeqvemdebareba

restruqturizacias, radgan socialuri da ekonomikuri

Zalebi aiZulebs mas eZebos cxovrebis axali wesi,

Sromis axali xerxebi da erTmaneTze zrunvis axali

gzebi. ganze aravin ar darCeba, aRarasodes aRar

iarsebebs sazogadoeba, demografiulad formirebuli

warsulis sazogadoebebis msgavsad _ axalgazrdebis

didi safuZvliT da moxucebis mcire ricxviT.

mosaxleobis daberebis process dReisaTvis ara

aqvs analogi msoflio istoriaSi. xandazmuli, 60 wlis

da ufrosi adamianebis wilis zrdis paralelurad

mcirdeba 15 wlamde bavSvebis ricxovnoba da wili.

demografiuli daberebis done msoflioSi dReisaTvis

aRwevs 10,3%-s. msoflioSi 60 wels gadacilebulia

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, 54,0% cxovrobs aziaSi,

22,0% _ evropaSi, 8,0% _ CrdiloeT amerikaSi, 7,0% _

laTinur amerikaSi, 7,0% _ afrikaSi, danarCeni _

avstraliasa da okeaneTSi.1 msoflios xandazmuli

mosaxleobis saSualowliuri mateba Seadgens 2,0%-s,

rac mniSvnelovnad aRemateba mosaxleobis saerTo

matebas. Tu 1950 wels xandazmuli mosaxaleoba gaeros

eqspertebis SefasebiT 200 mln-s farglebSi meryeobda,

DdReisaTvis is 700 mln-s aRwevs.2

xandazmuli adamianebis umetesoba qalebia.

dReisaTvis 100 xandazmul qalze modis 81 xandazmuli

mamakaci. aRniSnuli Tanafardoba gansxvavebulia

msoflios ufro ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTa-

1 Демоскоп, #289-290, 2007. eleqtronuli Jurnali gamodis rusul

enaze TveSi orjer.2iqve.


13

rebul regionebs Soris. kerZod, pirvelSi 100 qalze

modis 71, xolo meoreSi _ 88 xandazmuli mamakaci,

ramdenadac ganviTarebul regionebSi qalebis sicocxlis

xangrZlivoba gacilebiT metia mamakacebisaze, vidre

naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi.

msoflios mosaxleobis dabereba SeiZleba

davaxasiaToT saSualo asakiTac. dReisaTvis msoflios

mosaxleobis medianuri asaki 26 welia1. yvelaze

axalgazrda mosaxleoba hyavs nigers da ugandas,

romelTa medianuri asaki Seadgens 15 wels, xolo

yvelaze beberi qveyanaa iaponia, honkongi, monako da

bulgareTi mosaxleobis medianuri asakiT – 41 weli.

msoflios mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad

mimdinareobs xandazmuli mosaxleobis dabereba.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi jgufebidan yvelaze swrafad

izrdeba 80 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis

ricxovnoba da maTi wili xandazmul, 60 wlis da

ufrosi asakis mosaxleobaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi

am asakobrivi kontingentis saSualowliuri mateba

msoflioSi Seadgens 3,8%-s da xandazmuli mosaxleobis

saerTo ricxovnobis _ 12,0%-s.

mosaxleobis dabereba globaluri da

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, Seuqcevadi movlenaa,

romelic gagrZeldeba momavalSic da gavlenas

moaxdens adamianebis cxovrebis yvela mxareze.

ekonomikis sferoSi mosaxleobis dabereba imoqmedebs

ekonomikis zrdaze, danazogebze, investiciebsa da

moxmarebaze, Sromis bazrebze, gadasaxadebiT dabegvraze,

simdidris, sakuTrebis da meurneobis erTi Taobidan

meorisaTvis gadacemaze. igi pirdapir gavlenas iqoniebs

3 es niSnavs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari 26 welze

axalgazrdaa, naxevari ki masze ufrosi.


14

ojaxis wevrebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze, Taobebs

Soris sikeTis samarTlian ganawilebaze, cxovrebis

wessa da ojaxur solidarobaze, rac sazogadoebis

safuZvelia. mosaxleobis dabereba gavlenas axdens

axlac da gavlenas moaxdens momavalSic adamianebis

janmrTelobaze da janmrTelobis dacvaze, ojaxis

Semadgenlobasa da cxovrebis pirobebze, binadrobasa

da migraciaze. ganviTarebuli qveynebis politikur

cxovrebaSi mosaxleobis daberebam Seqmna didi Zala

xandazmuli amomrCevlis saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia didi

gavlena iqonios arCevnebis Sedegebze da Sesabamisad,

qveynis politikaze. xandazmuli adamianebi yvelaze

mets kiTxuloben, usmenen axal ambebs, swavloben

maTTvis saintereso problemebs da yvelaze aqtiurad

monawileoben arCevnebSi xmis micemisas sxva asakobriv

jgufebTan SedarebiT.

mosaxleobis daberebis Sesaxeb gaeros eqspert-

demografebis prognozebis Tanaxmad1, Tu dReisaTvis

kacobriobis 10,3%-ma icocxla 60 weli da meti, 2050

wlisaTvis maTi wili miaRwevs 21,8%-s, e.i. dedamiwis

yoveli mexuTe adamiani iqneba xandazmuli, xolo maTi

saerTo ricxovnoba miaRwevs or miliards. amasTan

erTad, 15 wlamde bavSvebis wili, 28,0%-dan Semcirdeba

19,8%-mde. 2050 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis medianuri

asaki gaizrdeba 38 wlamde2. amave prognoziT, yvelaze

axalgazrda mosaxleoba eyoleba nigerias, medianuri

asakiT _ 20 weli, xolo yvelaze daberebuli espaneTs,

sadac mosaxleobis medianuri asaki miaRwevs 55 wels.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleobis daberebis

done 2005-2050 wlebSi 20,0%-dan gaizrdeba 32,6%-mde,

1 prognozebi gadasinjulia 2008 wels.2 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2007.


15

xolo naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi _ 8,1%-dan

20,1%-mde. ramdenadac mosaxleobis daberebis tempebi

ganviTarebad qveynebSi maRalia, varaudoben, rom

ganviTarebad qveynebs naklebi dro eqnebaT mosaxleobis

daberebis SedegebTan Sesagueblad. miT umetes, rom

ganviTarebad qveynebSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan

gansxvavebiT, mosaxleobis dabereba mimdinareobs

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali donis

pirobebSi.

kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad 2045 wels

xandazmulTa ricxvi gadaaWarbebs bavSvebis ricxvs.

evropaSi es ukve moxda 1995 wels, aziasa laTinur

amerikaSi _ moxdeba 2035 wels, CrdiloeT amerikaSi _

2015 wels, avstraliasa da okeaneTSi _ 2025 wels, mxolod

afrikaSi iqneba SenarCunebuli bavSvTa kontingentis

mravalricxovnoba. prognoziT, 2050 wlisaTvis afrikis

xandazmuli mosaxleoba (60 wlis da ufrosi) miaRwevs

200 mln-s, xolo 0-14 wlis bavSvebis ricxovnoba _ 550

mln-s.

mosaxleobis demografiulma daberebam msoflio

sazogadoeba rigi ekonomikuri, socialur-higienuri,

demografiuli da moralur-fsiqologiuri problemis

(Sedegebis) winaSe daayena.

mosaxleobis daberebis ekonomikuri problema da

Sedegi SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis daberebaa1. saqme

isaa, rom mosaxleobis saerTo daberebis paralelurad,

mimdinareobs mosaxleobis dabereba SromiT asakSi.

kerZod, SromiTi asakis mosaxleobaSi mcirdeba

1 SromiT asakad viRebT 20-59 wlis mosaxloebas. 20 wlamde

asaks ar viTvaliswinebT, radgan masze, 2002 wlis aRweriT, modis

dasaqmebulTa umniSvnelo (2,5%) raodenoba, xolo 60 wlis da

ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba miekuTvneba demografiulad dabere-

buls.


16

axalgazrda (20-39 wlis) mosaxleobis wili, da izrdeba

ufrosi (40-59 wlis) mosaxleobis wili, rac sazogadoebis

masStabiT uaryofiT ekonomikur Sedegebs iwvevs rigi

garemoebis gamo. jer erTi, axalgazrdebSi, ufros

asakTan SedrebiT, maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba da

misi wilis Semcireba uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sromis

mwarmoeblurobaze mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT

(sazogadoebrivi Sromis mwarmoebluroba). amas garda,

axalgazrdobis xvedriTi wonis Semcirebam SeiZleba

gamoiwvios sazogadoebis samecniero-teqnologiuri,

kulturuli da politikuri progresis Seferxeba,

ramdenadac yovelgvar siaxles gacilebiT advilad

iTvisebs axalgazrda, vidre ufrosi Taoba. marTalia,

ufros Taobas, axalgazrdobis sapirispirod, gaaCnia

sibrZne, gamocdileba, moTmineba, gansja, magram

axalgazrdobis dakargvis sruli kompensacia am

TvisebebiT, saeWvoa.

axalgazrdoba ganskuTrebiT ukeT iTvisebs

mecnierul ideebs. amitom, samecniero kadrebSi maTi

xvedriTi wonis Semcirebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

konservatizmis elementis gaZliereba samecniero wreebSi

_ SeizRudeba niWieri specialistebis da mecnierTa

kadrebis SesarCevi baza, rac gaarTulebs TaobaTa

cvlas am mimarTulebiT.A garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi

mimdinare socialur cvlilebebs, cvlilebebs yofa-

cxovrebasa Tu politikaSi, aseve, yvelaze iolad

iTvisebs axalgazrdoba da maTi ricxovnobis Semcireba

aucileblad gamoiwvevs konservatizmis gavrcelebas

mTel sazogadoebaSi11.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daberebis maCveneblebi

SromiT asakSi motanilia cxrili 1-Si.

1 А. Я. Кваша. Проблемы демографического оптимума. М., МГУ, 1974, с. 22-23.


17

saqarTvelos mosaxloebis da misi SromiTi

kontingentis daberebis maCveneblebi 1897-2010 wlebSi

(%%)1

cxrili 1

1897 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010

60 wlis da ufrosi

asakis mosaxleoba

mTel mosaxleobaSi

40-59 wlis mosaxleoba

20-59 wlis

mosaxleobaSi

7,1

32,0

8,7

32,7

8,8

32,7

10,9

35,1

12,1

42,3

16,9

47,6

14,4

42,1

18,7

44,7

17,9

47,6

cxrilidan Cans, rom 110 wlis ganmavlobaSi

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis daberebis done 7,1%-

dan 17,9%-mde gaizarda. amave periodSi ufro swrafi

tempebiT mimdinareobda mosaxleobis SromiTi

kontigentis (20-59 weli) dabereba, romelmac ganxilul

periodSi moimata 32,0-dan 47,6%-mde, rac 1,4-jer aRemateba

mTeli mosaxleobis demografiul daberebis matebis

maCvenebels.

mosaxleobis daberebis donis zrdis kvalobaze

izrdeba xandazmuli mosaxleobis ricxvi, romelic

modis SromiTi asakis mosaxleobaze. aRniSnuli movlena

cnobilia demografiuli datvirTvis saxelwodebiT.

SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis demografiuli

datvirTvis maCvenebeli (done) gamoiTvleba 0-14 wlis

bavSvebis mixedviTac.

Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis

mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis evoluciam

gamoiwvia SromiTi kontingentebis (aseve dasaqmebuli

1 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2010.


18

mosaxleobis) axalgazrda mosaxleobiT datvirTvis

Semcireba da xandazmuli mosaxleobiT datvirTvis

zrda. analogiur kanonzomierebas aqvs adgili

saqarTveloSi (ix.cxrili 2).

demografiuli datvirTvis maCveneblebi

saqarTveloSi 1897-2010 wlebSi

(SromiTi asakis 100 adamianze)1

cxrili 2

1897 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010

datvirTva

bavSvebiT

93,5 90,4 81,8 57,0 62,5 50,3 46,7 40,0 31,6

datvirTva

xandazmulebiT

16,5 20,4 19,5 21,2 24,7 32,7 27,1 35,8 31,8

datvirTva

oriveTi

110.0 10,8 101,3 78,2 87,2 83,0 73,8 75,8 63,4

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi 1897-2010 wlebSi

Sobadobis Semcirebis da 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg,

axalgazrdebis intensiuri gare migraciis Sedegad

bavSvebiT datvirTva TiTqmis 3-jer Semcirda, xolo

mosaxleobis daberebam xandazmulebiT datvirTva 1,9-

jer gazarda. sainteresoa is faqti, rom 1897-1939 wlebSi

yoveli 100 SromiTi asakis adamianze 100-ze meti bavSvi

da xandazmuli modioda. cxadia, aseTi datvirTvis

pirobebSi dabali iyo cxovrebis done.

aucileblad xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom am

SemTxvevaSi msjelobaa problemebisadmi demografiul

da ara ekonomikur midgomaze. demografiuli midgoma

niSnavs problemis ganxilvas asakobrivi kontingentebis

Tanafardobis, xolo ekonomikuri midgoma _ dasaqme-

bulTa da dausaqmebelTa Tanafardobis prizmiT. cxadia,

rom 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis kontingentis yvela

1 Демоскоп, #291-292, 2007.


19


asakobriv jgufSi, met-naklebi zomiT, warmodgenilia

dasaqmebulebic da dausaqmeblebic, magram, rogorc wesi,

sazogadoebis aqcenti keTdeba xandazmul pensionerebze,

e.i. maTze, vinc pensias iRebs asakis gamo. mosaxleobis

daberebasTan erTad, cxadia, izrdeba sapensio asakis

mosaxleoba da Sesabamisad _ ricxovnobac. magaliTad,

saqarTveloSi asakis gamo pensias iRebda: 1970 wels

_ 420,0 aTasi adamiani, 1979 wels _ 523,0,1 2002 wels

_ 631,5 aTasi2 Sesabamisad, wlebis mixedviT, yovel

100 SromiTi asakis adamianze, 1970 wels modioda 18,3

pensioneri, 1979 wels _ 20,3, xolo 2002 wels _ 27,7,

e.i. 32 wlis manZilze, 1970-2002 wlebSi saqarTvelos

SromiTi asakis mosaxleobis àsakiani~ pensionerebiT

datvirTvis maCvenebeli gaizarda 51,4%-iT. sainteresoa

aseTi Sedareba: 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT, 60

wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba saqarTvelos

mTeli mosaxleobis 18,7%-s Seadgenda, 60 wlis da

ufrosi asakis pensionerebi ki _ 12,8%, amave, 2002 wels, 65

wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 12,8%-s,

xolo 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis pensionrebi _ 11,4%-s.

amrigad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, ukve 2002 wlidan,3

rogorc rosetis skalis, aseve gaeros standartebis

mixedviT, miekuTvneba daberebul mosaxleobas rogorc

60-65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis, iseve imave

asakis pensionrebis xvedriTi wonis mixedviTac.

xandazmuli mosaxleobis da pensionerebis

ricxovnobis zrda rigi ekonomistibisa da demografis

1 Народое хозяйство Грузинской ССР в 1982 году. Тб., 1983, с. 180.2 saqarTvelos mosaxloebis 2002 wlis pirveli erovnuli sayov-

elTao aRweris Sedegebi. tomi III, nawili I, Tb., 2004, gv. 8 (1970,1979

da 2002 wlebisaTvis aRebulia 60 da ufrosi asakis pensionerTa

ricxvi).3 monacemebi da gaangariSebebi 2002 wlis Semdeg ar mogvyavs imis

gamo, rom aRniSnuli kategoriis mosaxleoba aRwerebis da mim-

dinare statistikis mixedviT, erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. vinaidan aR-

weris masalebi, sxvebTan SedarebiT, iTvleba ufro sando wyarod,

daveyrdnobiT mxolod mosaxleobis aRweris masalebs.

20

mier gamocxadebulia dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis

eqspluataciis nairsaxeobad, ramdenadac izrdeba

xandazmuli da pensioneri mosaxleobis Senaxvis

xarjebi, rac mxrebze ̀ awveba~ sazogadoebas. amasTan, maT

mxedvelobis gareSe rCebaT is garemoeba, rom saSualod

adamiani Sromis procesSi qmnis imden Rirebulebas,

rom srulad anazRaurebs sicocxlis manZilze Tavisi

Senaxvis xarjebs da kidev rCeba nameti, romelsac is

utovebs sazogadoebas. aRniSnuli faqti cnobilia

demografiul rentabelobad.

mosaxleobis daberebas aqvs socialur-higienuri

Sedegebi. is exeba xandazmuli adamianebis momsaxure

dawesebulebebis qselis gafarToebas, dasvenebis

organizacias, sapensio uzrunvelyofas, janmrTelobis

dacvis qselis saqmianobis modernizacias, xandazmuli

adamianebis darCenili SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebas

sazogadoebis sasargeblod da sxva.

mosaxleobis daberebas aqvs demografiuli

Sedegebic, rac gardacvlilTa saerTo ricxvis da

mokvdaobis maCveneblebis zrdiT gamoixateba. aRniSnuli

gansakuTrebiT exeba mokvdaobas sisxlis mimoqcevis

sistemis daavadebis Sedegad, romelic xandazmuli

adamianebis gardacvalebis ZiriTadi mizezia. magaliTad,

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi gardacvlilTa

80% iyo 60 wlis da ufrosi asakis, romelTagan 76,0%

gardaicvala sisxlis mimoqcevis sisitemis daavadebis

Sedegad.

ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garda-

cvlilTa ricxovnobis zrda sisxlis mimoqcevis

sistemis daavadebebis Sedegad gamowveulia mxolod

mosaxleobis daberebiT, magram, cxadia, am mizeziT

mokvdaobis zrdaSi is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

kerZod, saqarTveloSi, 1960 wels gardacvlilTa saerTo

ricxvidan sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis avadmyofobiT

gardaicvala _ 44,8, 1965 wels _ 46,6, 1970 wels _ 57,7,

1975 wels _ 58,5, 1980 wels _ 62,8, 1985 wels _ 64,8, 1990


21


wels _64,7, 2000 wels _ 70,5, 2010 wels _ 69,0%1. rogorc

vxedavT, sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis avadmyofobebis

Sedegad gadacvlilTa wili 1960-2010 wlebSi 44,8%-

dan gaizarda 69,0%-mde, absolutur sidideebSi _ 12,2

aTasi SemTxvevidan _ 29,0 aTasamde, e.i. 2,3-jer2. aseTi

tendenciebi XX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XXI

saukunis dasawyisSi damaxasiaTebelia msoflios

yvela ganviTarebuli qveynisaTvis.

mosaxleobis dabereba rogorc istoriulad,

aseve dResac, sxvadasxva kulturaSi met-naklebi

simZafriT warmoSobs moralur-fsiqologiuri

xasiaTis problemebs. saqme isaa, Tu rogor epyroba

xandazmul adamianebs sazogadoeba. aRniSnuli mopyroba

istoriulad ganisazRvreboda sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis doniT. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali

donis mqone xalxebSi xandazmuli, aramwarmoebluri

mosaxleoba iqceoda `zedmet tvirTad,~ sazogadoebaSi

warmoiSoboda `gerontofobia~ _ SiSi moxucebisadmi.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, maT fizikurad anadgurebdnen. aseTi

faqti mraval xalxSia cnobili. im sazogadoebaSi,

sadac ekonomikis ganviTareba mosaxleobis yvela

fenis materialuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas

iZleoda, rogorc magaliTad, antikur aTenSi, spartaSi,

romsa da sxva civilizaciebSi, moxucebi mniSvnelovan

saxelmwifoebriv funqciebs asrulebdnen, rac istoriaSi

`gerontokratiis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. msoflios

istoriaSi gerontokratia arsebobs dRemde, ra Tqma

unda, saxeSecvlilad, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, ufrosi

asakis adamianebisadmi pativiscemis saxiT.

1 gaangariSebulia: Здравоохранение и социальное обеспечение в Грузинской ССР. Статистический сборник. Тб., 1974, с. 165-169; m. xmalaZe, saqarT-

velos mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebebi da ekonomi-

kuri Sedegebi. sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1995, gv. 313; statde-

partamentis masalebi.2 amitomaa, rom saqarTvelos sadazRvevo kompaniebis polisebi

ar iTvaliswinebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis daavadebebis sam-

kurnalo preparatebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas.

22

ekonomikuri da zneobrivi ganviTrebis kvalobaze,

sazogadoeba sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobda

moxuci adamianebis sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom moxucebis

winaSe saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis pirveli kanoni

gamoica inglisSi 1601 wels.

ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT im azrs, rom

sazogadoebis civilizaciis done gaizomeba

moxucebisadmi damokidebulebiT. moxucebis, ufrosi

Taobis, konkretulad _ mSoblebis mimarT damokidebuleba

mJRavndeba ojaxSi. am damokidebulebas aTaswlovani

istoria aqvs.

CineTSi, 2500 wlis win, aRmocenda konfucis

religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba _ konfucianoba.

konfuci iyo saxelmwifo Cinovniki, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze.

bolos miatova yvelaferi es da Seudga qadagebas.

is mogzaurobda CineTis sxvadasxva samTavroSi da

maT mmarTvelebs aswavlida qveSevrdomTa marTvis

xelovnebas. konfuci sicocxleSive iqna aRiarebuli

brZen kacad. mas hyavda 72 mowafe, romelTagan 12

mudmivad Tan axlda, icocxla 72 weli.

is, rom konfucianoba, DdResac arsebobs rogorc

msoflios erT-erTi mZlavri religiuri moZRvreba,

cnobilia. magram, SeiZleba yvelasaTvis cnobili ar

aris konfucis damokidebuleba adamianis asakTan.

konfuci ambobda: 15 wlis asakSi Cemi goneba swavlas

mivande, 30 wlisam damoukidebloba movipove, 40 wlis

asakSi eWvebisagan gavTavisufldi, 50 wlisam Sevicani

zecis neba, 60 wlis asakSi viswavle simarTlisa da

sicruis garCeva, 70 wlis asakSi mivende sakuTar gulis

survilebs.

sazogadoebaSi gamefebul gansakuTrebul

principad konfucis miaCnda siao _ Svilis mowiweba,

siyvaruli mSobelebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki mamisadmi.

konfucis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, dedamiwaze arsebobs 3000

codva, romelTagan yvelaze mZime, danaSaulis tolfasi


23


codvaa Svilebis upativismcemloba mSoblebis mimarT.

aRniSnuli Sexeduleba aisaxa iudaizmisa da

mogvianebiT, qristianobis fundamentur principebSi.

Qqristianobis aTi mcnebidan mexuTe mcneba RaRadebs:

`pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, raTa keTili

geyos da dRegrZel iyvne qveyanasa zeda.~

sayuradReboa mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis

da demografiuli daberebis mimarT cnobili qarTveli

demografis, profesor anzor ToTaZis mosazreba.

`sxvadasxava asakis mosaxleoba sxvadasxva rols

asrulebs sazogadoebaSi. askobrivi roli, anu

rogorc xSirad aRniSnaven, molodinTa erToblioba,

dakavSirebulia asakobriv statusTan. asakobriv

cvlilebasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi adamianis

mdgomareobac icvleba. garkveul asakSi igi agrovebs

codnas _ swavlobs skolaSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi,

eufleba sxvadasxva xelobas, Semdeg uSualod

monawileobs materialuri Tu sulieri faseulobebis

SeqmnaSi _ ikavebs damoukidebeli, misi asakobrivi

statusisa da SeZenili codnis Sesabamis adgils.

izrdeba misi socialuri roli~.... òjaxSi ufrosi

xandazmuli Taoba udides rols asrulebs momavali

Taobis aRzrdaSi, maTi pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi,

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, erovnuli tradiciebis,

wes-Cveulebebis gadacemasa da gamdidrebaSi.

xandazmuli adamianebi xels uwyoben ojaxSi wesrigis

damyarebas, ojaxis wevrebs Soris pativiscemis grZnobis

amaRlebas da rac mTavaria, erisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSan-Tvisebebis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas, erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis uwyvetobis SenarCunebas. yoveliv es,

pirvel rigSi, exeba mcirericxovan erebs, romlebic

swored mdidari ojaxuri erovnuli tradiciebis

dacviTa da SenaxviT gadaurCnen istoriis qartexilebs.

Cveni qveynis momavalic amgvarad gagebuli tradiciuli

ojaxis SenarCunebaSi gvesaxeba. amitom, ojaxis

24

formirebis procesSi yovel ucxo minarevs, Tuki igi

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebidan ar iRebs saTaves,

unda veridoT~1.

calsaxaa, rom msoflioSi mimdinare mosaxleobis

dabereba rogorc Seuqcevadi procesi, warmoSobs

problemebs da sazogadoebisagan moiTxovs adaptacias

axali demografiuli garemosadmi. amisaTvis ki,

pirvel rigSi, saWiroa saxelmwifoebma, ufro sworad

mTavrobebma, Seicnon problemis arsi da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, gaataron Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi.

ra mdgomareobaa dReisaTvis msoflioSi? gaeros

eqspertebis mier 2007 wels Seswavlili iqna mTavrobebis

damokidebuleba aRniSnuli problemis mimarT. Tavisi

damokidebuleba mocemul gamokiTxvaSi daafiqsira 171

qveynis mTavrobam. maT Soris 75 qveynis (55,0%) mTavrobam

seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoTqva mosaxleobis daberebis

Sedegebis mimarT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi daberebis

problemam daikava meore adgili Sidsis epidemiis

Semdeg. aRniSnul problemas nakleb mniSvnelobas

aniWeben ganviTarebad da yvelaze naklebadganviTarebul

qveynebSi, Tumca, laTinuri amerikis da karibis zRvis

qveynebis 70,0%-ma, 23-ma 33-dan, gamoTqva didi SeSfoTeba

mosaxleobis daberebis gamo.

asakobrivi struqturis evolucia iwvevs

ara mxolod bavSvebisa da xandazmulebis, aramed

Sromisunariani (15-59ww.) mosaxleobis ricxovnobis

cvlilebasac. dRvandeli bavSvebi Tavis droze

Sevlen Sromisunarian asakSi, xolo es ukanasknelni

TandaTan gadavlen xandazmulebSi (60 wlis miRwevis

Semdeg). amitom, mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura

pirvelxarisxovani ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisaa.

gaeros eqspertebis zemoT aRniSnuli gamokvlevis

Tanaxmad, gamokiTxuli mTavrobebis 2/3-ma gamoTqva

1 a. ToTaZe, mosaxleobis daberebis socialur-ekonomikuri da

samedicino-demografiuli problemebi. Jurnali `demografia,~

1999, #1, gv. 36, 38.


25


didi SeSfoTeba Sromisunariani asakis (15-59 weli)

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis da misdami Sromis Siga bazris

mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis Seusabamobis Sesaxeb.

amasTan, aRniSnuli problemis mimarT gamoiTqva ori

diametrulad sawinaaRmdgo midgoma: Tu ganviTarebuli

qveynebi Sewuxebulia samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan

SedarebiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnobis

simciriT, ganviTarebad qveynebs piriqiT, awuxebT

samuSao Zalis siWarbe arsebuli samuSao adgilebis

raodenobasTan SedarebiT.

yvelaze didi SeSfoTeba, Sromisunariani

asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis da Sromis bazris

Seusabamobis Sesaxeb, gamoxata CrdiloeT amerikis yvela

qveyanam, okeaneTis qveynebis _ 80,0%-ma. yvelaze naklebi

SeSfoTeba ki _ laTinuri amerikis da karibis zRvis

qveynebma (41,0%) da evropis qveynebma (59,0%). aseve, unda

SevniSnoT, rom evropis qveynebi rogorc ganviTarebuli

qveynebi, SeSfoTebas gamoxataven Sromis Siga bazris da

ara zogadad Sromis bazris mimarT, ramdenadac evropis

qveynebis umetesobaSi SromiTi resursebis deficitis

Sevseba xdeba yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, aziidan da

afrikidan samuSao Zalis mizidviT.

mosaxleobis daberebasTan dakavSirebiT mravalma

qveyanam Secvala sapensio kanonmdebloba, gazarda

pensiaze gasvlis asaki, maT Soris saqarTvelomac

(Tumca, arasworad). 2002-2006 wlebSi 164 qveynidan 41-Si

kanoniT gaizarda pensiaze gasvlis asaki. amis Sedegad,

ganviTarebuli qveynebis 60,0%-Si mamakacebi da 40,0%-Si

qalebi, srul pensias iReben 65 wlis da ufros asakSi.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis kanonmdeblobiT, pensiaze

gasvlis asaki mamakacebisaTvis 60-dan gaizarda 65 wlamde,

xolo qalebisaTis _ 55-dan 60 wlamde. rodesac wina

abzacSi vwerT, rom saqarTvelom arasworad gazarda

sapensio asaki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mxolod erTi

garemoeba: dReisaTvis, mamakacebis sicocxlis saSualo

26

xangrZlivoba saqarTveloSi 70 welia, rac imas niSnavs,

rom maT pensiaze yofna mouwevT saSualod 5 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, maSin rodesac ganviTarebul qveynebSi

pensiaze yofnis periodi mamakacebSi saSualod 10-15

wels, xolo qalebSi _ ufro mets, zogierT qveyanaSi _

(iaponia da sxva) 20 wels da mets aRwevs.

kacobriobas, Tavisi arsebobis manZilze mouxda

mravali problemis gadalaxva an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

masTan Segueba da Tanacxovreba. imedia, sazogadoeba

axlo momavalSi, ase Tu ise, daZlevs demografiuli

daberebis mizezebsa da Sedegebs da gamoiyenebs mas

sazogadoebis sasikeTod.

World Demographic Aging: World Demographic Aging: Prospects and ResultsProspects and Results

M. KhmaladzeM. KhmaladzeThe share of population who are over 60 years old is increasing in

the whole world and especially in developed countries. This phenomenon is known as demographic aging. Nowadays coeffi cient of demographic ageing is about 10.3% and it will be around 21.8% in 2050. This process will cause a number of negative consequences: aging of the working-age population; increase in mortality rate; increase in the share of elderly people in employed population; possible strain on the relation between between older and younger generations. Historically the society has developed skills to solve the problems or adapt to them. It’s apparent that the society will fi nd a solution of this problem as well.


27


Salva gogiaSvili Salva gogiaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is

asocirebuli profesori,asocirebuli profesori,

slava fetelava slava fetelava

grigol robaqiZis saxelobisgrigol robaqiZis saxelobis

universitetis asocirebuli profesori universitetis asocirebuli profesori

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, dominirebul mdgo-

mareobad iTvleba, Tu ekonomikuri agenti flobs gan-

saxilveli bazris did wils da SeuZlia imoqmedos am

bazarze ZiriTadad konkurentebisagan damoukideblad.

bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoy-

enebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi Setanilia mravali

qveynis sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobaSi. dominirebuli

mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebis

efeqtianobis analizi saWiroebs: 1. gansaxilveli baz-

ris gansazRvras; 2. ekonomikur agentis dominirebuli

mdgomareobis dadgenas; 3. dominanti ekonomikuri agen-

tis mier misi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis gam-

ovlenas (konkretuli qmedebebis Sefasebas).

rogorc cnobilia, dominirebuli mdgomareoba ar

arsebobs vakuumSi. msxvili ekonomikuri agentis arse-

boba bazarze ar niSnavs, rom mas aucileblad dominire-

buli mdgomareoba ukavia. imis gansazRvra, dominirebs

Tu ara mewarme subieqti bazarze, SesaZlebelia misi

reaqciiT konkurentebis mxridan zemoqmedebaze. bazris

wili warmoadgens mniSvnelovan, magram ara erTaderT

da sakmaris maCvenebels ekonomikuri agentis domini-

bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareobis

negatiuri aspeqtebinegatiuri aspeqtebi

28

Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava

rebis dasadgenad. aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT gan-

saxilvel bazarze SeRwevis barierebi da metoqeebis

SesaZlo reaqcia.

Cveulebriv, bazarze dominirebis problema miiC-

neva statikur movlenad, Tumca, dominirebis Sefasebi-

saTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania aseve misi dinamika.

bazrebze, romlebic swraf cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba,

SesaZlebelia, didi sabazro wilis mqone ekonomikur

agents ar ekavos dominirebuli mdgomareoba, Tu is mx-

olod droebiT flobs did sabazro wils (bazarze

SeiZleba mokle droSi Semovidnen axali konkurentebi)

an TviTon bazari iyos droebiTi (Semdgomi modernize-

bis gamo, saqonelma SeiZleba dakargos samomxmareblo

moTxovna, radgan momxmarebeli gadainacvlebs saqon-

lis axal, gaumjobesebul saxeobaze). amgvarad, domini-

rebuli mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania

ganvixiloT ara marto bazris arsebuli mdgomareoba,

aramed misi droSi evoluciac.

mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom mewarme subieqts

dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia gansaxilvel ba-

zarze, SesaZloa warmoiSvas sirTuleebi imis Sefaseba-

Si, Tu ra gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri agentis konkre-

tuli moqmedebebi konkurenciaze. kanonsawinaaRmdego

moqmedebebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios konkurenciaze

saqonlis warmoebisa da miwodebis sxvadasxva doneze.

dominirebuli mewarme subieqtis zogierTi moqmedeba

SeiZleba konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego an xelSemwyobi

iyos, garemoebebisda mixedviT. rig SemTxvevaSi, is Sei-

Zleba mimarTuli iyos ama Tu im mxaris sawinaaRmdegod,

magram, imavdroulad SeiZleba hqondeT konkurenciis

xelSemwyobi xasiaTi.

cxadia, ekonomikur agents Tavisi dominirebuli

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba SeuZlia mxolod ma-

Sin, Tu mas aseTi pozicia ukavia sasaqonlo bazarze.

29


amdenad, mewarme subieqtis moqmedebis Sefasebisas

pirveli rigis amocanaa gansaxilveli bazris gansaz-

Rvra produqtebis urTierTSenacvlebadobis gaTval-

iswinebiT. sxvadasxva saqoneli, romlebic samomxmare-

blo maxasiaTeblebiT erTmaneTTan axlosaa, rogorc

wesi, erTsa da imave bazarzea warmodgenili, xolo

produqtebi, romlebic ar hgavs erTmaneTs - sxvadasxva

bazarze.

konkurenciuli samomxmareblo bazris gansaz-

RvrasTan SedarebiT, ufro Znelia im bazris gansazRvra,

romelzec mxolod erTi ekonomikuri agenti domini-

rebs. marTlac, Tu samomxmareblo bazris ganmartebas

mkacrad mivudgebiT, logikurad SeuZlebeli gaxdeba

sasaqonlo bazris monopolistis dadgena, Tuki man

ganxilvamde periodSi ukve miiRo maqsimaluri sarge-

beli.

zogadad, gansaxilveli bazari ganisazRvreba

rogorc saqonlis umciresi erToblioba da geografi-

uli regioni, rac Semdeg kriteriumebs pasuxobs:

saqoneli an saqonlis jgufi da geografiuli

regioni, sadac romelime ekonomikur agents, romelic

Semosavlis gazrdisaken iswrafvis da warmoadgens

am saqonlis erTaderT gamyidvels mocemul regionSi,

SeuZlia droSi stabilurad mniSnelovnad gazardos

saqonlis fasi.

ganvixiloT realuri monopolistis magaliTi. re-

alur monopolists, romelic zrdis mogebas, SeiZleba

ukve gazrdili hqondes saqonlis fasebi mocemul ba-

zarze im donemde, romelic maqsimalur mogebas uzrun-

velyofs. aqedan gamomdinare, hipoTeturi monopolisti,

romelic zrdis mogebas, ar daadebs saqonels bazarze

ukve arsebulze ufro maRal fass. amgvarad, realuri

monopolistis mier gasayidi saqonlis erToblioba,

logikurad, ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros bazris zemoT

30


mocemul gansazRvrebas.

amgvari logikuri Seusabamobis Tavidan asacile-

blad, saWiroa erTmaneTs SevadaroT produqtebis fizi-

kuri Tvisebebi, gansxvavebebi saboloo gamoyenebaSi,

aseve cvlilebebi maTi samomxmareblo daniSnulebiT

gayidvebis istoriul praqtikaSi. am monacemebiT Sei-

Zleba davadginoT aseT produqtebis urTierTSenacv-

lebis albaToba. amasTan, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar

unda mieniWos sxvadasxva produqtis fizikur msgavse-

bas erTmaneTTan.

zemoT aRniSnuli logikuri Seusabamobis Tavidan

acilebis kidev erT saSualebad gvesaxeba imis garkveva,

gazrdis Tu ara fasebs SesaZlo dominanti ekonomikuri

agenti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi romelime konkurenti ba-

zridan gava. Tu dominanti ekonomikuri agenti am dros

fasebs gazrdis, es niSnavs, rom isini konkurentebi ar-

ian da maTi saqoneli erTsa da imave sasaqonlo bazars

miekuTvneba. Tu SesaZlo konkurentis bazridan gasvli-

sas, dominanti ekonomikuri agenti fasebs ar gazrdis,

maSin isini konkurentebi ar arian da maTi saqoneli

sxvadasxva bazars miekuTvneba.

imis gansazRvra, ukavia Tu ara kompanias domini-

rebuli mdgomareoba, iwyeba sabazro wilebis dadgeniT,

rasac floben am bazrebze moqmedi ekonomikuri agen-

tebi. cxadia, Tu mewarme subieqti bazris mcire wils

flobs, igi ar SeiZleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis

mqoned CaiTvalos.

Tu ekonomikuri agenti didi sabazro wilis mflo-

belia, imis dasadgenad, ukavia Tu ara mas dominirebuli

mdgomareoba, sxva faqtorebic unda SevafasoT, rogori-

caa, magaliTad, bazarze Sesvlis barierebi, konkuren-

tebis eqspansia da sxva firmebis sabazro wili. maT

Soris, Zalze mniSvnelovania bazarze Sesvlis bari-

eri, radgan igi gansazRvravs konkurenciis xarisxs

31


potenciuri konkurentebis Sesvlisas bazarze. Tu

barieri dabalia da ekonomikuri agentebi (romlebsac

konkurencias uweven axali konkurentebi da Sesabam-

isad iqmneba konkurenciuli garemo) antikonkurenciu-

lad zrdian fasebs, maSin im subieqtebsac ki, romlebic

did sabazro wils floben, ar eqnebaT `Zalaufleba~

da amdenad, ver iqnebian dominirebul mdgomareobaSi.

zustad aseve, Tu dRevandeli konkurentebi SeZleben

swrafad da mniSvnelovnad gazardon TavianTi gayidve-

bis moculoba da am dros dominirebuli mdgomareobis

mqoned miCneuli ekonomikuri agenti antikonkurenciu-

lad moqmedebs, maSin is ar iqneba dominanti bazarze.

meore mxriv, Tu bazarze Sesvlis barieri maRalia, maSin

mewarme subieqti daculia sxva ekonomikuri agentebis

mxridan konkurenciisagan. Tu konkurentebi ver SeZle-

ben swrafad da mniSvnelovnad gaafarToon warmoeba

da gayidvebi im ekonomikuri agentis antikonkurenciu-

li qmedebebis sapasuxod, romelic dominantad miiCneva

bazarze, maSin arsebobs safuZveli, rom es ukanaskneli

CaiTvalos dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned am ba-

zarze1.

Tu sxva ekonomikur agentebs aqvT SedarebiT mcire

sabazro wilebi, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas dabrkoleba misi

gafarToebis dros, rom konkurencia gauwion didi sa-

bazro Zalis mqone subieqtebs.

magaliTad, SeiZleba maTi saqoneli gamoiyenebodes

mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi an SesaZlebelia

maT ar hqondeT distribuciisaTvis saWiro arxebi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, sxva konkurentma kompaniebma SeiZleba ver

SeZlon warmoebisa da gayidvebis swrafi gafarToe-

ba SesaZlo dominant subieqtTan konkurenciaSi. aseT

1fetelava s., gogiaSvili S., ekonomikuri konkurencia, ,,loi~, Tb.,

2012, gv. 58.

32


SemTxvevaSic, ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba dominireb-

ulad CaiTvalos sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, sadac

fasebi Tavisufalia da aseve sxva cvlilebebi swrafad

xorcieldeba. amasTan, ar SeiZleba ekonomikuri agentis

dominirebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daskvna gakeTdes

mxolod imis safuZvelze, rom aseT agents SeuZlia

gazardos fasebi. dominirebis Sesafaseblad, saWiroa

gamoyenebul iqnes bazarze Zalauflebis xangrZlivad

flobis niSnebi, aseve, axali subieqtebis bazarze Sesv-

lis an arsebuli konkurentebis eqspansiis barierebi.

sabazro wilis gansazRvris ramdenime saSuale-

ba arsebobs, magaliTad, gayidvebis naturaluri/Rireb-

ulebiTi moculoba an warmoebis moculoba. praqtikaSi,

sabazro wilis gansazRvrisaTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba

xelmisawvdomi monacemebi.

imis garkvevas, Tu sabazro wilis gazomvis romeli

saSualeba unda iqnes arCeuli, gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba aqvs im qveynebisaTvis, sadac dominirebul mdgo-

mareobas gansazRvravs kanonmdebloba bazris wilebis

dadgenili kriteriumebis Sesabamisad; anu - im SemTx-

vevaSi, rodesac sakonkurencio kanonmdebloba iTval-

iswinebs dominantobis gansazRvris kriteriums (ekono-

mikuri agenti flobs dadgenil normaze ufro maRal

sabazro wils). mniSvnelovania sworad ganisazRvros

im ekonomikuri agentebis sabazro wili, romlebic mo-

cemul momentSi ar ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas konk-

retul sasaqonlo bazarze. aseve, im subieqtTa wilis

garkvevac, romlebic arasruli simZlavriT moqmedeben.

magaliTad, ekonomikuri agenti, romelic mocemul mo-

mentSi da Sesabamis bazarze mTliani gayidvebis 50%-s

awarmoebs (amasTan, Tu arseboben ufro didi, magram

dautvirTavi simZlavreebis mqone konkurenti agente-

bi, romlebsac SeuZliaT swrafad aamoqmedon es sim-

Zlavreebi), ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ar iqneba miC-

33


neuli dominantad (aseT ekonomikur agents ar SeuZlia

imoqmedos antikonkurenciulad, vinaidan mis metoqeebs

aqvT unari swrafad moaxdinon reagireba da waarTvan

mas gayidvebis mniSvnelovani nawili). mravali qveynis

sakonkurencio kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu sabazro

wilis sididis gasazomad gayidvebis moculoba gamoi-

yeneba, maSin gansaxilveli ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba

miCneul iqnes dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned, xolo

Tu sabazro wili izomeba warmoebis moculobiT, maSin,

gansaxilveli ekonomikuri agenti SeiZleba ar iqnes

miCneuli dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqoned. amgvarad,

qveynebis sakonkurencio kanonebi gavlenas axdens saba-

zro wilis gazomvis meTodebis SerCevaze.

Tu konkretul bazarze warmodgenili saqoneli

erTgvarovania, maSin sabazro wilis gazomvis erT-erTi

saSualeba SeiZleba iyos saqonlis erTeulis gayidve-

bi, xolo, Tu bazarze warmodgenili saqoneli araerTg-

varovania, umjobesia sabazro wilis gazomva gayidvebis

RirebulebiT.

marTalia, warmoebis moculoba SeiZleba sabazro

wilebis sazoms warmoadgendes, magram, aman SeiZleba

mniSvnelovani cdomileba gamoiwvios, Tu warmoebis

moculobebSi didi gansxvavebebia. magaliTad, erT

ekonomikur agents gaaCnia ori sawarmo. vTqvaT, erT

sawarmoSi gamoSvebuli produqciis mxolod 60% pa-

suxobs mkacr teqnikur moTxovnebs, meoreSi ki – 100%.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirveli sawarmos mier gamoSvebuli

mTliani produqcia ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes Sesa-

Zlo mimwodeblad xarisxisadmi maRali moTxovnebis

mqone myidvelebisaTvis. amitom, ekonomikuri agentis

warmoebis moculobis gazomvisas zemoaRniSnuli my-

idvelebisaTvis miwodebebis mixedviT, pirveli sawarmos

warmoebis moculoba ar unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli

60%-ze meti sididiT.

