iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo ......riso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~. fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis, Jurnalis redaqtorisa

1

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

Jurnali èkonomika da biznesi~

studenturi

eleqtronuli damatebiTi nomeri

(el-JurnalSi Sesulia Tsu-s studentTa 69-e samecniero

konferenciis CarCoTi, ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze

saprizo adgilebze gasuli da saqarTvelos sxva

universitetebis mier gamocxadebul konferenciebSi amave

fakultetidan monawile gamarjvebul studentTa

moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi)

Tbilisi

2008-2009 saswavlo weli

2

organizatorebisagan

saqarTvelos, romlis saukeTeso tradiciebi ganaTlebis sferoSi sayovelTaod iyo cno-

bili (fazisis filosofiisa da ritorikis skola kolxeTSi (IV saukune), gelaTisa da iyal-

Tos akademiebi (XII saukune), samonastro-saganmanaTleblo centrebi palestinaSi (V saukune),

siriaSi (VI saukune), saberZneTSi (X-XI saukuneebi), bulgareTSi (XI saukune)) politikur-

ekonomikuri dauZlurebisa da bolos ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis Sedegad ramdenime sauku-

nis ganmavlobaSi aRar gaaCnda erovnuli umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebuleba.

erT-erTi pirveli nabiji, romelic qarTvelma xalxma gadadga meoce saukunis dasawyis-

Si 1918 wels, erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebisa da erovnuli demokratiuli saxelmwi-

fos gamocxadebisTanave, TbilisSi erovnuli universitetis Seqmna iyo. igi im dros pirveli

da erTaderTi universiteti iyo mTels kavkasiaSi.

Semdgom bolSevikur da komunistur periodSi, Tavsmoxveuli idologiisa da cenzuris

miuxedavad, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma SeZlo erovnuli suliskveTebis SenarCuneba,

zogadsakacobrio idealebisadmi msaxureba, aRzarda erovnuli inteligenciis saukeTeso war-

momadgenlebi, Camoayaliba sayovelTaod cnobili samecniero skolebi maTematikaSi, fsiqolo-

giaSi, filosofiaSi, lingvistikaSi, istoriografiaSi. safuZveli Cauyara mravali umaRlesi

saswavleblisa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis Seqmnas.

ekonomikis fakulteti damoukidebeli saxiT 1931 wels Camoyalibda. manamde ekonomiku-

ri specialobebi, iuridiul specialobebTan erTad, socialur-ekonomikur fakultetSi iyo

gaerTianebuli, romelic 1922 wlidan Seudga saqmianobas. fakultetis misiaa sistemurobis,

memkvidreobiTobisa da uwyvetobis principebze dafuZnebuli maRalxarisxiani, xelmisawvdomi

da Tanamedrove donis ekonomikuri da biznes-ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa, Sromis saerTaSoriso

bazarze konkurentunariani specialistebis momzadeba, samecniero kvlevebis warmarTva saer-

TaSoriso samecniero wreebTan mWidro kavSirSi.

fakultetze sxvadasxva samsaxurebisa da kaTedrebis iniciativiT mTeli rigi konferen-

ciebi da Sexvedrebi imarTeba. maT Soris saTanado yuradReba eTmoba studentur konferen-

ciebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom sauniversiteto konferenciaze gamarjvebuli axalgazrdebi did war-

matebebs aRweven saqarTvelos sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis mier gamocxadebul konferen-

ciebSi, rasac qvemoT warmodgenili moxsenebebi adasturebs.

Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze 2008 wlis ianvridan gamoicema saerTaSo-

riso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali èkonomika da biznesi~.

fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis, Jurnalis redaqtorisa (prof. r. gogoxia) da teqnikuri re-

daqtoris (prof. m. turava) TanadgomiT gaweuli iqna didi moculobis saorganizacio samu-

Sao saimisod, rom ganxorcielebuliyo kidev erTi saintereso wamowyeba - yovelwliuri

eleqtronuli studenturi damatebiTi nomris Seqmna. es idea organizatorebs swored stu-

dentur konferenciebze wakiTxul moxsenebaTa maRalma donem ukarnaxa. JurnalSi arsebuli

moxsenebebis gamosaqveyneblad mzaoba dadasturebulia Sesabamisi kaTedris xelmZRvanelTa da

studentebis mecnier-xelmZRvanelTa vizirebiT, xolo moxsenebebSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebze

pasuxismgebelia avtori. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, batonebma rezo gogoxiam da murman turavam

studentTa naSromebi didi gulisyuriT waikiTxes, risTvisac gvsurs maT guliTadi madloba

gadavuxadoT.