34


arsebobs gazomvis problema, rodesac ekonomikuri

agentebis erTi jgufia mxolod vertikalurad integri-

rebuli, xolo meore ki ara. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirveli

jgufis ekonomikur agentebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba

srulad gayidon Sesabamis bazarze TavianTi produq-

cia, meore jgufis subieqtebs ki mxolod produqciis

nawilis gayidva SeeZlebaT, danarCeni nawili ki gamoy-

enebuli iqneba Siga moxmarebisaTvis. sxva ekonomikur

agentebs SeeZlebaT mTeli Taviani produqcia mimarTon

Siga moxmarebisaTvis, anu gamoiyenon igi sxva sawarmoo

procesebSi. im ekonomikuri agentebis mimarT, romlebic

warmoebuli produqciis mxolod nawils hyidian Se-

sabamis sasaqonlo bazarze, maT sabazro wilSi unda

iqnes CaTvlili warmoebis is mTeli moculoba, romel-

ic araa gankuTvnili Siga moxmarebisaTvis, radgan na-

klebad savaraudoa, rom aseT subieqtebs damatebiTi

xarjebis gaweva mouwioT bazarze produqciis damate-

biTi nawilis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi.

im ekonomikur agentebs, romlebic mTel produq-

cias ar hyidian Sesabamis sasaqonlo bazarze, warmoebis

mTliani moculoba ar unda CaeTvaloT sabazro wil-

Si. aq yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imaze, aucilebelia

Tu ara msxvili investiciebi produqciis gasaRebis an

gayidvisaTvis (maRalkvalificiuri teqnikuri person-

alis momzadeba an gasaRebis bazrebis qselis Seqmna)

da Sedegad, produqciis gayidva mogebis didad ufro

dabal sidides xom ar uzrunvelyofs, vidre produqci-

is Siga moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu mocemul bazarze

arsebobs produqciis gayidvis barierebi an, Tu mosal-

odnelia ekonomikuri agentis Semosavlebis Semcireba

produqciis Siga moxmarebidan bazarze gadarTvis gamo,

maSin, vertikalurad integrirebuli firmebis warmoe-

bis moculoba an Siga gadanawilebebis Rirebuleba ar

unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli sabazro wilis gansaz-

35


Rvrisas. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, vertikalurad integ-

rirebuli ekonomikuri agentebis aumoqmedebeli sawar-

moo moculobebi SeiZleba `CaTvlili iqnes~ sabazro

wilSi.

amasTan, bazrebs, sadac gayidvebi droSi arastabi-

luria, iseTi problemebi axasiaTebs, romlebic tipuria

Zalze mcire raodenobiT gayidvisas, magaliTad, manqane-

bis unikaluri tipebi, rogoricaa - TviTmfrinavebi, el-

mavlebi, eleqtrosadgurebis didi orTqlis turbinebi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, sabazro wilis cvlilebebi saqonlis

teqnologiuri dauyofadobisa da iSviaTi gayidvebis

Sedegia. am dros SesaZlebelia gazomvis statisti-

kuri meTodis gamoyeneba.

kidev erTi problema, romelic SesaZloa gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos gardamavali periodis

ekonomikisaTvis, aris gayidvebis arastabiluroba ba-

zris aracikluri cvlilebebis gamo. magaliTad, Tu

axali teqnologia danergilia cota xnis win, da

ekonomikuri agenti, romelic aseT teqnologias iyen-

ebs, swrafad zrdis gayidvebs, maSin gasarkvevia, romeli

sabazro wilebi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli: axlan-

deli, warsuli periodisa Tu perspeqtiuli. sxvagvarad

rom vTqvaT, Tu myidvelebi moqmedeben ufro dabal do-

neebze, xolo yidian mxolod vertikalurad integrire-

buli mimwodeblebi, maSin, romeli sabazro wilebi unda

gaizomos: axlandeli Tu gasuli periodis? aseT SemTx-

vevaSi, bazris axlandeli wilebi SeiZleba ar gamodges

saTanado maxasiaTeblad da albaT, ufro sasargeblo

iqneba, Tu gamoviyenebT gayidvebis samomavlo wilebis

`yvelaze optimistur~ Sefasebebs, radgan sainteresoa,

konkurencia an dominireba momavalSi.

sabazro wilis gazomvis meTodis gansazRvris

Semdeg, unda Sefasdes SesaZlo dominanti ekonomikuri

agentis sabazro wili, raTa davrwmundeT, rom igi sak-

36


marisad maRalia dominirebisaTvis.

ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia SemogvTavazos

sasaqonlo bazris wilis gansazRvris martivi wesebi

ekonomikuri agentis dominirebisaTvis. Tu Sesabamis

bazarze moqmedebs ramdenime ekonomikuri agenti da

TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia mcire wili, maSin nakle-

bad savaraudoa, rom romelimes hqondes dominirebuli

mdgomareoba am bazarze, imis miuxedavadac ki, Tu masSi

Sesasvlelad maRali barierebia dawesebuli. meore

mxriv, Tu mocemul sasaqonlo bazarze momwodebeli

mxolod erTi ekonomikuri agentia da igi daculia

Sesvlis maRali barierebiT, maSin cxadia, rom is am baz-

ris dominantia. aqve xazi unda gaesvas, rom ekonomikuri

Teoria ar gansazRvravs sasaqonlo bazris im wils,

romlis flobis SemTxvevaSic ekonomikuri agenti erT-

mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba dominirebuli mdgomareobis

mqoned.

zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobiT, dominirebisaT-

vis aucilebeli sabazro wilis gansazRvrisaTvis gaT-

valiswinebulia martivi principis gamoyeneba. magali-

Tad, evrokavSiris komisiis mier adreul periodSi miC-

neuli iyo, rom ekonomikur agents dominirebuli mdgo-

mareoba ukavia, Tu igi flobs Sesabamisi sasaqonlo

bazris aranakleb 40-45%-s1.

evrokavSiris rekomendaciiT, dReisaTvis Sesabamis

sasaqonlo bazarze ekonomikur agenti miCneulia do-

minirebulad, Tu misi wili am bazarze Seadgens aranak-

leb 1/3-s. amasTan, or ekonomikur agents uWiravs do-

minirebuli mdgomareoba, Tu maTi erToblivi wili Se-

sabamis bazarze Seadgens aranakleb 50%-s, xolo sami

da meti ekonomikuri agenti iTvleba dominirebulad,

Tu maTi erToblivi wili konkretul sasaqonlo ba-

1Richard Whish, Competition Law, 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1989, p. 294.

37


zarze Seadgens aranakleb 2/3-s. xazi unda gaesvas im-

asac, rom aSS-Si moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, rac yve-

laze axlosaa dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyenebis dokumentebTan, krZalavs `monopolizacias~

da `monopolizaciis mcdelobas~. am kanonis erT-erTi

debuleba aseTia: ̀ sasamarTloebi Tvlian, rom 80-90% da

ufro maRali sabazro wili sakmarisia saimisod, rom

mopasuxe miCneul iqnes monopolistad. sasamarTloebi

aseve Tvlian, rom 50%-ze naklebi sabazro wili aras-

akmarisia. sasamarTloebis umetesoba inarCunebs pozi-

cias, rom Tu firmis sabazro wili 70%-ze naklebia, igi

ar unda iqnes miCneuli monopoliuri Zalauflebis

mqoned~1. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri agen-

tis sabazro wilis dadgena dominirebis analizis mx-

olod dasawyisia. konkurentebis SesaZlo reaqcia da

axali momwodeblebis gaCena bazarze, am wiliT gaTval-

iswinebuli ar aris. Tumca, sabazro wilma SeiZleba

erTgvari `saceris~ roli Seasrulos mcire wilebis

mqone im ekonomikuri agentebis ganTesvaSi, romlebsac

aSkarad ar SeuZliaT dominirebas miaRwion, da aseve

didi wilebis mqone im subieqtebis mimarT, romlebic

dominirebis sakiTxis Semdgomi ganxilvis sagania.

bazarze Sesvlis barierebis zoma, anu SesvlisT-

vis saWiro xarjebis sidide, warmoadgens meore faq-

tors imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara ekonomikuri agenti

dominirebadi. Tu bazarze Sesvlis barierebi ar ar-

sebobs (an dabalia), maSin didi sabazro wilis mflo-

bel agentsac ar eqneba Zalaufleba bazarze. Tu sxva

subieqtebs SeuZliaT ufro swrafad, masStaburad da

mcire danakargebiT Sevidnen bazarze, maSin bazarze

1 Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust, Black Letter Series, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN 1986, p. 106.

38


moqmedi ekonomikuri agentebi ver SeZleben imoqmedon

antikonkurenciulad, rac maT dominirebas gamoricxavs.

vTqvaT, bazarze Sesvlis barierebis ar arsebobis pi-

robebSi didi sabazro Zalis mqone ekonomikuri agenti

zrdis fasebs, maSin, ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebic

ar arian am bazris monawileebi, rogorc ki dainaxaven

maRali Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas (bazarze

Sesvlis xarjebis simcire), daiwyeben bazris aTvisebas

dabali fasebiT da Seecdebian gadaibiron gansaxil-

veli ekonomikuri agentis klientebi. Tavis mxriv, axal

momwodebelTa mxridan konkurenciis safrTxis gamo,

didi sabazro wilis mqone kompania ver SeZlebs xis-

tad gaataros antikonkurenciuli politika, ris gamoc

igi ar miiCneva dominirebulad.

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu danaxarjTa romeli tips

unda mieqces yuradReba bazarze Sesvlis xarjebis Se-

fasebisas, debatebis sagania. zogierTi specialistis

azriT, aq mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is xarjebi,

rac unda gaswion bazarze Semsvlelma da ara moqmedma

ekonomikurma agentebma. magaliTad, Tu bazarze moqmedi

ekonomikuri agentis kuTvnili raime sasargeblo wi-

aRiseulis maRaro gaixsna im dros, rodesac nebarTvis

misaRebad saWiro iyo 100 aTasi lari, xolo dReisaT-

vis is Rirs 150 aTasi lari, maSin, bazarze Sesvlis

xarjad unda CaiTvalos mxolod am fasebis sxvaoba

(50000 lari). sxva specialistTa azriT ki, bazarze Ses-

vlis danaxarjebSi ganxiluli unda iyos yvela gaweu-

li xarji (xarjebi, romelic unda gaswion bazarze

Semsvlelma firmebma, magram romelTa gawevac amJamad

ar evalebaT bazarze moqmed firmebs). am SemTxvevaSi,

bazarze Sesvlis bariers warmoadgens 150 aTasi lari

mTlianad. cxadia, es aris bazarze Sesvlis meore ti-

pis barieri, rac zegavlenas axdens am bazarze moqmedi

subieqtebis antikonkurenciuli qmedebebis sapasuxod

39


axali ekonomikuri agentebis bazarze Sesvlis alba-

Tobaze.

dasasrul, bazarze SeRwevis barierebis Sesafase-

blad, saWiroa pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:

1. arseboben Tu ara potenciuri mimwodeblebi an

ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT swrafad da

umtkivneulod gadarTon warmoeba saqonlis miwodebe-

bze mocemul bazarze.

2. arsebobs Tu ara statistikuri monacemebi ba-

zarze Sesvlis sakiTxis Sesaxeb (monacemTa ararseboba

bazarze warmatebiT SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris

sakmarisi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom igi Sesvlis bari-

erad CaiTvalos. SesaZlebelia, rom bazarze arsebob-

des didi konkurencia da axal ekonomikur agentebs

ar hqondeT safuZveli, rom moindomon aseT bazarze

Sesvla);

3. absoluturi an RirebulebiTi sargeblis Se-

faseba, anu aqvT Tu ara gansaxilvel ekonomikur agen-

tebs upiratesoba axali mimwodeblebis mimarT, anu

akontroleben Tu ara isini SezRudul resursebs, pat-

entebs, saavtoro uflebebs;

4. strategiuli sargeblis Sefaseba an ramdenad

didia danakargebi, anu SesaZlebelia Tu ara aRWurvi-

lobis ijara, xelmeored gayidva an profilis Secvla

sxva miznebisaTvis da ramdenad maRalia myidvelebis

`gadarTvis xarjebi~, anu ra daujdeba myidvels mim-

wodeblis Secvla mowyobilobaSi cvlilebebis Set-

anis aucileblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

sabazro wilisa da bazarze Sesvlis barierebis

garda, ekonomikuri agentis dominirebis Sefasebisas

ganxiluli unda iqnes agreTve arsebuli konkuren-

tebis SesaZlo reaqciebi. Tu konkurentebs SeuZliaT

swrafad, mgrZnobiared da didi danaxarjebis gareSe

reagireba msxvili firmis antikonkurenciul qcevaze,

40


maSin es ukanaskneli veRar SeZlebs dominirebuli

mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. arsebul konkurentebs Seu-

ZliaT amgvaradve upasuxon, Tuki isini simZlavreebis

did rezervebs floben da SeuZliaT swrafad gaafar-

Toon es simZlavreebi, an Tu aseTi simZlavreebi erT

romelime bazarze muSaobs, SeiZleba swrafad iqnes ga-

darTuli miwodebebze sxva bazarze.

Semdegi faqtori, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena

iqonios konkurentebis SesaZlo eqspansiaze, aris saqon-

lis buneba. bazarze Sesvlis zemoaRwerilma orma dab-

rkolebam – myidvelebis gadarTvis xarjebma da repu-

taciis mniSvnelobam – SesaZloa SezRudos axlandeli

konkurentebis eqspansia da barieris roli Seasrulos

axali konkurentebis bazarze Sesvlis mxriv.

garda amisa, dominirebul mdgomareobaze Sei-

Zleba miuTiTebdes sxva faqtorebic,QkerZod: mkacrad

vertikaluri integracia an kargad ganviTarebuli sa-

distribucio sistema, mowinave teqnologia, kargad re-

komendebuli safirmo saxelwodeba, saqonlis farTo

diapazoni, mza bazari, teqnologiuri da finansuri

resursebi da sabazro qceva1. `qcevis~ gamoklebiT, Ti-

Toeul zemoaRniSnul faqtors SeuZlia aamaRlos ba-

zarze Sesvlis barieri, rogorc es zemoTaa aRwerili.

magaliTad, Tu bazarze warmatebis misaRwevad saWiroa

kargad ganviTarebuli sadistribucio sistema, maSin

imis Sesafaseblad, SeZleben Tu ara axali konkurente-

bi bazarze Sesvlas, bazarze moqmedi romelime ekono-

mikuri agentis antikonkurenciuli qcevis pasuxad,

saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT am sistemis ganviTarebaze

daxarjuli dro da saxsrebi. Tumca, kargad ganviTare-

1Richard Whish, Competition Law, 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1989, pp. 294-300; Ivo Van Bael and Jean-Francois Bellis, Law of the EEC, 2nd ed., CCH Editions Limited, 1987, pp. 71-74.

41


buli sadistribucio sistema ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos

dominirebuli mdgomareobis Sefasebis kriteriumad.

asevea sxva faqtorebis SemTxvevaSic. `qceva~ iSviaTad

uTiTebs dominirebaze, magram, Tu garkveuli qceva

racionaluria mxolod ekonomikuri agentis do-

minirebisas, aseTi qceva dominirebaze miuTiTebs.

ekonomikuri agentis dominirebuli mdgomareoba

bazarze, dgindeba misi reaqciiT konkurentebis mxri-

dan zewolaze. aseTi zewola SeiZleba moaxdinon

rogorc axlandelma, aseve potenciurma konkurentebma.

Tu gamokvlevebiT gamovlinda, rom arc axlandel da

arc potenciur konkurentebs ar SeuZliaT aqtiuri

reagireba ekonomikuri agentis arakonkurenciul

qcevaze, maSin mas dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia Se-

sabamis bazarze.

dominirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCuneba, TavisTa-

vad, ar aris antikonkurenciuli qmedeba, magram

konkurenciis procesSi araswori Careva, maT Soris, ax-

ali konkurentebis bazarze Sesvlis Tavidan acileba

da/an dabrkolebebis Seqmna, dominirebuli mdgomareo-

bis borotad gamoyenebad iTvleba. magaliTad, Tu do-

minirebuli mdgomareobis mqone ekonomikuri agenti

uars ambobs nedleulis an naxevarfabrikatis miwode-

baze potenciuri konkurentisaTvis da amiT xels uS-

lis mis bazarze Sesvlas, es aris dominirebuli mdgo-

mareobis borotad gamoyeneba da piriqiT, fasebis mo-

mateba konkurenciul doneze ufro metad, SesaZloa ar

warmoadgendes dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyenebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikuri agentebis qmedebebs

SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvari Sedegebi mohyves gansxvave-

bul garemoebebSi, e.i. qmedeba, romelic erT SemTxveva-

Si konkurenciulia, meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba anti-

konkurenciuli aRmoCndes. amasTan, araa gamoricxuli,

42


rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi dominirebuli mdgomareobis

mqone ekonomikuri agentis qmedebam gavlena ar moax-

dinos konkurenciaze, anu ar arsebobs martivi wesi,

romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia yvela garemoebaSi

da calsaxad gansazRvravs ama Tu im qmedebis anti-

konkurenciulobas.

Negative Aspects of Dominant Position in the MarketNegative Aspects of Dominant Position in the Market

Sh. Gogiashvili,Sh. Gogiashvili, S. Fetelava S. Fetelava

The dominant position on market is identifi ed through assessment and evaluation of the competitive environment of an economic agent. If such agent experiences no substantial pressure and can generally act independently from competitors, then this agent is an economic agent having dominant position. One of the major characteristics of dominant position is market share - if an economic agent holds a minor share on the relevant goods market, it can not be considered to be a dominant one. Another characteristic is the barriers to market entry – if the barrier are low, then none of economic agents can reach the dominant position.

In addition, if an entrepreneur holds a large market share and is protected by high entry barriers from the competitors, then we should as-sess whether competitors are able to expand their production in response to the anti-competitive activities of such company, alter their suppliers and consumers, etc. It should be also noted that the dominant position of an economic agent on the market does not mean that its activities are anti-competitive. It is important to assess whether such economic agent misuses its dominant position.

43


sagareo savaWro politikis Taviseburebani sagareo savaWro politikis Taviseburebani

Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri

krizisis pirobebSikrizisis pirobebSi

nino papaCaSvilinino papaCaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsuiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is is

asocirebuliprofesori,asocirebuliprofesori,

ekonomikis doqtori ekonomikis doqtori

Tanamedrove safinanso ekonomikuri krizisis

pirobebSi msoflios qveyanaTa umravlesobam

intensiurad daiwyo sagareo savaWro SezRudvebis

pirdapiri da faruli meTodebis gamoyeneba.

problema imdenad masStaburi gaxda, rom Tavisufali

vaWrobis Sesaxeb dawyebuli ramdenimeaTeulwliani

molaparakebebi CixSi moaqcia da miRweuli Sedegebi

eWvqveS daayena.

qveyanaTa ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis

amaRlebasTan erTad izrdeboda Tavisufali vaWrobis

ideis popularoba. mtkicebebi SeuzRudavi savaWro

urTierTobebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb Teoriulad

metad gonivrulad gamoiyureba, rac asaxulia saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis klasikur TeoriebSi. misi momxreni

Sesabamisad fritrederobisken gadaxrili sagareo sa-

vaWro politikis gatarebas gvTavazoben. igi farTo-

daa deklarirebuli vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis

debulebasa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo savaW-

ro politikis koncefciebSi. jer GATT-is (General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade - generaluri SeTanxmeba tarife-

bisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb), xolo mogvianebiT WTO-is

(World Trade Organization _ vaWrobis msoflio organiza-

cia) farglebSi warmoebuli molaparakebebis bazaze

44


Semcirda satarifo barierebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis SezRudvis ZiriTadi forma. konceftualuri

aRiarebis miuxedavad, msoflio realoba gviCvenebs, rom

absoluturad Tavisufali vaWroba dReisaTvis ufro

gamonaklisia, vidre wesi. ganviTarebadi da gardamava-

li ekonomikis qveynebs didi winaaRmdegobebi xvdebaT

gare bazrebze gasvlisas. TviT ganviTarebul qveynebs

Soris vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba àradeklarire-

buli~ SezRudvebi. faqtobrivad, msoflio masStabiT

farTod gvxvdeba faruli sagareo savaWro proteqcio-

nistuli politikis magaliTebi. praqtikulad dRemde

aseve popularulia idea proteqcionizmis Sesaxeb, rom-

lis sistematizebuli koncefcia pirvelad merkanti-

listurma skolam (XV-XVIII ss.) warmoadgina.

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatareba gansa-

kuTrebiT gaaqtiurda Tanamedrove finansur-ekono-

mikuri krizisis pirobebSi da bevri faruli damca-

vi zoma gamoaSkaravda. 2008 wlis noembridan dRemde

2430 saxelmwifo SezRudva iqna SemoRebuli, romel-

Tagan 1340 safrTxes uqmnis sazRvargareTul komer-

ciul interesebs. proteqcionistuli zomebidan 60%

didi oceulis qveynebze modioda 2009 wels. es maCve-

nebeli 75%-mde gaizarda 2011 wlisTvis.1 aseTi midgo-

ma erovnuli ekonomikis gadarCenis saSualebad miiC-

nia uamravma qveyanam, rac TiTqmis dauregulirebel

situacias qmnis msoflio savaWro urTierTobebSi da

did aRSfoTebas iwvevs vaWrobis msoflio organiza-

ciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mmarTvel

wreebSi. faqtobrivad, msoflio savaWro urTierTobebi

neoproteqcionizmis konteqstiT viTardeba. bolo ori

wlis ganmavlobaSi am movlenis daregulirebas ara-

1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/11th_GTA_report; Analyses of Contemporary Protectionism, p. 21-22.

45


erTi globaluri masStabis Sexvedra mieZRvna. statia

swored aRniSnuli movlenis analizs eZRvneba, romlis

safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi, Cveni azriT, sasr-

geblo iqneba saqarTvelos optimaluri sagareo savaW-

ro politikis formirebisa da gare bazrebze gasvlis

efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis. amave dros, mniSvnelovnad

migvaCnia TviT faqtis aRniSvna-dafiqsireba qarTul sa-

mecniero publikaciaSi, rasac, jer kidev ar daTmobia

saTanado yuradReba. TviT proteqcionizmis zrdasTan

dakavSirebuli araerTi globaluri donis Sexvedris

mizans swored informirebulobis amaRleba, procesis

monitoringi da misi SeCerebis SesaZleblobebis gamov-

lena Seadgenda.

meore msoflio omisSemdgom periodSi saerTaSo-

riso vaWrobis wliuri zrda meryeobda 0-15%-is farg-

lebSi, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sam did Cavardnas, ro-

melsac aSkarad aRemateba mimdinare globaluri fin-

ansur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodis Cavardna. saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis mkveTri vardna dafiqsirda 2008 wlis

mesame-meoTxe kvartalSi _ wina wlis donesTan Se-

darebiT 15%-iT Semcirda vaWrobis moculoba. rogorc

eqspertebi afaseben, es iyo meore msoflio omisSemdgom

periodSi msoflio vaWrobis yvelaze mkveTri, moulod-

neli da sinqronuli kolafsi.1 globaluri vaWrobis

dacema sanavTobo SokiT gamowveul recesias ukavSir-

deboda 1974-75 wlebSi (dasawyisSi vaWrobis moculoba

Semcirda 11%-iT wina welTan SedarebiT), inflacias

_ 1982-83 wlebSi da teqnikur problemebs _ 2001-2002

wlebSi (rogorc erTi, aseve meore SemTxvevis dasawy-

isSi vaWrobis moculoba Semcirda 5%-iT wina welTan

SedarebiT). marTalia, amJamad mas ar miuRwevia iseTi

1http://www.voxeu.org/article/global-trade-aftermath-global-crisis; Global trade in the aftermath of the global crisis, Jeffry A. Frieden, 27 Nov 2009;

46


siRrmisaTvis, rogorsac didi depresiis periodSi, ma-

gram aRmoCnda metad mkveTri da sinqronuli. ,,didi sa-

vaWro kolafsi~, romelic gagrZelda 2008 wlis mesame

kvartlidan 2009 wlis meore kvartlamde. Semdgom pe-

riodSi SeiniSneba mcireodeni gamococxleba. garkveu-

li SefasebebiT, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis aseTi mkveTri

vardnis umTavresi mizezi moTxovnis Sokuri Semcireba

iyo. 1

krizisis fonze bevri qveyana ganicdis eqspor-

tisa da importis moculobebis Zlier dacemas, swra-

fi tempebiT izrdeba umuSevroba. proteqcionistuli

politikis gamoyeneba aqtiurad daiwyo vaWrobisa da

investiciebis sferoSi. miuxedavad araerTi mcdelo-

bisa, romelic dafiqsirda ,,didi oceulis~ samitebze,

vmo-isa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis farg-

lebSi gamarTul Sexvedrebsa da mimarTvebSi, proteq-

cionizmis tendencia mainc Zlierdeba. garTulda sa-

vaWro urTierTobebis daregulireba vmo-is farglebSi

aRiarebuli wesrigis CarCoebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

gadawyvetileba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi barierebis

SemoRebis uaryofis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2008 wlis

noembris didi oceulis Sexvedraze, msoflio moicva

sayovelTao proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis talRam,

rogorc reaqciam msoflio finansur-ekonomikur kri-

zisze. dReisaTvis proteqcionizmi vlindeba sxvadasxva

formiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli maTgani ar aris

zianis momtani komerciuli interesebisTvis, pirdapi-

ri Tu arapirdapiri gziT, gavlenas axdens saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobaze. 2008 wlis 1 noembridan diskrimi-

naciuli zomebis yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli forme-

1R. Baldwin, The great trade collapse: What caused and what does it mean? The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publicatio

47


bia: migraciasTan dakavSirebuli zomebi (2%); importis

akrZalva (2%); saeqsporto gadasaxadebi da SezRudvebi

(3%); sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli RonisZiebebi

(4%); arasatarifo barierebi (4%); sajaro prokurmen-

ti (4%); eqsportis subsidireba (4%); satarifo Sez-

Rudvebi (14%); vaWrobis dacvis sxvadasxva RonisZieba

(20%); Tavdeboba an saxelmwifo daxmareba (32%); sxva

(11%).1gansakuTrebiT farTod wamoiwyes antidempinguri

kvlevebi, rasac mohyva antidempinguri baJebis SemoReba-

daweseba; aseve, vaWrobis erovnuli interesebiT war-

marTvis mizniT mimarTaven sakuTari valutis gaufasu-

rebas da sxva finansur RonisZiebebs.

2009 wels, londonis ,,didi oceulis~ samit-

ze, miiRes gadawyvetileba Tavi SeekavebinaT proteq-

cionistuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisagan saqonli-

Ta da momsaxurebiT vaWrobaSi da aseve, sainvesticio

politikaSi,2 magram forumis monawileebma ganacxades

im aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rom droulad ecnobebinaT

vmo-sTvis SesaZlebeli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb, romelsac iReben sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobe-

bi. faqtobrivad, es SeiZleba miviCnioT garkveul (mo)

Txovnad vmo-is mxridan daTmobebze wasasvlelad.

yovelive es iZleva im varaudis safuZvels, rom

globaluri krizisis Sedegad gamZafrebuli neo-

proteqcionizmi SeiZleba grZelvadian periodSi ais-

axos postkrizisul qcevaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom

vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT 2012

wlis pirvel kvartalSi saerTaSoriso vaWroba 5%-

1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/site-statistics2 http://www.voxeu.org/article/global-trade-aftermath-global-crisis; S.J. Evenett, Crisis-era protectionism one year after the Washington G20 meeting, The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publica-tion

48


iT gaizarda1 wina welTan SedarebiT da prognoziT

mosalodnelia Semdgomi Zlieri zrda, SemaSfoTebelia

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis farTod gamoyenebis

kampania. 2012 wlis dasawyisSi isve gamoiyeneboda

diskriminaciuli zomebi, rogorc wina wlebSi. yovel

kvartalSi mTavrobebi axorcieleben daaxloebiT 125

axal proteqcionistul RonisZiebas da umniSvnelod

amcireben ukve arsebuls. aseT viTarebaSi saeWvoa

saerTaSoriso savaWro wesrigi Zalian swrafad

daubrundes winakrizisul mdgomareobas.

saSualod yvelaze meti formis diskriminaciuli

zoma gamoiyena ruseTma (37), argentinam (20), germaniam (16),

CineTma, idoneziam, gaerTianebulma samefom (TiToeulma

11-11), braziliam (10), italiam da espaneTma (TiToeulma

9-9). ucxoeli partniorebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva

RonisZiebiT, yvelaze dazaralebuli qveynebia: CineTi

(141 zoma 58 partnioris mxridan), aSS (112 zoma 49

partnioris mxridan), germania (110 zoma 32 partnioris

mxridan), safrangeTi (101 zoma 32 partnioris mxridan),

belgia (96 zoma 30 partnioris mxridan), iaponia (94

zoma 47 partnioris mxridan), niderlandebi (94 zoma

31 partnioris mxridan), gaerTianebuli samefo (112 zoma

49 partnioris mxridan), italia (89 zoma 27 partnioris

mxridan), SvedeTi (85 zoma 23 partnioris mxridan). 2

msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi, bunebrivia,

Seexo postsocialistur qveynebs. eqsportis yvelaze

didi danakargebi ganicada: yazaxeTma, belorusma, taji-

keTma, ruseTma da somxeTma. amJamad, finansur-ekonomikuri

krizisis periodSi, im qveynebis saeqsporto problemebi,

romlebic jer kidev ar mierTebian vmo-s, gansakuTrebiT

mwvaved igrZnoba. isini pirvel rigSi aRmoCndnen

1 http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/stts_13jun12_e.htm2 GTA database, www.globaltradealert.org

49


dazaralebulTa Soris, ganicades diskriminacia da

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gavlena, sxva qveynebis,

maT Soris vmo-is wevri qveynebis mxridan (vmo-Si 2012

wlis 10 ivlisis mdgomareobiT 155 qveyanaa)1. aRsaniSna-

via, rom eqsportis dacema qveynebSi, romlebic ar arian

vmo-is wevrebi, aseve sxvaoba importisa da eqsportis

dacemis maCveneblebs Soris am qveynebSi ufro metad

arsebiTia, vidre vmo-is wevr qveynebSi (aekca-s – aRmo-

savleT evropis, kavkasiis da centraluri aziis qveyne-

bis farglebSi). es movlena SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxva

mizeziT, rac ukavSirdeba am qveynebis specifikas. maga-

liTad, msoflio fasebis dacema navTobze, erovnuli va-

lutebis arastabiluroba, gazis krizisi. SesaZlebelia

aseve vivaraudoT, rom vmo-is wevroba aris stabiluro-

bis Taviseburi faqtori, romelic pozitiur rols Ta-

maSobs. gansakuTrebiT es exeba eqsportis problemebs

da masTan dakavSirebiT proteqcionistuli RonisZiebe-

bis gatarebas. magaliTad, msoflio krizisis aqtiuri

fazis msvlelobaSi proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis

raodenoba, romelic ruseTis mimarT gamoiyeneboda,

gaizarda xuTjer. evrokavSirma cota xnis win SemoiRo

antidempinguri baJebi SeduRebul milebsa da rkinis

an aralegirebuli foladis milebze belorusidan,

ruseTidan da ukrainidan. evrokavSirma aseve inicireba

gaukeTa antidempingur kvlevebs SeduRebul milebTan

da Rru profilebTan dakavSirebiT ukrainidan

da belorusidan. moldova dazaralda 2009 wlis

TebervalSi evrokavSiris mier SemoRebuli droebiTi

antidempinguri baJebiT liTonis naglinis garkveuli

saxeobebze. proteqcionizmis politika SeiniSneba

agreTve TviT aekca-is qveynebs Sorisac. magaliTad,

ruseTma SemoiRo SezRudvebi belorusis saqonlis

1 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm

50


mimarT, yazaxeTma _ ruseTis mimarT. Tavis mxriv,

ruseTma SemoiRo antidempinguri baJebi uJangavi

foladis milebis Setanaze CineTidan da braziliidan,

gazarda tarifebi foladisa da rkinis produqtebze,

fexsacmelze, brinjsa da naxmar avtomobilebze,

akrZala Roris xorcis importi aSS-dan, meqsikidan da

didi britaneTidan. ukrainam gaatara antidempinguri

RonisZiebebi sayofacxovrebo macivrebsa da sayinule

mowyobilobebze CineTidan da TurqeTidan; asve,

gazarda 13%-iT saimporto baJebi farTo asortimentis

saqonelze sakuTari sagadasaxdelo balansis

deficitis dasafinanseblad (rogorc RonisZieba

finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis daregulirebisTvis).

yazaxeTma, imis gamo rom cdilobda daecva adgilobrivi

bazari ufro iafi saimporto produqciisagan, erovnuli

valutis gaaufasura 25%-iT. ruseTis eqsportis mocu-

lobaze gavlena moaxdina navTobis fasebma, gazTan da-

kavSirebulma skandalma ukrainasTan, aseve, saerTaSori-

so bazrebze SemoRebulma savaWro barierebma ruseTis

saeqsporto saqonlisaTvis. amasTan, ruseTma da ukrainam

TiTqmis 50%-iT Seamcires saqonlis importi, rac aseve

metyvelebs am qveynebis mier SemoRebul damcav Ro-

nisZiebebze. erTaderTi qveyana, romlis eqsportic gai-

zarda wina welTan SedarebiT 60%-ze meti odenobiT,

aris azerbaijani. savaraudod es ukavSirdeba am qvey-

nis eqsportis struqturas, sadac bunebrivi resursebis

wili 82%-s Seadgens.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom zemoaRniS-

nuli RonisZiebebi ar aris SezRudvebis sruli sia,

mainc aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom Tanamedrove sagareo sa-

vaWro politikis fomirebaSi Warbobs proteqcionizmis

elemetebi.

1 Д. Герасименко, Прозрачность – ответ на глобальный протекционизм (июнь-июль 2009,выпуск 4) http://www.cisstat.com/rus/mac13_qrt.htm

51


saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 2012 wlis

maisSi 4059 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis

maCvenebels 19%-iT aRemateba, Tumca uaryofiTma savaWro

balansma sagareo savaWro brunvis 53% Seadgina. krizi-

sis dawyebis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelos sagareo

vaWrobis ZiriTad maCveneblebze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom globaluri movlenebi aisaxa saqarT-

velozec. 2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT savaWro

brunva 22%-iT, eqsporti 9%-iT, xolo importi 25%-iT

Semcirda. uaryofiTi savaWro balansi 31%-iT naklebi

dafiqsirda, vidre 2008 wlis Sesabamis periodSi, rac

sagareo savaWro brunvis SemcirebiT aixsneba. rogorc

Cans, 2009 wels gagrZelda saqarTvelos sagareo vaWro-

bis moculobis kleba, rac daiwyo ̀ globaluri savaWro

kolafsis~ periodSi da gaamZafra saqarTvelo-ruseTis

agvistos omma. 2009 wels eqsporti wina welTan Sedare-

biT 1 350 mln aSS dolaridan Semcirda 924 mln aSS

dolaramde, importi ki 5 360 mln aSS dolaridan 3 525

mln aSS dolaramde. saqarTvelos statistikis erov-

nuli samsaxuris monacemebiT 2010 wels saqarTvelos

sagareo savaWro brunvis zrda dafiqsirda da eqspor-

tis Rirebuleba TiTqmis gautolda krizisiswina (2007

wlis) maCvenebels. sagareo savaWro brunvis zrda, m.S.

rogorc eqsportis, ise importis, gagrZelda 2011 wels,

Tumca aseve gaizarda sagareo vaWrobis uaryofiTi

saldoc.1

GTA-is sainformacio bazaze dayrdnobiT Catare-

bulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom umsxvilesi partniore-

bis mier gatarebuli sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli

RonisZiebidan saqarTveloze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios

ruseTis mier SemoRebulma SezRudvebma samuSao Zalis

migraciasa da sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciasTan, m.S.

1 http://www.geostat.ge/print.php?p_id=136&lang=geo

52


soflis meurneobis produqciasTan dakavSirebiT. sa-

qarTvelos mxridan araviTari saSiSroeba ar aRiniS-

neba savaWro partniorebisaTvis am TvalsazrisiT da

miekuTvneba Tavisufali savaWro reJimebis mqone qvey-

anaTa pirvel xuTeuls. samwuxarod GTA sainformacio portali ver CaiTvleba bolomde srulyofilad am

kuTxiT Casatarebeli kvlevebisTvis, magram igi Tanda-

Tan ixveweba da albaT mcire qveynebis Sesaxebac gan-

Tavsdeba srulyofili informacia. Tumca, igi metad

sasargebloa gare bazrebze gasvlis strategebis Se-

muSavebisas1.

GTA sainformacio portalia, romelic Seiqmna

proteqcionistuli sagareo savaWro politikis gaaqti-

urebisa da savaWro urTierTierTobebSi warmoqmnili

problemebis dafiqsirebisa da analizisTvis. mdgoma-

reobas arTulebs is, rom mTavrobebs ar surT aRiaron

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba. aseT vi-

TarebaSi mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso akademiurma

wreebis mxridan monitoringis funqciis Sesruleba.

zemoaRniSnuli damoukidebeli sainformacio portali

(www.globaltradealert.org) politikurad damoukidebelma

struqturam _ ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis

londonis centrma (CEPR) Seqmna msoflio vaWrobisa da

ganviTarebis profesoris evenetis xelmZRvanelobiT.

damoukidebel mecnierTa da eqspertTa jgufi

awarmoebs sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis

monitorings _ savaWro barierebidan dawyebuli

samuSao vizebis gacemis SezRudvebiT damTavrebuli,

swavloben aseve proteqcionistuli mizniT gatarebul

finasur RonisZiebebs. monitoringis bazebis Sevseba

xorcieldeba vmo-isa da msoflio bankis monacemebiT.

garda amisa, GTA avlens savaWro partniorebs,

1 http://www.globaltradealert.org/measure?tid=80&tid_1=444&tid_3=2207

53


romlebzec saxelmwifos mier SemoRebulma damcavma an

diskriminaciulma RonisZiebebma SeiZleba potenciurad

moaxdinos negatiuri zemoqmedeba.

GTA–is daniSnulebaa saxelmwifo moxeleebis,

eqsportiorebis, importiorebis, masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebis TanamSromelTa momsaxureba. saiti

sasargeblo iqneba sxvadasxva saxeobis kvlevebis

gansaxorcieleblad saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa

da proteqcionizmis sakiTxebze. saZiebo sistema

saSualebas iZleva gakeTdes moTxovnebi saqonlis

kodis, saxelmwifos mixedviT, romelic atarebs

RonisZiebas, aseve qveynebis mixedviT, romlebic

potenciurad dazaraldnen damcavi an diskriminaciuli

RonisZiebebisagan. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom

mesame qveynebs SeuZliaT Seitanon ganacxadi saitze

proteqcionistul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT,

saxelmwifos ki SeuZlia komentari gaukeTos nebismier

RonisZiebas, romelic gamoqveynebulia saitze. yvela

monacemi, romelic aq qveyndeba, guldasmiT mowmdeba

eqspertTa jgufis mier, vidre is xelmisawvdomi iqneba

sajaro ganxilvisaTvis.

problemis masStaburobaze miuTiTebs is,

rom dReisaTvis proteqcionizmis monitoringiT

dakavebulia ara marto saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

(rogoricaa, magaliTad, msoflio banki da vmo), aramed

kerZo kompaniebic. vmo atarebs proteqcionistuli

RonisZiebebis yovelkvartalur monitorings vaWrobisa

da investiciebis sferoSi. rigi kerZo struqtura,

rogoricaa ,,doiCe bank~, analitikur kvlevebs akeTebs am

Tematikaze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom proteqcionizmis

sakiTxi aris politikurad ukiduresad mgrZnobiare

problema, qveynebis mTvarobebisaTvis Znelia erTian

azramde misvla rogorc mocemuli monitoringis

54


parametrebis sakiTxze, aseve imaze, ra RonisZiebebi unda

CarTon masSi.

proteqcionizmsa da saxelmwifo interesebis

gonivrul dacvas Soris zRvari Zalian bundovania. es

SeiZleba iqces did problemad msoflio ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis dinamikisaTvis. zemoaRniSnulis

msgavsi iniciativebi _ akademiuri, arakomerciuli da

politikurad damoukidebeli institutebis mxridan

sasargeblo iqneba msoflio savaWro sistemis

stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad. SesaZlebelia, maT

ubiZgon saxelmwifoebs proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebi

gamoiyenon rogorc ukiduresi zoma da ara rogorc

pirveli RonisZieba alternatiuli variantebidan.

swored amgvari qcevis Taobaze aRniSnavda vmo-is

generaluri direqtori paskal lami, msoflio savaWro

sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb regularuli angariSebis

wardgenisas. misive SefasebiT, proteqcionizmis

buneba Seicvala recesiis periodSi. bevri umsxvilesi

movaWre qveyana axorcielebs eqsportis xelSewyobis

sqemebs, ubrundeba subsidiebs, iafi kreditebis

sistemas, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da eqsportiorTa

gaTavisuflebas gadasaxadebisagan. Tanamedrove

proteqcionizmi amiT Zalian gansxvavdeba 1930-iani wlebis

proteqcionizmisagan, roca rig qveynebSi tarifebis

zrdam Seaferxa msoflio vaWroba. agresiuli eqsportis

xelSewyobis sqemebi, erToblivi moTxovnis aRdgenasTan

erTad, rogorc Cans, metia, vidre diskriminaciuli

RonisZiebebis zrdis Canacvleba.1 marTalia, SeiniSneba

garkveuli `Camococeba~ proteqcionistuli

RonisZiebebidan iseTi qveynebis mxridan, rogoricaa

avstralia, CineTi, ekvadori, egvipte, indoeTi, indonezia,

meqsika, paragvai, filipinebi, ruseTi, saudis arabeTi,

1 www.ictsd.org-http://trade.ecoaccord.org (5- 2009)

55


ukraina da vietnami (2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi), magram

problema rCeba. amJamad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

gadatanilia antidempinguri kvlevebis inicirebasa da

Sesabamisi zomebis gatarebaze.1

saqarTvelom, romlis eqsporti aradiversificire-

buli, sagareo vaWrobis saldo ki mudmivad (XX sau-

kunis 90-iani wlebidan) uaryofiTia, ganuxrelad air-

Cia sagareo savaWro politikis fritrederuli ori-

entacia. migvaCnia, rom umuSevrobis maRali donisa da

saeqsporto prioritetebis gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi,

saWiroa garkveuli saxeobis proteqcionistuli Ronis-

Ziebebis gatareba. es ar gulisxmobs (tradiciuli gage-

biT) importis pirdapir SezRudvas an saeqsporto dar-

gebis aucileblad pirdapir stimulirebas. SesaZlebe-

lia Cvens qveyanaSic daiwyos antidempinguri kvlevebi

da gatardes Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, ganxorcieldes

sawyisi stadiis biznesis stimulireba, Seiqmnas piro-

bebi iafi kreditebis sistemis Seqmnisa da ganviTare-

bisTvis, upiratesoba mieniWos im ucxour investiciebs,

romlebic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi pro-

duqciis warmoebis saSualebebs Semoitans qveynisaTvis

prioritetul dargebSi, gatardes RonisZiebebi infor-

mirebulobis asamaRleblad, gare bazrebze gasvlis

efeqtianobis gasazrdelad. sxva maraval faqtorTan

erTad, umniSvnelovanesia gavecnoT Tanamedrove pro-

teqcionistul RonisZiebebs, rasac mimarTaven TviT

ganviTarebuli qveynebic ki sakuTari ekonomikis da-

sacavad. xazgasasmelia, rom Cveni mewarmeebi jer kidev

mwiri informirebulobis problemis winaSe dganan. am

TvalsazrisiT sasargeblo iqneba, erTi mxriv, CaverToT

zemoaRniSnuli sainformacio sistemis kvlevebSi (es

iniciativa SeiZleba akademiurma wreebmac ikisron) da

1 http://www/wto/org/english/news_e/news09_e/tpr_13ju/09_e.htm

56


meore mxriv, gamoviyenoT ukve arsebuli saerTaSoriso

sainformacio bazebi (am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia

saxelmwifos xelSewyoba) _ uaxlesi sainformacio si-

stemebi, rac uaxles analitikur informacias gvTava-

zobs ama Tu im qveynis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri

politikisa da mosalodneli efeqtis Sesaxeb.

Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Peculiarities of Foreign Trade Policy under Conditions of Modern Financial-Economic CrisisFinancial-Economic Crisis

N. PapachashviliN. PapachashviliThe article is devoted to the peculiarities of formation of foreign

trade policy under conditions of modern fi nancial - economic crisis. It is mentioned, that advantages of free trade are confi rmed by classical theories of international trade and supporters of these theories offer to carry out an appropriate policy. Free trade policy is widely declared in the WTO regulations and the concepts of the developed countries foreign trade policies. But reality of the world economy shows that absolutely free trade is an exception, rather than a rule today. Georgia, with its non-diversifi ed export and the negative foreign trade balance (after 90s of the XX century), consistently chose the free trade orientation. The author believes that some kinds of protectionist measures need to be implemented. This does not mean the direct restriction (in its traditional sense) of import or direct simulation of export. For increasing the effi ciency of entry the foreign markets it is very important to carry out modern protectionist measures, also used by developed countries to protect their own economy. Georgian businessmen feel information defi cit up to present. In this regard using the latest international information systems, which provide the newest analytical information about countries’ economic policies and its effects, will be very useful.

57


sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciissabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis

ganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebi

(lafer-kaganis modeli)(lafer-kaganis modeli)

sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebi

arCil iakobaSvili

1

1 Phelan, C. “Monetary Stabilization Blues : Explaining the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level” (American Economic Review, 1999).

sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebi

arCil iakobaSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sabiujeto inflacia samomxmareblo fasebis

indeqsis cvlilebaa (mTliani inflacia) im kompo-

nentis mixedviT, romelic dakavSirebulia, sargeb-

lis ganakveTis sabazro donis Semcirebis SemTxve-

vaSi, saxelmwifos biujetSi xarjviTi nawilis

gazrdasTan. e.i. sabiujeto inflacia, ukve dagegmil

fiskalur periodSi, deficitis gazrdiT gamowveu-

li monetaruli destabilizaciis indikatoria.

“fiskuss uxaria,”1 roca statistikis samsaxuri yo-

veli Tvis bolos samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis

zrdas afiqsirebs – inflacia niSnavs iribi dabeg-

vris xarjze (dRg, aqcizi) sabiujeto Semosavlebis

gazrdas; devalvacia niSnavs met mogebis gadasaxads

eqsportiori firmebisgan. bolos da bolos, sar-

geblis ganakveTebis dabali done niSnavs xelsay-

reli pirobebis SenarCunebas saxelmwifo valebis

restruqturizaciisaTvis an saerTod axali sesxe-

bis asaRebad. kapitalis bazarze sakredito resursebis

gaiafeba, politikuri ciklidan gamomdinare (gansa-

kuTrebiT winasaarCevno periodSi), mTavrobebs

ubiZgebs axali saxazino valdebulebebis (Semdgom-

58

arCil iakobaSviliarCil iakobaSvili

Si - bondebis) emisiisken, da, TviT ganviTarebul

ekonomikebSi xSiria SemTxveva, roca mTavrobebi,

“iafi kreditis” cdunebiT, ukan ar ixeven deficitis

gazrdisgan.

fiskaluri paketis amgvari cvlilebebi

mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs makromoTxovnis zepro-

porciulad xelovnur zrdas makromiwodebasTan

mimarTebiT, rac moklevadian ekonomikur droSi

realuri seqtorisaTvis dadebiTi da mastimulire-

beli efeqtebis miuxedavad, saSualovadian ekonomi-

kur droSi - erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT gamow-

veul mosalodnelze met inflaciur procesebSi,

xolo grZelvadin ekonomikur droSi - monetarul

destabilizaciaSi aisaxeba.

Sesabamisad, aRniSnulis sapirispirod, po-

litikis gamtareblebisaTvis mniSvnelovan gamowve-

vaa monetaruli wonasworobis uzrunvelyofa, rac,

sabiujeto inflaciis realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

gulisxmobs mis marTvas, e.i. sabiujeto inflaciis

optimaluri donis gansazRvras, makroekonomikuri

politikis Sesabamisi instrumentebis SerCeva-

gamoyenebas da amgvarad, monetaruli destabiliza-

ciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sabiujeto infla-

ciis moqcevas kontrolirebad CarCoebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom monetaruli politika

da fiskaluri politika institucionalur doneze

makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis gancalkevebuli

mimarTulebebia, monetaruli stabilizaciis uzrun-

velyofa SeuZlebelia mxolod monetaruli poli-

tikis instrumentebiT. mizanTa konfliqti, romelic

warmoiSoba stabilizaciis politikis am or mimar-

Tulebas Soris, arsebiTad gamowveulia fiskaluri

politikis tolerantuli damokidebulebiT infla-

ciuri procesebisa da erovnuli valutis devalva-

59


ciis mimarT, ase, rom monetaruli motivebiT sabi-

ujeto disciplinis dacva mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa

politikis gamtareblebisTvis. aRniSnuli mosazreba

aqtualuria ara mxolod ganviTarebad, aramed gan-

viTarebul ekonomikaSi, romelic pirvelisgan

gansxvavebiT, met-naklebad efeqtiani sagadasaxado

sistemiT, funqcionirebadi kapitalis bazriT da

saerTaSoriso sakredito resursebze SeuzRudavi

wvdomis SesaZleblobiT gamoirCeva.

sabiujeto inflacia saqarTveloSi 2005-2011

(regresiuli analizi)

wyaro:



wyaro: “monetaruli statistika,” (saqarTvelos erovnu-

li banki).

ukanasknel aTwleulSi, ekonomikis zrdis

dadebiTi maCveneblebis fonze, sabiujeto inflacia

mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa saqarTveloSic. erTi

mxriv, sagadasaxado sistemis efeqtianobis gazrdam,



wyaro:

60


xolo meore mxriv – moTxovnis zrdam saxelmwifos

mxridan infrastruqturuli proeqtebis swrafi tem-

pebiT ganxorcielebaze, Cveulebriv movlenad aqcia

biujetis xarjviT nawilSi cvlilebebis Setana

ukve moqmed fiskalur periodSi; ase, rom 2009 wlis

gamoklebiT, yovel weliwads ramdenimejer Seicva-

la dagegmili biujeti. yovelive amas adasturebs

regresiuli analizis Sedegebic, ramac 2005-2011 ww.

periodisTvis yovelwliuri monacemebis safuZ-

velze, dadebiTi korelacia gamoavlina mTliani

inflaciis maCveneblis zrdasa da sabiujeto xar-

jebis zrdas Soris.

dadebiTi korelaciis gansakuTrebiT maRali

maCvenebeli dafiqsirda 2007 47,0 da 2011

24,0 wlebSi, xolo 2010 wels 13,0

sabiujeto inflaciis efeqtis nawilobrivi ganei-

traleba mTlian inflaciaze erovnuli bankis

mxridan mxolod refinansirebis oficialuri ganak-

veTis gazrdiT %00,2RFR iqna miRweuli.

mimdinare 2012 wels ukve ganxorcielebuli cvli-

lebis Sedegad, xarjviTi nawilis gegma 1,7% gai-

zarda.

empiriuli monacemebi safuZvelze, sabiujeto

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebis

sistematizaciiT, SesaZlebelia sul cota – oriode

problemis warmoCena:

11. sabiujeto inflacia ekonomikis mxolod realuri

seqtoris fenomenia (e.i. ekonomikuri zrdis piro-

bebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis safuZ-

velze ukve moqmed biujetSi dagegmili xarjviTi

nawilis cvlilebebi), Tu SeiZleba misi rogorc

monetaruli movlenis ganxilva, magaliTad, sar-

61


geblis ganakveTis Semcirebis an erovnuli valutis

devalvaciis gamo;

2. sabiujeto inflaciis pirobebSi ra mizans (neitra-

lizacia Tu optimizacia) unda isaxavdes makroeko-

nomikuri stabilizaciis politika da am miznebis

miRwevisas ra gamowvevis winaSe dganan politikis

gamtareblebi fiskaluri da monetaruli politikis

instrumentebis SerCevisas interesTa konfliqtis

Tavidan asacileblad.

sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis erTgvar

Teoriul SesaZleblobas warmoadgens amerikeli

ekonomistebis, filip kaganisa da artur laferis

kvlevis Sedegebis urTierTdakavSireba, ramac 1960-

80-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli “makroe-

konomikuri stabilizaciis”, rogorc interdiscip-

linaruli mimarTulebis, ganviTarebasa da damkvi-

drebas “makroekonomikis Teoriasa” da “ekonomikur

politikas” Soris.

neoklasikuri skolis warmomadgenlis – fi-

lip kaganis samecniero statia “likvidobis efeq-

turi cvlilebis determinantebi da Sedegebi” (“De-terminants and Effects of Changes in the Money Stocks”, Journal of Political Economy, 1965) eZRvneba monetaruli politi-

kis raodenobrivi aspeqtebis gansazRvras da mis

institucionalur uzrunvelyofas. kaganis azriT,

refinansirebis ganakveTs RFR , rogorc moneta-

ruli politikis instruments, mxolod cikluri

efeqti gaaCnia, magram grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi

naklebad efeqturia antiinflaciuri procesebis

marTvaSi. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, kontrolire-

badi monetaruli ineqciebis pirobebSi monetaruli

sidideebis stabiluri cvlileba politikis gamta-

rebelTaTvis miuRwevad mizans ar unda warmoad-

gendes.

62


neokeinzianuri skolis warmomadgenli ar-

tur laferi (“The Ellipse: An Explication of the Laffer Curve in a Two-Factor Model – the Financial Analyst’s Guide to Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Political Economy, 1986) sagadasaxado

tvirTis gazrdas warmoaCens rogorc ekonomikuri

subieqtebis TviTSemoqmedebis Sedegs da “moneta-

ruli neitralitetis” daSvebis safuZvelze ganix-

ilavs pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gamartivebisa da

optimizaciis SesaZleblobebs.

“optimaluri gadasaxadebis hipoTezisa” da

“likvidobis efeqturi marTvis principebis” ur-

TierTdakavSireba dResac mniSvnelovan mecnierul

gamowvevad ganixileba makroekonomikur literatu-

raSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia vudfordis (1994, 1995,

2001, 2002), simsis (1994), buiteris (1999, 2001), kohre-

nisa (1998) da pelanis (1999) mier wamyvan saerTaSo-

riso JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli makroekonomikuri

da ekonomikur-politikuri kvlevebi, rogorc mec-

nieruli rekomendaciebi e.w. “ciklur gadaxurebaze,”

gansakuTrebiT, 1991-2001 wlebSi sainformacio-

teqnologiuri revoluciiT gamowveuli dadebiTi

koniunqturuli ciklis pirobebSi.

formaluri analizis win unda aRvniSnoT,

Tu ramdenad aratradiciulia fasebis dinamikis

gansazRvra fiskalur TeoriaSi. “inflacia, ekono-

mikuri droebis mixedviT, mxolod monetaruli fe-

nomenia, Tu misi mizezebi ekonomikis realur seq-

torTanaa dakavSirebuli? ” – es kiTxva, Tavisi wi-

naaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis gamo, imdenad provokaci-

ulia, rom faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis neokla-

sikur da neokeinzianur skolebs Soris “paradigme-

bis konfliqtis mSvidobianad gadaWras.” imavdrou-

lad, swored am kiTxvaze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis

63


ararsebobiT sazrdoobs makroekonomikac, xolo

politikis gamtareblebs utovebs Sanss meti moqni-

lobisaTvis12.

Teoriuli konfliqtis arseboba cxadyofs,

rom makroekonomikur politikaSi damakmayof-

ilebeli (da ara idealuri) Sedegis misaRwevad

aucilebelia fiskaluri da monetaruli

koordiancia im donemde, rom, upirvelesad

biujetis zrdam, dagegmilTan SedarebiT, ufro

maRali sagadasaxado Semosavlebis miuxedavad, ar

gamoiwvios monetarul eqspansiaze kontrolis

dakargva.

meTodologiiuri kuTxiT naklebad sadavoa

is sakiTxi, rom monetaruli politikis

gamtareblebisTvis fundamenturi problema

gansasazRvri sidideebis simravle, e.i. SemTxveva,

roca gantolebaTa sistemaSi cvladebis raodenoba

aRemateba gantolebebis raodenobas (Multiple Solution Indeterminancies). am problemis gadasaWrelad kagani

Tavis modelSi iyenebs e.w. MSV -MmeTods (Minimum-State-Variable), romelic, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba

„adaptaciuri molodinis“ hipoTezas. „racionaluri

molodinis“ hipoTezisagan gansxvavebiT, „adaptaci-

uri molodiniT“ sargeblobisas, srulyofili

Sedegis miReba damokidebulia Tavad molodinebis

stabilurobaze, da ara imdenad politikis

gamtarebelTa swavlisunarianobis xarisxsa da

profesiul gamocdilebaze (e.i. vis molodinzec

aris damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba):

1 Woodford, M. – “Fiscal Requirements for Price Stability” (Journal of Money, Cre-dit, Banking, 2002).

64


)1.1(

n

t

xtttt pPP

111 , sadac

)2.1( 11

1 tt

n

t

xttntt PPpE - gamosaxavs

mTliani inflaciis molodins ;

)3.1( x

tt P 10 - gamosaxavs fasebis donis molo-

dins t periodSi 1t periodisaTvis ;

)4.1( ;int

snt

gntnt sadac

nt - mTliani inflacia ; s

nt - miwodebis inflacia )( InflationSideSupply ; g

nt - sabiujeto inflacia ; i

nt - importirtebadi inflacia .

kaganis modelis amosavali punqti mainc in-

dividualuri likvidobis funqciaa – zustad im

standartuli formiT, rogorc is gamosaxulia „mo-

netaruli ekonomikis“ saxelmZRvaneloebSi. amasTan,

gamartivebis mizniT, davuSvaT, rom likvidobis

funqcia aris wrfivi da masSi gaerTianebuli sidi-

deebi - sabaziso fuli )( tM , fasebis done )( tP ,

nominaluri erovnuli Semosavali )( tY da nomina-

luri sargeblis ganakveTi )( tR - logariTmuli

)1ln(;ln;ln;ln tttttttt RRYyPpMm formiT aris warmodgenili:

)1.2( ,ttttt vRypm sadac regresiis

koeficientebia: .0;0t

tt

t

tt

Rpm

ypm

65


naTelia, rom aq msjelobaa monetaruli wo-

nasworobis iseT modelze, romelic erTperiodu-

lobis miuxedavad, mxolod erTi, TiTqos umniSvne-

lo gansxvavebiT, moicavs e.w. SemTxveviT sididesac

)( tv - gamosaxuls wrfivi gantolebis arasistemu-

ri Sesakrebis saxiT. SemTxveviTi sidide )( tv gan-

kuTvnilia likvidobis im potenciuri nawilisaTvis,

romlis mimarT moTxovna ekonomikuri subieqtis

mxridan SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas mxolod egzoge-

nuri faqtorebis gavleniT (magaliTad, navTobis

saerTaSoriso fasis mkveTri meryeoba, omis molo-

diniT an stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveuli moTxov-

nis zrda naRd fulze, komerciul bankebSi moTxov-

namde anabrebis aTviseba ekonomikuri subieqtebis

mxridan).

kaganis modelSi daSvebis saxiT gaziarebu-

lia keinzianuri midgoma, romlis mixedviTac sa-

Sualovadian ekonomikur droSi inflacia mxolod

monetaruli fenomenia, rac erTperiodiani modeli-

saTvis niSnavs rogorc erovnuli Semosavlis

yyt , aseve, sabaziso fulisa mmt da sarge-

blis ganakveTis realuri ganzomilebis mudmivobas.

aRniSnuli daSvebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba

(2.1)-is gardaqmna Semdegi formiT:

)2.2( t

E

txtttt vpppm

ntt

0

1

nulovani molodinis, agreTve egzogenuri

faqtorebis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi miviRebT e.w.

“monetaruli neitralitetis” mdgomareobas, roca

sabaziso fulsa da fasebis dones Soris urTierT-

66


kavSiri mxolod likvidobis realuri ganzomilebis

erovnuli Semosavlisadmi elastiurobiT gani-

sazRvreba:

)3.2( .tpm Tumca, rogorc Tavad filip kagani da mod-

elis avtori, neoklasikuri skolis warmomadgeneli

amtkicebs, keinzianuri koncefcia “monetaruli nei-

tralitetis Sesaxeb” asaxavs mxolod idealur

mdgomareobas da naklebad iTvaliswinebs qonebrivi

motivis gavlenas likvidobasa da fasebis dinami-

kaze. Sesabamisad, am koncefciiT, monetaruli wo-

nasworobis analizi mxolod 1930-1960 ww. eiZleba

yofiliyo gamarTlebuli, roca, naklebi interna-

cionalizaciis gamo, kapitalis bazris transaqcie-

biT gamowveul moTxovnas fulad aqtivebze (e.i.

likvidobis preferencias) umniSvnelod SeeZlo

moexdina gavlena ara Tu mTliani ekonomikis saba-

ziso fulze, aramed calkeuli individis savaluto

portfelze.

filip kaganis azriT, neokeinzianuri mod-

elis “fundamenturi deficitia” is, rom egzogenuri

faqtorebi swored realobaa da internacionaliza-

ciis pirobebSi, erovnuli ekonomikis farglebs ga-

reT mosalodnelma cvlilebebma mniSvnelovani ze-

moqmedebis qveS SeiZleba moaqcios erovnuli ekono-

mikis monetaruli seqtori. aRniSnuli egzogenuri

faqtorebi tv, romelTa Sesaxeb informacia elvis

siswrafiT gavrcelebadia, ganapirobebs molodinis

Seqmnas rogorc ekonomikur subieqtebSi, aseve sta-

bilizaciis politikis gamtareblebSi. aqedan ga-

momdinare, e.w. nulovani molodinis daSveba SeuZ-

lebelia.

67


Sesabamisad, (2.2) gamosaxulebaSi, (1.1)-isa da

(1.2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, miviRebT monetaruli wo-

nasworobis iseT gantolebas, romelic MSV-meTodis gamoyenebiT srulad akmayofilebs adap-

taciuri molodinis hipoTezas13:

)4.2(

01

)1(

tt

tt

pv

vpm

)5.2(

t

tt

txttt

vmm

vmypvm

;;

1

0

1

1

10

0

e.i, kaganis mixedviT (2.5) , likvidobis de-

terminantebia inflaciis arasistemuri riskis faq-

tori tv, fasebis donis molodini 0 da erov-

nuli Semosavlisadmi fulze moTxovnis elasti-

uroba . Sesabamisad, sargeblis ganakveTTan tR

erTad aRniSnuli sidideebi gansazRvravs moneta-

ruli wonasworobis pirobebs.

1 Bernanke, B. – “Inflation Forecasts and Monetary Policy” (Journal of Money, Credit, Banking, 1997).

68


sargeblis ganakveTi tR asrulebs erTgvari

sidide-xidis rols likvidobis funqciasa (kaganis

gantoleba) da biujetis wonasworobas (laferis

gantoleba) Soris, radgan, rogorc dasawyisSive

aRvniSneT, swored sargeblis ganakveTis cvlileba-

zea damokidebuli biujetis xarjviTi nawilis

cvlileba:

)1.3( ,0; 11

1 ttt

ttt BR

RBRfB

sadac BondsB

aRniSnavs mTavrobis axal ses-

xebs. Sesabamisad, nt

nebismieri periodisTvis,

sadac ;1n

, stabilizaciis politikis gamta-

reblebis gamowvevas warmoadgens fulis masis

cvlilebisa da sabiujeto xarjebis cvlilebis mi-

nimalur donemde Semcireba:

)2.3(

1lim:arg

1 nt

ntnt

nntt RBMEFunctionetT

miznobrivi funqciis formulirebis Semdgomi

amocana laferis gantolebaSi biujetis xarjviTi

nawilis tG cvlilebis warmoCenaa. am mizniT

sakmarisia, erTgvari daSvebis saxiT, Semovifar-

gloT mxolod orperiodiani 1n

modelis gan-

xilviT, romlis pirobebSi momdevno periodisaTvis

sabiujeto inflaciis molodini, mimdinare period-

Si arsebuli sabazro ganakveTis mixedviT, axali

69


samTavrobo bondebis gamoSvebis moculobazea da-

mokidebuli:

)1.4( .1

1t

t

tttt B

RBTGZ

amgvarad, e.w. laferis gantolebis (4.1.) mix-

edviT, biujetis wonasworoba miRwevadia im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavroba xarjviTi nawilis gazr-

diT gamowveul uaryofiTi saldos tt TG daa-

finansebs sargeblis ganakveTis sabazro donis

tR mixedviT, axali sasesxo valdebulebebis

1tB bazarze ganTavsebis gziT. Sesabamisad, miz-

nobriv funqciaSi )2.3( laferis gantolebis

)1.4( gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT, rom sabiujeto infla-

ciis

gnttE

molodini damokidebuli iqneba sar-

geblis ganakveTisa tR da biujetis xarjviTi

nawilis tG cvlilebebze:

)2.4( t

tt

t

tgntt R

BZ

PM

E1

11

wonasworobis pirobebSi 0tZ

, laferis

Teoremis mixedviT, gadasaxadebis (e.i. biujetis sa-

Semosavlo nawilis) optimaluri done tT da-

debiTadaa damokidebuli mimdinare periodSi sa-

momxmareblo fasebis tP zrdaze, maSin roca

xarjviTi nawilis tG zrda damokidebulia sar-

geblis ganakveTis tR Semcirebaze. meore mxriv

ki, )2.4( -Tanaxmad, momdevno periodisaTvis sabi-

70


ujeto inflaciis molodini

gnttE

, romelic

)1.1( da

)2.1( Tanaxmad, Seicavs mimdinare periodis

inflaciis faqtobriv maCvenebels t , dadebiT

kavSirSia biujetis xarjviTi tG nawilis cvli-

lebasTan:

)1.5(

t

tttg

ntt

tttt

PGMfE

RGPT

;;1

gantolebaTa es sistema gamosaxavs makroeko-

nomikuri stabilizaciis farglebSi politikuri

miznebisa ...; tntt GE

da politikuri in-

strumentebis ttt RMT ;;... 1 erTobliobas.

ramdenadac maTi raodenoba gansxvavdeba erTmane-

Tisgan, e.i. ekonomikuri politikis “oqros wesi”

pirdapir ver sruldeba, sistema amoxsnadia mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu instrumentebs Soris erT-erTis

gansazRvra winaswar moxdeba.

yvelaze logikuria aseTi daSveba gakeTdes

fulis masis cvlilebasTan 0ntM

dakavSire-

biT. konservatiuli centraluri bankis kompeten-

ciiT, romlis umTavresi prioritetia mkveTrad an-

tiinflaciuri monetaruli politika, institucio-

naluri damoukideblobis pirobebSi aRniSnuli mi-

zani savsebiT miRwevadia Ria bazris operaciebis

saSualebiT. Sesabamisad, mxolod msgavsi daSvebis

safuZvelze gamartivebis gziT, SesaZlebeli xdeba

71


sabiujeto inflaciis optimizaciis 0g

nttE

pirobebis ( 0;0;0 - regresiis koeficien-

tebi) gansazRvra:

)2.5(

.;; ttttttg

ntt RGTRGTfE

kiTxvaze – “ramdenad misaRebia fiskaluri

politikisTvis likvidobis funqciis aucilebeli

winapirobis 0ntM Sesruleba mravalperio-

dian modelSi - fiskalistebisgan mosalodnelia

Semdegi pasuxi: “marTalia, 1n daSvebis safuZ-

velze miRebuli optimizaciis Sedegi )2.5( ver

daakmayofilebs monetaruli moTxovnis stabiluro-

bis pirobas )5.2( , magram mravalperiodian modelSi

SesaZlebelia fasebis )( ntP alternatiuli dina-

mikis gansazRvra, romelic damokidebuli iqneboda

axali sasesxo valdebulebebis moculobaze

)( 1ntB . swored inflaciis danarCeni (e.i. arasabi-

ujeto) komponentebiT (miwodebis inflacia; impor-

tirebuli inflacia) gamowveuli fasebis dinamikis

zrdadi tempi iqneboda biujetSi sagadasaxado Se-

mosavlebis gazrdis wyaro tt PT , ris gamoc, cen-

traluri bankis mxridan mkacrad konservatiuli

0ntM monetaruli politikis pirobebSic ki,

sabiujeto deficitis SenarCuneba dagegmil doneze

72


miuRwevad mizans ar warmoadgens idealuri

SemTxveva: 1ntnt BP .

)1.4( safuZvelze mniSvnelovania swored

iseTi SemTxvevis ganxilva, roca mTavroba axerxebs

deficitis donis SenarCunebas e.i:

nZ nt ;0 mravalperiodian modelSi. “mra-

valperiodianobaSi” igulisxmeba ukve grZelvadiani

ekonomikuri dro, romlis pirobebSic inflaciis

mrudisTvis wrfivi )1.1( -dan gamomdinare:

nP nt ;0 gamosaxulebis SenarCuneba da-

mokidebulia ara mxolod miznobrivi funqciis

)2.3( dakmayofilebaze, aramed imaze, moqmedi

fiskaluri paketi ramdenad iZleva fulis bazarze

wonasworobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, e.i.

kmayofildeba Tu ara )5.2( gantoleba. saqme isaa,

rom deficitis donis SenarCuneba mxolod iribad

aris damokidebuli periodebs Soris sabiujeto Se-

mosavlebisa da sabiujeto xarjebis

?; 1ntntnt BGT cvlilebaze1.44

im SemTxvevaSi, roca sabiujeto inflaciis

molodinis cvlileba uaryofiTia 0gnttE ,

politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba sabiujeto

xarjebis gazrdis 0ntG Sesaxeb damokidebu-

li xdeba mxolod sargeblis ganakveTebis struq-

turaze ntR . drois mixedviT, rac ufro uaryo-

1 Mishkin, F. “Fiscal Policy and Price-Level Determinancy in a Cash-in-Advance Economy” (Journal of Monetary Economics, 2007).

73


fiTia ganakveTebis mrudi ntntnt RRR 12 ,

miT ufro Seecdeba mTavroba, grZelvadiani saxazi-

no valdebulebebis gamoSvebiT

ntntnt BBB 12 daafinansos sabiujeto

xarjebis zrda. yovelive es mxolod droebiT gamo-

savalia sabiujeto inflaciis gazrdis Tavidan

asacileblad, e.i. sabiujeto xarjebis gazrda avto-

maturad ar gamoiwvevs mTliani inflaciis gazrdas.

Tumca, am dros, sakmarisia, centralurma bankma ki-

dev ufro gaamkacros monetaruli politika, e.i.

refinansirebis oficiluri ganakveTis, Tundac um-

niSvnelo matebam %25,0RFR im zomiT gaaZ-

viros mokle- da saSualovadiani sakredito resur-

sebi firmebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis, rom grZel-

vadian ekonomikur droSi ekonomikis realuri seq-

toridan warmoiqmnas monetaruli destabilizaciis

safrTxe, e.i. sabiujeto inflaciis 0gnt nac-

vlad, mTliani inflaciis 0nt xelSemwyob

komponentad ukve miwodebis inflacia mogvevlinos.

Determining Factors for Optimizing Budgetary Inflation

(Laffer - Kagan Model)

A. Jacobashvili

This article discusses the current issues of the budgetary in-flation in macroeconomic policy analysis, which hinges on the pos-sibility of multiple solutions in the Rational Expectations (RE) mod-els. Through the connection of the relevant models a la Cagan and

74


Laffer, the fiscal theory of the price levels is based on the stability of the expectations, but also on the adaptive learnability of policy mak-ers as of their Solutions, which might suggest, that only one of them (either rational expectations of economic subjects, or the adaptive learnability of policy makers) is a viable equilibrium candidate.

Facing the reality of budgetary inflation, macroeconomic policy might not aim at the neutralization, but at the optimization of the level of the budgetary inflation, as a component of the whole inflation. More generally, such constellation of the political targets suggest that learnability, not indeterminacy, should be viewed as the relevant issue for policy-oriented theoretical analysis of macroeco-nomic stabilization policy. More contentiously, it might be argued that RE solution multiplicity should be viewed basically as a ma-thematical curiosity, stemming from an insufficiently specific defi-nition of rational expectations, rather than as a substantive problem for actual policy makers.

75


Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi

saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT saqmiani ciklis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT

malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava

iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asocirebuliprofesori,iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asocirebuliprofesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtoriekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globalizaciis pirobebSi krizisuli movlenebis

mizezebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis,

arsebiTad, sagareo xasiaTisaa. is gamoixateba nedleulze

moTxovnis vardnasa da kapitalis gadinebaSi, rac iwvevs

Tanamdev standartul jaWvur reaqcias – aqtivebis

gadafasebas, dakreditebis mkveTrad Semcirebas da

moTxovnis Semdgom vardnas. amasTan, Siga mizezebis

kvleva, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikis ciklur ryevebs,

aseve did interess iwvevs.

nebismieri krizisis warmoSobis, Semdgomi

gaRrmavebisa da ekonomikuri ciklis dasrulebis

ZiriTadi mizezi sakredito operaciebis SezRudvaa,

rac ekonomikuri aqtivobisa da moTxovnis gardauval

vardnas iwvevs. Tavis mxriv, es foni Semdgom etapze

ganapirobebs kreditebze dabal moTxovnas. es kargad

Cans rogorc 2008 wlis krizisis dawyebis mizezebis,

aseve aSS-is ekonomikis ganviTarebis momdevno etapis

magaliTebze, romelic aqtiuri fuladi ineqciebis

miuxedavad, TiTqmis 10-procentian umuSevrobas

ganicdis. aq saqme ara imdenad ineqciebis moculobaSia,

ramdenic im fulad masaze, romelic mimarTul iqna

dakreditebaze.

kreditebis Semcireba sabanko sistemis bunebrivi

reaqciaa recesiis niSnebisa da dakreditebis riskebis

zrdis mimarT. es SeiZleba meorad gamovlinebad

76


CavTvalod. raSi gamoixateba saqmiani aqtivobis

vardnis pirveladi mizezebi da SesaZlebelia Tu

ara misi prognozireba? ratom xdeba, rom krizisebi

zogjer damangrevel zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomikaze,

zogjer ki SedarebiT umtkivneulod Caivlis? ra

movlenebi uswrebs krizisebs da rogoria am krizisebis

dinamika?

am kiTxvebze sapasuxod aucilebelia ramdenime

hipoTezis moSvelieba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa `finansuri simyifis” hipoTeza, romelic

ekuTvnis keinzianuri skolis warmomadgenels haiman

minskis1. is mas kreditebis xelmisawvdomobisa da

misi momsaxurebis SesaZleblobebis funqciis saxiT

warmogvidgens. minskis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, krizisi

warmoiSoba bazris subieqtebis mier sakuTari

valis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

TandaTanobiT gamwvavebis Sedegad: ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis sawyis stadiaze firmebs SeuZliaT

daafinanson sakuTari proeqtebi sakuTari saSualebebis

an kreditebis xarjze, amasTan, maTi Semosavali

aRemateba sesxebze gadasaxdel procentebsa da sesxis

ZiriTad Tanxas, Semdgom vali grovdeba da kreditis

momsaxureba rTuldeba, amasTan, Semosavali, marTalia,

faravs procentebs, magram sesxis ZiriTadi Tanxis

asanazRaureblad arasakmarisia; sabolood, roca

sistema aRwevs finansuri simyifis mwvervals, romlis

drosac iwyeba e.w. ponci-dafinanseba (es ukavSirdeba

italiuri warmoSobis amerikel finansists, Carlz

poncis, romelmac meanabreebisadmi Zalian maRali

procentebis gadaxdis dapirebiT Seqmna finansuri

1Столбов М.И. Гипотеза финансовой нестабильности Хаймана Мински и эко-номический кризис в России / М.И. Столбов // Мировая экономика и междуна-родные отношения. 2010, № 3, с. 56-64.

77


piramida). es stadia xasiaTdeba imiT, rom kompaniaTa

umravlesoba ver faravs araTu sesxis mTlian Tanxas,

aramed am sesxze arsebul procentebsac. arcTu

iSviaTad, krizisis wina periodSi firmebi iZulebulni

xdebian moaxdinon TavianTi sesxebis refinansireba

axali kreditebis meSveobiT.

aqve upriania gavixsenoT hipoTeza, romlis

mixedviTac eWvqveS dgeba sasesxo procentis arsebobis

marTlzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac, realur seqtors

apriorulad ar SeuZlia vali srulad aunazRauros

sabanko seqtors. saqme aq ara marto procentis arsebobas,

aramed mis sididesac exeba. realurma seqtorma SeiZleba

aitanos krediti wliuri 5-7%-iani ganakveTiT, magram

20-25%-iani kreditis atana TiTqmis gamoricxulia.

finansuri sistema aseTi maRali procentebiT

nebismieri inovaciisa da modernizaciis umTavresi

mteria. magram, sesxze procentebi Tanamedrove sabanko

sistemis arsebobis safuZvelia. is ganapirobebs fulis

mimoqcevis elastikurobas fuladi multiplikatoris

efeqtiT, romelic gulisxmobs erTi bankis mier

gacemuli kreditis gadaqcevas sxva bankis resursad

da a.S.

korporaciuli da saxelmwifo valis `Seqmna”

fulis miwodebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

meqanizmia. fuladi multiplikatoris moqmedeba kidev

ufro swrafad moqmedebs ukumimarTulebiT, rodesac

romeliRac banki CarTulia am sistemaSi, xolo sxva

bankebi ukve ar àwarmoeben” kreditebs. finansuri

bazrebi isea mowyobili, rom am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli

xdeba fulis sesxad miReba Zalian maRali saprocento

ganakveTiTac ki.

davubrundeT ekonomikuri ciklis dinamikis

mizezebisa da Sedegebis analizs. haiman minskiseuli

78


ekonomikuri ciklis zemoTaRwerili sqema SegviZlia

kidev ufro gavSaloT investiciebis efeqtianobisa da

fulis miwodebis dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT. ciklis

sawyis stadiaze, rodesac adgili aqvs moTxovnis

`droebiT gadavadebas~, ekonomikaSi warmoiqmneba

daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis kerebi, amasTan,

masSi arsebobs Warbi Tavisufali resursebi, maT Soris,

samuSao Zala. mewarmeebi mimarTaven sakuTar resursebs

axal biznes-proeqtebSi. am SemTxvevaSi riskis xarisxi

dabalia, xolo warmatebis albaToba Zalian maRali.

magram, investiciebis (da mis safuZvelze kapitalis)

zrdis kvalobaze, samewarmeo marJis gajerebis gamo,

mraval sainvesticio proeqtze Semosavlianoba ecema,

zogierTi ki saerTod wamgebiani xdeba. hipoTeza

investiciebis Semosavlianobis Semcirebaze misi

moculobis zrdis kvalobaze, SemoTavazebul iqna j. m.

keinzis mier kapitalis zRvruli efeqtianobis TeoriaSi.

aseTi kanonzomiereba saerTo ekonomikuri kanonis

– warmoebis faqtorTa zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis

klebadobis Sedegia.

marTlac, 2000-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, roca

aRmoCnda, rom saofise, uZrav qonebas mohqonda sakmaod

maRali Semosavali, investorebma kapitaldabandebebis

mZlavri nakadi mimarTes samSeneblo biznesSi. maTi

mniSvnelovani nawili ver (an ar) xedavda dabandebis

sxva sferoebs. magram, miwodebisa da konkurenciis

zrdis gamo, masze Semosavlianoba Semcirda. Sesabamisad,

investiciebis efeqtianobis vardnam droTa ganmavlobaSi

Seamcira firmebis mier kreditebis dafarvis unari,

rac recesiis obieqturi mizezi gaxda. Tavdapirvelad

kompaniebisa da bankebis mogeba gaizarda, magram Semdeg

korporaciuli da sabanko seqtorebis rentabeloba

79


swrafad Semcirda.

rogorc cnobilia, sakredito SezRudvebis

periodSi, romelic uswrebs finansur kraxs, yvelaze

metad sainvesticio saqonlis warmoeba zaraldeba.

am faqtze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles

avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis warmomadgenlebma

- ludvig fon mizesma da fridrix fon haiekma, aseve

ernando de sotom. garkveulwilad es gamowveulia imiT,

rom rac ufro xangrZlivia sainvesticio proeqti, miT

ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom is aRmoCndes krizisis

zonaSi, rac gulisxmobs mocemul proeqtebze gacemuli

sesxebis daubruneblobas.

ufro mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am saqonlis

didi nawilis yidva SeuZlebelia xelfasiT da

muSakTa mier Seqmnili danazogebiT. rogorc wesi, maTi

warmoeba mimdinareobs sakredito resursebis mozidviT.

amitom, aseTi tipis saqonlis miwodeba da masze

moTxovna emyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakreditebis

xelmisawvdomobas, rac ganapirobebs mis kardinalur

simyifes recesiis fazaSi. sakredito bumi `finansuri

piramidebis~ mSeneblobis provocirebas axdens,

romelic ganwirulia gardauvali rRvevisaTvis.

miuxedavad `finansuri simyifis~ Teoriis

mimzidvelobisa da simartivisa, sinamdvileSi situacia

bevrad rTulia. magaliTad, Znelia gavigoT, Tu romelia

arsebuli procesebis Tavdapirveli mizezi da romeli

- Sedegi. recesiaSi aRmoCenas kumulaciuri xasiaTi

aqvs, romelSic morigi mizezi erTdroulad Sedegicaa.

dakreditebis nebismieri Semcireba iwvevs investiciebis,

Semdeg Semosavlebis Semcirebas, rac defoltebis meorad

inducirebas axdens. amas ki dakreditebis, investiciebisa

da moTxovnis kidev ufro masStaburi Semcireba mohyveba

80


da a.S. yovelive es kraxiT sruldeba, rac gamowveulia

aqtivebis gaufasurebiT, fuladi ineqciebis SemcirebiT

da momdevno savalo krizisiT gardauvali deflaciis

fonze. vidre mimdinareobs dakrediteba im tempebiT,

romelic sakmarisia moTxovnis SesanarCuneblad,

recesiis realuri niSnebi praqtikulad ar SeimCneva.

sakredito ̀ bumi~ ara marto ganapirobebs, aramed axdens

`gadaxurebis~ SeniRbvas. Aarsebuli rentabelobis

maCvenebeli damakmayofilebelia, magram momavali

proeqtebis rentabeloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu

ramdenad sakmarisia mimdinare da momavali dakreditebis

tempebi. amitom, rogorc ki dakrediteba arasakmarisi

xdeba, kompania-investorebis rentabeloba da misi

kreditunarianoba swrafad ecema. am Temas qvemoT

davubrundebiT. amjerad ganvixiloT ekonomikuri

zrdis TviTSezRudvis sxva mizezebi.

ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi mewarmeebi qmnian

axal Rirebulebebs da gegmaven mogebis miRebas. magram,

rogorc ki rTuldeba Seqmnili produqciis gayidva,

iwyeba gardauvali ekonomikuri vardna, radganac

SeuZlebeli xdeba kreditebis dabruneba. maSasadame,

ekonomikuri zrdis mxardasaWerad fuladi masa

adekvaturad da uwyvetad unda izrdebodes, xolo fulis

mimoqcevis siCqare daaxloebiT mudmivi unda iyos.

pirveli piroba cnobilia, rogorc `monetaristuli

wesi~, romelic SemoTavazebul iqna m. fridmenis

mier. ciklis mimdinareobis procesSi dagegmili

investiciebisa da produqciis moculoba, romelic

aucilebelia am proeqtebis sarealizaciod, mudmivad

izrdeba, Sesabamisad, izrdeba resursebis gamoyeneba

da samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba, xolo radganac resursebi

da gansakuTrebiT samuSao Zala mkacrad SezRudulia,

81


adre Tu gvian warmoiqmneba disbalansi, adgili

eqneba danaxarjebis zrdas, romelic xels SeuSlis

gegmis ganxorcielebas, investiciebis gamosyidvas da

kreditebis dabrunebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

sistemis proporciuli gafarToeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

misi erT-erTi komponenti amowurulia, SeuZlebelia

wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.

sakredito `bumis~ stadiaze mudmivad izrdeba

moTxovna samuSao Zalaze, rac iwvevs dasaqmebis

zrdas. dasaqmebulTa xelfasebi moTxovnis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani komponentia, rac warmoebuli produqciis

realizaciis saSualebas iZleva. maSasadame, samuSao

Zalis SezRuduloba `sruli dasaqmebis~ miRwevis

SemTxvevaSi zRudavs moTxovnis Semdgom gafarToebas.

am moments TiTqmis erTdroulad miaqcies yuradReba

keinzianuri skolis warmomadgenlebma jon hiksma

naSromSi ̀savaWro-samrewvelo ciklebi~ da edvin hansenma

- èkonomikuri ciklebi da erovnuli Semosavali~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev karl marqsma miaqcia

yuradReba mTeli warmoebuli produqciis srulad

gayidvis SeuZleblobas. misi azriT, Warbwarmoebis

mizezi kapitalistebis mier zedmeti Rirebulebis

miTviseba da muSakTa dabali xelfasia. miuxedavad

imisa, rom marqsis receptebi sakamaToa, ekonomikuri

ciklis TeoriaSi is erT-erTi pioneria.

erToblivi moTxovnis ukmarisobis problemis

droebiT gadaWra SesaZlebelia `valebis~ inducirebiT,

magram valis moculoba SeuZlebelia usasrulod

gaizardos. resursebis SezRuduloba bankebs aiZulebs

kreditebis Sekvecas, dgeba `Warbwarmoebis~ krizisi,

romelic ar dasruldeba manam, vidre Seqmnili maragebis

ZiriTadi masa ar gaiyideba, xolo valis didi nawili

82


ar daifareba, rac arasakmarisi moTxovnis pirobebSi

axdens deflaciis provocirebas, warmoebis Semcirebasa

da umuSevrobis zrdas.

postkrizisul periodSi TandaTanobiT grovdeba

moTxovnis deficiti, kapitali cvdeba fizikurad da

moralurad, grovdeba Warbi likviduroba, valebi

TandaTanobiT ̀ gaiwoveba~, rac ciklis aRmaval talRaze

mianiSnebs. ra Tqma unda, moTxovna SeiZleba droebiT

gaizardos xelfasebis an saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis zrdis

xarjze, magram sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis fundamenturi

faqtorebis amowurvis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis zrda

dakreditebis, xelfasebis an saxelmwifo valis zrdis

xarjze SeuZlebelia usasrulod gagrZeldes.

j. m. keinzis azriT, fulis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli

niSani isaa, rom misi warmoeba SeuZlebelia nebismieri

masStabiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas samuSao Zalaze,

romelic, marTalia, izrdeba Sobadobis xarjze, magram

ara yvela qveyanaSi da ara adekvaturi tempebiT.

sabazro ekonomika unariania gafarTovdes manam,

vidre masSi arsebobs Tavisufali resursebi. rogorc

ki is amoiwureba, iwyeba vardna. swored vardnis

dros iqmneba pirobebi, roca adgili aqvs resursebis

gamoTavisuflebas, danazogebisa da gadavadebuli

moTxovnis realizebas da a.S.. magram, ramdenad

SesaZlebelia sruli dasaqmebis miRweva? sruli

dasaqmeba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi miuRwevadia

ara marto socialuri da individualuri xasiaTis,

aramed regionuli, samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodebas

Soris disproporciebis gamo. bumTan axlos mdgom

ciklis stadiaze dasaqmebis zrdis tempi arasakmarisi

xdeba da saerTo ekonomikuri zrdac ferxdeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda statistikuri

TvalsazrisiT investiciebis saerTo moculobis

83


garkveuli nawili mcdar gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba,

rac ganpirobebulia momavali moTxovnis araswori

SefasebiT, kreatiuli ideebis mcdarobiT, sainvestico

proeqtebis arasaTanado SefasebiT da a.S. msgavsi

Secdomebi, romelic iwvevs problemuri valebis

dagrovebas, ileqeba sabanko sistemaSi da fizikuri

enTropiis msgavsad izrdeba. ludvig fon mizesis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adgili aqvs araswor sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebebs.

cxadia, momgebiani investiciebi qmnis pirobebs

dadebiTi fuladi nakadebis generaciisaTvis, zrdis

maT Rirebulebas, rac Tavis TavSi moicavs axali

fulis Seqmnis meqanizms. dausabuTebeli, wamgebiani

investiciebi amcirebs aqtivebis Rirebulebas, rac

faqtobrivad kvecavs fulad masas. analogiuri procesi

mimdinareobs sabanko sistemaSi investiciebis kreditebiT

dafinansebis dros: warmatebuli investiciebis dros

aqtivebi aWarbebs pasivebs, banki Rebulobs mogebas.

dausabuTebeli investiciebi iwvevs kreditebis

daubruneblobas, aqtivebis Rirebulebis Semcirebas da

bankebis balansSi `xvrelebis~ warmoqmnas, rac, Tavis

mxriv, kvecavs fulad masas. warmatebuli bankebisaTvis

es `xvrelebi~ ifareba warmatebuli proeqtebidan,

magram ekonomikuri ciklis mxolod aRmaval stadiaze.

problema isaa, rom es procesi bankebis mier iniRbeba

da sakmaod gaumWvirvalea.

avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis erT-erTi

damsaxureba isaa, rom marTebulad aCvena sabanko

dakreditebis gafarToebisa da ekonomikuri ciklis

urTierTkavSiri. am skolis mixedviT, krizisebSi

damnaSavea sakredito bumi, romlis drosac adgili aqvs

sakredito ganakveTebis Semcirebas, xolo sainvesticio

84


proeqtebi droSi iweleba. es empiriul faqtebTan

SesabamisobaSia. amitom, SeiZleba daveTanxmoT maT

mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom sakredito bumis warmoSoba

mcdari investiciebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

mizezi da winapirobaa. avstriuli skolis Tanaxmad,

am SemTxvevaSi investiciebi aWarbebs danazogebs

da erovnuli danazogebis arsebuli struqtura da

moculoba ar Seesabameba axal Warb investiciebs.

arsebobs sxva mizezic. kerZod, aucilebeli informaciis

ararseboba iwvevs stiqiur sainveticio aqtivobas,

romlis drosac Zalian maRalia dausabuTebeli

investiciebis albaToba.

sabanko seqtori ekonomikis gulsisZarRvTa

sistemis rols asrulebs, sadac bankebi gulia, xolo

saangariSsworebo sistema – sisxlZarRvi. Warbi pulsi

(romelic izomeba, rogorc dakreditebis matebis tempi)

arRvevs sistemas, magram misi sisuste an sulac, misi

ararseboba iseve, rogorc cocxal organizmSi, aqac

damRupvelia.

krizisis meore ZiriTadi mizezi kreditebis

Sekvecaa, romelsac adgili aqvs ekonomikaSi pirveladi

negatiuri fonis gaZlierebis Sedegad. ciklebis

TeoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is, Tu ra

warmoadgens negatiuri movlenis dawyebis pirvelad

mizezs. SeiZleba ase vivaraudoT: kompaniebis finansuri

mdgomareobis gauareseba, sabanko sistemaSi resursebis

deficiti da normatiuli SezRudvebi, kreditebis zrdis

tempis Semcireba, vadagadacilebuli davalianebebis

pirveladi zrda da riskebis gadafaseba, finansur

bazrebze Siga da gare Sokebi an maTi kombinacia.

rogorc krizisis wina periodebis analizi

gviCvenebs, krizisebis mwvave stadias uswrebs garkveuli

85


moduneba, ekonomikaSi fuladi masis zrdis tempebis

Seneleba. magaliTad, aseT movlenas hqonda adgili

aSS-Si 1929 da 2008 wlebis pirvel naxevarSi. es faqti

monetaristebis mxridan daJinebuli yuradRebis

obieqtia. aseTi mdgomareoba kargad Seesabameba haiman

minskiseul ̀ finansuri simyifis~ stadias. SesaZlebelia,

rom es gamowveuli iyos `sakredito Sekvecis~ pirveli

niSnebiT. am momentSi sakmarisia umniSvnelo biZgic ki,

romelic qmnis minimalur fulad deficits, romelsac

SeuZlia masStaburi krizisis provocireba jer safondo

bazarze, Semdgom safinanso da sabanko sistemaSi, rac

iwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas

da ekonomikis kolafss.

yvelaze rTuli procesi, romelic iwvevs

krizisebis gaWianurebas, esaa wamgebiani investiciebis

likvidacia, kompaniebisa da bankebis gaTavisufleba

problemuri valebisagan. aseTi suraTi kidev erTxel

usvams xazs krizisuli movlenebis materialur

safuZvels. wamgebiani investiciebis maCvenebeli

makrodoneze daubrunebeli valebis wilia mTlian Siga

produqtSi, bankebis aqtivebSi, wamgebiani da gakotrebuli

firmebis wili firmebis saerTo raodenobaSi.

valTan dakavSirebiT Zvel aRTqmaSi mravladaa

warmodgenili periodulad patiebis rekomendaciebi,

aseve sasesxo procentis akrZalvebi: `yoveli meSvide

wlis Tavze gamoacxade patieba; ai, patiebis raoba:

apatios yovelma mevalem, visac rame usesxebia Tavisi

moyvasisTvis, da nurafers moTxovs Tavis moyvass an

moZmes, radgan patieba iqneba gamocxadebuli uflis

saxelze; ucxoels mosTxove, magram apatie Sens moZmes,

Tu Seni vali eqna~ (meore rjuli, 15, 1-3).1 àr misce

sargebelSi Sens moZmes arc vercxli, arc saWmeli 1biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, Tb., 1989, gv. 177.