3

studentur eleqtronul JurnalSi Sesulia 2008-2009 saswavlo wels iv. javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa 69-e samecniero konferenci-

is CarCoTi, ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis kaTedrebze saprizo adgilebze gasuli da

saqarTvelos sxva universitetebis mier gamocxadebul konferenciebSi amave fakultetidan

monawile gamarjvebul studentTa moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi.

sauniversiteto 69-e konferenciis yvela gamarjvebuli studenti dajildovda sige-

liT, xolo I-III adgilze gasuli studentebi ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis studen-

turi TviTmmarTvelobis mier dajildoebul iqnen wignis maRaziis vauCerebiT. sazeimo viTa-

rebaSi samaxsovro saCuqrebi gadaecaT aseve maT, vinc universitetis saxeliT gamarjveba mo-

ipoves sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis mier organizebul konferenciebze.

studenturi eleqtronuli Jurnali teqnikurad moamzades Tavad konferenciis monawi-

leebma. imis gamo, rom momxsenebelTa nawilma naSromebi winaswargamocxadebul vadaSi da

saTanado formatiT ar warmoadgina, Jurnalis sasurvel doneze momzadeba sakmaod rTuli

gasamarTi aRmoCnda. Sedegad el-Jurnali mcireodeni xarvezebiT qveyndeba, risTvisac mkiT-

xvels bodiSs vuxdiT. maT vinc obieqturi mizezebis gamo ver moaxerxes naSromis

warmodgena, ganaxlebuli variantis gamoqveynebis saSualeba miecemaT momdevno nomerSi.

vimedovnebT, rom samomavlod studentebi ufro meti yuradRebiT moekidebian naSro-

mebis warmodgenis moTxovnebis dacvas. gisurvebT warmatebebs.

Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis

samsaxuris ufrosi asoc. prof. i. gagniZe

Tsu-s IV kursis bakalavri

TaTuli duSuaSvili

studenturi saredaqcio kolegia: TaTuli duSuaSvili (xelmZRvaneli)

TinaTin axvlediani

Tamriko facia

Tamuna akofaSvili

qeTevan adeiSvili

4

S i n a a r s i

giorgi yufaraZe ,,saqarTvelo da evrointegracia~ - saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris

TanamSromlobis axali perspeqtiva (mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili) ................................ 6

irakli giorbeliZe Tavisufali industriuli zonebi saqarTveloSi da maTi ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi XXI saukuneSi (momzadebulia damoukideblad)...................................................................... 15

nino fxikiZe finansuri krizisi - `binaTmflobelobis mania~ (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof m.

julayiZe) ………............................................................................................................................................................................ 20

giorgi nikuraZe informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri politikis evolucia (mecn-xelm:

asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili) ….................................................................................................................................... 29

mariam WurWelauri sarkinigzo klasteri saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i.

gagniZe)........................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

TinaTin axvlediani sareklamo biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. T.

Sengelia) …................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

valeriane joxaZe, qeTevan pirveli sastumro biznesi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof.

T. Sengelia) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45

daviT gabriWiZe, mariam kevliSvili rZis poduqtebis bazari saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli

prof. T. Sengelia) …........................................................................................................................................................... 50

qeTevan RuduSauri sabanko riskebis marTvis srulyofis koncefcia (mecnier-xelmZR. asist.

prof. c. oqruaSvili) .................................................................................................................................................... 54

e k o n o m i k i s m i m a r T u l e b a

givi melqaZe inflaciis TargeTireba saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: ek. akad. doqt. g. xasia)

........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

salome jaSi msoflio finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. n. kaku-

lia) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 64

zurab ziraqaZe sapensio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli profesori n.

xaduri) ….................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

bela CaCibaia, baia CaCibaia reklamis gavlena ludis gayidvebis moculobaz (mecn-xelm: sruli

prof. e. xaraiSvili) .................................................................................................................................................... 73

naTia meliTauri riskebi da dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xa-

raiSvili) ……............................................................................................................................................................................... 79

qeTevan jibuti qarTuli mineraluri da mtknari wylebis konkurentunarianoba (mecn-xelm:

sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili)........................................................................................................................................ 85

nino patariZe, lili wverava, salome samxaraZe evropis biznes angelozTa qseli da

saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili) .............................................................................. 91

nika grZeliSvili, SoTa kupataZe transnacionaluri kompaniebi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi

(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. d. sixaruliZe) ........................................................................................................... 97

nino oqruaSvili globaluri finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S.

SaburiSvili) .................................................................................................................................................................... 103

5

TaTuli duSuaSvili mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia (mecn-xelm: sruli

prof. r. gvelesiani) .......................................................................................................................................................... 108

mariam gogiaSvili inflacia: arsi, mizezebi, Sedegebi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. j.

janjRava)…................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

mixeil dvaliSvili inflaciis statistika da makroekonomikuri tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. mindoraSvili)...............................................................................................................119

Salva giorgaZe saqarTvelosa da msoflios mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozebi

(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. xmalaZe) ...................................................................................................................... 123

irakli makalaTia siRaribe uaxlesi periodis saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. b.

gabiZaSvili) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 126

b i z n e s i s a d m i n i s t r i r e b i s m i m a r T u l e b a

gvanca dgebuaZe mcire biznesis ganviTarebis donis faqtobrivi analizi (mecn-xelm: sruli

prof. T. Sengelia) ............................................................................................................................................................ 132

lana sulakaZe, salome vaSakiZe fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm:

asoc. prof. g. erqomaiSvili) ....................................................................................................................................... 138

irakli xubua globaluri finansuri krizisi da misi gavlena saqarTvelos finansur

sistemaze (mecn-xeml: asoc. prof. lela baxtaZe) .....................................................................................… 143

qeTevan adeiSvili sigaretis brendebis marketinguli kvleva qarTul bazarze (mecn-xelm.

asoc. prof. m. veSaguri) ........................................................................................................................................... 148

giorgi abulaZe momsaxurebis marketingis axali mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm:

asoc. prof. C. jaSi) ......................................................................................................................................................... 153

nino gemazaSvili sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis strategia (mecn-xelm: asist. prof.