86


da arc raime nivTi, rac sargebelSi SeiZleba gaices;

ucxoels mieci sargebelSi, Sens moZmes ki nu miscem

sargebelSi, rom gikurTxos ufalma, Senma RmerTma, mTeli

Seni naamagari im qveyanaSi, romlis dasamkvidrebladac

midixar~ (meore rjuli, 23, 19-20).1

praqtikaSi nebismieri ekonomikuri krizisi

sruldeba sakuTrebis totaluri gadanawilebiT

finansuri seqtorisa da umsxvilesi kompaniebis

sasargeblod. es Zalian saintereso momentia da masze

unda gamaxvildes gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. amasTan,

ekonomikuri ciklis dinamika praqtikulad srulad

ganisazRvreba sabanko sakredito ciklis dinamikiT da

realuri seqtoris valis dagrovebiT sabanko seqtoris

mimarT. es procesi mkacrad cikluri xasiaTisaa da

ekonomikaSi zrdisa da vardnis ZiriTadi mizezia.

warmoebis sabazro wesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

winaaRmdegoba warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris. arsebobs,

sul mcire, sami faqtori, romelic zRudavs moTxovnisa

da miwodebis gafarToebas da ganapirobebs kidec

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis aramdgradobas:

investiciebze Semosavlianobis Semcireba, sruli

dasaqmebis miRweva da sabanko sistemis mxridan

dakreditebis SezRuduloba. mokled, ciklis Teoria

SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: sakredito `bumi~,

`finansuri simyife~, Warbwarmoeba da savalo krizisi.

rac Seexeba alternatiul gegmian ekonomikas,

sadac dakreditebaze gadawyvetileba miiReboda

saxelmwifos mier, depresia da finansuri krizisi,

rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda.

meore alternatiul magaliTs warmoadgens bolo

35 wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi sagareo eqspansiis

fonze uwyvetad ganviTarebadi CineTis ekonomika, 1 iqve, gv. 184.

87


romelsac èkonomikuri Tavisuflebis~ paralelurad

gaaCnia saxelmwifo regulirebis aSkarad gamoxatuli

specifika, sadac ZiriTadi saqmianoba finansuri

sistemisa da bunebrivi monopoliebis regulirebaa.

finansuri sistemis guls saxelmwifo bankebi

warmoadgens, romlebic axorcieleben direqtiul

dakreditebas. arsebobs SezRudvebi kapitalis

moZraobaze, konvertirebadobaze, aqcenti keTdeba

suvenerul finansur politikaze, erovnuli valutis

dominirebaze, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis dominirebaze

bunebrivi monopoliiis seqtorSi, romelic qveyanaSi

sakmaod dabali tarifebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.

erTi sityviT, saxezea aSkara antiliberaluri modeli,

romelic ekonomikas absoluturad mdgrad sistemad

aqcevs. yovelive es eyrdnoba iafi samuSao Zalis

uzarmazar marags, romelsac mudmivad gaaCnia dasaqmebisa

da uwyveti sagareo eqspansiis mniSvnelovani maragebi,

rac mas jerjerobiT saSualebas aZlevs gayidos

yvelaferi, rac iwarmoeba. am eqspansiis meore mxarea

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSi tradiciuli

dargebis stagnacia, romlebic kargaven samuSao

adgilebs CineTis ekonomikis zrdis fonze.

miuxedavad riskisa da `gadaxurebis~ zogierTi

niSnisa, CineTis ekonomikas uwindeburad SeuZlia Tavi

daaRwios recesias, radganac misi finansuri bazrebi

daculia, saxelmwifo mzadaa nebismier momentSi

moaxdinos sabanko sistemis rekapitalizacia da

miawodos imdeni likviduroba, ramdenic saWiro iqneba.

rac Seexeba samuSao Zalas, misi maragi jerjerobiT

amouwuravia.

globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erTi

mizezi msoflio ekonomikaSi arsebuli disproporciaa,

romelic xangrZlivi drois manZilze SeniRbuli iyo

88


valis zrdiT, upirveles yovlisa, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi.

garda amisa, bolo 40 wlis manZilze industiulad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi

sfero finansuri seqtori iyo, romelmac kolosalur

masStabebs miaRwia. magaliTad, aSS-Si ekonomikis

finansuri kapitalizacia 2008 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT

48 trln dolars Seadgenda, rac samjer aRemateboda am

qveynis mTlian Siga produqts. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom

globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mizezi msoflio ekonomikasa da calkeuli

qveynebis ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili struqturuli

disproporciaa, rac gulisxmobs finansuri seqtoris

mowyvetas `fizikuri ekonomikisagan~1.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba

Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba: a) ekonomikis mdgrad

ganviTarebas unda hqondes zrdis optimaluri tempebi.

ufro maRali tempebi sistemas `gadaxurebisken~

ubiZgebs; b) zrdis optimaluri tempebi miRweul unda

iqnes saprocento ganakveTebis adekvaturi regulirebiT,

moqnili anticikluri fiskaluri politikiT; g) unda

moxdes valebis restruqturizacia, valebis SesaZlo

mTliani an Tundac nawilobrivi Camowera, aseve

maTi gaufasureba da likvidurobis SeTavazeba; d)

sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis farTo arCevanis

SeTavazeba; sainvesticio proeqtebis mniSvnelobidan

gamomdinare maTi dafinansebis uzrunvelyofa

procentebis gadaxdis valdebulebis gareSe.

rogor unda daiZlios Warbwarmoebis krizisi?

cnobilia, rom didi depresiis sawyis etapze aSS-Si

adgili hqonda warmoebuli produqciis mniSvnelovani

nawilis totalur ganadgurebas milionobiT

elguja meqvabiSvili. saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli

globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. Jurn.,

èkonomika da biznesi~, 2010 w., #2, gv. 21-22.

89


Semosavlebis gareSe darCenili adamianebis arsebobis

fonze. depresiidan gamosvla ara imdenad ruzveltis

àxalma industriulma kursma~ ganapiroba, ramdenic

manamde arnaxulma samxedro xarjebma. analogiurma

politikam dasavleT evropis qveynebSic moaxdina

erToblivi moTxovnis omisSemdgomi zrda. aRsaniSnavia,

rom maSin saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdis kvalobaze

gaizarda gadasaxadebic. sazogadoebis yvelaze

mdidarma fenebma gamoavlines maRali socialuri

TviTSegneba, gaiRes ra uzarmazari xarjebi Tavisufali

bazris sistemis stabilizaciisaTvis socialisturi

alternativisa da socialuri daZabulobis Tavidan

aridebis mizniT. magram, bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi

monetarizmisa da liberalizmis zeobis dros,

gadasaxadebi aSS-Si Semcirda, xolo misi zrda

praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, rac, TavisTavad, savalo

problemas kidev ufro amwvavebs. socialisturi

sistemis mSvidobianma demontaJma negatiuri gavlena

iqonia TviT sabazro sistemaze. sabazro ekonomikis

aramdgradoba aqtualurs xdis misi dabalansebis

aucileblobas, es ki warmoudgenelia infrastruqturul

proeqtebSi, mecnierebaSi, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvasa da

sxva sferoSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileobis

gareSe. kerZo seqtoris Warbi resursebis Tavisdroul

da kompetentur amoRebas ZaluZs Warbi investiciebis

nivelireba krizisul periodSi da piriqiT, saxelmwifo

xarjebis zrdiT erToblivi moTxovnis stimulirebas -

kerZo sainvesticio xarjebis deficitis kompensireba.

politikosebs, romlebsac ekonomikis idealuri

modeli warmoudgeniaT nulovani saxelmwifo

seqtoriT, ar esmiT, rom msgavsi sistema ukiduresad

arastabiluria. dReisaTvis sadavo ar unda iyos

is, rom bazari TavisTavad panacea araa da mas ar

ZaluZs srulad moaxdinos ekonomikuri saqmianobis

90


koordinacia, gansakuTrebiT krizisul situaciebSi,

amitomac saWiroa gonivruli saxelmwifo regulireba

da dagegmva.

Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Modern World Economic Crisis from the Standpoint of the Business Cycle TheoryBusiness Cycle Theory

M. ChikobavaM. ChikobavaThe work analyses the modern problems of the world economic

crises from the standpoint of the business cycle theories. The main cause of the present global crisis is a disproportion

of the world economy, which has been hidden behind the growth of national debt in for a long time fi rst of all in the USA and Japan. This disproportion is caused by a huge gap between potential possibilities of production in the USA, Japan and on the one hand and on the other hand, the adequate markets for their production. This is caused by historical desire of western countries to benefi t from the backwardness of the Third World countries and maintain their hegemony over them. This will be like a boomerang to them. Probably, economic conditions would be better in these countries if Africa, Russia, Latin America and India had more developed economy. J. Stiglitz called this “weakness in global demand”.

Those politicians who see ideal model of economy with zero public sector, don't understand that such system can be especially unstable. Nowadays there should be no doubt that market itself isn't panacea and can't completely coordinate economic activities, especially in a crisis situation. Therefore, competent and reasonable state regulation and planning is necessary.

91


giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu – is doqtorantiTsu – is doqtoranti

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs miekuTvneba nebismieri donis

xelisuflebis organoebis da saxelmwifo organizacia

–dawesebulebebis danaxarjebis erToblioba, romelic

gaiweva sazogadoebriv saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad

SeZenili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis anazRaurebisTvis1.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis mniSvneloba izrdeba gardamava-

li ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, radgan

sabazro garemoSi, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mobilizaci-

asTan erTad, aqtualuri xdeba xarjebis gawevis raciona-

lizacia. saxsrebis efeqtiani marTvis sakuTar modelebs

saxelmwifoebi qmnian saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemaze

dayrdnobiT. saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi Seadgens mTliani

Siga produqtis mniSvnelovan nawils da emsaxureba

saxelmwifo saxsrebis racionalur xarjvasa da gamWvi-

rale - konkurentuli garemos Seqmnas rogorc saxelm-

wifo, aseve biznesseqtorisaTvis. man unda uzrunvelyos

Semsyidveli organizaciisa da sazogadoebis interesebis

maqsimaluri dacva sajaroobis, racionalurobis, Tanas-

worobis, pasuxismgeblobis da efeqtianobis amaRlebis

gziT. adgilobriv bazarze saxelmwifo uwyebebis mier

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvis aucilebloba gan-

pirobebulia imiT, rom mTavrobam SeZlos sajaro momsax-

urebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofa da masze dakisrebuli

sxva amocanebis Sesruleba. Sesyidvebis sistema sakmaod

did gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo saxsrebis efeqtian

gamoyenebaze. aseve, igi gviCvenebs sazogadoebis ndobas,

damokidebulebas rogorc xelisuflebis, aseve mwarmoe-

blebis mimarT.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis

reforma da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSireforma da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSi

1 saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, redaqtor-Semdgeneli T. xomeriki, ino-

vacia, Tb., 2006, gv. 216.

92


saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi gansxvavebuli saxelm-

wifo Sesyidvebis sistemebia, rac ZiriTadad central-

izaciis sxvadasxva donesa da administrirebis xarisxiT

gamoixateba. Tumca, maT aqvT saerTo niSnebic zogadi

principebisa da gamoyenebuli meTodebis TvalsazrisiT.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis efeqtiani sistemis formirebi-

sa da funqcionirebisaTvis mniSvnelovania samTavrobo

kontraqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis sajaroobis da xelmi-

sawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa; aseve, saxelmwifo Sesyidve-

bis sferoSi mimwodeblebisaTvis samarTliani da sru-

lyofili konkurenciis arseboba.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kvlevis miznad davisax-

eT Segveswavla saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis

politikis ganviTarebis etapebi, am sferoSi ganxorciele-

buli reformebi da miRebuli Sedegebi, rac saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebis politikis sferos Sefasebis safuZvels

mogvcems.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis

sistemis reforma daiwyo 1998 wels, rodesac pirvelad

iqna miRebul kanoni saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb.

reforma orientirebuli iyo radikaluri cvlilebebis

ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofisken da igi dRemde cvlilebe-

bisa da daxvewis procesSia. kanonis mizans warmoadgenda

saxelmwifos monitoringis arealSi moeqcia sajaro seq-

torSi ganxorcielebuli Sesyidvebi da xeli Seewyo jan-

saRi, konkurentunariani da gamWvirvale sistemis Camoya-

libebisaTvis. misi danergva sawyis etapze SeuZlebeli

gaxda, rasac saerTaSoriso normebTan harmonizaciis

mizniT 2001 wlisTvis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi mohyva.

kanonmdeblobis mravalgvari interpretacia, maregulre-

beli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli normebis ignorire-

ba araefeqtian xdida reformebis moqmedebas aRniSnul

sferoSi. am periodSi saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi mxolod

centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetis saxsrebiT ganx-

orcielebul Sesyidvebs moicavda, xolo sxva mniSvnelo-

vani xarjebi moZraobda kanonis miRma. Sesabamisad, kanonma

ver SeZlo sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopoveba.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb kanonis sruly-

ofis mizniT didi finansuri da teqnikuri daxmareba iqna

93


gaweuli saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis mxri-

dan saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemur reformirebis miz-

niT.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis politikis instituciuri

da instumentariuli srulyofis mizniT Zireuli re-

formis etapi 2005 wels daiwyo. kanonmdeblobis didma

nawilma cvlilebebi ganicada da daiwyo reformebis

sistemuri danergva, Tumca, am mcdelobiTac ver moxerxda

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis principebis samarTliani da gam-

Wvirvale garemos Seqmna.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis reformis mesame etapi 2010

wlis 1 ianvridan daiwyo. aRniSnuli reformis Sedegebi

aRiarebul iqna saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis mxri-

dan, amitom swored aRniSnuli etapi warmoadgens Cveni

kvlevisa da analizis sferos.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemis reformisas gan-

isazRvra prioritetebi da moTxovnebi, romelic unda

daekmayofilebina sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs kerZo da

saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis. reformis ZiriTad mizans

warmoadgenda samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo Se-

syidvebis politikis mimarT ndobis amaRleba. am miznis

misaRwevad gamoiyo ramdenime Zireuli sakiTxi:

• Sesyidvebis procedurebis maqsimaluri gamWvir-

valobis uzrunvelyofa;

• saxelmwifo finansebis racionaluri xarjvis

xelSewyoba;

• pretendentebis Sefasebisas obieqturi gadaw-

yvetilebebis uzrunvelyofa;

• Sesyidvis procesis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis

xarisxis gaumjobeseba;

• davebis ganxilvis efeqtiani da gamWvirvale

meqanizmis Seqmna;

• saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sferos mimarT sazoga-

doebrivi cnobierebis/ndobis amaRleba;

• Sesyidvebis sferoSi evrokavSiris da sxva mowi-

nave qveynebis kanonmdeblobasTan etapobrivi harmoniza-

cia;

• saagentos restruqturizacia/modernizacia (HR–

sistemis, eleqtronuli dokument-brunvis sistemis dan-

94


ergva, arqivis digitalizacia).

cvlilebebis Sedegad procedurebi da biurokra-

tiuli safexurebi minimumade Semcirda, rac reformis

erT – erTi yvelaze warmatebuli miRwevaa. aseve, 4–jer

Semcirda satendero mosakreblis gadasaxadi – 200 lar-

idan 50 laramde, ramac reformis gatarebis periodidan

saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi monawile mxareebs saxsrebis

didi ekonomia misca. mTlianobaSi, gamocxadebuli da

Catarebuli tenderebis raodenobam 48 243 erTeuli, xolo

Tanxobrivad ekonomiam 7 236 450 lari Seadgina1.

Seiqmna eleqtronuli portali da SemoRebuli

iqna eleqtronuli tenderis instrumenti, romlis mTa-

vari funqciaa Sesyidvebis procesis organizebulad

da gamWvirvaled ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba. aRniSnul

portalze daregistriebulia rogorc Semsyidveli, aseve

mimwodebeli organizaciebi da Seqmnilia maTi erTiani

sistemuri baza. erTiani eleqtronuli bazis arseboba

amartivebs Sesyidvebis procesis monawileTa Soris in-

formaciis urTierTgacvlas da formalur mxareebs.

Semsyidveli organizaciebi portalze aqveyneben

TavianT winadadebebs, rac informaciulad xelmisawvdo-

mia yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. kanoniT, Sesasyidi

saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis Tanxobrivi moculobidan

gamodinare, gansazRvrulia tenderis tipebi, rac Sem-

dgom aisaxeba satendero dokumentacis atvirTvis vadaze,

vaWrobis gamocxadebaze, gamarjvebulis gamovlenasa da

xelSekrulebis gaformebaze.

aRniSnuli reformis Sedegad Semsyidvel organiza-

ciebs miecaT Sesyidvebis muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sa-

biujeto xarjebis gamWvirvaled da racionalurad xar-

jvis SesaZlebloba. SesaZlebelia satendero winadade-

baSi miTiTebuli savaraudo fasebis Semcireba, rac Semsy-

idveli organizaciebisTvis Zalian mimzidveli Sedegia.

auqcionis wesiT monawile mimwodebel organizaciebs

uwevT fasis dakleba tenderSi gamarjvebulis statusis

mopovebisa da saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis faqtobri-

vi fasis gansazRvris mizniT. savaraudo da faqtobriv

1 www.sps.ge

95


fasebs Soris gansxvavebiT miRebulma ekonomiam, 2010 wli-

dan 2012 wlis maisis CaTvliT, 300 mln laramde Seadgina,

rac imas niSnavs, rom reformis Sedegad sajaro seqtorSi

sakmaod didi Tanxis ekonomia gakeTda da Semsyidvel or-

ganizaciebs gamoTavisuflebuli saxsrebis sxva mizniT

gamoyenebis saSualeba miecaT.

aRniSnulma sistemam mimwodebel organizaciebs sa-

Sualeba misca gamWvirvale konkurenciul garemoSi mi-

iRon monawileoba saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi da warmoadgi-

non TavianTi saqoneli an momsaxureba TavianTvis sasur-

veli pirobebiT. aseve, SeuZliaT winaswar gansazRvron

da dagegmon TavianTi biznesinteresebi, Tu ra mxriv ga-

naviTaron da gaaZlieron saqmianobis areali. analizis

safuZvels maT aZlevs is mimdinare da Caterebuli ten-

derebis statistika, romelic mocemuli da xelisawvdo-

mia sainformacio eleqtronul portalze.

reformis mniSvnelovani Sedegia Sesyidvebis pro-

cesis gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofa. Sesyidvebisas war-

moqmnili davebis, uTanxmoebebisa da uzustobebis daregu-

lirebis mizniT, saagentoSi iqmneba sabWo, romlis Semad-

genlobaSic paritetuli principis safuZvelze Sedian

saagentosa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi.

davebis ganmxilveli sabWos Semadgenloba da saqmiano-

bis wesis gansazRvra moxda kanonqvemdebare normatiuli

aqtiT.

davebis warmoSobisas Semsyidvel organizacias an

saagentos gamoaqvs dasabuTebuli werilobiTi gadaw-

yvetileba da acnobebs mas momCivans, saCivris miRebidan

ara ugvianes 10 samuSao dRisa. saagentos gadawyvetileb-

is cnobebad CaiTvleba gadawyvetilebis gamoqveyneba

saagentos oficialur vebgverdze.

sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis mniSvnelo-

vania arakeTilsindisieri mimwodebeli organizaciebis

gamovlena saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sistemaSi da maT mi-

marT sanqciebis gatareba. am mizniT, kanoniT ganisazRvra

Savi siis warmoebis aucilebloba, romelSic xvdeba is

organizaciebi, romlebic kanondarRveviT cdiloben Sesy-

idvebSi monawileobas. Sav siaSi moxvedril organizacie-

bs 1 wlis manZilze ekrZalebaT ekonomikuri saqmianoba

96


da es informacia xelisawvdomia nebismieri dainterese-

buli pirisaTvis.

2012 wlis 1 maisidan, aseve, daiwyo keTilsindisieri

mimwodeblebis TeTri siis warmoeba rac biznesseqtori-

saTvis keTilsindisieri qmedebis motivaciis gamomwvevi

gadawyvetilebaa. dRemde TeTr siaSi moxvda 2 organiza-

cia, xolo Sav siaSi – 284 mimwodebeli subieqti1.

aucilebelia SevexoT konsolidirebul tenders,

romelic mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze saxelm-

wifo Sesyidvebis saagentom Caatara navTobproduqtebT-

an mimarTebiT. ganisazgvra sami gamarjvebuli kompania

romelTanac xelSekrulebis gaformebis saSuleba miecaT

Semsyidvel organizaciebs eleqtronuli tenderis ganx-

orcielebis gareSe. am gadawyvetilebam didi SeRavaTi

misca Semsyidvel organizaciebs, radgan am mxriv gamocx-

adebuli eleqtronuli tenderebis umravlesoba iSle-

boda safondo birJaze navTobproduqtebis fasis swrafi

cvalebadobis mizeziT.

amrigad, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sferoSi gatare-

buli reformebis Sefasebis Sedegad SegviZlia daskvnaT,

rom aRniSnuli sferos sworad regulirebis da Se-

sabamisi politikis gatarebis gziT SesaZlebelia qveya-

naSi moxdes sabiujeto xarjebis racionalurad da gamW-

virvaled gankargva. aseve, biznesseqtors eZleva bazarze

konkurenciis pirobebSi damkvidrebisa da winaswari ana-

lizis gakeTebis saSualeba.

State procurement policy, reforms and resultes in Georgia State procurement policy, reforms and resultes in Georgia

G. GaprindashviliG. GaprindashviliThe importance of state procurements is increasing in transition

economies, including Georgia, as in terms of market environment along with the mobilization of state, the issue of rationalizing expenditures becomes crucial. Based on the evaluation of the reforms implemented in Georgia re-garding the state procurement, we can conclude that it’s possible to manage budget expenses in a rational and transparent way through proper regulation and appropriate policy. In addition, for the business sector it becomes pos-sible to make preliminary analysis in a competitive environment.1 www.sps.ge

97

mikro-makroekonomika

saerTaSoriso strategiuli saerTaSoriso strategiuli

dagegmva mravalerovnul dagegmva mravalerovnul

kompaniebSikompaniebSi

daviT niJaraZe,daviT niJaraZe,

ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtorantiivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is doqtoranti

strategiuli menejmenti aris organizaciis

ZiriTadi misiisa da grZelvadiani miznebis gansazRvris,

Semdgom am miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli samoqmedo

gegmis implementaciis procesi. Tavdapirvelad

mravalerovnuli kompaniebis (mk) umetesobaSi strategiis

realizaciaze pasuxismgebloba umaRlesi rgolis

menejerebs ekisrebodaT. saSualo rgolis menejerebis

roli ki strategiuli dagegmvis procesSi SedarebiT

umniSvnelo iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kompaniebma

gaacnobieres, rom aRniSnul procesSi CarTuli unda

iyos yvela rgolis menejeri.1 cnobili avtomobilebis

mwarmoebeli kompania `Volvo’’-s vice prezdentma Siga

strategiuli komunikaciebis dargSi Carli nordblamma2

aRmoaCina, rom sanam gundis wevrebs gaacnobdnen axal

strategiul gegmas, yvelaze kompetenturi, enTuziazmiT

aRsavse da efeqturi menejerebi iyvnen isini, vinc

CarTuli iyo dagegmarebis mTlian procesSi. `Volvo’’-s msgavsad iqceva misi konkurenti `BMW’’, romelic

strategiuli da operaciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

dros axdens yvela donis menejerebis integracias.3

strategiuli dagegmvis upiratesobebi.strategiuli dagegmvis upiratesobebi.

mk-ebis umetesoba darwmunebulia, rom strate-

1Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 271.2 http://www.volvologistics.com3 Charlie Nordblom, “Involving Middle Managers in Strategy at Volvo Group,” Stra-tegic Communication Management 10, no. 2 (February–March 2006), p. 26–29.

98

daviT niJaraZedaviT niJaraZe

giuli dagegmva saqmianobis warmatebis umniSvnelovanesi

faqtoria da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas rogorc saTavo

ofisSi, aseve filialebSic. statistikis Tanxamad, mk-ebis

70% iyenebs strategiul dagegmvas, raTa gansazRvros

firmis saqmianoba Semdgomi 5-10 wlis ganmavlbaSi.1 imaze

Tu ramdenad sasargebloa da exmareba strategiuli

dagegmva saerTaSoriso kompaniebs globalur bazarze

warmatebis miRwevaSi, dResdReobiT calsaxa pasuxi

ar arsebobs. Tumca faqtia, rom mk-ebis umravlesobas

strategiuli gegma exmareba sakuTari biznessaqmianobis

koordinaciaSi. aseTi saqmianoba ki umetes SemTxvevaSi

moicavs TiTqmis mTel msoflios. strategiuli gegma

mk-ebs aseve saSualebas aZlevs gaiTvaliswinos da

daZlios iseTi problemebi, romelic dakavSirebulia

politikur riskebTan, konkurenciasTan, valutebis

kursis arastabilurobasTan da a.S.

strategiis formirebasa da impelmentaciasTan strategiis formirebasa da impelmentaciasTan

dakavSirebuli midgomebi.dakavSirebuli midgomebi.

saerTaSoriso menejmentSi arsebobs strategiuli

dagegmvisadmi oTxi zogadi midgoma:

ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;1.

politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;2.

xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma;3.

danergvisa da administraciul koordinaciaze 4.

dafuZnebuli midgoma.

ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.

mk-ebi, romlebic koncentrirdebian ekonomikur

imperativze iyeneben iseT saerTaSoriso strategias,

romelic emyareba liderobas danaxarjebis mixedviT,

diferenciaciasa da segmentirebas. am SemTxvevaSi

saSualo rgolis menejerebi asruleben mniSvnelovan

rols kompaniis mogebis zrdis stimulirebaSi. ase, rom

msgavsi Zalisxmevis gaZliereba warmoadgens aucilebel

1 Barry Hopewell, “Strategic Management: A Multi-perspectiveApproach,” Long Range Planning 36, no. 4 (July 2003), p. 317.

99


instruments, romelic unda icodes Tanamedrove

menejerma.1 mk-ebis umravlesoba, romelic ekonomikur

imperativs efuZneba, yidis iseT produqcias, romlis

Rirebuleba mrewvelobaSi Seqmnilia zemoT mimarTuli

RirebulebaTa jaWvis mixedviT. RirebulebaTa jaWvi

ki es aris procesi, romelic grZeldeba kompaniis mier

nedleulis SeZenidan mza produqciis momxmarebelze

gadecmamade. merewvelobis aseT dargebs miekuTvneba

saavtomobilo, qimiuri, energetikuli sistemebi, foladi

da a.S. ekonomikur imperativze dafuZnebul midgomas

mimarTaven iseTi cnobili mk-ebi, rogoricaa: ÌBM’’, Àp-ple’’ da `Compaq’’-i. 2

politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma. politikur imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.

am SemTxvevaSi mk-ebi strategiuli gegmis for-

mulirebasa da danergvas axdenen iseTi strategiis

gamoyenebiT, romelic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qvey-

nisaTvis da igi ZiriTadad mimarTulia adgilobri-

vi bazrebis niSebis dasacavad. mk-ebis mier am dros

gayiduli saqoneli warmoebulia RirebulebaTa jaWvs

qvemoT mimarTuli saqmianobis Sedegad. aseTi saqmiano-

bis magaliTebia sadazRvevo da finansuri saqmianoba,

samomxmareblo produqciis warmoeba da a.S. aRniSnu-

li saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmatebas ganapirobebs

swori marketinguli politika, rogorc wesi, msgavsi in-

dustriebi iyeneben konkretul qveyanaze fokusirebul

an multi-adgilobriv strategias.

qveyanaze fokusirebuli strategiis sakmaod kargi

magaliTia induri gamagrilebeli sasmeli `Thums Up’’. misi warmoeba daiwyo 1977 wels kompaniam `Parle’’. 1993

1Johanna Mair, “Exploring the Determinants of Unit Performance:The Role of Middle Managers in Stimulating Profi t Growth,”Group & Organization Manage-ment 30, no. 3 (June 2005), p. 263–288.2Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 273.

100


wels igi 60 mln dolarad SeiZina `Coca-Cola’’- m.1 Tumca,

aRniSnuli kompaniis aqciebi maleve gayida da datova

indoeTis bazari. momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi

`Thums Up’’, romelsac gaaCnia koka-kolas mgavsi gemo, gaxda yvelaze popularuli da gayidvadi gamagrilebe-

li sasmeli sakuTar qveyanaSi. Semdeg `Coca-Cola’’ kvlav

dabrunda indur bazarze, isev SeiZina xsenebuli bren-

di da gadawyvita misi ukana planze gadatana da sana-

cvlod sakuTari markebis win waweva, Tumca, msoflios

mraval qveyanaSi warmatebulma sasmelma amjerad momxa-

mrebalTa interesi ver gamoiwvia, radgan `Thums Up’’ myarad inarCunebda popularobas da gayidvebis maRal

maCvenebls. garda amisa, man SeamCnia, rom misi konku-

renti `PePsi’’ am viTarebiT Zalin kargad sargeblobda.

sabolood, `Coca-Cola’’-m adgilobrivi bazris moTxov-

nebidan gamomdinare, Secvala sakuTari strategia da

koncentrireba moaxdina kvlav `Thums Up’’- ze, romelic

dResdReobiT indoeTSi yvelaze swarafad mzardi da

gayidvadi brendia. rogorc dakvirvebebma aCvena, dRes-

dReobiT ̀ Coca-Cola’’ aRniSnuli markis warmoebaze ufro

mets xarjavs, vidre sakuTar produqtebze.2

xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.xarisxis imperativze dafuZnebuli midgoma.

am SemTxvevaSi xarisxis imperativi warmodgenilia

ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:

1. damokidebulebis Secvla da molodinis gazrda

momsaxurebis xarisxisadmi;

2. iseTi praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma menej-

mentSi, romelic mowodebuli iqneba gadaaqcios xaris-

xis gaumjobeseba uwyvet procesad. es ukanaskneli ki

gulisxmobs e.w. xarisxis marTvis totaluri sistemis

danergvas.

1 http://www.coca-colaindia.com/products/thumsup.html2 http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profi le.asp?pr_id=211

101


xarisxis totaluri menejmenti moicavs saqmia-

nobis mTel speqtrs, dawyebuli strategiis formuli-

rebidan, misi ganxorcielebiT damTavrebuli. xarisxis

totaluri menejmenti SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdeg-

nairad:

totaluri xarisxi miiRweva momxmarebelTa mo-1.

lodinis gamarTlebiT an gadaWarbebiT;

xarisxis strategia formulirdeba umaRlesi 2.

donis menejerebis mier da Semdgom igi miewodeba or-

ganizaciis yvela rgolsa da struqturas;

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis teqnikaSi gamoiyeneba 3.

yvela meTodi, dawyebuli tradiciuli inspeqtirebidan

da xarisxis kontrolis statistikidan, adamianuri re-

sursebis menejmentis Tanamedrove meTodebiT damTa-

vrebuli.

cnobili mk-ebis umravlesobisaTvis xarisxis kon-

troli strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia, vinaidan igi

bazris wilisa da mogebis maCveneblis gazrdis arsebi-

Ti faqtoria1.

sakuTari standartebis SemuSavebisas msxvili

korporaciebi eyrdnobian xarisxis iseT standartebs,

rac SemuSavebulia standartizaciis msoflio orga-

nizacia ISO-s mier. ISO aris umsxvilesi organizacia,

romelic awesebs saerTaSoriso satandartebs. igi war-

modgenilia 163 qveyanaSi da saTavo ofisi ganTavsebu-

lia qalaq JenevaSi, romlic koordinacias uwevs aRniS-

nul warmomadgenlobebs.

ISO 9000 - xarisxis menjmentis seriis standar-tebis kompleqsi moicavs xarisxis marTvis mTeli sis-

temis standartizacias da gamoiyenebas evrokavSirsa

da msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi Semavali qveynebis

mier.2

1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 275-276.2 http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm

102


xarisxis imperativis magaliTad ganvixiloT vi-

deoTamaSebis eleqtromowyobilobaTa industriaSi

funqcionirebadi mk `Nintendo‘’, romelic yovelTvis

imyofeboda misi konkurenti cnobili kompania `Sony‘’-is saerTaSoriso bazarze warmatebis CrdilqveS. es

ukanaskneli awarmoebs videoTamaSebis sakmaod cnobil

brends _ `PlayStation‘’-s. mogvianebiT, `Nintendo‘’ mis ki-dev erT konkurent firma `Wii‘’-ze dakvirvebis Sede-gad, rasac, Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso menejmentSi ben-

Cmarkingi ewodeba, mivida im daskvnamde, rom mocemul

SemTxvevaSi efeqturi iqneboda produqciis xarisxis

imperativze dafuZnebuli strategiis ganxorciele-

ba. Sedgead `Nintendo‘’-m sakuTar warmoebaSi danerga

xarisxis saerTaSorisoOstandartebi, riTac uzrunve-

lyo sakuTari elqtromowyobilebebis maRali xarisxi,

aman ki MmkveTrad Seasusta `Sony‘’-is lideris pozicia

globalur bazarze.Yyovelive amas aseve xeli Seuwyo

`Sony‘’-is mier gamoSvebulma videoTamaSebis axali mo-

delis `PlayStation 3’’-is warumateblobam.

administraciul koordinaciaze dafuZnebuli administraciul koordinaciaze dafuZnebuli

midgoma. midgoma.

administarciul koordinaciaze agebuli stra-

tegia gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac mk-ebi gadawyvetile-

bas iReben calkeuli situaciidan gamomdinare da ara

winaswar ganasazRvruli ekonomikuri an politikuri

strategiis gaTvaliswinebiT.1

globaluri strategiis ganxorcielebisas saq-

mianobis koordinacia konkurentuli upiratesobis mo-

povebis sakmaod kargi SesaZleblobaa. koordinaciis

upiratesobaa codnisa da gamocdilebis dagroveba, ro-

melic sxvadasxva adgilidan moipoveba. koordinacias

SeuZlia firmis produqciis diferenciaciis gaZliere-

ba. mobiluri da mravalerovnuli klientebis momsaxu-

1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 277.

103


rebis unari sakmaod mniSvnelovani argumentia ganyofi-

lebaTa saqmianobis kargi koordinaciis sasargeblod.

sxvadasxva ganyofilebis SeTanxmebul saqmiano-

bas xels uSlis organizaciuli xasiaTis sirTuleebi,

firmisa da filialebis interesebis SeTanxmebis siZne-

leebi, kulturuli da enobrivi barierebi.1

magaliTad, cnobilma amerikulma kompaniam _ `Wal-mart’’, romelic flobs fasdaklebis maRaziaTa qsels

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, operireba daiwyo laTinu-

ri amerikis regionSi, risTvisac gamoiyena igive stra-

tegia, rac ukve warmatebiT hqonda ganxorcielebuli

CrdiloeT amerikis bazarze, Tumca, igi male mixvda, rom

aq momxmarebelTa gemovneba radikalurad gansxvavdebo-

da wina regionisagan. amis Semdeg mas mouwia sakuTari

strategiis koordinacia da adaptacia axali regionis

ekonomikur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebTan. Sedegad

2003 wels saerTaSoriso operaciebis moculoba am re-

gionSi 25-30%-iT gaizarda. `Walmart’’-i dResdReobiT

warmodgenilia msoflios 27 qveyanaSi da 2012 wlis

monacemebiT, misi gayidvebis moculobam 444 mlrd do-

lars gadaaWarba.2

globaluri da regionuli strategiebi. globaluri da regionuli strategiebi.

saerTaSoriso strategiuli menejmentis aspeqtiT,

bunebrivad ismis kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, mk-ebma globaluri

strategia unda ganaxorcielon Tu regionuli.

saerTaSoriso menejmentSi am movlenas ewodeba

,,konfliqti globalizaciasa da erovnul gamoZaxils

Soris’’. globalizacia, anu globaluri integracia

aris homogenuri tipis da xarisxis produqciis an

momsaxurebis warmoeba da gasaReba msoflios masStabiT.

swored homogenur produqciaze momxmarebelTa mzardi

moTxovna ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso samomxmareblo

bazris gafarToebas. am SemTxvevaSi konkurentuli upi-1Пивоваров С, Тарасевич Л. Международный менеджмент, 2008, с. 266.2 http://www.walmartstores.com/AboutUs/7606.aspx

104


ratesobani ivseba upiratesobebiT, romelic Cndeba sxva

qveynebSi. es iTvaliswinebs saqmianobis mniSvnelovan

masStabs, ramac unda Seamciros danaxarjebi samecnie-

ro-kvleviT da sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebze da ama-

vdroulad gamoyenebul iqnes mecnierebis ukanaskneli

miRwevebi. ZiriTadi amocanaa mizanTa jaWvis gansazRvra

da saqmianobis ganxorcieleba msoflio masStabiT.

erovnul gamoZaxilze reagireba (mravalerovnu-

li strategia) ki warmoadgens segmentirebul, regio-

nul bazrebze momxmarebelTa gansxvavebuli gemovnebis

amocnobasa da sxvadasxva erovnuli standartebis, da-

moukidebeli mTavrobebis da saagentoebis mier SemuSa-

vebuli moTxovnebis dacvas. aseTi strategiis mizania

strategiuli midgomebis misadageba yoveli qveynis pi-

robebTan, sadac ki saqmianobs firma. es niSnavs mizno-

briv qveynebSi iuridiulad damoukidebeli kompaniebis

Seqmnas, iseTi kerZo strategiebis SemuSavebas, romle-

bic Seesabameba mocemuli qveynis pirobebs, minimaluri

koordinaciiT, anda mnk-s SigniT koordinaciis saerTod

ar arsebobiT. mocemul strategias axasiaTebs aseve

adgilobriv momwodeblebze orientireba da erovnuli

moTxovnis, kulturisa da qveynis Cveulebebis specifi-

kisadmi sruli adaptireba.1

arsebobs dargebi, sadac aris rogorc mravale-

rovnuli, aseve globaluri konkurenciis segmentebi.

magaliTad, gemebis Zravebis sapoxi zeTebis warmoeba

gamoirCeva globaluri konkurenciiT, radgan gemebs

erTnairi momsaxureba sWirdebaT dedamiwis nebismier

portSi. avtomobilis Zravis zeTebis segmenti ki mra-

valerovnuli konkurenciiT xasiaTdeba, radgan didi

mniSvneloba aqvs klimatur pirobebs, erovnul stan-

dartebs, transportirebis maRal xarjebs da masSta-

bis ekonomiis SezRudul SesaZleblobebs. gemis Zra-

vebis sapoxi zeTebis segmentSi arsebobis SenarCuneba

SeZles mxolod msoflio liderebma: ‘’Exxon’’, ‘’British 1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 277-278.

105


Petrolium’’, ‘’Shell’’, saavtomobilo zeTebs ki warmatebiT

uSvebs erovnul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmebi, ro-

goricaa-‘’Pennzoil’’-aSS-Si, ‘’Castrol’‘-did britaneTSi da

sxva.

mravlerovnuli konkurencia moiTxovs mravale-

rovnul korporaciul strategias, globaluri ki _

globalur strategias.1

globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur

moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica. moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica.

globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur

moTxovnebze reagireba konceptualurad SeiZleba

warmovadginoT organzomilebiani matricis saxiT (ix.

diagrama 1).2

diagramaze vertikaluri RerZi aRniSnavs ekonomi-

kuri integraciis dones, anu globalizacias. mocemul

RerZze rac ufro zeviT avdivarT, miT ufro didia

ekonomikuri integraciis xarisxi. globalizacia, um-

1Пивоваров С, Тарасевич Л. Международный менеджмент, 2008, с. 267.2 Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, ManagingAcross Borders: The Trans-national Solution , 2nd ed. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998, p. 309.

diagrama 1. globalizaciasa da erovnul specifikur

moTxovnebze reagirebis matrica

globalizacia (integracia)

erovnuli gamoZaxili (diferenciacia)

maRali dabali

3.

transnacionalu-

ri strategia

4.

multi -

adgilobrivi

strategia

dabali

maRali

1.

globaluri

strategia

2.

saerTaSoriso

strategia

106


etes SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs masStabis ekonomias da

mk sargebels iRebs gamoSvebul produqciaze klebadi

danaxarjebis donisgan.

horizontaluri RerZi zomavs mk-sadmi wayenebul

erovnul specifikur moTxovnebze reagirebis dones. igi

mk-s miuTiTebs, rom maT unda gaiTvaliswinon adgilo-

brivi bazris gemovneba, ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi

regulaciebi, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT bazris

geografiuli danawileba.

pirveli da meoTxe kvadratebi warmoadgens um-

artives mdgomareobas. pirvel kvadratSi, integraciis

saWiroeba aris maRali, xolo diferanciaciis (erovnu-

li gamoZaxili) - dabali. aseTi saxis biznesgaremoSi

yvelaze xSirad xdeba kompaniebis Serwyma da SeZena.

amis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaa gamosaxuli meoTxe

kvadratze - multilokaluri mdgomareobis maCvene-

beli. am SemTxvevaSi mk ignorirebas ukeTebs masStabis

ekonomias da cdilobs sakuTari produqciis bazarze

adaptacias, raTa daakmayofilos moTxovnis maRali

done.

meore da mesame kvadarati ufro rTul garemos

gamoxatavs. meore kvadrati gansazRvravs iseT SemTx-

vevas, romelSic moTxovnebi integraciisa da diferen-

ciaciis mimarT dabalia, masStabis ekonomiis saWiroeba

da diferenciaciis mimarT mgrZnobeloba umniSvneloa.

meore kvadratis garemos Sesabamisi tipuri strate-

giebi xasiaTdeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis mzardi

saerTaSoriso standartizebiT. msgavsi situacia xazs

usvavs xarisxis kontrolsa da menejmentis mier miRe-

buli gadawyvetilebebis centralizacias.1

mesame kvadratSi moTxovnebi integraciisa da

diferenciaciisadmi maRalia, ris gamoc SemTxvevaSi mk-

ebis mier marketinguli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

proceSi warmoiSoba warmoebis integraciis aucile-

1Гриффин Р. Пастей М. Международный бизнес, 2006, с. 556-558.

107


bloba regionuli diferenciaciis moTxovnebTan. mk-s,

romelic cdilobs miaRwios aRniSnul miznebs, ewodeba

transnacionaluri strategiis mqone kompania.

strategiis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi etapebi.strategiis SemuSavebis ZiriTadi etapebi.

strategiuli dagegmvis saWiroebebi, sargebeli,

midgomebi da Taviseburebebi aTvlis wertilebia

strategiis Camoyalibebis procesSi. mk-ebSi strategi-

uli dagegmvis procesi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad

etapad (ix. diagrama 2 )1:

gare garemos analizi, raTa dadgindes SesaZle-1.

blobebi da safrTxeebi;

kompaniis Sida resursebis analzi, raTa dadg-2.

indes susti da Zlieri mxareebi;

garemosa da Siga resursebis analizis safuZ-3.

velze Sesabamisi miznebis Camoyalibeba.

diagrama 2. mk-ebSi strategiis SemuSavebis etapebi

kompaniis garemos analizi. amis mizania menej-

ments miawodos zusti prognozi im cvlilebebisa da

tendenciebis Sesaxeb, rac mimdinareobs im geografiul

regionebSi, sadac kompania awarmoebs bizness an geg-

1Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Be-havior, 2012, p. 278-280.

108


mavs saqmianobis dawyebas. es cvlilebebi dakavSire-

bulia ekonimikur, politikur, socialur, teqnologiur,

saxelmwifo maregulerebel da sabazro faqtorebTan

(ix. diagrama 3).1

diagrama 3. organizaciaze moqmedi gare faqtorebi

Siga resursebis analizi. strategiis Camoyalibe-

bisas zogierTi mk garemos analizis Semdeg, atarebs Siga resursebis analizs. zogierTi ki-orive analizs

erTdroulad atarebs. Siga resursebis analizi exmare-

ba komanias Seafasos arsebuli menejeruli, teqnikuri,

materialuri da finansuri siZliere, raTa gamoavli-

nos Zlieri da susti mxareebi. menejmentSi aRniSnul

process SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analizs uwodeben, romelic xazs usvavs imas, rom kom-

paniam sworad unda Seafasos sakuTari Zlieri da sus-

ti mxareebi, SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi.2

1Kendra S. Albright, “Environmental Scanning: Radar for Success,” Information Management Journal 38, no. 3 (May/June 2004), p. 42.2 artur a. tomsoni umc., a. j. striklendi. strategiuli me-

nejmenti: koncefciebi da biznessituaciebi, SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010, gv. 175.

109


miznebis Camoyalibeba. praqtikaSi, miznebis dasaxva

xSirad uswrebs gare da Siga garemos analizs. Tumca,

strategiuli dagegmarebisaTvis specifikuri miznebi

swored garemosa da Siga resursebis analziis Sed-

egad gamoikveTeba. mk isaxavs sxvadasxva mizans, Tumca,

unda aRiniSnos, rom dResdReobiT mk miznebSi momgebi-

anobasa da marketingul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi mudam dominirebs.

strategiis ganxorcieleba. strategiuli gegmis

Camoylibebis Semdeg iwyeba ganxorcilebis anu dan-

ergvis etapi. strategiis ganxrocieleba saqonlis an

momsaxurebis miwodebaa dasaxuli gegmis Tanaxmad. sak-

maod xSirad, aseTi gegma dafuZnebulia marTvis pro-

cesebis saerTo filosofiasa da principebze. saerTa-

Soriso menejmenti mxedvelobaSi iRebs mk-is strate-

giis ganxorcielebis sam zogad mimarTulebas:

mk-m unda gadawyvitos Tu sad ganaxorcielebs 1.

saqmianobas;

unda daisaxos konkretul bazarze Sesvlis 2.

strategia;

menejmentma unda ganaxorcielos funqciuri 3.

strategiebi iseT umniSvnelovanes sferoebSi, rogori-caa: marketingi, warmoeba da finansebi.1

amrigad, Tanamedrove etapze biznesis strategiis

mniSvneloba mkveTrad gaizarda. mkacri konkurencii-

sa da mudmivad cvalebadi garemos pirobebSi, mk-m war-

matebis misaRwevad unda SeimuSaos swori strategia,

romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba ara marto misi Siga po-

tencialis maqsimalur gamoyenebaze, aramed konkuren-

tuli upiratesobis mopovebaze.

menejerebis arCevani konkretul strategiaze, es

aris ama Tu im kompaniis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesa-

1 Hotget R.M., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 2012, p. 284.

110


Zlo gzebi.

strategiis gareSe kompanias ar aaqvs mofiqrebuli

moqmedebis gegma da Sesabamisad ar gaaCnia gzamkvlevi

saerTaSoriso biznesSi, anu ar arsebobs sasurveli

Sedegebis miRwevis erTiani programa.

International Strategic Planning International Strategic Planning in Multinational Companiesin Multinational Companies

D. Nizharadze D. Nizharadze The article discusses strategic planning process in multinational

companies, its stages, importance and infl uence on achieving success in international market. It also covers modern approaches to strategic plan-ning, which is based on political, economical and quality imperatives and administrative coordination. The article provides specifi c examples of the strategies and approaches the successful multinational companies like Volvo, BMW, IBM, Apple, Compaq, Nintendo, Thums Up, Coca-Cola, Walmart and others use to increase competitiveness in the global market.

The article pays special attantion to the stages of strategy devel-opment in multinational companies, selecting global and regional strate-gies and their comparative analysis. This issue is illustrated with the matrix of responding to globalization and national specifi c demands in accordance with matrix.

111


Г. М. Яблучанска, Г. М. Яблучанска, Докторант Тбилисского государственного Докторант Тбилисского государственного

университета им. И. Джавахишвилиуниверситета им. И. Джавахишвили

Фармацевтический рынок занимает одно из главных мест в социальной политике государства и все страны в той или иной мере пытаются регулировать его с целью сделать медикаменты максимально доступными для населения. Каждая страна выбирает наиболее приемлемую для себя стратегию, ставя акценты на кон-троле входных цен, фиксировании наценок, создании списка рефе-ральных цен и др.

Грузия не стала исключением, выбрав для этого, однако, достаточно беспрецендентный способ. Правительство страны 22 октября 2009 года издало указ №188, вносящий принципиальные изменения в функционирование фармацевтического рынка. Осо-бенностью стало не жесткое регулирования цен и наценок, а, на-против, максимальная либерализация регистрации лекарственных средств и разрешение параллельного импорта из списка утвержден-ных стран. Указом определен список стран, из которых разрешает-ся ввоз лекарственных средств (ЛС) в режиме допуска, в составе: США, Австралия, Австрия, Новая Зеландия, Бельгия, Болгария, Германия, Дания, Великобритания, Эстония, Испания, Ирландия, Италия, Япония, Исландия, Канада, Кипр, Корея, Люксембург, Лат-вия, Литва, Мальта, Норвегия, Нидерланды, Португалия, Польша, Румыния, Франция, Словения, Словакия, Греция, Венгрия, Фин-ляндия, Швеция, Швейцария, Чехия.

Реакция фармацевтического Реакция фармацевтического рынка Грузии на облегчение ввоза рынка Грузии на облегчение ввоза

лекарственных средствлекарственных средств

112

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаДо этого рынок работал, в основном, по прямым эксклюзив-

ным контрактам между отдельно взятыми дистрибьюторами и произ-водителями, за исключением некоторых компаний-призводителей, которые были в партнерстве одновременно с несколькими дистри-бьюторами. Такая ситуация приводила к формированию высоких розничных цен на медикаменты и практически исключала внутрен-нюю конкуренцию1 Разрешенное одновременное присутствие на рынке упаковок из разных стран на один препарат создает условия для разрушения эксклюзивности контрактов, появления в Грузии новых компаний-импортеров, инициирует поискновых поставщи-ков с новых рынков, предлагающих наименьшую цену.

Указ, ожидается, должен сломать состоявшуюся на годы не-зависимости, фактически, монополию на рынке и включить нор-мальные конкурентные механизмы, спровоцировав, в конечном итоге, падение розничных цен.

График 1. Динамика импорта ЛС в Грузию с 2008 по 2011 год в долларах и национальной валюте

Pharmaceutical market trends in 2010. CIS Pharma Intelligence. cispharma.blog-spot.com; Фармацевтический рынок Грузии Business Грузия. http://bizzone.info/markets/1250970250.php

113


Как отреагировал рынок на данное разрешение правитель-ства и как изменилась структура импорта лекарственных средств, стало предметом изучения в данной статье.

Оценка изменений соотношения объемов импорта ЛС из перечисленных стран-импортеров проанализирована за период с 2008 по 2011 год включительно.

Ее источником послужили официальные данные, предостав-ленные министерством Финансов Грузии по нашему запросу.

Как видно на графике 1, общие объемы импорта ЛС в денеж-ном выражении прогрессивно росли на протяжении всего указан-ного периода. Небольшая отрицательная динамика в 2009 году в долларовом эквиваленте связана с курсовой разницей, при том, что положительная тенденция в национальной валюте сохранялась.

Чтобы проанализировать, насколько привлекательным ока-залось новое законодательство для импортеров и как это повлияло на распределение импорта между разными странами, включен-ными в список стран,была расчитана суммарная доля всех стран-импортеров к общему импорту лекарственных средств.

График 2 .Доля импорта из стран с облегченным доcтупом от общего объема импорта ЛС, $

114

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаКак видно из графика 2, никакого значительного изменения

в суммарной доле не наблюдалось. Такой результат логичен, так как данное законодательство касалось медикаментов, зарегистри-рованных в данных странах. Поэтому, чтобы посмотреть, было ли какое-то перераспределение импорта между странами, каждая страна изучалась отдельно. Был расчитан темп прироста по объему импорта в долларах (аутлайеры исключены). Анализировался темп прироста 2009/2008, 2010/2009, 2011/2010 и 2011/2008. Последнее соотношение особенно интересно, так как выступает индикато-ром изменения за период времени до принятия указа и спустя три года.

В 2009 году, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост в доле импорта наблюдался только из США, Финляндии, Румынии и очень незначительный из Словакии, В 2009 году, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост в доле импорта наблюдался только из США, Финляндии, Румынии и очень незна-чительный из Словакии, Латвии и Кореи. В 2010, по отношению к 2009 году, был прирост импорта из Японии, Литвы, Греции, Ита-лии, Великобритании, Кореи и незначительный из Австрии, Бол-

График 3. Темп прироста импорта медикаментов из стран, включенных в список с облегченным импортом, $

115


гарии, Франции и Кипра. В 2011, по отношению к 2010, положи-тельный прирост был из Литвы, Греции, Великобритании, Латвии и незначительный из Кореи, Словакии, Германии, Венгрии, Поль-ши, Испании и Швейцарии. В 2011, по отношению к 2008 году, положительный прирост импорта наблюдался из таких стран как Южная Корея, Латвия, Словакия, Великобритания, Италия, Гре-ция, Румыния, Финляндия и Литва. Важно учитывать, что немалый процент ЛС стран-производителей, входящих в список стран из которых позволена регистрация медикаментов в режиме допуска, поставлялся в Грузию из России, Украины, Казахстана и др. стран СНГ, в связи с соответствующим привязкой Грузии к различным территориальным офисам внутри компаний-производителей, по-этому данный график отражает только страны-поставщики и не отражает страны-производители. Также, не возможно говорить о странах-производителях, так как продукты, произведенные в стра-нах не входящих в список, но зарегистрированные в странах из списка попадают под общее правило более свободного доступа в Грузию.

В связи с тем, что общий объем ввоза в страну ЛС не позво-ляет оценить динамики развития параллельного импорта, нужно было проанализировать изменения на уровне отдельно взятых ЛС. Для этого была проведена дополнительная обработка данных, пре-доставленных Министерства Финансов. Так как Министерство Фи-нансов, по всей видимости, не интересовало количество поступае-мых в страну лекарственных средств по торговым названиям, база данных содержала не однородную информацию, затрудняя полную ее обработку с вычленением всех медикаментов. Из предоставлен-ной базы были случайным образом отобраны и проанализированы 100 медикаментов, европейских и американских производителей, импорт которых прослеживался из разных стран в 2011 году. Вы-бранное количество является статистически значимым и позволяет отследить тенденции, происходящие на фармацевтическом рынке

116

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. Яблучанскапосле введения закона об облегченном доступе ЛС в Грузию. Важ-но отметить, что изучить импорт ЛС по формам выпуска и дози-ровкам не представлялось возможным, так как в большинстве слу-чаев данная информация отсутствовала в исходной базе, поэтому анализ осуществлялся только по общему названию.

Каждая из выбранных позиций ЛС в 2011 году поставлялась в Грузию из нескольких стран. Их количество колебалось в диапа-зоне от 3 до 12. Распределение количества стран-поставщиков для разных ЛС представлено на графике 4.

Примечательно, что две позиции поставлялись в Грузию из 12 стран, среди которых были 4 (Россия, Украина, Армения и Азер-байджан), не входящие в перечень стран с облегченной регистра-цией. Такой факт говорит о вероятности присутствия на этих рын-ках упаковок, аналогичных зарегистрированным в Грузии, либо же осуществлялся реэкспорт из других стран. Большая часть ЛС, попавшая в выборку, имела от 4 до 6 стран поставщиков.

Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров представлена на графике 5. Всего 100 продуктов, попавшие в выборку, поставля-лись в Грузию из 31страны. Чаще всего импортерами выступали Латвия, Великобритания, Азербайджан и Болгария.

График 4. Распределение колисчества стран-импортеров

117


На официальном сайте министерства Здравоохранения, Тру-да и Социального Обеспечения Грузии представлена информация об импорте ЛС на территорию Грузии начиная с 2008 года1. Дан-ный источник содержит информацию о компаниях-импортерах, но не указывает стран, из которых импорт был осуществлен. Мы попытались наложить информацию о продуктах из двух источни-ков. Нам было интересно проанализировать различия в количестве компаний-импортеров до введения закона об облегченном импорте ЛС из ряда стран и спустя несколько лет после начала действия данного законодательства. Для этого мы отобрали 20 ЛС из нашего списка медикаментов, которые характеризовались наибольшим ко-личеством стран-поставщиков в 2011 году и сравнили количество компаний-импортеров в 2008 и 2011 году.

График 5. Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров

1 Официальный сайт Министерства Здравоохранения, труда и социальной политики Грузии. http://www.moh.itdc.ge/

118

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. Яблучанска

Как видно из графика 6, в 2011 году вольтарен и бетасерк имеют максимальное количество стран-импортеров (по 12). Кла-ритин и ламисил поставлялся в Грузию из 11 источников элоком – из 9 . Нормодипин, дипросалик, имодиум, ренитек, дюфастон, эриус,аугментин, креон, смекта, конкор и аспирин из 8 стран, энап, хартил, низорал и габагамма из 7. При этом важно отметить, что до вступления в силу нового закона, некоторые медикаменты име-ли одного поставщика, как в случае кларитина, нормодипина, ди-просалика, эриуса, аугментина, смекты, аспирина (производство компании Байер), хартила и габагаммы. Это указывает на наличие прямых эксклюзивных контрактов между производителями и дис-трибьюторами. В некоторых случаях медикаменты поставлялись несколькими ( от двух и более, максимально – препарат конкор) им-портерами. После введения законодательства наблюдался всплеск количества компаний - импортеров. Максимальный рост был от-

График 6. Изменения количества импортеров с 2011 году по отношению к 2008 году

119


мечен на аугментин и аспирин – на 1000%, с одного до десяти компаний. С одного до девяти увеличилось у смекты и эриуса. На некоторые позиции изменения были не такие разительные. Напри-мер, препарат хартил приобрел трех поставщиков вместо одного, а элоком – четырех. По продуктам дюфастон и конкор наблюдалась обратная ситуация. Количество их импортеров уменьшилось. Это могло быть связано с прекращением активности некоторых компа-ний на рынке Грузии.

Интересным является тот факт, что по некоторым позициям количество стран и компаний-импортеров различалось. Например, у таких продуктов, как бетасерк, кларитин, ламисил, элоком, нормо-дипин, дипросалик, дюфастон, креон, хартил и габагамма количе-ство компаний импортеров меньше чем стран. По всей видимости, некоторые из компаний ввозили один продукт из нескольких рын-ков. На другие же позиции, такие как вольтарен, имодиум, ренитек, эриус, аугментин, смекта, конкор, аспирин и низорал, количество стран-импортеров превышало количество компаний импортеров, что говорит о том, что одновременно несколько компаний завозили продукт с одного рынка. Только энап составлял исключение, когда количество стран и компаний совпадало. Предположительно, каж-дая компания завозит продукт с отличного от других рынка.

Интересно было проанализировать, есть ли отличия между рецептурными (Rx) и безрецептурными (OTC) препаратами. Для этого обсуждаемые сто позиций были сверены с данными о реги-страции на официальном сайте Министерства здравоохранения. Наши выбранные позиции разбились в следующем соотношении: 66 – рецептурных, 31 – безрецептурных препарата. Оставшиеся 3 (вольтарен, кетонал и диклак) имели некоторые формы выпуска зарегистрированные как безрецептурные (гелевые формы), и неко-торые как рецептурные (таблетки, капсулы, свечи, инъекционные формы). Так как информация об импорте отдельно взятых форм не была доступна, то эти три продукта учитывались как смешанные.

120

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаАнализ частоты встречаемости стран-импортеров отдельно по Rxи OTC продуктам представлен на графике 7.

Из анализ частоты встречаемости стран-импортеров отдель-но по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам следует, что по рецептурным препаратам лидируют Латвия, Великобритания, Азербайджан и Болгария, те же, что и для всей выборки медика-ментов. Для безрецептурных – Латвия, Азербайджан, Великобри-тания и Болгария – изменилась только последовательность стран. Те же лидеры сохранялись для продуктов со смешанной регистра-цией. Следовательно, цены у оптовых компаний в данных странах ниже на все медикаменты, что и определяет их присутствие во всех анализируемых группах.

Дополнительно были изучены количества стран-поставщиков в каждой группе ЛС. Как видно из графика 8, распределение ко-

График 7. Частота встречаемости стран-импортеров отдельно по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам

121


личества стран-поставщиков во всех группах ЛС происходило по-хоже. Так, рецептурные препараты поставлялись одновременно в диапазоне от 3 до 12 стран-поставщиков. Основной объем прихо-дился на 4-6 страны. Безрецептурные – в диапазоне от 3 до 11, с основным объемом из четырех и шести стран по-позиционно. Про-дуктов со смешанным типом регистрации было всего 3, тем не ме-нее, и они тоже попали в такое же распределение: 5, 6 и 12 стран.

Проведенный анализ на примере 100 наименований медика-ментов показал, что рынок позитивно откликнулся на облегчение ввоза как рецептурных, так и безрецептурных ЛС с утвержденного перечня рынков Поставленные цели, в виде увеличение количества импортеров и источников для ЛС, реализовались. Как этот процесс повлиял на формирование розничных цен и насколько произошло их снижение является темой для дополнительного исследования и должно обсуждать в отдельной статье.

График 8. Распределение колисчества стран-импортеров по рецептурным и безрецептурным препаратам

122

Г. М. ЯблучанскаГ. М. ЯблучанскаsaqarTvelos farmacevtuli bazris reaqcia saqarTvelos farmacevtuli bazris reaqcia

samkurnalo saSualebebis liberalizebul samkurnalo saSualebebis liberalizebul

importzeimportze

g. iabluCanska g. iabluCanska

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis oqtombris

dadgenilebam wamlis registraciis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvia

farmacevtul bazarze moqmedi kompaniebis mier sxva-

dasxva qveynidan axali momwodeblebis Zebna. bazarze

axladSeqmnili garemoebis gavlenis gamosakvlevad Ses-

wavlili iqna, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros mier

mowodebuli, importis monacemTa baza. 2011 wels 2012

welTan SedarebiT, mTliani importi gaizarda litvi-

dan, didi britaneTidan, rumineTidan, saberZneTidan da

sxva qveynebidan.

gaanalizda sul 100 medikamenti, gamoiyo sacalo

gayidvebi da recepturuli wamlebi. analizma gviCvena,

rom 2011 wels saqarTveloSi erTi da igive wamlis

importi modioda ramdenime qveyanaze. ZiriTadi impor-

tiori qveynebi iyo litva, latvia, didi britaneTi, bul-

gareTi da azerbaijani.

bazris reaqcia axal dadgenilebaze iyo poziti-

uri, importiori qveynebis ricxvi da qveyanaSi Semot-

anili wamlebis raodenoba gaizarda.

123


nona gelitaSvilinona gelitaSvili


sapensio sistema saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc bevr

sxva qveyanaSi, sadac jer kidev moqmedebs `pay as you go~1 sistema, romlis drosac socialuri gadaxdebi damokide-

bulia saxelmwifos Semosavlebze, gakotrebis pirasaa.

adre Tu gvian, am sistemebis reformireba aucilebelia.

amasTan, rac ufro didi xniT gadaideba es reforma, miT

ufro rTuli iqneba gadasvla TviTdafinansebad sapen-

sio sistemaze.

samecniero literaturaSi sapensio reformebis

or tipologias gamoyofen. erTi mxriv, es aris `laTi-

noamerikuli~ ganviTarebis gza, STagonebuli 1980-ian

wlebSi CileSi ganxorcilebuli radikaluri sapensio

reformiT. am qveynis magaliTs mibaZes laTinuri ameri-

kis sxva qveynebmac, kerZod: perum (1993w.), kolumbiam (1994),

argentinam (1994), urugvaim (1996), boliviam (1997), meqsikam

(1997) da salvadorma (1998). reformis arsia dagrovebiTi

sapensio sistemis danergva da misi momsaxurebisTvis

saWiro kerZo sapensio fondebis qselis Seqmna.

meore mxriv, arsebobs ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) qveyneb-

is gamocdileba, romelTac arsebul saxelmwifoebriv

gamanawilebel sistemaze `daaSenes~ axali dagrovebiTi

doneebi. aRniSnul or tipologias mkvlevarTa nawili

mesame tipsac umatebs, esaa gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebis praqtika, romelTac reformebi 1990-ian wlebSi 1 Pay-as-you-go tipis sapensio modeli _ iTvaliswinebs dabegvri-

dan saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosuli TanxebiT pensiebis dafin-

ansebas.

Ciles sapensio reforma: Ciles sapensio reforma:

arsi da mniSvneloba arsi da mniSvneloba

saqarTvelosaTvissaqarTvelosaTvis

124


daiwyes. is warmoadgens `hibriduli~ sistemis nimuSs da

ganviTarebuli qveynebis sistemebis msgavsia.1

Ciles modeli sapensio reformis erTgvar etal-

onad miiCneva. igi ukve 30 welze metia gamoiyeneba, marTa-

lia, yvela qveyanaSi garkveuli modifikaciebiT, magram _

TiTqmis erTnairi warmatebiT. Ciles sapensio modelis

ZiriTadi principia is, rom garkveuli momentidan saer-

Tod uqmdeba Zveli, saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli,

gamanawilebeli sistema da mis adgils ikavebs ramdenime

kerZo fondis mier organizebuli dagrovebiTi sistema.

Tumca, marTebulia davsvaT kiTxva _ aris Tu ara Ciles

sapensio reformis grZelvadiani efeqti iseTi STambe-

Wdavi, rogorc amas mkvlevarTa erTi nawili afasebs.

nebismieri Teoriuli modelis msgavsad, Ciles axal sap-

ensio modelsac hyavda Tavisi momxreebi da kritikosebi.

amitom, sainteresoa am urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazre-

bebis ganxilva da Ciles sapensio reformis ganxor-

cielebis procesisa da Sedegebis Sefaseba.

laTinuri amerikis qveynebi xSirad awydebodnen

biujetis deficitis problemas, aseve sirTuleebs ga-

dasaxadebis akrebaSi, rac didi Crdilovani seqtoris

arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac TavisTavad arTuleb-

da pensiebis gacemas. drodadro am qveynebis mTavrobebi

ekonomikuri problemebis mosagvareblad fulis sabeWd

manqanas mimarTavdnen, rac inflaciis tempebs SesamCne-

vad zrdida. amis Sedegad, sapensio danazogebi ufasurd-

eboda, xolo daqiravebuli muSakebi mTavrobas aRar

andobdnen sakuTari saxsrebis gankargvas da `Crdil-

Si~ darCenas amjobinebdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi sapensio

reformis mTavari amocana iyo myari kavSiris Seqmna

sistemaSi monawileobasa da gadaxdebs Soris, imavdrou-

lad, am procesis gamWvirvaloba unda yofiliyo uzrun-

velyofili. varaudobdnen, rom pirveli gamanawilebeli

done unda Semcirebuliyo dagrovebiTi donis gazrdis

xarjze. 1 Katharina Müller. Pension Reform Paths in Comparison: The Case of Central-Eastern Europe, Czech Sociological Review p. 7, 1999. 51–66.

125


aseTi iyo 1981 wlis Ciles sapensio reformis Ziri-

Tadi mimarTuleba. swored am mimarTulebiT wavidnen

SemdgomSi argentina, peru, kolumbia, meqsika, urugvai

da bolivia. aRsaniSnavia, rom yofili postsabWoTa da

postsocialisturi banakis qveynebidan, Ciles magaliTs

garkveulwilad mibaZes ungreTma, poloneTma da yazax-

eTma.1 laTinoamerikuli modelis erT-erTi umTavresi

damaxasiaTebeli niSania daqiravebuli muSakis pasux-

imgebloba mis mier sapensio fondis arCevis Taobaze.

Crdilovan seqtorTan brZoliT daRlilma mTavrobam

ubralod gadawyvita, Seeqmna situacia, roca moqalaqeebs

minimaluri sapensio garantiebis Seqmnasa da kerZo sap-

ensio fondebSi dagrovebas Soris arCevanis saSualeba

miecemodaT.

reformebma laTinur amerikaSi xeli Seuwyo kon-

sensusis Camoyalibebas im sakiTxSi, rom sapensio sistema

unda moZraobdes ̀ privatizebis~ mimarTulebiT da kerZo

da saxelmwifo sapensio fondebis faqtobriv kombinire-

bamde midiodes. iTvleboda, rom aseTi kombinacia xels

Seuwyobda mTeli rigi problemis gadawyvetas ara mar-

to sapensio, aramed sainvesticio sferoSic. garda amisa,

moxdeboda erovnuli bazrebis kapitalis ganviTare-

bis xelSewyoba. am TvalsazrisiT, msoflio bankis 1994

wlis angariSi _ `sapensio krizisis Tavidan acileba~

(World Bank, 1994), gadaiqca saetapo gamocemad, sadac praq-tikulad yvela qveyanas mieca rekomendacia, SemoeRoT

samsafexuriani sistema, romelSic igulisxmeba trad-

iciuli gamanawilebeli, savaldebulo dagrovebiTi da

nebayoflobiTi danazogebis doneebi.

Ciles SemTxveva _ es aris SedarebiT radikaluri da

garkveulwilad iZulebiTi reformis magaliTi, romelic

daefuZna pay-as-you-go tipis sapensio modelidan personal

1 M. A. Orenstein. “How Politics and Institutions Affect Pension Reform in Three Postcommunist Countries”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2310, World Bank, Washington D.C. 2000.

126


retirement account tipis modelze1 mkveTr gadanacvlebas.

Ciles reformebis ganxilvis dros aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT gansakuTrebuli demografiuli da

ekonomikuri konteqstebi. aq reformebis dawyebis peri-

odisTvis (1970-iani wlebis bolo) dasaqmebulTa raode-

noba mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda pensionerTa raodenobas.

garda amisa, sapensio uzrunvelyofaze gaweuli xarjebi

da socialuri miznebi arcTu ise maRali iyo. sapensio

anaricxebic sakmaod dabali iyo, kerZod, xelfasis 10%.

es gakeTda rac SeiZleba meti adamianis mosazidad, maT

Soris, dabalanazRaurebadi kategoriebidanac. Tumca,

rogorc reformatorebi varaudobdnen, ise ar warimarTa

procesi da yvela dasaqmebul pirs ar gamouTqvams axal

sistemaSi monawileobisTvis mzadyofna. miuxedavad ami-

sa, oficialurad daregistrirebuli muSakebisTvis es

aucileblobas warmoadgenda, xolo sapensio fondebis

saqmianobas saxelmwifo akontrolebda.2

axali sapensio kanonis (Decree Law 3500)3 ZalaSi Ses-

vlis Semdeg, moxda etapobrivi gadasvla Zveli 1 sve-

tiani modelidan axal 3 svetian sapensio modelze (ix.

cxrili). imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo siberis mixedviT

dazRvevisa da redistribuciis funqciis realizeba,

Tavdapirvelad ganxorcileda sruli gaTavisufleba

pirveli modelis maxasiaTeblebisgan.

20 wlis manZilze Ciles sapensio sistema ganu-

wyvetliv icvleboda, ramac gamoiwvia is, rom 2000-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi, dominirebuli mdgomareoba daikava

samma sapensio fondma, romlebSic koncentrirebuli iyo

klientebis 68% da mTeli sapensio sistemis resursebis

54%. momuSaveebs aqvT fondis arCevis ufleba, amasTan,

erTi fondidan meoreSi gadasvla uproblemodaa Ses-

aZlebeli, rac erTi kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi

4-jer SeiZleba moxdes. 1 personal retirement acoount tipis sapensio modeli _ uzrunvelyofs saku-

Tari pensiis uzrunvelyofas piradi angariSebis formirebis gziT. 2C. Mesa-Lago. Reassessing Pension Reform in Chile and Other Countries in Latin America, International Social Security Review, 54, 4. 2001. 67–92.3 htt p://www.svs.cl/siti o/english/asegurado/rentas_3500.php

127


Ciles mTavrobam daadgina Semosavlebis mini-

maluri odenoba, romlis miRebac SeuZliaT fondebs

maTSi ganxorcielebuli sainvesticio saxsrebidan. an-

gariSebi mogebisa da zaralis Sesaxeb yovelTviurad

ganixileba, xolo sajaro angariSebis warmodgena we-

liwadSi samjer xdeba. ase rom, Semosavlebis minimumis

Seusrulebloba kompaniisTvis SeiZleba gaxdes fondis

mmarTvelobidan Camocilebis mizezi. garda amisa, dawese-

bulia Semosavlebis zeda zRvaric, rac dakavSirebulia

sarisko aqtivebSi dabandebebis SezRudvasTan.

mokle da saSualovadian periodebSi Ciles sap-

ensio reformam xeli Seuwyo Sida investiciebis zr-

das, gansakuTrebiT _ binaTmSeneblobasa da infrastruq-

turis ganviTarebaSi (gzebi da komunikaciebi), aseve sam-

Tomompovebeli mrewvelobis aRorZinebaSi. garda amisa,

gaizarda grZelvadiani investiciebis wilic. 2000-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi TiToeuli fondis saSualo-statis-

tikuri portfeli Seadgenda saxelmwifo fasiani qaR-

aldebis 40%-s da korporaciuli fasiani qaRaldebis

40%-s. danarCeni wili modioda sadepozito Senatanebze,

sapensio fondebis saSualo Semosavlianoba ki wliur

12,5%-s Seadgenda.1

saerTod, iTvleba, rom CileSi ganxorcielebul-

ma sapensio reformam sami umTavresi dadebiTi efeqti

moitana: sainvesticio stimulebi, piradi Tavisuflebis

gafarToeba da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba. 2001

wlis monacemebiT, Ciles mSromelTa 95%-s hqonda pi-

radi sapensio danazogebi sxvadasxva sapensio fondSi,

romelTa mTliani aqtivebi gaizarda 34 bilion (aTas

mlrd) dolaramde, rac Ciles mSp-s 42%-s Seadgenda.2 2005

wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 64,9%-mde gaizarda da sapensio

fondebi Ciles safinanso bazris mniSvnelovani moTama-

Seebi gaxda.

1 Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC). 2001. Preliminary over-view of the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2001. Santiago: December.2 E.I. Mihaita. Lessons from the Latin American pension reforms: Developments in central and eastern Europe. The Chilean Case. 2001. 9-10.

128


Zveli sistema (1924-

1981ww.)

erTi sveti pay-as-you-go tipis gamanawile-

beli sistema, romelsac marTavs

saxelmwifo heterogenuli Semosav-

lebisa da xarjebis meSveobiT.

axali sistema (1981

wlidan)

sami sveti

pirveli sveti

(dazRveva da

redistribucia siberis

mixedviT)

meore sveti (dazogva

da siberis dazRveva)

mesame sveti

(nebayoflobiTi

danazogebi siberis

uzrunvelsayofad)

sapensio daxmarebebi gaWirve-buli xandazmulebisTvis,

romlebic ar monawileobd-

nen programaSi (saWiroebaze

Semowmebis Semdeg);

minimaluri sapensio garan-tiebi programaSi monawile

gaWirvebuli xandazmulebisT-

vis (saWiroebaze Semowmebis

Semdeg).

garkveuli Senatanebi;

individualuri sapensio an-gariSebi;

samrewvelo firmebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis saku-

Tari fondebi;

mkacri saxelmwifo reguli-reba da kontroli;

saxelmwifos garantiebi sap-ensio fondebisa da aqtivebis

TvalsazrisiT.

sagadasaxado stimulebi maTT-vis, vinc damatebiT danazogebs

akeTebs siberis uzrunvelsay-

ofad.

Ciles Zveli da axali sapensio sistemebi1

1K. S. Hebbel. Chile’s Pension Revolution coming of age. Central Bank of Chile. 1999, p. 4-5.

129


swored am movlenebma ganapiroba kritikosebis gaaq-

tiureba. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali sapensio sistema

funqcionirebda 1981 wlidan da 25 wlis manZilze man

moaxerxa arasaxelmwifo fondebSi mSp-s 65%-is akumu-

lireba, Seusrulebeli darCa reformatorebis mTavari

danapirebi. nacvlad bolo 10 wlis manZilze gamomuSave-

buli Tanxis 70%-isa, romelic am reformis Tanaxmad

unda mieRoT moqalaqeebs, maT mxolod xelfasis 39%-is

miReba SeZles, qalebisTvis ki am maCvenebelma mxolod

14% Seadgina. aRmoCnda, rom saSualo dagrovebiTi pensia

arafriT gansxvavdeboda im pensiisgan, romelsac mTav-

roba reformamde uxdida 65 wels miRweul pensionerebs.

aseve gairkva, rom mTeli Tavisi saqmiani cxovrebis man-

Zilze adamiani ver SeZlebda imdeni Tanxis dagrovebas,

rac mas eyofoda Tavisi minimaluri pensiis uzrunvel-

sayofad.

kritikosTa azriT, araswori gamodga warmodgena

imis Sesaxebac, rom pirad sapensio angariSebze sakuTre-

bis ufleba iqneboda seriozuli stimuli, raTa aRniS-

nuli sapensio sistemiT moecvaT mTeli mosaxleoba.

2006 wlisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom dasaqmebuli mosaxle-

obis mxolod 60% iyo CarTuli aRniSnul sistemaSi.

fiqroben, rom 2020 wlamde SesaZloa es maCvenebeli 50%-

mdec Semcirdes. eqspertTa SefasebebiT, Ciles sapensio

sistemis saerTo deficitma 5,7% Seadgina.11 aRniSnuli

problemebis gamo, 2008 wels Cilem daiwyo reformebis

ganxorcielebis axali etapi. axali reformis Tanaxmad,

dagrovebiTi sistemis paralelurad, funqcionirebas

iwyebs Zveli, solidaruli sapensio sistemac, romelic

sabazo asakobriv pensiasa da invalidobis mixedviT sap-

ensio uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs. rac Seexeba individ-

ualuri danazogebis sistemas, tardeba misi srulyofis

RonisZiebebi. aseve inergeba arasaxelmwifo fondebsa da

sadazRvevo kompaniebs Soris auqcionis sistema, axali

1 R. Madrid. The Politics and Economics of Pension Privatization in Latin America, Latin American Research Review, 37, 2. 2002, p. 159–182.

130


klientebis momsaxurebis mizniT. garda amisa, bazarze

Cndeba kidev erTi moTamaSe _ sagareo iuridiuli pire-

bis saxiT.

axla ki SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva imis Taobaze,

kargia Tu ara Ciles magaliTi saqarTvelosTvis? _

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis yvela pozitiur da negatiur

Sedegs, pasuxi, albaT, dadebiTi iqneba.

saqarTvelom udavod unda gaiziaros is gamocdile-

ba, romelic am sferoSi sxvadasxva qveynis praqtikiT

dagrovda. adamianebs unda mieceT ufleba, TavianTi sap-

ensio danazogebi ganaTavson individualur pirad an-

gariSebze, romelTac gankargaven erTmaneTTan konkuren-

ciaSi myofi kerZo firmebi. es firmebi moaxdenen sapen-

sio danazogebis investirebas safinanso bazrebze, Tavisi

klintebis mTeli SromiTi saqmianobis manZilze. garda

amisa, moqalaqeebs unda davutovoT arCevanis ufleba,

raTa maT, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZloT Senatanebis

warmoeba rogorc saxelwifo sapensio sistemaSi, aseve

kerZo sapensio fondebSi. imavdroulad, sapensio refor-

ma unda movargoT qveynis specifikas.

imisaTvis, rom sapensio sistemis privatizebidan

maqsimaluri sargebeli miviRoT, cxadia, aucilebelia

sxva socialuri reformebis gatarebac, da umetes SemTx-

vevaSi, sruliad axali sistemebis formirebac ki. sapen-

sio reformas, socialuri sistemis Camoyalibebis Tval-

sazrisiT, katalizatoris rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia.

axali sistemis Tanaxmad, momavali pensiis ode-

nobas gansazRvravs im Tanxis raodenoba, romelsac ada-

miani agrovebs Tavisi SromiTi saqmianobis manZilze.

saxelmwifos arc dasaqmebulebi da arc damsaqmeblebi

ar gadauxdian gadasaxads, romelsac igi socialuri

uzrunvelyofisTvis gamoiyenebda. aqedan gamomdinare,

momuSavec ar miiRebs momavalSi saxelmwifo pensias.

amis nacvlad, mTeli Tavisi SromiTi biografiis ganmav-

131


lobaSi, damqiravebeli yovelTviurad avtomaturad gad-

aricxavs daqiravebulis xelfasidan 10%-s mis sakuTar,

pirad sapensio Semnaxvel angariSze. aRniSnuli sapro-

cento ganakveTi Seexeba Semosavlis mxolod garkveul

nawils. Tu ekonomikur zrdasTan erTad, dasaqmebulis

Semosavalic gaizrdeba, maSin amgvari ìZulebiTi da-

zogvis~ roli sapensio sistemaSi Semcirdeba.

dasaqmebuls, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia nebayoflobiTi

Senatanebis gakeTebac da damatebiT kidev 10%-is gad-

aricxva yovelTviuri xelfasidan, rac aseve ar daibe-

greba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. saerTo angariSiT, Tu

mas ufro adre surs pensiaze gasvla, an ubralod maR-

ali odenobis pensiis miReba unda, ufro mets dazogavs

da sakuTar angariSzec Tavisi xelfasis 10%-ze mets

Seitans.

momuSaveebs unda SeeZloT erTi sapensio fondi-

dan meoreSi sakuTari angariSebis gadatana. amis gamo

kompaniebi mudmivad konkurenciaSi iqnebian, ris gamoc

ufro meti Semosavlis miRebas Seecdebian investiciebi-

dan, klientebs ki momsaxurebis ufro maRal xarisxsa da

dabal sakomisios SesTavazeben.

amgvari dagrovebiTi sistema saSualebas iZleva,

ufro iolad gadaiWras mSromeli mosaxleobis raode-

nobasTan dakavSirebuli gamanawilebeli sistemis prob-

lema: mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad, mcirdeba im

momuSaveTa ricxvi, romelTac uwevT erTi pensioneris

uzrunvelyofa. dagrovebiTi sistemis pirobebSi, dasaqme-

bul mosaxleobas ar uwevs pensionerTa Senaxva. piriqiT,

gamanawilebeli sistemisgan gasxvavebiT, qreba TaobaTa

Soris konfliqtis warmoqmnis yovelgvari safuZveli, da

aseve _ mTeli sistemis gakotrebis SesaZleblobac. axal

sistemaSi ar iarsebebs saxelmwifos mier Seusrulebel

sapensio valdebulebaTa problema, rasac bevri qveyana

awydeba.

132


axal sistemaze gadasvlis procesi martivi ar iqne-

ba. gardamaval etapze SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sami wesi:

saxelmwifom unda misces garantia maT, vinc ukve 1.

iRebs pensias, rom maT pensiebs reforma ar Seexeba;

yoveli momuSave, romelmac ukve gaakeTa Sena-2.

tanebi Zvel gamanawilebel sistemaSi, miiRebs arCevanis

uflebas, darCes am sistemaSi an gadavides axal da-

grovebiT sistemaze;

yvela im adamianisaTvis, romelic mimdinare pe-3.

riodSi SeuerTdeba dasaqmebulebs, savaldebulo iqneba

romelime maTganSi CarTva _ axal sistemaSi an Zvel,

saxelmwifoebriv gamanawilebel sistemaSi.

Pension Reform in Chile: the Essence and Importance for Georgia

N. GelitashviliN. GelitashviliIn 1981, Chile passed the Decree Law 3500, partially replacing the

state-run pay-as-you-go (PAYG), unfunded social security system with individually capitalized accounts in pension funds managed by private administrators. The seminal reforms have made a large contribution to Chile’s economic performance since then and inspired many other coun-tries to follow the case. Similar reforms have been initiated or are being actively considered in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Uruguay as well as in Hungary, Poland, and Kazakhstan.

The pension system in Georgia, like in many other countries, where still there are old distribution systems, in which social payments depend on state income, is about to go bankrupt. It’s essential to reform this sys-tem earlier or later. What’s more, the later the reform is carried out, the more diffi cult it will be to have self- fi nancing pension system.

Pension reform in Chile – is it a good example for Georgia? Taking into consideration all its negative and positive results, the answer prob-ably will be – yes. The article analyses the essence of the Chile reform and its importance for Georgia.

133


asmaT gulordavaasmaT gulordava

iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze erovnul

ekonomikaSi agraruli seqtoris wili SefardebiT

mcirdeba. Tu XIX saukunis bolos msoflios yvela

qveyanaSi (gamonaklisia didi britaneTi) soflis

meurneoba ekonomikis ZiriTadi dargi iyo dasaqmebulTa

raodenobiT, aseve mSp-Si xvedriTi wonis mixedviT,

dRes, ganviTarebul qveynebSi misi wili mSp-Si saSualod

3-5%-ia, xolo dargSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis

mxolod 10%1. amis safuZveli agrarul sferoSi Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis mkveTri zrdaa, ramac ganapiroba is,

rom erTi amerikeli fermeri 100 adamians kvebavs2. aSS-

Si soflis meurneobis, kvebis produqtebis warmoebis,

gadamuSavebis, transportirebisa da gadazidvebis

sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis 7,3%, anu 22 mln kaci,

maTgan 4,6 mln uSualod miwaTmoqmedebas misdevs; aSS-

is mTliani farTobi 917 mln haa, aqedan 47% sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba3. qveyana msoflioSi

sasursaTo produqtebis umsxvilesi mwarmoebelia.

saSualod yovel erT saaTSi eqsportirdeba 6 mln

dolaris Rirebulebis soflis meurneobis produqcia.

saqarTveloSi, 2000-2009 wlebSi, mSp-Si soflis

meurneobis wili klebadi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba (ix.

grafiki 1). am seqtorSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis

naxevarze meti. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, aseve,

dasaqmebuli iyo samSeneblo seqtorSi, Tumca, am

saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo

seqtoris ganviTarebis zogierTi seqtoris ganviTarebis zogierTi

sakiTxisakiTxi

1 xaraiSvili e. konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi

saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi, Tb., 2011, gv. 43.2 www.faostat.org3 ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSr. gv. 43.

134


ukanasknelze globalurma krizisma da safinanso

bazrebis ryevebma mkveTrad uaryofiTad imoqmeda

da Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis araefeqtiani struqtura

Camoyalibda. amave periodSi agrarul seqtorSi realuri

warmoeba daaxloebiT 5%-iT Semcirda.

saqarTvelos mSp-Si soflis meurneobis wilis dinamika1

grafiki 1

mniSvnelovani korelacia vlindeba soflis meurne o bis

mTliani produqciis dinamikasa da warmoebis ganviTarebis

xelSemSlel faqtorebs Soris (ix. cxrili 1).

soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis dinamika

xelSemSleli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ucvlel fasebiT)

cxrili 1

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

mTliani

produq ciis

kleba (_),

mateba (+)

_3%

_15%

+ 6%

_ 4%

+ 11%

_10%

_1%

_ 17%

_ 8%

_ 10%

_ 9%

ხელის

შემ -

შლელ

იფაქტორები

გვალ

ვა

გვალ

ვა

ფრინ

ველის

გრიპ

ი

გვალ

ვა,

ფრინ

ველის

გრიპ

ი

ღორის

ჭირი

ომი

1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi. 2 www.geostat.ge (ssf-is mier Catarebuli gaTvlebi).

135


rogorc monacemebidan Cans, soflis meurneobis

produqciis Semcireba gansakuTrebiT maRalia im

periodSi, roca warmoebis ganviTarebis xelSemSleli

faqtorebia dafiqsirebuli, kerZod, 2000, 2004, 2006,

2008 wlebSi. Sesabamisad, agrosasursaTo seqtoris

zrdisTvis saWiroa masze saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedeba

garantirebuli fasebis, stimulirebis programis,

dazRvevisa da sxva berketebis meSveobiT.

saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi arsebul

problemebs Soris, bolo periodSi, erT-erTi mTavaria

arasasurveli dargobrivi struqturis Camoyalibeba (ix.

cxrili 2).

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Taviseburebidan

gamomdinare, aucilebelia mecxoveleobasTan SedarebiT

(rac TavisTavad CamorCenilobiT xasiaTdeba)

memcenareobis mniSvnelovani CamorCenis daZleva, ris

gareSec Tavad mecxoveleobis ganviTarebac arsebiTad

ferxdeba.

saqarTvelos soflis meurnebis dargobrivi struqturis

dinamika 2006-2009 wlebSi (%%)1

cxrili 2

adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT

mosaxleobis dakmayofileba nebismieri qveynisaTvis

prioritetuli amocanaa. aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba

obieqturad moiTxovs soflis meurneobis iseTi

dargobrivi struqturis Camoyalibebas, romelSic

2006 2007 2008 2009სოფლის მეურნეობის მთლიანი პროდუქცია 100 100 100 100

მემცენარეობა 43 47 41 44მეცხოველეობა 55 51 56 53

სასოფლო-სამეურნეო

მომსახურება

2 2 3 3

1 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2009 wels, gv. 18.

136


wamyvani adgili daeTmoba sasursaTo balansis

formirebisaTvis saWiro produqtebis warmoebas. pirvel

rigSi, agrosasursaTo seqtoris zrdisTvis, aucilebelia

soflis meurneobis dargobriv struqturaSi daaxloebiT

Tanabari raodenobiT iyos warmodgenili memcenareobisa

da mecxoveleobis produqcia.

agrosasursaTo seqtorSi dargobrivi struqturis

realuri suraTis misaRebad aucilebelia fasebis

cvlilebis, sagareo vaWrobisa da ucxouri valutis

reJimis gaTvaliswineba. am faqtorebis gavlena msoflios

nebismier qveyanaSi Zalze didia, miT umetes, dRes. isic

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom moTxovna agrosasursaTo

produqtebze zrdadia, sasursaTo problemas kidev ufro

amwvavebs masze fasebis ukontrolo zrda. maSin, rodesac

evrokavSiris mTeli kanonmdebloba mimarTulia xalxis

cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze, saqarTveloSi sapirispiro

movlenebebs aqvs adgili - sursaTis uxarisxobas

kidev ufro amZimebs masze fasebis mkveTri zrda. es

gansakuTrebiT exeba mecxoveleobis produqcias, ris

fasic bolo periodSi katastrofulad gaizarda1. amas

emateba isic, rom saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo seqtori

ZiriTadad arasaeqsporto daniSnulebiT viTardeba da

bazarze faqtobrivad ar xorcieldeba fasebis pirdapiri

intervencia. fasebis swori politikis SemuSaveba da

aRricxvis sistemis mowesrigeba xels Seuwyobs moqnili

finansuri sistemis Seqmnas da realuri dargobrivi

struqturis dadgenas. amasTan, dargobrivi struqturis

srulyofa sainvesticio uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswinebiT

unda moxdes.

saqarTveloSi, dRes, mosaxleobis umsxvilesi

damsaqmebeli dargi dabalSemosavliani soflis

meurneobaa, magram warmoebisa da dasaqmebis arsebul

pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, garTulebulia agrosasursaTo

1 revaz gogoxia, giorgi doRonaZe. soflis meurneobis mxardamWeri

politika msoflioSi da qarTuli realoba, Jurn. ,,ekonomika da bi-

znesi~, 2011, #6, gv. 29.

137


seqtoris mdgradi ganviTareba. amasTan, am seqtoris

zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtoria mosaxleobis

siRaribis maRali donec, rac ara marto sazogadoebis

qonebriv diferenciacias aRrmavebs, aramed abrkolebs

warmoebis mdgrad ganviTarebas agrosasursaTo

seqtorSi da safrTxes uqmnis adamianis Tavisuflebis

realizaciasac1.

agrosasursaTo seqtoris zrda - ganviTarebisTvis

aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWera.

uwinaresad mTavrobis TanadgomiTa da xelSewyobiT,

soflad maqsimalurad unda ganviTardes kooperaciuli

kavSirebi, rogorc sawarmoo, aseve soflis meurneobis

teqnikis da sxva materialur - teqnikuri saSualebebis,

aseve kreditis da sxva sferoSi. amasTan, aucilebelia,

miwis wvril mesakuTreTa nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli

gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis kvalobaze, maTi integracia

gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebTan2. aRniSnulTan erTad,

mxolod saxelwifos xelewifeba soflis meurneobis

produqciisa da soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro

materialur - teqnikuri saSualebebis fasebis optimaluri

Tanfardobis, anu paritetis damkvidreba, rac erT-erTi

umwvavesi problemaa. misi drouli da Tanmimdevruli

gadawyveta did Svebas moutans, rogorc mTlianad

soflis meurneobas, aseve fermerebs, glexebs da soflis

meurneobiT dakavebul yvela pirovnebas. mwvave problemaa,

aseve, saqarTveloSi didi tradiciebis mqone, magram

dReisaTvis savsebiT miviwyebuli, miwis nayofierebis

aRdgenisa da amaRlebis samuSaoTa gaaqtiureba, raSic

gadamwyveti sityva saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

saministrom unda Tqvas. mTavrobam ZirSive unda aRkveTos

yovelgvari monopilizmis gamovlineba sasoflo -

sameurneo warmoebis, produqciis Sesyidva - gasaRebis,

fermerul meurneobebTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis

Tu sxva sferoSi. 1 gaeros ganviTarebis programa (2008). humanuri ganviTarebis anga-

riSi 2007-2008, gv. 39.2p. koRuaSvili. kooperacia _ qarTuli soflis meurneobis aRor-

Zinebis gza, Jurn. ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, 2011, gv. #3, gv.42.

138


dasasrul, Zalze sayuradRebo da praqtikulad rac

SeiZleba swrafad gansaxorcielebelia saqarTvelos

patriarqis, uwmidesisa da inetaresis ilia II-is Semdegi

rCeva: „vfiqrobT saxelmwifosTvisac da ojaxis

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvisac

sasargeblo iqneba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis

zrunva. me adrec miTqvams da kvlavac gavimeoreb,

yovlad aucilebelia ekologiurad sufTa produqciis

warmoeba, adgilobrivi jiSebis SenarCuneba da, ra Tqma

unda, xalxisaTvis miwisadmi interesis dabruneba.

kargi iqneba, Tu am process mTavroba mxars dauWers da

mravalwliani SeRavaTiani kreditebiT gaamagrebs, rac

dasavleTis qveynebSi (miuxedavad ganviTarebis donisa)

dResac xorcieldeba“1.

Some Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in GeorgiaSome Issues of Agricultural Sector Development in Georgia

A. GulordavaA. GulordavaThe article discusses the trends and indicators of agriculture sector

development in Georgia in 2000-2009. On the basis of comparative analysis, the situation in the same fi eld of the developed countries is evaluated.

Correlative connection is identifi ed between the dynamics of agricultural products and the factors impeding the production development. The conclusion is made regarding the growth of agricultural sector and appropriate recommendation are provided using guaranteed prices, incentive programs, insurance and other levers.

The article studies the structure of agriculture sector and reveals the problem of signifi cant decrease in plant-growing.

The state support measures, such as development of cooperative ties, providing cheap loans, etc are considered to be essential for the growth of agriculture sector.

1 saaRdgomo epistole, Tb., 2011, gv. 9-10.

139

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

enver lagvilavaenver lagvilava

asocirebuli profesori,asocirebuli profesori,

ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is ekonomikasa da ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is ekonomikasa da

biznesSi informaciuli biznesSi informaciuli

teqnologiebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli teqnologiebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli

Tanamedrove etapze sainformacio-komunikaciuri

da multimedia teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad

daaCqara msoflio integraciuli procesebi, swrafi

tempebiT mimdinareobs socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis

informatizacia, eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis sisteme-

bis danergva. yovelive es gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs

uyenebs qveynis ganaTlebis sistemas. gaCnda codnis

aTvisebis daCqarebis, pedagogikis aqtualizებis, swavlis

motivirebis zrdis, moswavleebSi kompetenciebis

sakmarisi donis formirebis aucilebloba. aRniSnuli

moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia ganaTlebis

sferoSi inovaciebis, upirveles yovlisa, uaxlesi

informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT1.

ganaTlebis sferoSi sainformacio-komunikaciuri

da multimedia teqnologiebis farTod danergva

radikalurad cvlis swavlebis arsebul sistemas.

saswavlo procesis organizaciis inovaciuroba

gadadis ufro maRal safexurze im TvalsazrisiT, rom

swrafad izrdeba swavlebis analizuri, praqtikuli

da eqsperimentuli principebi, rac saSualebas iZleva

swavlebis mTeli procesi orientirebuli gaxdes yovel

calkeul moswavleze, studentze. Sesabamisad, iqmneba da

swrafad vrceldeba swavlebis axali meTodikebi, rac

1Браун А. Бимроуз Дж. Инновационные образовательные технологии//высшее образование. 2007, №4.

eleqtronuli swavlebis eleqtronuli swavlebis

ganviTarebisganviTarebis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

140


eyrdnoba tradiciuli ganaTlebis saukeTeso miRwevebs

da kargad integrirdeba masTan.

tradiciuli swavlebidan kompiuterul-qselur

teqnologiebze dafuZnebul swavlebaze gadasvlis

procesi ramdenime aTwleulis win daiwyo da dResac

intensiurad viTardeba. kompiuterul matareblebze

monacemTa da codnis didi arqivebis (bazebis) Seqmnis

droidan viTardeboda azri swavlis procesSi maTi

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. praqtikulad es SesaZlebeli gaxda

internetis qselis ganviTarebiT, romelmac SesaZlebeli

gaxada informaciis swrafi gadacema, qselis abonentTa

Tavisufali on-line kavSiri, internetsaitebze informa-ciis ganTavseba da masze Tavisufali wvdoma.

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT

swavlebis ganviTarebis etapebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba

warmovadginoT Semdegi sqemiT: saswavlo kursebi

kompaqtdiskebze _ distanciuri swavleba _ eleqtronuli

swavleba. yoveli momdevno etapi moicavs winas.

saswavlo kursebi kompaqtdiskebze gamoCnda

yvelaze adre, Semdegi upiratesobebiT: novatoruli idea;

Tematuri informaciis Tavmoyra kompaqtur matarebelze;

garkveuli interaqtiuli SesaZleblobebis arseboba;

gamoyenebis moxerxebuloba, misawvdomoba. naklovanebebs

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: kursis SezRuduloba;

modifikaciis SeuZlebloba; didi droiTi danaxarjebi

Seqmnaze.

distanciuri swavlebis upiratesobebia: swavlebis

grafikis moqniloba; swavlis warmarTva individualuri

gegmiT, sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT; codnis Sefasebis obieqturi da

maswavleblisgan damoukidebeli meTodikis arseboba;

swavlebis procesSi maswavlebelTan aqtiuri dialogis

SesaZlebloba. distanciuri swavlebis ZiriTadi

naklovanebaa swavlebis tradiciul meTodebTan

integraciis sirTule.

141

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

swavlebis distanciurma formam, misi aSka-

ra Rirsebis gamo, saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi

swrafad moipova udidesi popularoba. saswavlo

dawesebulebebisa da individualuri swavlebis

paralelurad, TandaTanobiT igi gavrcelda msxvil

firmebsa da korporaciebSi sakuTari kadrebis mokle

droSi mosamzadeblad da gadasamzadeblad, SedarebiT

iafad, xarisxianad da rac mTavaria, profesiuli

saqmianobisgan mouwyvetliv.

internetis qselis ganviTarebasTan erTad

distanciuri swavlebis Semdgomma srulyofam,

gansakuTrebiT on-line swavlebis da multimediis

uaxloes miRwevebze orientaciam, warmoSva kompiuterul

teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli swavlebis axali, ufro

maRali safexuri – eleqtronuli swavleba (e-learning). ganaTlebaSi informaciuli teqnologiebis iuneskos

instituti mas ganmartavs rogorc multimediis axali

teqnologiebisa da internetis gamoyenebas swavlebis

xarisxis asamaRleblad resursebze da servisebze

wvdomis gaumjobesebis, codnis daSorebuli gacvlis

da maswavleblisa da moswavlis erToblivi muSaobis

saSualebiT.

eleqtronuli swavleba viTardeba da perspeqtivaSi

Camoyalibdeba rogorc SinaarsiT kompleqsuri da

universaluri swavlebis forma, romlis mniSvneloba

ganisazRvreba swavlebis individulizebis gaZlierebiT,

komfortulobis amaRlebiT da a.S1.

ukanasknel wlebSi eleqtronuli swavleba

moqceulia sxvadasxva profesiis mecnierTa yuradRebis

centrSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samecniero naSromebis

udidesi nawili eZRvneba mis teqnologiur aspeqtebs.

SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoba eleqtronuli

swavlebis pedagogiur, meTodikur aspeqtebs. sakmaod

xSirad, radikalurad gansxvavdeba mecnierTa da

1 Дайджест «e-Learning глазами профессионалов». №18. от 05. 2010г. http//www.stel.ru

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specialistTa Sexedulebebi eleqtronuli swavlebis

sxvadasxva aspeqtis Camoyalibebasa da SefasebaSi.

jer kidev ar aris azrTa erTianoba eleqtronuli

swvlebis principebis, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis,

gamoyenebis sferosa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze.

arsebuli literaturis analizis safuZvelze SevecadeT

Camogveyalibebina eleqtronuli swavlebis ZiriTadi

aspeqtebi, tendenciebi, problemebi da ganviTarebis

mimarTulebebi.

ZiriTadi principebi, rac safuZvlad udevs

eleqtronul swavlebas, SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT

CamovayaliboT:

interaqtiuloba. uaxlesi sainformacio da komunikaciuri teqnologiebis bazaze swavlebis axali

meTodebi interaqtulobis principis ganviTarebis axa-

li formebia. upirvels yovlisa, multimedias, rogorc

saswavlo masalis aRqmisa da maqsimalurad aTvisebis

uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas.

adapturoba. igi gulisxmobs saswavlo masa-lis organizaciis arawrfiv formas, romelSic misi

Semadgeneli komponentebi warmodgenilia ara rogorc

garkveuli Tanmimdevroba, aramed rogorc gadasvlebi-

sa da mimTiTeblebis (hiperkavSirebis) mqone qseluri

erToblioba. aseTi struqtura saSualebas iZleva

adekvaturad iqnes warmodgenili codnis miRebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesabamisi informaciuli ma-

salebi, nebismieri aspeqtis, siRrmisa da donis gaTval-

iswinebiT. amiT, codnis gadacemis procesi maqsimalu-

rad uaxlovdeba bunebriv urTierTobebs da uzrunve-

lyofilia swavlebis traeqtoriis moxerxebuloba da

adapturoba. Tanamedrove sainformacio-komunikaciuri

sistemebi ara mxolod uzrunvelyofs saswavlo masa-

lis saswavlo procesis konkretul pirobebTan adap-

taciis axal SesaZleblobebs, aramed qmnis agreTve

maswavleblis mier saswavlo kursis Seqmnis gaiolebis

axal pirobebs.

143


swavlebis moduluri sistema da variaciulo-ba. yoveli saswavlo kursi qmnis garkveuli sagnobri-

vi sivrcis erTian warmodgenas. es saSualebas iZleva

damoukidebeli kursebisgan – modulebisgan formire-

bul iqnes axali saswavlo programa, romelic pasuxobs

rogorc individualur, aseve jgufur moTxovnebs;

swavlis procesis moqniloba – swavlis Sesa-Zlebloba nebismier dros;

swavlisa da saswavlo masalebis misawvdomo-ba – swavlis Sesalebloba nebismier adgilas.

eleqtronuli swavlebis upiratesoba

tradiciul swavlebasTan SedarebiT, ganisazRvreba

misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi principebiT, riTac

SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes:

swavleba moxerxebul dros, moxerxebul adg-ilze da optimaluri tempiT;

swavlis individualuri programis formireba; saganmanaTleblo procesSi pedagogiuri mec-

nierebisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis uaxlesi

miRwevebis gamoyeneba;

swavleba profesiuli saqmianobis paralelurad, e.i. profesiuli saqmianobisgan mouwyvetliv;

moswavlis saganmanaTleblo donis sistematuri amaRleba;

informaciis mravalferovani wyaroebis gamoyen-eba (eleqtronuli biblioTekebi, monacemTa bazebi, cod-

nis bankebi da a.S.);

saswavlo masalis Sinaarsis swrafi ganaxleba; maswavleblis mier saswavlo masalis eleqtronu-

li formiT Senaxvisa da nebismier momentSi misi gamoy-

enebis SesaZlebloba;

swavlis motivaciis amaRleba (damoukidebeli swavlis stimulireba, kritikulad azrovnebis SesaZle-

bloba, TviTdisciplina da pasuxismgebloba, miznis mis-

aRwevad mizandasaxuloba);

144


- specialistis momzadebaze danaxarjebis

Semcireba sawavlo farTis, teqnikuri da satransporto

saSualebebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT, saswavlo

informaciisa da multimediis unificirebuli da

koncentrirebuli warmodgeniT.

dauswreblad swavlebasTan SedarebiT, eleqtronul

swavlebas gaaCnia mniSvnelovani upiratesobani.

eleqtronuli swavlebisas SesaZlebelia:

maswavlebelTan (tutorTan) mudmivi kontaqti, wamoWrili sakiTxebisa da problemebis erToblivi op-

eratiuli ganxilva (rogorc wesi, telekomunikaciebis

saSulebaTa gamoyenebiT);

diskusiebis organizeba; proeqtebze erToblivi muSaoba, aseve jgufuri

muSaobis sxva saxeobebis ganxorcieleba;

moswavlisTvis saswavlo da meToduri masalebis eleqtronuli formiT miwodeba, rac saSualebas iZleva

arsebiTad Seicvalos tradiciuli sesiebi, maTi ricxvi

(raodenoba) da xangrZlivoba;

saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesSi interne-tis momsaxurebaTa farTod gamoyeneba;

kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyeneba saswavlo resursebis Senaxvis, moZebnisa da miwodebis uzrunvel-

sayofad;

moswavlis damoukidebeli kontroli. saswavlo masalebis informaciuli masivebis

modelirebisa da ganawilebul monacemTa bazebis

daSorebuli instrumentuli saSualebebis

individualuri daproeqtebiT SesaZlebelia:

koleqtiuri saswavlo procesebis ganxor-cieleba;

swavlis procesis individualizeba, misi ,,morgeba” TiToeul moswavleze;

maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTzemoq-medeba swavlis procesSi, moxerxebuli mswavlel-ma-

kontrolebeli, interaqtiul-sacnobaro programuli

145


saSualebebis gamoyenebiT;

sabiblioTeko eleqtronuli katalogebis Se-qmna;

saerTo daniSnulebis an individualuri dis-tanciur-laboratiuli praqtikumebis Seqmna da gamoy-

eneba.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos saswavlo

procesSi vizualizebisa da mediateqnologiebis

farTod gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba: virtualuri

realobis teqnologiebi, vizualizebis 3D da 4D teqnologiebi, monitoris ekranze virtualuri

obiqtebis materializaciis teqnologiebi sakontrolo,

sakurso da sadiplomo mocemulobebisTvis, samecniero

naSromebisTvis; realuri procesebis trenaJorebisa

da modelirebis sistemebis Seqmna, romelic saswavlo

procesebs Seaxamebs samecniero kvlevebTan, aseve

SesaZlebelia sxva inovaciuri interaqtiuli procesebis

mofiqreba da ganxorcieleba.

eleqtronul swavlebaSi gamoyenebuli

kompiuteruli telekomunikaciebi pedagogebis mier

aRiqmeba da gamoiyeneba rogorc gare samyaros aRqmis

erT-erTi aqtiuri instrumenti, romelic xels uwyobs

swavlebis didaqtikis meTodikis gaaqtiurebasa da

stimulirebas. aseT meTodikebad, instrumentebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo

amocanebis gadawyveta iseTi qselur-jgufuri

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa: eleqtronuli

fosta, telekonferenciebi, informaciis SerCeviT

ganawilebis sistemebi, SetyobinebiTi interaqtiuli

gacvlis sistemebi, forumi, eleqtronuli gancxadebebis

dafa, audio da videokonferenciebi, korporaciuli

intranet-sistemebi da sxva.

eleqtronuli swavlebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

moswavleTa mier erTmaneTTan da maswavlebelTan

urTierTobisTvis sxvadasxva qseluri saSualebis

gamoyeneba. urTierTobis erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba,

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romelic SeiZleba dainergos tradiciul swavlebaSic,

aris maswavleblis internetsaiti, romlis ZiriTadi

funqciebia: informaciis gavrceleba (magaliTad,

prezentaciebi, sakontrolo da sareferato Temebi

samuSaoTa mocemulobebi da a.S.); moswavleebisgan

informaciis mopoveba (pasuxebi, Sesrulebuli

sakontrolo samuSaoebi da a.S.) eleqtronuli fostiT;

moswavleTa CarTva kvlevis procesSi (magaliTad,

gancxadebebis onlaindafa, diskusia mocemuli Temebze);

forumis Seqmna, romelzec ganixileba swavlebis

procesSi dasmuli kiTxvebi (sakiTxebi). „mudmivad

kavSirze” yofnis SesaZleblobis Sedegad, maqsimalurad

Semcirdeba saauditorio sakonsultacio saaTebis

moculoba, gamartivdeba masalis damoukideblad

aTvisebis procesis kontroli, Seiqmneba moswavleebTan

naklebad formalizebuli urTierTobebi, rac xels

Seuwyobs swavlebis ufro komfortuli pirobebis

formirebas.

Tanamedrove etapze xdeba swavlebis eleqtronuli

da tradiciuli meTodebis elementebis daaxloeba–

integracia. tradiciul swavlebaSi, saganmanaTleblo

procesis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT, sul

ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba eleqtronuli swavlebis

ZiriTadi principebi, magaliTad, interaqtiuloba da

distanciuroba. aseTi interaqtiuri saSualebebidan

SeiZleba aRiniSnos mravalfunqciuri interaqtiuli

dafebi, romelic iqmneba infrawiTeli teqnologiebis

safuZvelze da muSaobs PowerPoint prezentaciebTan,

mediafailebTan, da saSualebas iZleva ,,Caiweros”

gamosaxuleba ekranidan; dokumentkamera, romelic

uzrunvelyofs mcire detalebisa da ferebis palitris

asaxvis umaRles xarisxs. igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc multimediuri komutatori mravalfunqciur

saswavlo kompleqsSi, romelic moicavs videokameras,

DVD-fleers, nouTbuqs, kompiuters, proeqtors,

interaqtiul dafas da sxva Semadgenel elementebs;

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interaqtiuli da monitorTan Tavsebadi planSetebi,

romlebic saSulebas iZleva specialuri kalmis

saSualebiT Sesruldes naxatebi, naxazebi, gadaweros

warwerebi (CaniSvna) ekranze an interaqtiul dafaze

gamosaxulebebis, dokumentebis an mediafailebze;

gamokiTxvis interaqtiuli sistemebi romlebic

uzrunvelyofen SromiTi da droiTi danaxarjebis

mniSvnelovan Semcirebas, testirebis Sedegebis myisier

miRebas TvalsaCino angariSgebis, cxrilebis, grafikebis

da a.S. saxiT1.

saswavlo procesSi gamoyenebuli teqnikuri

da teqnologiuri saSualebebis mrvalferovnebis

miuxedavad, swavlebis xarisxi uwinares yovlisa,

damokidebulia saswavlo masalis srulyofilebaze

(xarisxze), misi warmodgenis formebsa da saswavlo

procesis organizaciaze.

informaciis didi moculoba, sxvadasxva

informaciul nakadebsa da wyaroebs Soris maRali

konkurencia warmoSobs axal moTxovnebs saswavlo

masalis warmodgenisa da miwodebis xerxebis mimarT.

codnisadmi interesi farTovdeba misi maqsimalurad

moxerxebuli da cxadi saxiT miwodebis xarjze.

swavlebis procesi maqsimalurad efeqtiani xdeba

maSin, rodesac momxmarebeli urTierTmoqmedebs iseT

garemosTan, sadac xdeba saswavlo da saTamaSo procesebis

daaxloeba. amas xels uwyobs samganzomilebiani

interaqtiuli sistemebis Seqmna, romelic gamoiyeneba

eleqtronuli swavlebisas sxvadasxva saxeobis amocanis

gadasawyvetad – saswavlo masalis vizualizebasa da

prezentaciidan, perspeqtiuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa da

procesebis simulaciamde. aseTi sistemebis ZiriTadi

upiratesobebia: virtualur sivrceSi muSaobisas

minimaluri riskebi; eqsperimentebis dabali Rirebuleba

1Горбунов А.С. Виртуальные миры, информационные среды и амбиции e-Learning// Оразовательные технологии и общество (Education technogy & Soci-ety), 2009, т. 12.№2 с.423-437.

148


virtualur garemoSi; distanciurad erToblivi

muSaobis SesaZlebloba da sxva.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi samganzomi-

lebiani interaqtiuli modelireba SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebul iqnes swavlebaSi procesebis

vizualizebisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, teqnikur,

biologiur, socialur sistemebSi. aseve warmatebiT

SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba humanitarul disciplinebSi

samganzomilebiani interaqtiuli kursebis

Sesaqmnelad.

Tanamedrove 3D da 4D teqnologiebi moswavleebs

saSualebas aZlevs Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen

samganzomilebiani modelis virtualur sivrceSi.

magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloebis statikuri gamosaxu-

lebis nacvlad, SeuZliaT iseirnon perspeqtivaSi

asaSenebeli qalaqis quCebSi, Sesaqmneli qarxnis

samqroSi da a.S. aseTi interaqtiuli sistemebis mTavari

Taviseburebaa is, rom informacia aisaxeba adamianis

warmosaxvisTvis yvelaze bunebrivi 3D modelis

saxiT, romelic SeiZleba moZraobdes, trialebdes

da daTvalierdes yvela mxridan, rac realurad

yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, informacia

SeiZleba gaxmovanebuli iyos videogidis TanxlebiT.

realuri procesebis 3D kontentis dasamzadebeli

teqnologiebis gamoyeneba saswavlo kurss xdis

maqsimalurad TvalsaCinos, xolo sawyisi monacemebis

Segrovebis teqnologia saSualebas iZleva warmatebiT

moxdes realobis rekonstruqcia. saswavlo masalis

aseTi warmodgena mniSvnelovnad zrdis swavlisadmi

interess da aiolebs masalis (informaciis) aTvisebas.

eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebisa da

gafarToebis paralelurad ikveTeba misi ZiriTadi

tendenciebi:

tradiciuli da eleqtronuli swavlebis daax-loeba;

cvlilebebi maswavleblebsa da moswavleebis

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urTierTobebSi. moswavle xdeba saganmanaTleblo pro-

cesis centri, xolo maswavleblis roli sul ufro

izrdeba saswavlo procesis xelmZRvanelobis mi-

marTulebiT. misi umTavresi funqcia xdeba moswavle-

Ta konsultacia (tutoriali) saswavlo kursis yvela

etapze da maTi codnis xarisxis kontroli da Sefase-

ba;

mecadineobaTa Catarebis da codnis kontro-lis formebis Secvla. kerZod, qseluri saSualebebiT

konsultaciebi maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTier-

Tobisas; swavlebisTvis video da audio Canawerebis

gamoyeneba; referatebis, eseiebis, Txzulebebis dawera

eleqtronuli formiT; kompiuteruli testireba da

a.S.;

iseTi interaqtiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa mikrotalRuri televizia (WiMAX – World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access), audiografika, Se-kumSuli video, telekonferenciebi, audiokonferencie-

bi da a.S.;

hipermediis programebze damyarebuli sainfor-macio da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, rac

moswavles saSualebas aZlevs TviTon gaakontrolos

im sainformacio saswavlo masalebisa da monacemTa

bazebis aTvisebis mdgomareoba, romelic misawvdomia

internetisa da sxva qselebisTvis;

swavlebis efeqtianobis amaRleba saganmanaTle-blo procesis teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofis xarjze.

maswavlebels, romelic flobs sainformacio-kom-

piuteruli teqnologiebis uaxles produqtebs, SeuZlia

drois erTeulSi moswavleebs gadasces gacilebiT

meti informacia (codna) da operatiulad akontrolos

maTi momzadebis done.

eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebis dinamikur

procesSi SeimCneva asinqronuli reJimidan sinqronul

telekomunikaciur on-line reJimze gadasvla1.

1 Буханцева Н. В. и др. Модель e-Learning как инструмент управления елек-

150


interaqtiuli on-line diskusiebi da konferenciebi, on-line leqciebi da seminarebi, testirebebi, virtualuri

videodarbazebi da lingafonuri kabinetebi,

kompiuteruli modelirebis virtualuri praqtikumebi

xdeba eleqtronuli swavlebis informaciuli

Tanxlebis ZiriTadi niSnebi. perspeqtivaSi, qveyanaSi

eleqtronuli swavlebis mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli

iqneba ZiriTadad saswavlo procesis sinqronuli

satelekomunikacio Tanxlebis aparatul-programuli

sistemebis ganviTareba.

elqtronuli swavlebis uaryofiTi mxareebia:

virtualuri, praqtikuli da laboratoriuli samuSaoebis SesrulebisTvis moswavlis mier rigi praq-

tikuli Cvevis gamomuSavebis sirTule;

swavlebis Sedegebis garkveulwilad damokide-buleba moswavlis mier internetisa da kompiuterTan

muSaobis codnaze;

ekranidan didi moculobisa da mravalferovani warmodgenis formiT mocemuli informaciis aRqmis

sirTule;

maswavleblis mxridan swavlebis procesis kon-trolis Sesusteba;

xarisxiani saswavlo kursebis Seqmnis maRali Sromatevadoba da TviTRirebuleba;

saswavlo kursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Semcireba sakomunikacio sistemebis da kompiuterebis

muSaobis Seferxebisas an SezRudulobisas (xmis, video

da grafikuli informacis gadacemisas);

maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone kompiuteruli, programuli da satelekomunikacio saSualebaTa maR-

ali Rirebuleba.

garda amisa, eleqtronuli swavlebis farTod

danergvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios rigi problema moswavlis

garkveuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT:

тронными ресурсами вуза// Оразовательные технологии и общество (Educa-tion Technogy & Society), 2009, т. 12. №2 с.438-444.

151


teqstebis Tavisufali weris, naxatebis, naxazebis, proeqtebis Seqmnis unaris daqveiTeba, romelsac Caen-

acvleba kompilaciis, mza formebis gamoyenebis unare-

bi;

moswavleTa mexsierebis gantvirTva eleqtronu-li mexsierebis masobrivad gamoyenebiT;

weriTi kulturisa da gamoTvliTi SesaZle-blobebis daqveiTeba, maTi Canacvleba mokle teqsturi SMS-Setyobinebis eniT;

urTierTobaTa virtualizeba, ararsebuli real-obebis programebsa da obieqtebTan urTierToba;

gaazrebis procesebis kompresia da misi Secvla informaciuli gajerebis procesebiT;

internetdamokidebulebis warmoSoba da a.S 1.

eleqtronuli swavlebis zemoaRniSnuli

upiratesobebisa da naklovanebebis analizi gviCvenebs,

rom dRevandel etapze, kompiuteruli da sakomunikacio

teqnologiebis xarisxisa da gavrcelebis donis

gaTvaliswinebiT, misi izolirebulad, ..wminda”

saxiT gamoyeneba umravles SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

araefeqtianad CaiTvalos. gacilebiT mizanSewonilia

misi warmodgena etapebisa da modulebis saxiT da

kombinireba tradiciuli saauditorio swavlebis

calkeul monakveTebTan.

saboloo angariSiT, teqnikuri da programuli

SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda SeirCes da

Camoyalibdes swavlebis erTiani, integrirebuli da

SeZlebisdagvarad efeqtiani sistema.

Cveni azriT, saWiroa erTi metad mniSvnelovani

problemis gamokveTa, romelic atarebs meTodologiur

xasiaTs da warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes indikators

eleqtronuli swavlebis praqtikuli efeqtianobis

gansazRvrisTvis. problemis arsi Semdegia:

maswavleblebis azriT, maTi codna sainformacio-

1 Владимир Ткаченко. Электронные книги и обучение в Интернет. http//www.lessons-tva.info

152


kompiuterul teqnologiebSi arasakmarisia. isini

mudmivad cdiloben aRniSnul sferoSi codnis

gafarToebas. SezRuduli droisa da resursebis

pirobebSi ki zaraldeba TviT swavlebis xarisxi,

calkeuli disciplinis, sagnobrivi sferos Seswavlis

siRrme. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom gamokvlevebi ganaTlebis

sferoSi sainformacio-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis

gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris orientirebuli

ganaTlebis realur problemebze. samecniero kvlevebi

ufro koncentrirebulia aRniSnuli teqnologiebis,

rogorc saswavlo dawesebulebebSi teqnikur-

programuli obieqtebis an kidev, maswavleblisa da

moswavlis, rogorc am teqnologiebis momxmareblebze.

problemas aRrmavebs aseve is garemoeba, rom sainformacio

teqnologiebis swavlebaSi integraciis xerxebis

mniSvnelovani nawili emyareba moZvelebul meTods,

rodesac swavleba xdeboda adamianis sicocxleSi

erTxel _ saklaso-saauditorio modeliT. amJamad,

mudmivad cvalebad qselur sazogadoebaSi, sayovelTao

uwyveti ganaTlebis pirobebSi, aucilebelia samecniero

kvlevebis gafarToeba eleqtronuli swavlebis

pedagogikuri, meTodikuri da meTodologiuri

problemebis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT;

eleqtronuli swavlebis problemebis gadawyvetis

magistralur mimarTulebebad unda miviCnioT:

tradiciuli da eleqtronuli swavlebis teq-nologiebis sistemuri integracia;

calkeuli eleqtronuli teqnologiebis in-tegracia maTi ganzogadebisa da gamartivebis mi-

marTulebiT;

saganmanaTleblo programebis SemuSaveba klasi-kuri da inovaciuri eleqtronuli teqnologiebis

moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT;

sainformacio teqnologiebis swavlebis ga-Zliereba saganmanaTleblo procesis yvela safex-

urze.

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gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos

profesiuli da umaRlesi swavlebis safexurebze

profesiuli informatikis swavlebas, rac

mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyobs xels eleqtronuli

swavlebis teqnologiebis, swavlebis sagnobrivi

sivrcisa da swavlebis pedagogikur-meTodologiuri

aspeqtebis integracias.

saboloo angariSiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTareba obieqturi

procesia, romelic ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis,

saxelmwifos, saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da

pirovnuli moTxovnilebebiT; eleqtronuli

swavlebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis upiratesobebiT,

gansakuTrebiT, mobilurobiTa da internetis

SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebiT; eleqtronuli swavleba

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc ganaTlebis

miRebis distanciuri, aseve tradiciuli (daswrebuli

da dauswrebeli) formebiT swavlebisas. eleqtronuli

swavleba qmnis realur SesaZleblobebs swavleba

warimarTos individualuri reJimiT, miuxedavad droisa

da adgilisa, ganaTleba miRebul iqnes individualuri

SesaZleblobebis, pirobebisa da moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Ria ganaTlebis principebis Sesabamisad.

igi uzrunvelyofs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uwyveti

ganaTlebis miRebaze adamianis uflebas.

Main Directions in e-Learning Development

E. LagvilavaIn contemporary stage of world development when it is in various

economic and social transition, and refl ects the availability of modern communications and new technologies in the changing world, the rapid development of current informational – communication and multimedia technologies sped up the world integration process, accelerated computing of social-economic activities and e-learning process. The

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application of Information, Communication and multimedia Technology will crucially change the existing system of education. Technology is becoming increasingly important in both our personal and professional lives. Day by day our learners will be using technology more and more. e-Learning will become a popular form of learning targeted at individual learners, oriented at strengthening of individuality of every single learner.

As evidenced by introducing and discussing advantages and disadvantages of e-learning, it is considered as ineffective, if it is used isolated from other approaches, but if it is used in combination with other traditional classroom teaching activities, consequences are much more effective. As practice shows, it is more reasonable to introduce e-learning materials combined with appropriate traditional forms of learning, considering various technical and curriculum development perspectives for development of effective and integrated course of study.

We would recommend the following directions for problem solving in e-learning:

Systematic Integration of traditional and e-learning techniques Integration of separate electronic technologies for their gener-

alization and simplifi cation Development of educational programs based on classical and

innovative electronic technologiesStrengthening of information technology in teaching at all stag-

es of educational processIn conclusion, e-learning gives real opportunities for individual

education in all schooling institutions despite time and location. Education should be based on individual opportunities considering individual abilities, demands and requirements. The use of new technologies in e-learning is becoming increasingly important, and it will become an important part in education in the coming years. The e-learners are growing up with technology, and it will become a natural and integrated part of their lives.

155


rati abulaZerati abulaZe

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is mowveuli ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is mowveuli

profesoriprofesori

saxelmwifo marTvaSi informaciuli teqnolo-

giebiT transformirdeba saxelmwifos, biznessa da

moqalaqeebs Soris damokidebuleba, TanamSromloba,

urTierTobebis tendenciebi, marTvis koncefcia,

momsaxurebis miwodebis pirobebi da saxeebi.

informaciul komunikaciuri teqnologiebis

(ICT) gamoyeneba saxelmwifos marTvaSi xorcieldeba

eleqtronuli marTvis (e-marTva) koncefciiT, romliTac

miiRweva saxelmwifos efeqtiani da qmedunariani mar-

Tva.1 mas axasiaTeben, rogorc saxelmwifos mier warmod-

genili momsaxurebis avtomatizaciis process,2romlis

imperativebi mimarTulia molodinis, gamWvirvalobis,

angariSvaldebulebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

monawileebs Soris interaqtiulobisaken,3 sadac ele-

qtronuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba

1 Durrant F. The World Wide Web enhancing e-government in the Caribbean. World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council `Libraries - A voyage of discovery~. Oslo, Norway. August 14th - 18th 2005. http://archive.ifl a.org/IV/ifl a71/papers/167-e_Durrant.pdf 2 http://www.admhmao.ru/adm_reform/publikac/publik21.htm 3Spremić M., Šimurina J., Jaković B., Ivanov M. È-Government in Transition Economies~. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2009 . http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v53/v53-84.pdf

eleqtronuli marTvis eleqtronuli marTvis

aqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebi

156


transformirebuli, gamWvirvale, efeqtiania da warmo-

adgens sazogadoebis demokratizaciis umniSvnelova-

nes instruments.

eleqtronuli mmarTveloba, rogorc momsa-

xurebis wardgenis uwyveti optimizaciis procesi, in-

ternetisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT, moqalaqeebis politikuri monawileobiTa

da CarTulobiT,1 mimarTulia saxelmwifo marTvis or-

ganoebis efeqtiani muSaobis Sedegebis amaRlebasa da

momsaxurebis/produqtebis ganviTarebaze,2 moicavs br-

Zanebebis moZraobisa da kontrolis meqanizms poli-

tikis implementaciis doneze.3 igi, erTi mxriv, iZleva

efeqtianobis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas, xolo meore

mxriv, - ufro sajaros xdis saxelmwifo organoebis

muSaobas. mmarTvelobis reJimis eleqtronuli saqmia-

noba principulad cvlis Cinovniksa da mosaxleobas

Soris urTierTqmedebis atmosferos.3

eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis realizaciis Ziri-

Tadi teqnologiebia: internet-portalebi, veb-saitebi, e-fosta, Setyobinebis myisieri gacvla (IM- Instant Mes-saging), forumi, CeTi, inteleqtualuri agentebi - botebi

(Intelligent Agents -BOTS), nakaduri multimedia (Streaming Media), socialuri qseli da socialuri programebi,

viki (wiki), blogebi, mobiluri komerciis danarTebi, po-

dkastingi (podcast), Really Simple Syndication (RSS), cifruli

televizia da radio, semantikuri-web, telefoni (fiqsi-

1 Ерофеев Е. Электронное правительство: как приблизить чиновника к граж-данину? Журнал: ,,Connect!/Мир связи. http://www.connect.ru/article.asp?id=5103 2 http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20080090.pdf 3http://emag.iis.ru/arc/infosoc/emag.nsf/BPA/b423468353130801c325714-c004a0866

157


rebuli da mobiluri), Setyobinebebis gacvlis sistema

(MMS, SMS), faqsi, biometruli identifikacia da sxva.

e-marTvis fundamentaluri mizania: marTvis swra-

fi, efeqtiani da SemoqmedebiTi funqciebis floba; bi-

znesisa da samTavrobo marTvis aspeqtebis gamartiveba

da srulyofa; moqalaqeebs, saxelmwifo organizacieb-

sa da SerCeul organizaciebs Soris urTierTqmedebis

xelSewyoba; e-federalizmi, e-demokratia; gonivruli

politikis gatarebisTvis ukukavSiris organizeba; sa-

erTaSoriso implikacia; informaciisa da e-mTavrobis

marTva.

e-marTvis birTvis Camoyalibebis mTavari faqto-

rebia: e-mTavroba, e-demokratia da e-komercia. e-marTvis,

rogorc mega mimarTulebebis warmodgenis safuZveli

gaxda globalizacia da bazris liberalizacia, in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis (IT) revolucia, qseluri

infrastruqturis ganviTareba, sazogadoebis codnis

donis amaRleba; e-biznesis funqcionaluri sferoebisa

da modelebis ganviTareba, mTavrobasa da recipients

Soris urTierTobebis formebis ganviTareba (ix. naxazi).1

èleqtronuli marTvis~ koncefciis CarCoebSi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi qmnis e-marTvis

sistemas, mis infrastruqturas, informaciul resursebs,

onlain momsaxurebis sistemasa da sistemasTan daSve-

bis uzrunvelmyof pirobebs.

e-marTvis sistemisa da misi infrastruqturis

xelSewyobis gegmaa mTavrobis strategia, romelic ax-

dens organizaciis miznis miRwevisaTvis marTvis SesaZ-

1 Song Joon H. E-Government in Developing Countries. Published by Communica-tion and Information in Asia, UNESCO Bangkok. 2006 . http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/083/e-government.pdf

158


leblobebis maqsimizacias. es aris e-mTavrobis reali-

zebis bazisi, romelic moicavs strategiul mimarTule-

bas, amocanebs, komponentebs, saxelmZRvanelo principeb-

sa da gzis maCveneblebs.1 e-marTvis sistema iTvaliswi-

nebs «moqalaqe-saxelmwifos», «biznesi-saxelmwifos»,

«saxelmwifo-saxelmwifos» urTierTqmedebis sqemas da

moqmedebs igive koncefciiT, rogorc e-biznesi, Tumca,

ufro didi masStabiT.

e-marTvis mega mimarTulebebie-marTvis mega mimarTulebebi

e-marTvis programebis mamoZravebelia ganviTare-

bis Sedegisken swrafva teqnologiebis swrafad cvale-

badi bunebisa da dainteresebuli mxareebis cvalebadi

molodinis adaptirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

1 Rabaiah A., Vandijck E. A Strategic Framework of e-Government: Generic and Best Practice. Electronic Journal of e-Government. Volume 7, Issue 3, 2009. http://www.ejeg.com/volume-7/vol7-iss3/Rabaiah_and_Vandijck.pdf

159


e-mmarTveloba dafuZnebulia 4 ZiriTad pro-

cesze: e-konsultacia; e-kontroli; eleqtronuli ur-

TierTqmedeba da qseluri sazogadoebis marTva. 1

e-marTva cvlis Zalauflebis bunebas, xdis mas

ufro gamWvirvales, sajarosa da sazogadoebis mier

kontrolirebads, uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeTa CarTulo-

bas marTvaSi, mTavrobis daqvemdebarebas moqalaqeebi-

sadmi, moqalaqeebis realur monawileobas politikur

procesebSi, arCevnebSi, kanonSemoqmedebaSi.

e-marTva aZlierebs demokratiul institutebs, zr-

dis usafrTxo e-komerciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas,2

srulyofs moqalaqeebisTvis saxelmwifo momsaxurebisa

da informaciasTan wvdomas, saxelmwifos menejmentis

SesaZleblobebsa da uflebebs, efeqtianobas, biznesTan

da samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan urTierTqmedebas. 3

e-marTvis danergviT miiRweva Semdegi: saxelmwifo

informaciis sajarooba, obieqturoba, sandooba; sajaro

saxelmwifo informaciasTan moqalaqeebis SeuzRudavi

daSveba; moqalaqeebTan mudmivi dialogis uzrunvelyo-

fa; saxelmwifo uwyebebisa da organizaciebis saqmiano-

bis sazogadoebrivi kontroli; teqnologiuri inova-

ciis marTva; saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis srulyofa

da saxelmwifo organoebis struqturebis optimizacia,

mis Senaxvaze saWiro finansuri da materialuri dana-

xarjebis Semcireba; efeqtiani integrireba regionul,

1 http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/6556 2 Durrant F. The World Wide Web enhancing e-government in the Caribbean. World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council `Libraries - A voyage of discovery~. Oslo, Norway. August 14th - 18th 2005. http://archive.ifl a.org/IV/ifl a71/papers/167-e_Durrant.pdf 3 REHEMA BAGUMA. AFFORDABLE E-GOVERNANCE USING FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFT-WARE. HTTP://CIT.MAK.AC.UG/ICCIR/DOWNLOADS/SREC_05/REHEMA%20BAGUMA_05.PDF

160


saerToerovnul da msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi;

aqtualuri politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sa-

xelmwifo amocanebis gadawyveta; saxelmwifo organo-

ebis urTierTqmedeba da TanamSromloba sxva qveynis

saxelmwifo organoebTan, saerTaSoriso, samTavrobo da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da sxva.

e-marTvis panorama moicavs e-moqalaqis, e-momsaxu-

rebis, e-sazogadoebis, e-marTvis danarTebs2 da aCvenebs

situacias, rodesac saxelmwifo momsaxureba da proce-

sebi xorcieldeba qselis meSveobiT, xolo saxelmwifo

ufro metad kontrolisa da koordinaciis centralur

rols TamaSobs, vidre momsaxurebis Seqmnisa da uzrun-

velyofis. 1

e-marTva mTavrobis instrumentia sazogadoebis

mSeneblobisTvis, mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs e-marTvis

sxvadasxva komponentis gansazRvrasa da urTierTda-

mokidebulebaSi. misi ZiriTadi komponentebia: teqniku-

ri komponentebi eleqtronuli sididiT; socialuri

komponentebi Tanasworobis sididiT; kulturuli kom-

ponentebi eTikuri sididiT; politikuri komponentebi

samarTlebrivi sididiT; fsiqologiuri komponentebi

eqstensionaluri sididiT; momsaxurebis komponentebi

uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis sidi-

diT.2

e-marTva ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mTa-

vrobis meqanikuri SeerTeba informaciul teqnologie-

bTan, romelic mTlianobaSi qmnis saxelmwifos marTvis 1 Aibar E. E-Governance and Citizen Information. Summary of the fi nal Re-search Report Barcelona, July , 2006. http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/bitstream/10609/300/1/pic_egovernance.pdf 2 Sangeeta Sh. E- Governance: An Approach to Manage Bureaucratic Impediments. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan019250.pdf

161


filosofiis formirebis pirobebs.

e-marTvis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi da socialu-

ri problemebis gadaWra xdeba IT-is safuZvelze, ro-

melic drosa da sivrceSi aTavisuflebs yovelgvar

SezRudvas. e-marTviT izrdeba mTavrobis pasuxismge-

bloba moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa da sakuTrebis dacvaze.1

e-mmarTvelobis gza uzrunvelyofs administra-

ciuli marTvisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas,

interaqtiuli urTierTobas, informirebas, iuridiuli

transaqciis Sesrulebas, mmarTvelobis organoebis saq-

mianobis gamWvirvalobas, sajaroobas da xarisxian fun-

qcionirebas yovelgvari zedmeti biurokratiis gareSe,

droisa da materialuri resursebis ekonomias, flobs

pirdapiri politikuri sargeblis mZlavr komponentebs.

e-mmarTveloba e-mTavrobasa da cifrul sazoga-

doebas uzrunvelyofs infrastruqturiT da gavlena

aqvs rogorc e-mTavrobaze, aseve cifrul sazogadoeba-

ze.2

e-mmarTvelobis koncefcia Sedgeba ori urTier-

TdakavSirebuli qvekoncefciisagan: SigasamTavrobo in-

formaciuli infrastruqtura (korporatiuli qselis

analogi) da gareinformaciuli infrastruqtura, ro-

melic urTierTobs moqalaqeebsa da organizaciebTan,3

sadac saxelmwifo mxolod erTi subieqtia mraval su-

bieqtTa Soris.

e-marTvis struqturis funqciuri valdebulebebi

1Song Joon H. E-Government in Developing Countries. Published by Communica-tion and Information in Asia, UNESCO Bangkok. 2006 . http://www2.unescob-kk.org/elib/publications/083/e-government.pdf 2 http://www.itgov.org.sa/jalasat/khalid-1.ppt#1 3http://emag.iis.ru/arc/infosoc/emag.nsf/BPA/b423468353130801c325714-c004a0866

162

moicavs: menejmentis muSaobis cvlilebis mimarTule-

bas (organizaciuli cvlilebebi, kvalifikaciis amaR-

leba, liderobis ganviTareba, SromiTi urTierTobebi,

biznes procesebis reinJiringi), momxmarebelTa servise-

bis muSaobis mimarTulebas (momxmarebelTa moTxovni-

lebis marTva, miwodebis marTva, Sedegebis ganmtkiceba,

eqspluataciaSi miReba, farTo samomxmareblo momsaxu-

reba), miwodebis aqtivobis muSaobis mimarTulebas (mo-

Txovnilebis nakrebi, analizi, proeqtireba, miwodebis

swavleba, eqspluataciaSi gadacema, kadrebiT uzrunve-

lyofa) da e-mTavrobis muSaobis mimarTulebas (stan-

dartebi, meTodologia, e-mTavrobis proeqtebis inicire-

ba da promouSeni, Ffinansuri kontroli, urTierTobis

marTva).1

e-marTvisgan miRebuli sargebelia: marTvis efe-

qtianobis amaRleba da Sedegianoba, eleqtronuli

dokumentbrunvis organizacia teqnikuri da samarTle-

brivi uzrunvelyofis CarCoebSi; korufciis Semcireba,

gamWvirvalobis zrda, meti xelsayreloba; komunikaciu-

ri teqnologiebis meSveobiT moqalaqeebis informire-

ba, moqalaqeebsa da mTavrobas Soris interaqtiuloba

da urTierTobis SesaZlebloba; moqalaqeebis mozidva

politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri problemebis gan-

xilvisaTvis; monawileobis miReba saxelmwifo marTva-

Si; Semosavlebis zrda, danaxarjebis Semcireba, ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba, moqniloba, masStaburoba da a.S.

zemoaRniSnuli Rirsebebis konstatirebis safu-

Zvelze, saxelmwifoSi e-marTvis danergvisaTvis auci-

lebelia: interfeisi moqalaqeebisa da saxelmwifo

1 United Nations. e-Government Survey 2008 New York, 2008. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf


163

administracias Soris urTierToebisTvis; samarTle-

brivi, organizaciuli, teqnologiuri, sakadro da fsi-

qologiuri aspeqtebis formireba; e-marTvis samoqmedo

wesebi da politika; e-marTvis strategiis formireba;

samTavrobo qseluri informaciuli infrastruqturis

Seqmna, ganviTareba da marTvis procesis yvela siste-

mis reinJirigi; samTavrobo qseluri infrastruqturis

xelmisawvdomoba; normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis

formalizacia; instituciuri meqanizmebi; biujeturi

dafinanseba; kvalificiuri kadrebi; teqnologiuri

inovaciebis, eqsperimentebis, axali eleqtronuli mode-

lebis SemuSavebis stimulireba; biurokratiuli ste-

reotipebis moSla da saxelmwifos marTvis sistemis

modernizacia;

Current Issues in Electronic Governance

R. AbuladzeR. Abuladze

The article notes that catalyzation of information and communication technologies is resulting in the transformation of State governance, the need to develop the state administration system for delivering effective and valuable service, automation of service and formation of e-government.

Imperatives of e-Governance are targeted to expectancy, transparency, accountability and interaction among the various parts of society, where the formation of e-government is transformed, transparent, effi cient and serves as a main instrument for a democratic of a society.

The article reviews the changes caused by e-Governance, concepts


164


and benefi t of electronic governance. It also provides analysis of panorama of e-governance, a wide range of technologies for realization of electronic governance, the main factors of formation of e-government and mega trends.

The article presents the values caused due to introduction of E- Governance, these are as follows: publicity of information, objectivity, involvement in governance, giving the citizens unlimited access to state public information, interaction of the state with citizens and maintaining constant dialogue with them, control of the activities of governmental institutions and organizations by society, managing technological innovation, improvement of state governance system and optimization of the structures of government institutions, effective integration in regional, general national and world economy; etc.

165


kiberterorizmi - XXI saukunis kiberterorizmi - XXI saukunis

mwvave gamowveva mwvave gamowveva

guladi nakaSiZeguladi nakaSiZe


civilizebul samyaroSi kompiuterizaciis da te-

qnologiuri progresis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba masze

damokidebuleba, rac Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs misi dacu-

lobis da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblo-

baze. informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da

danergvam Seqmna danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis axali

saxe - kiberdanaSauli.

termini - „kiberterorizmi“, informaciuli te-

qnologiebis leqsikonSi 1997 wels gaCnda, rodesac

federaluri gamoZiebis biuros agentma mark polit-

ma gansazRvra terorizmis aRniSnuli saxeoba rogorc

„samoqalaqo miznebis mimarT, winaswar gansazRvruli

politikurad motivirebuli Setevebi informaciul,

kompiuterul sistemebze, kompiuterul programebsa da

monacemebze, subnacionaluri dajgufebebis an saidum-

lo agentebis mxridan, gamoxatuli ZaladobiT“1.

cnobili eqsperti doroTi deningi kibertero-

rizms gansazRvravs rogorc „xelisuflebis organoe-

bis iZulebiTi dayoliebis mizniT politikuri an so-

cialuri miznebis misaRwevad kanonsawinaaRmdego Sete-

vas an Setevis ganxorcielebis safrTxes kompiutereb-

ze, qselsa an masSi arsebul informaciaze“2.

1 Larry J. Siegel (2008) Criminology- Cyber crime and technology - Cyber terrorism: Cyber Crime With Political Motives . pp № 449 2 Dorothy E. Denning. (23.05.2000). "CYBERTERRORISM". Special Oversight Panel on Ter-rorism Committee on Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives. Georgetown University http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html

166


kiberterorizmis cneba SeiZleba, agreTve, ganv-

sazRvroT rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxor-

cieleba kibersaSualebaTa gamoyenebiT. aRniSnuli gu-

lisxmobs kibersivrceSi eleqtronuli saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT, teroristuli RonisZiebebis (operacie-

bis) gatarebas. teroristul operaciebs SesaZlebelia

gaaCndes religiuri, eTnikuri Tu rasobrivi motivacia.

romelTa mixedviTac terorizmis mizani SesaZlebelia

iyos rogorc potenciuri samiznesTvis ekonomikuri

zianis miyeneba, agreTve adamianTa sicocxlis xelyo-

fa.

kiberdanaSauli moicavs danaSaulTa im katego-

rias, romelic ganxorcielda kibersivrcis gamoyenebiT.

xSirad, kiberdanaSaulis da kiberterorizmis cnebebs

erTi konteqstiT moiazreben. realurad ki, kibertero-

rizmi aris kiberdanaSaulis erT-erTi saxe, romelic

Tavisi miznebidan da potenciuri Sedegebidan gamomdi-

nare, sxva saxeobis kiberdanaSaulebebisgan imiT gansx-

vavdeba, rom xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, sa-

xelmwifos politikur, strategiul an ekonomikur in-

teresebs da qmnis mZime Sedegebis miRebis saSiSroebas.

agreTve kiberterorizmi, kibersivrceSi ganxorciele-

buli sxva danaSaulebisagan danaSaulebrivi motiva-

ciiT da misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodne-

li danakargebiT gansxvavdeba.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi kiber-

tetorizmis Sesaxeb 324′-e muxls aqvs Semdegi dispozi-

cia: „kiberterorizmi, ese igi kanoniT daculi kompi-

uteruli informaciis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba,

misi gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis muqara, rac qmnis mZime

Sedegis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usa-

frTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur an

ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis,

an da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT“1.

167


kiberterorizms agreTve gamoyofen rogorc e.w

teqnologiuri terorizmis erT-erT saxeobas.

teqnologiuri terorizmi, teroristuli aqtebis

ganxorcielebisas iyenebs uaxles informaciul teqno-

logiebs, radioeleqtronikas, genur inJinerias, imuno-

logias da Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxva sferoebSi

arsebul miRwevebs.

msoflio masStabiT kiberdanaSauls ra wili

ukavia kiberterorizmSi, sakmaod rTuli dasadgenia,

radgan SesaZlebelia yovelTvis ver moxerxdes kiber-

danaSaulis saTanado Sefaseba kiberterterorizmis

makvalificirebeli niSnebis mixedviT. es, agreTve, ga-

momdinareobs iqidan, rom kiberteroristuli operacia

yovelTvis ver iqneba warmatebuli da Sesabamisad, yo-

velTvis SesaZlebelia ver gamovlindes kiberterori-

stuli operaciis namdvili mizani da daniSnuleba.

agreTve, sayuradReboa samomavlo teroristuli

operaciebis dagegmvis da maTi ganxorcielebis miz-

niT, teroristuli organizaciebis da kiberdamnaSaveTa

dajgufebebs Soris aqtiuri TanamSromloba. kiber-

damnaSaveebs gaaCniaT is teqnikuri unarCvevebi da po-

tenciuri SesaZleblobebi, rac saWiroa kibersivrceSi

teroristuli operaciebis Casatareblad da kinetikur

sferoSi Casatarebeli teroristuli operaciebis te-

qnikuri mxardaWerisTvis. amitomac, teroristuli da-

jgufebebis mxridan arsebobs daintereseba gamoiyenon

kiberdamnaSaveebi teroristuli saqmianobisTvis.

mravali teroristuli dajgufeba Tu organiza-

cia dRes ufro metad orientirebulia kibersivrceSi

teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebisken. aRniSnuls

gansazRvravs ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori, maT So-

ris: kibersivrceSi Catarebuli operaciebis dabali

barieri, adamianuri resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba,

1 The criminal code of Georgia (1999) - (Georgian law code about crime)

168


operaciis faruloba da mobiloba.

zogierTi operaciis Casatareblad kibersivrcis

gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba ganisazRvreba mis gansa-

xorcieleblad gaweuli dabali danaxarajebis mixed-

viT, rasac operaciis barieris dones uwodeben. sxvag-

varad rom ganvmartoT, erTi da imave efeqtis misaRebad

Tu kibersivrceSi operaciebis Casatareblad gaweuli

danaxarjebi ufro mcirea, vidre nebismier sxva sfe-

roSi gaweuli danaxarjebi, maSin kibersivrces gaaCnia

ufro dabali barieri dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.1 es

ki niSnavs imas, rom zogjer kibersivrceSi operaciis

Catareba ufro xelsayrelia, vidre kinetikur sfero-

Si.

nebismieri adamianis unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba Se-

saZlebelia rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uayofiTi mimar-

TulebiT. adamianuri resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba

gulismobs maTi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis

saSualebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebas. terori-

stuli dajgufebebi interesdebian adamianTa intele-

qtualuri potencialiT, radgan xSirad teroristuli

operaciis Catareba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad moi-

Txovs specifikur codnas da specializacias. magali-

TisTvis, jihadis gansaxorcieleblad erTi potenciuri

kandidatis momzadebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi mizanmi-

marTulia erTjeradi amocanis Sesasruleblad, radgan

kinetikur sferoSi terorists mxolod erTxel SeuZ-

lia jihadis ganxorcieleba, riTac amoRebul samiznes

erTjeradad miayenebs zians. kiberteroristis upirate-

soba ki teroristuli saqmianobis mravaljeradobaSia.

mas SeuZlia araerTxel miayenos kibernetikul sfero-

Si samizne qveyanas ziani da garkveuli qmedebebis Se-

1 Dorothy E. Denning (IO Journal, April 2009) - Barriers to Entry: Are They Lower for Cyber Warfare? http://faculty.nps.edu/dedennin/publications/Denning-Barrier-sToEntry.pdf pp. 7-8

169


degad ki, xelyos adamianTa sicocxle. amdenad, zogjer

terorizmisaTvis adamianTa teqnikur-inteleqtualuri

SesaZleblobebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba ufro ma-

Rali efeqtis momtani SeiZleba iyos, vidre adamianTa

mxolod fizikuri unari.

teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis

kibersivrce, rogorc brZolis veli, teroristebs mo-

bilurobisa da farulobis upiratesobas aniWebs, rac,

agreTve, warmoadgens kiberoperaciebis Casatareblad

kibersivrcis gamoyenebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan prio-

ritets. faruloba warmoadgens kiberdamnaSavis unars

kiberisvrceSi ganaxorcielos Seteva ise, rom potenci-

urma samiznem Tavisi monacemebis dakargvis, cvlilebis

anda dazianebis Sesaxeb kiberSetevis amocanis warmate-

buli ganxorcielebis Semdeg gaigos. kibersivcis mobi-

lurobis principi ki gulisxmobs unars dafaros ad-

gili, saidanac xorcieldeba kiberSeteva, kibersivrceSi

operacia mravali obieqtidan erTdroulad ganaxor-

cielos da dafaros kiberSetevis Semdeg darCenili

kvali.

kibersivrceSi Tanamedrove teroristuli qmede-

bebi axal safexurze gadavida da misgan momdinare sa-

frTxe dRes ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis nacionaluri

usafrTxoebis dacvis strategiebSi mowinave adgils

ikavebs. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia kiberterorizmidan

momdinare safrTxeebis realurobiT da mniSvnelovne-

biT, rasac adasturebs kiberSetevebiT ukve gamowveuli,

anda misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli

potenciuri danakargebis maCvenebeli.

saxelmwifoebis da xelisuflebis diskreditaciis

mizniT kiberterorizmi iyenebs internets - terori-

stuli xasiaTis vebgverdebis ganTavsebiT, saxelmwifo

mniSvnelobis eleqtronul sistemebSi falsificirebu-

li monacmebis SetaniT an am sistemebis mwyobridan si-

170


stematuri gamoyvaniT, riTic qmnis SiSis faqtors, rac

warmoadgens tradiciuli terorizmis damaxasiaTebel

niSanTvisebas, aseve gansazRvravs kiberterorizms, ro-

gorc mis erT-erT saxeobas. maSasadame, kiberteroriz-

mi warmoadgens teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT

teroristuli da kriminaluri saqmianobis specifikur

formas.

teroristebi kibersivrces iyeneben Semdegi mizne-

bisaTvis1:

- internetis saSualebiT potenciur samizneebze

Seagrovon informacia mdebareobis da maxasiaTeblebis

gansasazRvrad;

- teroristul moZraobaTa mxardaWerisaTvis fin-

ansuri resursebis Sesagroveblad;

- teroristuli moZraobebis Sesaxeb detaluri

informaciis Semcveli vebgverdebis Sesaqmnelad, rac

moicavs dajgufebebis miznebis, amocanebis, protestis

gamoxatvis formebis da dajgufebebTan dakavSirebu-

li sxva saxeobis Semcvel informacias. riTac terori-

stuli moZraobebi cdiloben teroristebis mxardamWer

jgufebze sinergiul zemoqmedebas, rac gulisxmobs aR-

niSnul jgufebze gavlenis moxdenas marTvis arakla-

sikuri, qvecnobieri meTodebis gamoyenebiT;

- finansuri institutebisgan fulis gamoZalvisT-

vis, raTa maT Tavi aaridon kiberterorizmis aqtebs da

ar dakargon reputacia;

- internetis farTo auditoriis gamosayeneblad

ukve dagegmili an samomavlo moqmedebebis, an ganxorcie-

lebul teraqtebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebis Taobaze

informaciis gasavrceleblad, agreTve, msgavsi Sinaar-

sis eleqtronuli werilebis masobrivad dasagzavnad;

1Tropina Tatyana Lvovna (2005) - Cybercriminality: concept, a condition, criminally-legal measures of struggle from http://www.crime.vl.ru/index.php?p=986&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1

171


- internetis gamoyeneba informaciul-fsiqolo-

giuri zemoqmedebisTvis, „fsiqologiuri terorizmis“

inicirebisaTvis. internetis saSualebiT sazogadoeba-

Si SiSisa da panikis dasanergad an dezinformirebis

gziT adamianebis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad. agreTve, tero-

ristuli organizaciebi aqtiurad iyeneben internetis

msoflio qsels sxvadasxva Woris da maT Soris sagang-

aSo informaciis gasavrceleblad;

- teroristul saqmianobaSi saTanado potencia-

lis da gamocdilebis mqone pirovnebebis CasarTavad,

romelTaTvisac cnobili ar unda iyos maTi saqmianobis

namdvili mizani. magaliTad, kompiuteruli xulignebis

dayolieba, romelTaTvis ucnobia, Tu ras emsaxureba

maTi samomavlo saqmianoba;

- eleqtronuli fostiT an eleqtronuli Setyo-

binebebis „dafebiT“ daSifrul SetyobinebaTa gasacv-

lelad;

- teroristuli Sinaarsis vebgverdebis gansaTav-

seblad, sadac saubaria feTqebad nivTierebebsa Tu sa-

Sualebebze, Sxamebze, momwamvlel gazebsa da maTi da-

moukideblad miReba–damzadebis instruqciebze.

internetSi mravlad aris ganTavsebuli msgavsi

vebgverdebi, sadac aRniSnuli informaciis mopoveba

Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli.

yuradsaRebia termini – „qseluri omi“ romelic

devid ronfeldma (David Ronfeld) da jon arkrilam

(John Arquilla) Semoitanes. devid ronfeldis gansaz-

RvrebiT omis es saxeoba - „warmoadgens sazogadoebri-

vi konfliqtis erT-erT saxes, romelic warmoebuli

komunikaciis saSualebebis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs

internetis meSveobiT“1. jon arkrilas ganmartebiT ki,

„qseluri omi“ - „socialur doneze, tradiciuli sao-

mari Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe, konfliqtebis warmoebis

axali xerxia, rodesac protagonistebi (mTavar rol-

172


Si myofi adamianebi) iyeneben organizaciis qselur

formebs da masTan dakavSirebul doqtrinebs, strate-

giebs da teqnologiebs, romlebic Seesabameba informa-

ciuli sazogadoebas epoqas.2“

informaciuli omis gansazRvrebis ZiriTad cne-

bebs warmoadgens netwar da cyberwar. orive konfli-

qtis warmoebis erTgvar formaa, romlis drosac Se-

saZlebelia gamoiyenon kiberterorizmis meTodebi da

saSualebebi. netwar – kibersivrceSi konfliqtis war-

moebaa socialur doneze, xolo cyber war - kibersivrce-Si konfliqtis warmoebaa samxedro doneze. maT Soris

gansxvaveba kibersivrceSi konfliqtis warmoebis for-

ma da mizania.

kiberterorizmi qseluri omis warmoebis for-

mad iqceva maSin, rodesac teroristuli operaciebiT

cdilobs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis darRvevis

da mosaxleobis daSinebis gziT, xelisuflebaze ze-

moqmedebis mizniT, gavlena moaxdinos sociumze. Tu

kibersivrceSi teroristuli qmedebebis miznebi scde-

ba socialuri zemoqmedebis sazRvrebs da mimarTulia,

magaliTad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis an

TavdacviTi SesaZleblobebis dazianebis an ganadgu-

rebisken, maSin konfliqtis warmoeba gadava samxedro

doneze da miiRebs kiberomis saxes.

kiberterorizmi miekuTvneba saxelmwifos winaaRm-

deg mimarTul danaSaulTa saxeobas, rac aqcevs mas

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis erT-erT prioritetad. mis

mniSvnelobas adasturebs: mowinave qveynebis nacio-

naluri usafrTxoebis strategiaSi gansazRvruli ris-

kebsa da safrTxeebs Soris kiberusafrTxoebis maRali

1 John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (1993) - CYBERWAR IS COMING!: Both Netwar and Cyberwar Are Likely – pp. № 272 J.Arquilla and D.Ronfeldt (2001) Networks And Netwars- THE ADVENT OF NETWAR (REVISITED): Defi ning Netwar pp. № 6

173


prioriteti, kiberusafrTxoebaze gaweuli danaxarje-

bis yovelwliuri zrda da kiberusafrTxoebaSi axa-

li da mravalmxrivi kvlevebis warmoeba da dafinanse-

ba, informaciis masobrivi saSualebebis yuradReba da

msoflio gamoxamaureba. yovelive aRniSnuli ganpiro-

bebulia imiT, rom msoflioSi kiberdanaSaulis ricx-

vi yoveldRiurad izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba am

danaSauliT gamowveuli danakargebis raodenobac (2009

wlis 29 maiss aSS-is prezidentis barak obamas TeTr

saxlSi gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, ori ukanaskneli wlis

manZilze kiberdanaSauliT miyenebuli zianis odenobam

aSS-sTvis 8 mlrd dolariT ganisazRvra). aRniSnul

sakiTxebze SedarebiT did yuradRebas amaxvileben is

qveynebi, romelTa infrastruqturac damokidebulia ki-

bersivrcis Seuferxebel funqcionirebaze da romlis

marTvac eleqtronul sistemebzea orientirebuli.

magaliTad, aSS-m 2008 wels SeimuSava sainiciativo

programa, romlis mixedviTac unda Seqmniliyo saxelm-

wifo dawesebulebaTa Soris kibersivrcis kontrdaz-

vervis samsaxuri da agreTve saxelmwifo dawesebule-

bebis qselebSi usafrTxoebis donis amaRlebis Ronis-

Ziebebi Caatara. garda amisa, sainiciativo programis

farglebSi gansazRvruli iyo saxelmwifo informaci-

ul sistemebSi SeRwevis potenciuri meTodebis dadge-

na da informaciuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi kvlevebis

warmoeba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi kiberdanaSaulis winaarm-

deg brZola ukve saerTaSoriso problemad iqca da

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT saerTaSoriso terorizmsac gau-

tolda. transnacionaluri kompiuteruli danaSaulis

da kiberterorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtiani me-

Todebis SemuSaveba warmoadgens msoflio kibersivr-

cis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi elemen-

tia. swored amitom, kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis kvleva

174


msoflioSi mravali qveynis muSaobis priotetul mi-

marTulebad iqca.

estoneTSi 2007 wlis 27 aprils dawyebuli kiber-

Setevebi, romlebic 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda,

warmoadgenda saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ki-

berSetevebis pirvel da uprecendento SemTxvevas. Sete-

vis samizned iqca rogorc saxelmwifo, agreTve kerZo

seqtoris internet infrastruqtura. aRniSnuli movle-

na gaxda estoneTisa da Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis

wevri qveynebisaTvis kiberusafrTxoebis sferoSi rigi

RonisZiebis gatarebis safuZveli, raTa samomavlod sa-

valalo Sedegebisgan Tavi aeridebinaT da moexdinaT

kiberSetevebiT miRebuli danakargebis minimizeba. am

mizniT, estoneTSi Seiqnma Crdiloatalntikuri alian-

sis wevri qveynebis kiberusafrTxoebis centri, romel-

mac SeimuSava kadrebis momzadebis axali programa da

daiwyo Tanamedrove dacvis saSualebis Seqmna da maTi

ganviTareba.

Tanamedrove msoflios moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,

saqarTveloc gadadis informaciuli teqnologiebis

marTvis sistemebis aqtiur gamoyenebaze. saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebis zogierT sistemaSi ukve dainerga da

gamoiyeneba saqmis warmoebis eleqtronuli sistemebi.

aTasobiT eleqtronuli dokumentis gadacema qselSi,

monacemTa bazebis informaciis moZieba, damuSaveba, Sen-

axva, gadacema da a.S. Tavis mxriv saWiroebs infor-

maciuli sistemebis dacvis da usafrTxoebis uzrun-

velyofas. ramdenadac kiberteorizmis Setevis obieqts

wamoadgens qveynis kibersivrceSi funqcionirebadi

eleqtronuli sistemebi, SesaZlebeli gamovyoT tero-

ristuli motivaciis mqone kiberSetevebis Semdegi Zi-

riTadi samizneebi: saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo da aR-

masrulebeli xelisuflebis sainformacio eleqtro-

nuli sistemebi; qveynis finansuri seqtoris marTvis da

175


sainformacio eleqtronuli sistemebi da masmedia.

_ saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis sainformacio eleqtronuli sistemebi

iseTi masobrivi informaciis wyaroebia, romliTac xe-

lisuflebis mmarTeli organoebi awvdian da iReben

qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebis, qveynis saSinao da sa-

gareo politikis, xelisuflebis mier miRebuli ofi-

cialuri gadawyvetilebebis da misi poziciebis Sesa-

xeb informacias. aRniSnuls gaaCnia dominanturi pozi-

cia xelisuflebis oficialuri informaciis gacvlis

TvalsazrisiT. zemoxsenebul sistemebze kiberSeteve-

bis ganxorcieleba mimarTulia aRniSnul informaci-

ul nakadebze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad _ informaciis

farulad mopovebis, anda misi SezRudvisa da parali-

zebis mizniT;

_ rogorc cnobilia, finansuri seqtoris ele-

qtronuli marTvis sistemebi qveynis ekonomikuri fun-

qcionirebis ZiriTadi rgolia, romelzec damokide-

bulia qveynis Siga da sagareo finansuri operaciebi.

zemoxsenebul seqtorze kiberSetevebis ganxorcieleba

miznad isaxavs qveynis finansuri infrastruqturis pa-

ralizebas, masSi arsebuli informaciis dauflebas ko-

merciuli an politikuri mizniT, riTac SesaZlebelia

qveynisaTvis grZelvadiani da mniSvnelovani ekonomiku-

ri zianis miyeneba;

_ masmediis amocanaa sazogadoebas miawodos utyu-

ari informacia qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT

ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. misi daniSnulebaa

jansaRi sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. aRniSnul-

ze kiberSetevebis ganxorcielebis mizania garkveuli

saxeoba informaciis masobrivi gavrcelebis da siste-

maturi miwodebis SezRudva. masmediis eleqtronuli

saSualebebi, agreTve, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes

dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad, mcdari sazogadoe-

176


brivi azris formirebis da qaosis gamowvevis mizniT.

2007 wels (27 aprili _ 18 maisi) estoneTis ki-

bersivrceze ganxorcielebuli kiberSetevebis samiz-

nes warmoadgenda zemoxsenebuli samive seqtori. ker-

Zod, estoneTis prezidentis da parlamentis vebgverde-

bi, estoneTis yvela saministros eleqtronuli fosta,

politikuri partiebis vebgverdebi, sami sainformacio

samsaxuri, qveynis ori udidesi banki, samTavrobo inter-

netprovaiderebi da satelekomunikacio kompaniebi:

www.mkm.ee (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communi-cations); www.peaminister.ee (Website of the prime minister); www.riigikogu.ee (Estonian Parliament); www.sisemin.gov.ee (Ministry of Internal Affairs); www.valitsus.ee (Estonian Government); www.vm.ee (Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

estoneTze ganxorcielebuli kiberSetevebis sa-

fuZvels warmoadgenda estoneTis xelisuflebis ga-

dawyvetileba talinis centraluri moednidan sabWoTa

memorialis periferiaSi gadatanis Taobaze.

2008 wels (28 ivnisi _ 30 ivlisi) litvaze ganxor-

cielebuli kiberSetevebis samiznes am SemTxvevaSic

warmoadgenda saxelisuflebo, safinanso organoebis

da masmediis vebgverdebi. aRniSnul faqts win uZRoda

litvis parlamentis gadawyvetileba, romelic krZalav-

da sabWoTa periodis simbolikis sazogadoebriv Cve-

nebas da mis warmoCinebas, magaliTad, sabWoTa himnis

gaJRereba.

2008 wels saqarTvelos kibersivrceze ganxorcie-

lebuli kiberSetevebis samizned, agreTve, iqca samive

zemoaRniSnuli seqtori. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

vebgverdebi, romlebzec ganxorcielda kiberSeteve-

bi: saqarTvelos prezidentis vebgverdi (www.president.gov.ge); sagareo saqmeTa saministro (www.mfa.gov.ge); sa-qarTvelos mTavrobis vebgverdi (www.government.gov.ge); saqarTvelos parlamentis vebgverdi (www.parliament.ge);

177


Tavdacvis saministros vebgverdi (www.mod.gov.ge); cen-traluri saarCevno komisiis vebgverdi (www.cec.gov.ge); finansTa saministros vebgverdi (www.mof.ge); afxazeTis

avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis vebgverdi (www.abkhazia.gov.ge); saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis

saministro (www.mes.gov.ge) saqarTvelos finansuri seqtori, romelzec gan-

xorcielda kiberSetevebi: saqarTvelos erovnuli ban-

kis vebgverdi (www.nbg.gov.ge); Tibisi bakis vebgverdi

(www.tbcbank.ge); respublika bankis vebgverdi (www.repu-blic.ge); viTbi bankis vebgverdi (www.vtb.com.ge)

2008 wlis 9 agvistos, finansur seqtoris dacvis

mizniT, saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma gasca gankar-

guleba droebiT yvela banks Seewyvita eleqtronuli

momsaxureba.

masmediis vebgverdebi, romlebic gaxda 2008 wlis

kiberSetevebis samizne: samauwyeblo kompania rusTavi

2-is vebgverdi (www.rustavi2.com); mTavari sainformacio

saagento (www.interpress.ge); sainformacio saagento, axa-li ambebi saqarTvelodan (www.civil.ge); sainformacio

saagentos vebgverdi (www.presa.ge); informaciul anali-

tikuri portali (www.apsny.ge); saqarTvelos, azerbai-

janis da somxeTis sainformacio saagentos vebgverdi

(www.day.az).agreTve Setevebi ganxorcielda iseT sazogadoe-

briv- kulturul veb gverdebzec rogoricaa: www.in-ternet.ge; www.geres.ge; www.chca.org.ge; www.forum.ge; www.mu-seum.ge; www.grena.ge da sxva.

zemomoyvanili samive kiberkonfliqtis dros ga-

movlenili faqtebi ar aris gamyarebuli mtkicebule-

bebiT, rom aRniSnuli kiberSetevebi romelime konkre-

tuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier iyo

organizebuli. magram, samive SemTxvevaSi ganxorciele-

bul kiberSetevebs aerTianebs Setevis samizne, Setevis

178


mizani da damdgari Sedegebi. kiberSetevebi, romlebic

estoneTSi, litvasa da saqarTveloSi iqna ganxorcie-

lebuli, mravali saerTo niSnis matarebelia da rac

mTavaria, samive SemTxvevaSi Setevebi ganxorcielebul

iqna saxelmwifo, finansur da masmediis seqtorebze. sa-

qarTvelos sisixlis samarTlis kodeqsis 324’-e mux-

lis dispoziciaSi gansazRvruli Sedegebi, romliTac

kvalificirdeba kiberterorizmi, SesaZlebelia dadges

mxolod aRniSnul seqtorebze kiberSetevebis ganxor-

cielebiT, ris safuZvelzec mocemul faqtebs SegviZ-

lia mivaniWoT kiberterorizmis kvalifikacia.

2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma saqarTvelos didi

gamocdileba SesZina kiberSetevebis starategiis da

taqtikis mimarTulebiT, ramac 2007 wlis estoneTis ki-

berSetevebis Semdeg, kidev erTxel daanaxa msoflios

kiberusafrTxoebis mniSvneloba. dReisaTvis saqarTve-

loc aqtiuradaa CarTuli kiberusafrTxoebasTan da-

kavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.

2008 wlis agvistos kiberSetevebis Semdeg saqarT-

velom miiRo qveynis kibersivrcis dacvis realuri ga-

mowveva, rac moiTxovs erTiani nacionaluri kiberu-

safrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnas, estoneTis magaliTze

dayrdnobiT. aRniSnuli ki upirvelesad gulisxmobs:

- qveyanaSi arsebuli informaciuli sistemebis

„susti rgolebis“ da maTi gamoyenebiT kiberSetevebis

ganxorcielebis potenciuri safrTxeebis gamovlenas

da maT aRmosafxvrelad konkretul muSaobas da kvle-

vebis warmoebas;

- aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kadrebis aRzrdis

mizniT umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

konkretuli specializaciis Seqmnas, raTa am mimarTu-

lebiT daiwyos konkretuli kvlevebis warmoeba, rac

momavalSi qveynis informaciuli usafrTxoebis dasa-

cavad da samomavlo kiberSetevebis Sedegad miRebuli

179


danakargebis Tavidan acilebis aucilebeli winapiro-

baa;

- agreTve, samomavlod iseTi Tanamedrove progra-

muli uzrunveyofis Seqmnas, romelic ar iqneboda zo-

gadad gavrcelebuli da iqneboda Seqmnili qveynis kon-

kretuli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesasruleblad.

dasasruls xazgasmiTunda aRvniSnoT, rom ramdena-

dac informaciuli usafrTxoebis faqtori didadaa da-

mokidebuli konkretuli programuli uzrunvelyofe-

bis cnobadobaze, amgvari programuli uzrunvelyofis

gamoyeneba msoflio Tanamedrove kiberusafrTxoebis

standartebTan erTad, xels Seuwyobda informaciuli

operaciebis SedarebiT usafrTxo warmoebas; aseve ki-

berusafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso TanamS-

romlobis farglebSi samuSao da erToblivi kvleviTi

saqmianobis da gamocdilebis gaziarebas, rac qveynis

informaciuli usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

Cybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 20th CenturyCybersafety - Crucial Challenge of the 20th Century

G. NakashidzeG. NakashidzeThe article focuses on the necessity of revealing attempts of using

cyberspace for terrorist and criminal purposes. Cyberspace is conside-red as one of the forms and means of cooperation for the members of organized crime and terrorist organizations for organizing (planning and implementation) of criminal activities. The article shows the purpose of using cyberspace by terrorist groups and defi nes the role and function of cyber terrorism in information war. The paper provides defi nite tasks and activities to be implemented, methods for dealing with the problem are suggested to the countries for fi ghting against terrorism.

The article is based on the analysis of the reports of different competent organizations and appropriate arguments are provided from public sources.

180

nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-isiv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is

asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori

finansuri instrumentia nebismieri xelSekruleba, finansuri instrumentia nebismieri xelSekruleba,

romelic warmoqmnis rogorc erTi sawarmos finansur romelic warmoqmnis rogorc erTi sawarmos finansur

aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur valdebulebas an aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur valdebulebas an

wilobriv instrumentswilobriv instruments1. bass 32 iZleva rekomendacias, . bass 32 iZleva rekomendacias,

rom vidre emitenti moaxdens finansuri instrumentebis rom vidre emitenti moaxdens finansuri instrumentebis

finansur angariSgebaSi saTanado elementad finansur angariSgebaSi saTanado elementad

klasifikacias, xelSekruleba unda iqnes Seswavlili da klasifikacias, xelSekruleba unda iqnes Seswavlili da

gaanalizebuli. kerZod, emitentma sawarmos finansuri gaanalizebuli. kerZod, emitentma sawarmos finansuri

mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi finansuri instrumentebis mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi finansuri instrumentebis

klasifikaciis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos misi klasifikaciis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos misi

Sinaarsi da ara samarTlebrivi forma. Cveulebriv, Sinaarsi da ara samarTlebrivi forma. Cveulebriv,

finansuri instrumentis Sinaarsi da samarTlebrivi finansuri instrumentis Sinaarsi da samarTlebrivi

forma erTmaneTs Seesabameba, Tumca yovelTvis ara. forma erTmaneTs Seesabameba, Tumca yovelTvis ara.

magaliTad, zogierTi finansuri instrumenti iRebs magaliTad, zogierTi finansuri instrumenti iRebs

wilobrivi instrumentis samarTlebriv formas, wilobrivi instrumentis samarTlebriv formas,

magram SinaarsiT valdebulebas warmoadgens, xolo magram SinaarsiT valdebulebas warmoadgens, xolo

sxvebi SeiZleba aerTianebdes rogorc wilobrivi sxvebi SeiZleba aerTianebdes rogorc wilobrivi

instrumentebis, aseve finansuri valdebulebebis instrumentebis, aseve finansuri valdebulebebis

TvisebebsTvisebebs2.

finansuri mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi, misi Tav-finansuri mdgomareobis angariSgebaSi, misi Tav-

dapirvelad aRiarebisas, finansuri instrumentis emi-dapirvelad aRiarebisas, finansuri instrumentis emi-

tentma finansuri instrumentis an misi Semadgeneli tentma finansuri instrumentis an misi Semadgeneli

nawilebis klasifikacia unda moaxdinos finansuri nawilebis klasifikacia unda moaxdinos finansuri

1 bass 32 `finansuri intrumentebi: wardgena~, Tb., 2009. p.11.2 iqve, p.18.

finansuri instrumentebis asaxvafinansuri instrumentebis asaxva

finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi


181


valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivis an wilobrivi instru-valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivis an wilobrivi instru-

mentis saxiT, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsisa da finansuri mentis saxiT, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsisa da finansuri

valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivisa da wilobrivi in-valdebulebis, finansuri aqtivisa da wilobrivi in-

strumentis ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. strumentis ganmartebebis Sesabamisad.

ase, magaliTad, privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba ase, magaliTad, privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba

gamoSvebul iqnes sxvadasxva uflebiT, privilegiuri gamoSvebul iqnes sxvadasxva uflebiT, privilegiuri

aqciebis valdebulebad da sakuTar kapitalad klas-aqciebis valdebulebad da sakuTar kapitalad klas-

ificirebis dros, sawarmom unda Seafasos aqciebTan ificirebis dros, sawarmom unda Seafasos aqciebTan

dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebi imis dasad-dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebi imis dasad-

genad, Tu rogor gamovlindeba finansuri angariSgebis genad, Tu rogor gamovlindeba finansuri angariSgebis

elementebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.elementebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

privilegiuri aqciebis Sinaarss gansazRvravs privilegiuri aqciebis Sinaarss gansazRvravs

gamoSvebis pirobebi, rac ZiriTadad exeba xmis uflebas, gamoSvebis pirobebi, rac ZiriTadad exeba xmis uflebas,

gamosyidvasa da dividendebis gacemas. rogorc wesi, gamosyidvasa da dividendebis gacemas. rogorc wesi,

privilegiur aqciebs ara aqvs xmis ufleba da maTze privilegiur aqciebs ara aqvs xmis ufleba da maTze

gaicema garantirebuli fiqsirebuli dividendebi gaicema garantirebuli fiqsirebuli dividendebi

_ procenti nominaluri Rirebulebidan. magram, _ procenti nominaluri Rirebulebidan. magram,

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi cnobilia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi cnobilia sxvadasxva

pirobiT gamoSvebuli privilegiuri aqciebi, romlebic pirobiT gamoSvebuli privilegiuri aqciebi, romlebic

iTvaliswinebs aqciebis dabrunebis/gamosyidvisa da iTvaliswinebs aqciebis dabrunebis/gamosyidvisa da

dividendebis gacemis sakiTxebs. aqciebis dabrunebis dividendebis gacemis sakiTxebs. aqciebis dabrunebis

pirobebi, aqcionerTa uflebebi wminda mogebis pirobebi, aqcionerTa uflebebi wminda mogebis

ganawilebaSi (dividendebis ganawilebaSi) da wminda ganawilebaSi (dividendebis ganawilebaSi) da wminda

aqtivebze sawarmos likvidaciis dros gansazRvravs aqtivebze sawarmos likvidaciis dros gansazRvravs

aqciis bunebas. amdenad, gamoSvebis pirobebidan aqciis bunebas. amdenad, gamoSvebis pirobebidan

gamomdinare privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba iyos gamomdinare privilegiuri aqciebi SeiZleba iyos

wilobrivi instrumenti (kapitali) an finansuri wilobrivi instrumenti (kapitali) an finansuri

valdebuleba:valdebuleba:

wilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri wilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri

xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebSi xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebSi

yvela misi valdebulebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCeni-yvela misi valdebulebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCeni-

li wilis sakuTrebis uflebas. aqciebi klasificird-li wilis sakuTrebis uflebas. aqciebi klasificird-

eba wilobriv instrumentad (kapitalad), rodesac ar eba wilobriv instrumentad (kapitalad), rodesac ar

182

arsebobs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebi fuladi saxs-arsebobs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebi fuladi saxs-

rebisa an sxva finansuri aqtivis gadacemaze. rebisa an sxva finansuri aqtivis gadacemaze.

bass 32-is Tanaxmad, instrumenti wilobrivia bass 32-is Tanaxmad, instrumenti wilobrivia

mxolod orive pirobis (a) da (b) Sesrulebisas: mxolod orive pirobis (a) da (b) Sesrulebisas:

a) instrumenti ar Seicavs saxelSekrulebo val-a) instrumenti ar Seicavs saxelSekrulebo val-

debulebas:debulebas:

gadasces fuladi Tanxa an sxva finansuri val-gadasces fuladi Tanxa an sxva finansuri val-debuleba meore sawarmos; andebuleba meore sawarmos; an

gaucvalos finansuri aqtivi an finansuri val-gaucvalos finansuri aqtivi an finansuri val-debuleba sxva sawarmos emitentisaTvis potenciurad debuleba sxva sawarmos emitentisaTvis potenciurad

araxelsayreli pirobebiT.araxelsayreli pirobebiT.

b) instruments aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes b) instruments aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes

unari, daifaros emitentis sakuTari wilobrivi unari, daifaros emitentis sakuTari wilobrivi

instrumentebiT.instrumentebiT.

rodesac emitents aqvs saxelSekrulebo valde-rodesac emitents aqvs saxelSekrulebo valde-

buleba sakuTari aqciebi Seisyidos naRdi fuliT an buleba sakuTari aqciebi Seisyidos naRdi fuliT an

sxva finansuri aqtiviT (anu aris dabrunebadi), es aris sxva finansuri aqtiviT (anu aris dabrunebadi), es aris

valdebuleba. magaliTad: Tu privilegiuri aqciebi iT-valdebuleba. magaliTad: Tu privilegiuri aqciebi iT-

valiswinebs emitentis mier maT savaldebulo gamosy-valiswinebs emitentis mier maT savaldebulo gamosy-

idvas fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi TanxiT, romelime idvas fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi TanxiT, romelime

fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi momavali TariRisaT-fiqsirebuli an gansazRvradi momavali TariRisaT-

vis, aseTi valdebuleba finansuri valdebulebaa; an vis, aseTi valdebuleba finansuri valdebulebaa; an

privilegiuri aqcia, romlis dafarvas iTvaliswinebs privilegiuri aqcia, romlis dafarvas iTvaliswinebs

garkveuli TariRisaTvis mflobelis arCevaniT, akmay-garkveuli TariRisaTvis mflobelis arCevaniT, akmay-

ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis cnebas, radgan emi-ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis cnebas, radgan emi-

tenti valdebulia aqciis mflobels gadasces finan-tenti valdebulia aqciis mflobels gadasces finan-

suri aqtivebi. emitentis arCevanis ufleba, dafaros suri aqtivebi. emitentis arCevanis ufleba, dafaros

aqciebi, ar akmayofilebs finansuri valdebulebis aqciebi, ar akmayofilebs finansuri valdebulebis

cnebas, radgan emitents aRebuli ara aqvs mimdinare cnebas, radgan emitents aRebuli ara aqvs mimdinare

valdebuleba aqciebis mflobelTaTvis finansuri aq-valdebuleba aqciebis mflobelTaTvis finansuri aq-

tivebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aqciebis dafarva damok-tivebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aqciebis dafarva damok-

idebulia mxolod emitentis gadawyvetilebaze, magram idebulia mxolod emitentis gadawyvetilebaze, magram

valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac emitenti valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac emitenti


183


ganaxorcielebs Tavis arCevanis uflebas, Cveulebrivi ganaxorcielebs Tavis arCevanis uflebas, Cveulebrivi

aqciebis gamosyidvis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb oficialuri aqciebis gamosyidvis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb oficialuri

Setyobinebis safuZvelze.Setyobinebis safuZvelze.

amdenad, finansuri instrumentiamdenad, finansuri instrumenti1 klasificirdeba klasificirdeba

finansur valdebulebad, Tu sawarmos ara aqvs upirobo finansur valdebulebad, Tu sawarmos ara aqvs upirobo

ufleba Tavi aaridos fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-ufleba Tavi aaridos fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-

suri aqtivis gadacemas saxelSekrulebo valdebuleb-suri aqtivis gadacemas saxelSekrulebo valdebuleb-

is dasafarad da dafarvisas gadascems:is dasafarad da dafarvisas gadascems:

fulad saxsrebs an sxva finansur aqtivs; anfulad saxsrebs an sxva finansur aqtivs; ansakuTar aqciebs, romelTa Rirebuleba mniS-sakuTar aqciebs, romelTa Rirebuleba mniS-

vnelovnad aWarbebs fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-vnelovnad aWarbebs fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finan-

suri aqtivis Rirebulebas. suri aqtivis Rirebulebas.

finansuri valdebuleba nebismieri valdebulebaa, finansuri valdebuleba nebismieri valdebulebaa,

rogoricaa:rogoricaa:

a) sawarmos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba:a) sawarmos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba:

sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi an sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi an sxva finansuri aqtivebi; ansxva finansuri aqtivebi; an

potenciurad araxelsayreli pirobebiT potenciurad araxelsayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finansuri aqtivebi an sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finansuri aqtivebi an

valdebulebebi; anvaldebulebebi; an

b) xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZle-b) xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZle-

belia daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instru-belia daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instru-

mentebiT. mentebiT.

rodesac privilegiuri aqciebi ar SeiZleba iqnes rodesac privilegiuri aqciebi ar SeiZleba iqnes

gamosyiduli investoris moTxovniT, maSin maT klas-gamosyiduli investoris moTxovniT, maSin maT klas-

ifikacias kapitalad da valdebulebad gansazRvravs ifikacias kapitalad da valdebulebad gansazRvravs

uflebebi dividendebze. rodesac dividendebi ar aris uflebebi dividendebze. rodesac dividendebi ar aris

kontrolirebadi emitentis mier, anu emitenti valde-kontrolirebadi emitentis mier, anu emitenti valde-

bulia gadaixados dividendebi garkveuli periodulo-bulia gadaixados dividendebi garkveuli periodulo-

biT, maSin es niSnavs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas biT, maSin es niSnavs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas

da klasificirdeba emitentis finansur angariSgebaSi da klasificirdeba emitentis finansur angariSgebaSi

finansur valdebulebad.finansur valdebulebad.

1 fass 7 `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~.

Tb., 2009. p.7.

184

magram, arsebobs gamonaklisic, rodesac dabrune-magram, arsebobs gamonaklisic, rodesac dabrune-

badi aqciebi klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad. badi aqciebi klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad.

gamonaklia finansuri instrumenti, romelic akmay-gamonaklia finansuri instrumenti, romelic akmay-

ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis ganmartebas, magram ofilebs finansuri valdebulebis ganmartebas, magram

klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad, Tu mas axasi-klasificirdeba wilobriv instrumentad, Tu mas axasi-

aTebs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlili niSani:aTebs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlili niSani:

a) instrumenti mflobels sawarmos wminda aq-a) instrumenti mflobels sawarmos wminda aq-

tivebis proporciuli wilis miRebis uflebas aniWebs tivebis proporciuli wilis miRebis uflebas aniWebs

sawarmos likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi; sawarmos likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi;

b) es instrumenti iseT klass ganekuTvneba, romel-b) es instrumenti iseT klass ganekuTvneba, romel-

sac instrumentebis yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT sac instrumentebis yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT

daqvemdebarebuli pozicia aqvs. aseT kategorias rom daqvemdebarebuli pozicia aqvs. aseT kategorias rom

miekuTvnos, instruments:miekuTvnos, instruments:

ar unda hqondes upiratesoba likvidaciis dros ar unda hqondes upiratesoba likvidaciis dros sawarmos aqtivebTan dakavSirebul sxva moTxovnebTan sawarmos aqtivebTan dakavSirebul sxva moTxovnebTan

SedarebiT; da SedarebiT; da

ar unda saWiroebdes sxva instrumentad kon-ar unda saWiroebdes sxva instrumentad kon-vertacias, sanam instrumentebis iseT klass miekuTvneba, vertacias, sanam instrumentebis iseT klass miekuTvneba,

romelsac daqvemdebarebuliromelsac daqvemdebarebuli1 pozicia ukavia yvela sxva pozicia ukavia yvela sxva

instrumentTan SedarebiT.instrumentTan SedarebiT.

g) yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT daqvemdebare-g) yvela sxva klasTan SedarebiT daqvemdebare-

buli poziciis mqone instrumentebis klasSi Semaval buli poziciis mqone instrumentebis klasSi Semaval

yvela instruments identuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. yvela instruments identuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.

magaliTad, yvela maTgani dabrunebadi unda iyos da magaliTad, yvela maTgani dabrunebadi unda iyos da

ukan dabrunebis anu gamosyidvis fasis gamosaangariSe-ukan dabrunebis anu gamosyidvis fasis gamosaangariSe-

blad gamoyenebuli formula an sxva meTodi erTi da blad gamoyenebuli formula an sxva meTodi erTi da

igive unda iyos am klasSi Semavali yvela instrumen-igive unda iyos am klasSi Semavali yvela instrumen-

1 instruments likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi upiratesi ufleba im instruments likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi upiratesi ufleba im

SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia, Tu is mflobels uflebas aniWebs fiqsire-SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia, Tu is mflobels uflebas aniWebs fiqsire-

buli sididis dividendis miRebaze likvidaciis dros sawar-buli sididis dividendis miRebaze likvidaciis dros sawar-

mos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilTan erTad, rodesac sxva mos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilTan erTad, rodesac sxva

masze daqvemdebarebuli poziciis mqone klasis instrumentebs masze daqvemdebarebuli poziciis mqone klasis instrumentebs

(romlebsac sawarmos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilze aqvs (romlebsac sawarmos wminda aqtivebis proporciul wilze aqvs

ufleba) ara aqvs analogiuri ufleba likvidaciis dros (bass ufleba) ara aqvs analogiuri ufleba likvidaciis dros (bass

32, mg14g).32, mg14g).


185


tisTvis.tisTvis.

d) garda imisa, rom emitents akisria saxelSekrule-d) garda imisa, rom emitents akisria saxelSekrule-

bo valdebuleba, gamoisyidos es instrumenti fulad bo valdebuleba, gamoisyidos es instrumenti fulad

saxsrebze an sxva finansur aqtivze gacvlis gziT, es saxsrebze an sxva finansur aqtivze gacvlis gziT, es

instrumenti ar moicavs sxva saxelSekrulebo valde-instrumenti ar moicavs sxva saxelSekrulebo valde-

bulebas _ sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi bulebas _ sxva sawarmos gadasces fuladi saxsrebi

an sxva finansuri aqtivi, aseve potenciurad araxel-an sxva finansuri aqtivi, aseve potenciurad araxel-

sayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finan-sayreli pirobebiT sxva sawarmos gaucvalos finan-

suri aqtivebi an valdebulebebi da ar arsebobs iseTi suri aqtivebi an valdebulebebi da ar arsebobs iseTi

xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZlebelia xelSekruleba, romelic daifareba an SesaZlebelia

daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instrument-daifaros sawarmos sakuTari wilobrivi instrument-

ebiT, rogorc esa gansazRvrulia finansuri valdeb-ebiT, rogorc esa gansazRvrulia finansuri valdeb-

ulebis ganmartebaSi.ulebis ganmartebaSi.

Tu sawarmos ar SeuZlia imis gansazRvra, rom ze-Tu sawarmos ar SeuZlia imis gansazRvra, rom ze-

moaRniSnuli piroba dakmayofilebulia, man dabrunebad moaRniSnuli piroba dakmayofilebulia, man dabrunebad

instruments ar unda mianiWos wilobrivi instrumentis instruments ar unda mianiWos wilobrivi instrumentis

klasifikacia. klasifikacia.

dabrunebadi aqciebi, romlebic gamonaklisis sax-dabrunebadi aqciebi, romlebic gamonaklisis sax-

iT kapitalad aris klasificirebuli individualur iT kapitalad aris klasificirebuli individualur

finansur angariSgebaSi da ar aris aramakontrole-finansur angariSgebaSi da ar aris aramakontrole-

beli wilebi, jgufis konsolidirebul finansur an-beli wilebi, jgufis konsolidirebul finansur an-

gariSgebaSi klasificirdeba valdebulebad. gariSgebaSi klasificirdeba valdebulebad.

konvertirebad sasesxo valdebulebebSi CarTulia konvertirebad sasesxo valdebulebebSi CarTulia

konvertaciis ofcioni da Sesabamisad Seicavs or konvertaciis ofcioni da Sesabamisad Seicavs or

komponents: finansur valdebulebas (saxelSekrulebo komponents: finansur valdebulebas (saxelSekrulebo

SeTanxmebas fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finansuri aqtivebis SeTanxmebas fuladi saxsrebis an sxva finansuri aqtivebis

miwodebis Sesaxeb) da wilobriv instruments. miwodebis Sesaxeb) da wilobriv instruments.

finansuri instrumenti, romelic moicavs finansuri instrumenti, romelic moicavs

rogorc valdebulebis, aseve sakuTari kapitalis rogorc valdebulebis, aseve sakuTari kapitalis

komponents, rTuli finansuri instrumentia. fass 7 komponents, rTuli finansuri instrumentia. fass 7

`finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~, `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~,

iZleva rekomendacias ganmarteba mieces informacias iZleva rekomendacias ganmarteba mieces informacias

sawarmos mier finansuri instrumentebis gamoyenebis sawarmos mier finansuri instrumentebis gamoyenebis

186

Sinaarssa da xarisxze, aseve sawarmos miznebs, romelsac Sinaarssa da xarisxze, aseve sawarmos miznebs, romelsac

emsaxureba isini, maTTan dakavSirebul riskebsa da am emsaxureba isini, maTTan dakavSirebul riskebsa da am

riskebis kontrolis politikasriskebis kontrolis politikas1. fass-i aseve moiTxovs . fass-i aseve moiTxovs

rTuli finansuri instrumentebis komponentebad rTuli finansuri instrumentebis komponentebad

klasificirebasklasificirebas finansur valdebulebad da wilobriv finansur valdebulebad da wilobriv

instrumentad da maT aRiarebas xelSekrulebis instrumentad da maT aRiarebas xelSekrulebis

Sinaarsisa da ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. amdenad, Sinaarsisa da ganmartebebis Sesabamisad. amdenad,

Sinaarsisa da aRiarebis kriteriumebidan gamomdinare, Sinaarsisa da aRiarebis kriteriumebidan gamomdinare,

emisiidan miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad unda emisiidan miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad unda

gaiyos da emitentis balansSi cal-calke unda gaiyos da emitentis balansSi cal-calke unda

aisaxos sakuTari kapitali (konvertaciis uflebaze aisaxos sakuTari kapitali (konvertaciis uflebaze

misakuTvnebeli nawili) da valdebuleba. misakuTvnebeli nawili) da valdebuleba.

jer gamoiTvleba valis instrumentze jer gamoiTvleba valis instrumentze

misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc wminda fuladi saxsrebis misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc wminda fuladi saxsrebis

diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, xolo Semdeg _ wilobriv diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, xolo Semdeg _ wilobriv

komponentze misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc sxvaoba komponentze misakuTvnebeli Tanxa, rogorc sxvaoba

saemisio Semosavalsa da valis komponents Soris.saemisio Semosavalsa da valis komponents Soris.

Refl ecting Financial Instruments Refl ecting Financial Instruments in Financial Reportingin Financial Reporting

N. KvatashidzeN. KvatashidzeFinancial instruments, such as convertible debt liabilities, share Financial instruments, such as convertible debt liabilities, share

repurchase and privileged shares are share instruments or fi nancial repurchase and privileged shares are share instruments or fi nancial liabilities; but sometimes they include both components. According liabilities; but sometimes they include both components. According to International Financial Reporting Standards, before refl ecting such to International Financial Reporting Standards, before refl ecting such fi nancial instruments in fi nancial reporting it’s necessary to analyze fi nancial instruments in fi nancial reporting it’s necessary to analyze the summary of the agreement. Financial instruments should be tested the summary of the agreement. Financial instruments should be tested as privet equity and fi nancial liabilities. Financial instruments can be as privet equity and fi nancial liabilities. Financial instruments can be classifi ed as private equity or liabilities only in case they meet the classifi ed as private equity or liabilities only in case they meet the relevant criteria. relevant criteria.

1 fass 7 `finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi~.

fass. Tb., 2009, p. 6, 30-33.


187


nana sreseli nana sreseli

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu-is

asocirebuli profesori asocirebuli profesori

obieqturi istoriuli mizezebis gamo, Tanamedro-

ve bazarze damkvidrebuli finansuri instrumentebis

buRaltrul aRricxvisa da finansur angariSgebaSi

asaxvis rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve praqtikuli sa-

kiTxebi, qarTul aRricxvaSi naklebadaa Seswavlili.

Tanamedrove finansuri bazris dinamikuri ganvi-

Tarebis pirobebSi, sawarmos saqme aqvs mravalferovan

finansur instrumentebTan, romlebic SinaarsiT mud-

mivad icvleba da rTuldeba. Sesabamisad, finansuri

instrumentebis finansuri aRricxva rTuli da sakama-

To sakiTxia. ori aTwleulze metia profesionalebs

Soris mimdinareobs mwvave polemika, ramac garkveul-

wilad daxvewa finansuri instrumentebis Sefasebis,

aRricxvisa da aRiarebis sakiTxebi.

bass 32 - „finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena“ gan-

martavs, rom `finansuri instrumenti aris nebismieri

xelSekruleba, romelic warmoSobs rogorc erTi sa-

warmos finansur aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finans-

ur valdebulebas an wilobriv instruments~1. saxel-

Sekrulebo urTierToba SeiZleba iyos rogorc ormx-

rivi, aseve mravalmxrivi, mTavaria, warmoqmnas mkafiod

1 bass 32 finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena – fass (II nawili)

2009 weli – gv. 165 .

warmoebuli finansuri warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis aRricxvis instrumentebis aRricxvis

Taviseburebebi Taviseburebebi

188

formulirebuli ekonomikuri Sedegebi, romlis acile-

ba moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare mxareebs ar

SeeZlebaT.

finansuri instrumentebia: finansuri aqtivebi;

finansuri valdebulebebi; wilobrivi instrumentebi.

bass-is Tanaxmad, finansuri aqtivi da finansuri

valdebuleba Tavdapirveli aRiarebis TariRisaTvis,

unda Seafasdes realur Rirebulebas damatebuli

operaciis is danaxarjebi, romelic uSualod miekuTvneba

finansuri aqtivis SeZenis an finansuri valdebulebis

emisias.

finansuri instrumentebis Tavdapirveli

aRiarebisas realuri Rirebulebis saukeTeso

ganmsazRvreli faqtori garigebis fasia. amdenad, yvela

finansuri aqtivisa da valdebulebis sawyisi Sefaseba

/garigebis mTeli Rirebuleba/ moicavs garigebis fass

da garigebis danaxarjebs: agentebis, konsultantebis,

brokerebisa da dilerebisTvis gadaxdili sakomisioebs

finansuri finansuri

aqtivia:aqtivia:

fuladi saxsrebi;fuladi saxsrebi;• •

sxva sawarmos wilo-sxva sawarmos wilo-• •

brivi instrumentebi;brivi instrumentebi;

sawarmos sawarmos • •

saxelSekrulebo saxelSekrulebo

ufleba: miiRos ufleba: miiRos

fuli an finansuri fuli an finansuri

aqtivi, an potenci-aqtivi, an potenci-

urad xelsayreli urad xelsayreli

pirobiT gacvalos pirobiT gacvalos

finansuri aqtivi an finansuri aqtivi an

valdebuleba;valdebuleba;

xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba, • •

romelic SeiZleba romelic SeiZleba

anazRaurdes sawar-anazRaurdes sawar-

mos sakuTari wilo-mos sakuTari wilo-

brivi instrumentiT.brivi instrumentiT.

sawarmos nebismieri sawarmos nebismieri • •

saxelSekrulebo saxelSekrulebo

valdebuleba: gad-valdebuleba: gad-

asces fuli an sxva asces fuli an sxva

finansuri aqtivi, an finansuri aqtivi, an

potenciurad araxel-potenciurad araxel-

sayreli pirobiT sayreli pirobiT

gacvalos finansuri gacvalos finansuri

aqtivi an valdeb-aqtivi an valdeb-

uleba;uleba;

xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba, • •

romelic SeiZleba romelic SeiZleba

daifaros sawarmos daifaros sawarmos

sakuTari wilobrivi sakuTari wilobrivi

instrumentiT.instrumentiT.

nebismieri nebismieri • •

xelSekruleba, xelSekruleba,

romelic adas-romelic adas-

turebs sawarmos turebs sawarmos

aqtivebSi yvela aqtivebSi yvela

misi valdebulebis misi valdebulebis

gamoqviTvis Semdeg gamoqviTvis Semdeg

darCenili wilis darCenili wilis

sakuTrebis uflebas;sakuTrebis uflebas;

Cveulebrivi aqciebi;Cveulebrivi aqciebi;• •

emitentis ofcioni emitentis ofcioni • •

Cveulebrivi aqcie-Cveulebrivi aqcie-

bis gamoSvebaze.bis gamoSvebaze.

• •

finansuri finansuri

valdebulebaa:valdebulebaa:

wilobrivi wilobrivi

instrumentebia:instrumentebia:

nana sreselinana sreseli

189


da gasamrjeloebs; maregulirebeli organoebisa da

safondo birJebis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebs;

transferis gadasaxads da mosakrebels. garigebis

danaxarjebi ar moicavs savalo instrumentis premias,

diskonts, dafinansebis an Siga administraciul xarjebs.

Bbass-iT sawarmom finansuri aqtivi balansSi mxolod

maSin unda aRiaros, rodesac finansuri instrumentis

Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekrulebis monawile gaxdeba.

finansuri instrumentebi moicavs 1:

pirvelad finansur instrumentebs- debitorul da kredit-orul davalianebebs (obligaciebs),

wilobriv fasian qaRaldebs da a.S

warmoebul finansur instrumentebs-finansur ofcionebs, fiuCersebs, forvardebs, saprocento

ganakveTiani svopebs, savaluto svopebs, qefebs, qolarebs,

floebs da a.S.

bass-iT gansazRvrulia rom warmoebuli aris

finansuri instrumenti an sxva kontraqti: 1. romlis

Rirebuleba icvleba gansazRvruli saprocento

ganakveTis, fasiani qaRaldebis kursis, saqonlis fasis,

valutis gacvliTi kursis, fasebis indeqsis, sakredito

ideqsis an msgavsi cvladis (bazisis) cvlilebiT;

2. romelic ar iTxovs sawyisi neto investicias,

an sxva xelSekrulebebTan SedarebiT saWiroebs

mcire sawyis neto investicias; 3. romlis ganaRdeba

xorcieldeba momavali TariRiT.

warmoebuli finansuri instrumenti warmoqmnis

iseT uflebebsa da valdebulebebs, romelic Tan axlavs

ZiriTadi pirveladi finansuri instrumentisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli finansuri riskebis erTi mxaris mier

meoreze gadacemas. amasTan, warmoebuli instrumentebi

ar gulisxmobs rom ZiriTadi pirveladi finansuri

instrumentis gadacema aucilebelia xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi.1 bass 32 finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena – fass (II nawili)

2009 weli, gv. 185.

190

ganvixiloT warmoebuli finansuri instrumentebis

aRricxvis zogierTi Tavisebureba.

ofcioni aris or investors Soris dadebuli

kontraqti, romelTagan erTi gamowers ofcions

da yidis, xolo meore yidulobs mas da Rebulobs

uflebas, ofcionis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi,

fiqsirebuli fasiT iyidos aqciebis gansazRvruli

raodenoba ofcionis gamomweri pirisgan an mihyidos

mas. ofcionis Taviseburebaa is, rom myidveli iZens ara

aqciebs, aramed uflebas aqciebis SeZenaze.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi arsebobs ofcionis

ori tipi: ofcioni yidvaze (Call options) “C” da ofcioni gayidvaze (Put options) “P”.

ofcionis kontraqtis myidveli gamyidvels

uxdis sakomisios, romelsac premia ewodeba. ofcionis

premia mniSvnelovnad naklebia investiciaze, romelic

saWiro iqneboda im finansuri instrumentis SesaZenad,

romelzec mibmulia ofcioni. kontraqti ideba erT

lotze, anu 100 aqciaze da erTeul kontraqtad iwodeba.

kontraqtSi dafiqsirebulia ofcionis realizaciis

fasi da kontraqtis amowurvis TariRi.

ofcionis realizaciis fasia is, romliTac

`C~ ofcionis mflobelma SeiZleba SeiZinos da `P~ ofcionis mflobelma SeiZleba gayidos aqcia.

kontraqtis gasvlis vadad miRebulia Tve, rodesac

iwureba kontraqti. ofcionis realizacia SeiZleba

moxdes ofcionis damTavrebamde nebismier dRes

(amerikuli tipis ofcionebi) an mxolod dadgenil

vadaSi, Cveulebriv, ofcionis moqmedebis damTavrebis

dRes (evropuli tipis ofcioni).

ofcioniT warmoqmnili operaciebi monawile

sawarmos buRaltrul aRricxvaSi aisaxeba Semdegi

muxlebiT:

sapremio gasamrjelos anazRaureba ofcionis


191


kontraqtis SeZenisas aisaxeba gatarebiT:

debeti _ 1790 ofcionze gadaxdili premia

krediti _1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi

ofcionis kontraqtiT aqciebis Sesyidvaze

Sedgeba buRaltruli muxli:

debeti _ 1310 moklevadiani investiciebi aqciebSi

krediti _ 1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi

aqciebis gayidva aisaxeba gatarebiT (aqciis

sabalanso Rirebuleba CamorCeba gasayid fass):

debeti _ 1110, 1210 fuladi saxsrebi

krediti _ 8130 arasaoperacio mogeba

krediti _ 1310 moklevadiani investiciebi

aqciebSi

ofcionis premiis Camoweraze Sesabamisad Sedgeba

muxli:

debeti _ 8220 arasaoperacio zarali

krediti _ 1790 ofcionze gadaxdili premia

fiuCersuli kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba, romli-

Tac investori (myidveli) Rebulobs, xolo gamyidveli

axorcielebs gansazRvruli saqonlis an finansuri in-

strumentis miwodebas gansazRvrul adgilsa da droSi

kontraqtis Sedgenis TariRiT dadgenili fasiT.

fiuCersuli kontraqtebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg

angariSsworeba savaldebuloa. amdenad, fiuCersuli

garigebebis riski maRalia investorisaTvis. fiuCersu-

li garigebebi qmnis iseT garemos, romelic sabirJo

saqonlis mwarmoebel an momxmarebel sawarmoebs gark-

veulwilad umcirebs saqonlis flobasTan dakavSire-

bul risks am ukanasknelis im pirebisaTvis gadacemis

gziT, romlebsac surT pasuxismgeblobis aReba SesaZ-

lebeli mogebis miRebis sanacvlod.

fiuCersuli sabirJo bazari aregulirebs fase-

bis arasasurveli cvlilebebisagan dacvas riskis sxva-

ze gadataniT, anu hejirebiT (SemofargvliT).

192

fiuCersuli vaWrobis monawile mxareebi axorcie-

leben sagarantio Senatanebs yoveli garigebis mixed-

viT.

sagarantio Senatani ori saxeobisaa: Tavdapirve-

li (depoziti), anu sawyisi marJa da cvladi, anu varia-

ciuli marJa. swrafi safondo operaciebis Sesrulebi-

sas marJa aris sxvaoba myidvelisa da gamyidvelis fa-

sebsa da fasiani qaRaldebis kursebs Soris, garigebis

dadebisa da misi Sesrulebis TariRebis mixedviT.

garigebis dadebis TariRi aris TariRi, ra droisT-

visac sawarmo iRebs aqtivis SeZenis valdebulebas.

angariSsworebis (garigebis Sesrulebis) TariRi

aris sawarmosTvis aqtivis miwodebis TariRi.

depozitis sawyisi marJis odenoba fiqsirdeba yo-

vel kontraqtze da Seadgens kontraqtis Rirebulebis

2-10%-s, Tumca, saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi dafiqsirebu-

lia ufro maRali procentic.

saxsrebis Setana depozitis angariSze xdeba naR-

di fuliT, gadaricxviT, akreditiviT an birJis wesebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli sxva sabuTebiT. garigebis mTel pe-

riodSi aucilebelia brokerTan, depozitis saxiT, iyos

Senatani _ fuladi Tanxa an girao, rac saSualebas

miscems ganaxorcielos yidva marJiT. termini - `yidva

marJiT~, niSnavs, rom investori ixdis naRdi fulis sa-

xiT fasis mxolod nawils, Sesabamisad mimarTavs bro-

keris kredits.

vaWrobis monawile sawarmo sawyisi marJis ga-

daricxvas fiuCersul birJaze asaxavs gatarebiT:

debeti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti


depozitis (sawyisi marJa) dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi

Seadgeba gatareba:


krediti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti


193


variaciuli marJa Seitaneba monawile sawarmos

mier mxolod fasebis araxelsayreli cvlilebisas.

kerZod, Tu fasebi ise Seicvleba, rom monawile sawar-

mos angariSze rCeba sawyisi marJis (depozitis) 75%-

ze naklebi, igi valdebulia Seavsos marJa. variaciuli

marJis Setana monawile sawarmos mier aisaxeba erT-

droulad ori gatarebiT:

variaciuli marJis gadaricxva gatardeba:

debeti _ 1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti


gadaricxuli variaciuli marJis mikuTvneba ara-

saoperacio xarjebisaTvis (zaralisaTvis) gatardeba:

debeti _P8220 arasaoperacio zarali

krediti _1470 fiuCersuli kontraqtis depoziti

garigebebiT SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ara mxolod

uaryofiTi variaciuli marJa (fasebis dacemis SemTx-

vevaSi), aramed dadebiTic (fasebis awevis pirobebSi),

Sesabamisad, e.w. dadebiTi variaciuli marJa eqvemdeba-

reba monawile sawarmosaTvis dabrunebas, rac aisaxeba

gatarebiT:


krediti _ 8130 arasaoperacio mogeba

forvardi aris gansazRvruli finansuri

instrumentis momavali TariRiT, fiqsirebuli

fasiT SeZenis an gayidvis valdebuleba. forvardis

xelSekruleba, rogorc fiqsirebuli fasiani

valdebuleba gansazRvruli droiT, Cveulebriv,

garigebis dadebisa da angariSsworebis TariRebs Soris

Sesabamisi monakveTiT, akmayofilebs warmoebulis

ganmartebas. Tumca, valdebulebis xanmokleobis gamo

SeiZleba arc iyos aRiarebuli finansur instrumentad.

praqtikaSi aseTi xelSekruleba zogjer `Cveulebriv

xelSekrulebad~ iwodeba. finansuri aqtivis yidva-

gayidvis operaciebi ki _ `Cveulebrivi gziT~ SeZenis an

194

`Cveulebrivi gziT~ gayidvis operaciebad moixsenieba.

forvarduli kontraqti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

ofcionis kontraqtisgan, radgan forvarduli

kontraqtis dros mxareebs valdebulis Sesruleba

evalebaT daTqmul droSi, xolo ofcionis kontraqtiT

Sedegi dgeba maSin rodesac ofcionis mflobeli

gadawyvets mis ganxorcielebas.

finansuri aqtivebis SeZena aRiricxeba oridan

erT-erTi meTodiT:

garigebis TariRiT aRricxvis meTodiT; angariSsworebis TariRiT aRricxvis meTodiT.

garigebis TariRiT aRricxvisas misaRebi aqtivisa

da, Sesabamisad, gadaxdis valdebulebis aRiareba xdeba

garigebis dRis realuri RirebulebiT (garigebis

danaxarjebis CaTvliT). amasTan, angariSsworebis

TariRamde ar warmoebs procentis daricxva aqtivze

da Sesabamis valdebulebaze.

angariSsworebis TariRiT aRricxvisas misaRebi

aqtivis aRiareba xdeba misi sawarmosaTvis gadacemis

dRes. amasTan, sawarmo misaRebi aqtivis realuri

Rirebulebis nebismier cvlilebas garigebis da

angariSsworebis TariRebs Soris periodSi aRricxavs

iseve, rogorc SeZenili finansuri aqtivis realuri

Rirebulebis cvlilebas.

arsebobs bass 32-iT reglamentirebuli forvardis

kontraqtis uzrunvelyofis sami varianti:

1. neto fuliT uzrunvelyofa (fuli fulis

sanacvlod); 2. neto aqciiT uzrunvelyofa (aqcia

aqciis sanacvlod); 3. bruto fizikuri uzrunvelyofa

(naRdi fuli aqciebis sanacvlod). sawarmos

forvarduli xelSekrulebis monawile mxared

gaxdomisas uflebebisa da valdebulebebis realuri

Rirebulebebi xSirad Tanabaria da forvardis neto

realuri Rirebuleba nulia. aqtivad an valdebulebad


195


SeiZleba aRiarebuli iyos nulisgan gansxvavebuli

neto realuri Rirebuleba.

magaliTi: 2011 wlis 1 Tebervals firmebma-

“eleganti”da “favoriti‘‘ gaaformes kontraqti, romlis

Tanaxmad “eleganti” 1000 Cveulebrivi aqciis realuri

fasis misaRebad cvlida maT 115 000 laris

Tanxaze. erTi aqciis sabazro fasi Seadgens :

01.02. 2011w. 110 lari

31.12. 2011w. 125 lari

31.01. 2012w. 120 lari

31.12 2012w. 115 lari

2012 31 ianvars dasafaria 115 000 lari. “eleganti”-s

aRricxvaSi gakeTdeba Semdegi saaRricxvo Canawerebi:

01.02.2011 w. kontraqtis gaformebis TariRiT erTi

aqciis fasi 110 laria. Fforvarduli kontraqtis

sawyisi realuri Rirebuleba aris nuli. Sesabamisad,

buRaltruli gatareba ar Sedgeba, vinaidan ar

momxdara fuladi saxsrebis arc miReba da arc gacema.

31.12.2011w. erTi aqciis fasi gaizarda da Seadgina 125

lari, Sesabamisad, forvarduli kontraqtis realuri

Rirebuleba 10 000 ((125-115)*1000) laramde gaizarda.

forvardis realuri Rirebulebis zrdaze Sedgeba

gatareba:

debeti –1390 forvardebi 10 000

krediti _8130 mogeba 10 000

31.01.2012 w erTi aqciis sabazro fasma daiwia da

Seadgina 120 lari. Sesabamisad, forvardis realuri

Rirebuleba 5 000 ((120* 1000- 115 000) laria. imave

TariRiT kontraqtis uzrunvelyofa moxda neto

TanxiT. “eleganti“ valdebuli iyo “favoritisTvis”

gadaexada 115 000 lari, xolo“favoriti” valdebuli

iyo “elegantisTvis” gadaeca 120 000 lari. amrigad

“favorit”-ma gadixada neto Tanxa 5 000 lari.

forvarduli kontraqtis realuri Rirebulebis

196

Semcireba aisaxeba gatarebiT:

debeti – 8220 arasaoperacio zarali 5 000

krediti _ 1390 forvardebi 5 000

xolo forvardis kontraqtis uzrunvelyofaze

Sedgeba gatareba:

debeti – 1110,1210 fuladi saSualebebi 5 000

krediti _ 1390 forvardebi 5 000

ganxiluli sakiTxebi, rogorc Teoriul,

aseve praqtikuli aspeqtiT, sakmaod rTulad aris

warmodgenili bass 32 `finansuri instrumentebi:

wardgena~ da bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi:

aRiareba da Sefaseba~.

bass sabWos gadawyvetilebiT mimdinareobs

finansuri instrumentebis bundovani sakiTxebis daxvewa,

gadamuSaveba da uaxloes perspeqtivaSi samoqmedod

Semova axali fass, romelic Caanacvlebs bass 32-s da

bass 39-s.

Peculiarities of Accounting Derived Financial Instruments

N. Sreseli The article emphasizes that both methodological and practical

issues of refl ecting the current fi nancial instuments in accounting and fi nancial reporting are not suffi ciently studied in accounting in Geor-gia. Methods and principles of assessing and accounting of fi nancial instruments, including derivatives, and their recognition in fi nancial re-portings are given in International Accounting Standards 32 and 39. In addition, the article provides assessment of fi nancial assets, fi nancial lia-bilities and components of partial instruments during initial recognition. Derivative instruments are classifi ed based on the company‘s shares. Pe-culiarities of accounting forward and futures contracts are revealed with respect to their collateral („net cash provided“, „net share provided“).


197

redaqciisaganredaqciisagan

gasuli 2011 wlis mais-ivnisis nomerSi Cvens Jur-

nalSi rusul enaze gamoqveynda profesor iuri ananiaS-

vilisa da profesor vladimer papavas erToblivi statia

_ “Макроэкономическая модель лафферо-кейнсианского синтеза”. avtorebma statiaSi maT mier Seqmnili saintereso Teori-

uli koncefcia makroekonomikuri wonasworobis modelis

originaluri variantis saxiT warmoadgines, romelSic

erToblivi moTxovna da erToblivi miwodeba ara fasebis

donis funqciebadaa ganxiluli, rogorc amas tradiciuli

midgomebis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, aramed saSualo sa-

gadasaxado ganakveTze damokidebuli funqciebis saxiTaa

mocemuli. aseTma midgomam avtorebs saSualo sagadasax-

ado ganakveTis rolis kompleqsuri ganxilvis saSualeba

misca.

statiaSi SemoRebulia optimaluri da wonasworuli

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis cnebebi. pirveli maTgani

axasiaTebs sagadasaxado tvirTs, romlis pirobebSic er-

Toblivi miwodebis sidide maqsimalur mniSvnelobas aRw-

evs; sagadasaxado ganakveTis meore mniSvnelobis dros ki

erToblivi moTxovna da erToblivi miwodeba erTmaneTs

emTxveva. rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado ganakveTis es ori

mniSvneloba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia. sayuradReboa,

rom, roca wonasworuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi ucv-

lel donezea SenarCunebuli, maSin sagadasaxado ganakve-

Tis optimaluri mniSvneloba fasebis doneze damokide-

buli sidide xdeba da erToblivi moTxovnis garkveuli

mimarTulebiT cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am ori

ganakveTis urTierTgatoleba. SemoTavazebuli modelis

gamokvlevis safuZvelze statiis avtorebma ori mniS-

vnelovani daskvna gaakeTes:

Jurnal èkonomika da biznesisa~ da mis Jurnal èkonomika da biznesisa~ da mis qarTvel avtorTa qarTvel avtorTa

saerTaSoriso aRiareba saerTaSoriso aRiareba


198


pirveli, optimaluri saSualo sagadasaxdo ganakve-

Tis SemoRebas TavisTavad ar SeuZlia dasaqmebis donis

zrda da potenciuri, anu maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoSveb-

is Sesabamis wonasworobaSi gadasvlis inicireba. lafer-

keinzianuri sinTezis pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis

amaRlebasa da sruli dasaqmebis miRwevaSi mniSvnelovan

rols, dabegvris reJimTan erTad, erToblivi moTxovna as-

rulebs;

meore, wonasworuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis yovel

mocemul konkretul mniSvnelobas SeiZleba Seesabame-

bodes erToblivi miwodebis mrudebis mTeli erToblio-

ba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia optimaluri

sagadasaxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobebiT, aseve SeiZleba

Seesabamebodes laferis mrudebis erToblioba biujetis

maqsimaluri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis momtani ganakve-

Tis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT.

statiis gamoqveynebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg Jur-

nal “ekonomika da biznesis” mTavarma redaqtorma miiRo

werili, romelSic erT-erTi amerikuli gamomcemloba _

“M. E. SHARPE” iTxovda nebarTvas profesorebis _ iuri

ananiaSvilisa da vladimer papavas statiis “Макроэконо-мическая модель лафферо-кейнсианского синтеза” inglisurad

Targmnasa da JurnalSi _ “Problems of Economic Transition”-Si gamoqveynebaze. es Jurnali Tematur xasiaTs atarebs

da inglisurenovani mkiTxvelsaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis

yovel bolo or weliwadSi ZiriTadad rusul enaze gamo-

qveynebul saintereso statiebs. niSandoblivia, rom Jurna-

lis 2012 wlis aprilis nomerSi, romlis Tematuri saxel-

wodebaa “Tax Burden, Government Spending, and Economic Growth”, zemoT aRniSnuli statiis garda, iuri ananiaSvilisa da

vladimer papavas ruseTis federaciis JurnalebSi gamo-

qveynebuli kidev ori statiaa warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegiis wevria profesori

vladimer papava. Jurnalis mocemuli konkretuli nomeri

swored misi redaqtorobiT gamovida.

Jurnal “ekonomika da biznesis” redaqcia qarTvel

mecnierebs ulocavs am warmatebas.

199

JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero

statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesistatiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi

1. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-

lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis

meTodologia; kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle); rekomendacie-

bi;

2. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan dakav-

Sirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba, risT-

visac aucilebelia ramdenime maTganis miTiTeba teqstSi

(miRebuli wesiT sqolioebis miniSnebebiT Sesabamis gver-

debze);

3. statiis qarTuli teqsti unda aikrifos Sylfaen-iT,

12-iani SriftiT da xazebs Soris 1,5-iani daSorebiT;

4. statia warmodgenili unda iyos A4 formatiT, 6-10

gverdis moculobiT;

5. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda

mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-

demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli

fostis misamarTi;

6. statias unda axldes referati qarTul da ingli-

sur enebze (8-10 striqonis moculobiT);

7. statiebi warmodgenili unda iyos eleqtronuli

da qaRaldze amobeWdili formiT (2 egzemplarad);

8. moTxovnebis darRveviT warmodgenili masala Jur-

nalSi ar daibeWdeba;

9. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiS-

vilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa

da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi

ixdian safasurs –erT gverdze 10 (aTi) lars, rac maT

mier Cairicxeba iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ekonomikuri Se-

mosavlebis angariSSi.

200

daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -

manana jixviSvili

ISSN 1987-5789

Documents

ekonomika da biznesi