Gg. qeSelaSvili) ............................................................................................................................................................. 158

zviad siWinava testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli produqti `TEGAPRO~ (mecn-

xelm: asoc. prof. d. siWinava) ............................................................................................................................... 163

nikoloz cxadaia informaciuli sazogadoebis ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. enver lagvilava) ..................................................................................................... 167

nino CarTolani internet-tqnologiebi da sagadasxado sistema (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. m.

maRraZe) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 173

nano samyuraSvili buRaltruli balansis analizuri mniSvneloba (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i.

WilaZe)....................................................................................................................................................................................... 179

Tamriko facia, giorgi fanjikiZe sasaqonlo maragebis TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis

meTodebis gavlena mogebis maCvenebelze (mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe) ........................................... 183

Tamaz deviZe turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m. baramiZe)... 187

giorgi burduli internet-teqnologiebi turizmSi (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m.

melaZe)........................................................................................................................................................................................... 191

nino gogoberiZe umuSevroba saqarTveloSi da misi daZlevis gzebi (mecn-xelm:

asoc. prof. n. paiWaZe) ................................................................................................................................................... 196

6

,,saqarTvelo da evrointegracia~-saqarTvelosa da

evrokavSirs

Soris TanamSromlobis axali perspeqtiva1

giorgi yufaraZe

Tsu bakalavri mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili

msoflio ekonomikaSi qveyanaTa integraciuli gaerTianebebi sul ufro

metad mzard rols asruleben. qveyanaTa es gaerTianebebi afarToeben TavianTi

kompetenciis sferoebs, Rrmavdeba gaerTianebis wevr qveynebs Soris konver-

genciis procesebi. Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integraciaSi

monawileoba qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli

faqtoria msoflio bazarze.

es procesebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania patara qveynebisaTvis, romelTa

ekonomikuri zrda efuZneba pirdapir ucxour investiciebs da saeqsporto

potencialis zrdas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. saeqsporto bazrebis stabi-

luroba da ucxour investiciaTa mozidva arsebiTi faqtoria saqarTvelos

makroekonomikuri wonasworobisaTvis. amasTan, FDI-is ganxorcilebas saqarTve-

loSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis mier Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva, iseT

msxvil bazarze, rogoric evrokavSiris bazaria_ucxoeli investorisaTvis sxva

potenciurad arsebul upiratesobebTan erTad, saqarTevloSi investireba

niSnavs evrokavSiris bazarze Sesvlasac. (Tu es ukanaskneli miRweul iqna)

am mxriv mniSvnelovania qveynis swrafva evrokavSiris wevrobisaken; es

procesi mimdinareobs etapobrivad da igi qveynis mier miRweul progress

efuZneba. am etapze saqarTvelo ar ganixileba rogorc kandidati qveyana; magram

evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi sul ufro did masStabebs

iZens. 2008 wlis zafxulSi wamoyenebul iqna iniciativa ,,aRmosavleTis

partniorobis Sesaxeb”, romelic samezoblo politikis erTgvar gagrZelebad da

TanamSromlobis ufro mWidro formatad gevevlineba.

evrokavSirTan sruli integraciis gzaze mniSvnelovania yoveli axali

formatis wamoyenebisas moxdes ukve miRweuli progresis Sefaseba, wevri qvey-

nebis gamocdilebis gaziareba, axali SesaZleblobebis gamovlena, raTa sabo-

lood miRweul iqnas saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavari mizani-

evrokavSiris wevroba. amasTan - ,,istoria TavisTavad ar meordeba, yvela kandi-

dati qveyana aris unikaluri da aqedan gamomdinare ar SeiZleba molaparakebebis

gamocdileba pirdapir iqnes gadmoRebuli, magram amave dros EU, yvela sxva didi

gaerTianebebis (organizaciebis msgavsad) iyenebs ukve aprobirebul meTodebsa

da instrumentebs-evropis gafarToebis principebis CaTvliT’’2

1 moxseneba wakiTxul iqna Tsu-s evropuli kvlevebis institutis mier organizebul studentTa II

samecniero konferenciaze da daikava I adgili. avtorma sxva Temis momzadebis Sedegad aseve I adgili

daikava Savi zRvis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa konferenciaze 2009 wels. 2 Lithunia’s Road to the European Union: Unification of Europe and Lithuanias EU accession negotiation’’ ed. By

Klaudijus Maniokas, Ramunas Vilpisausamkas, Darius Zeroulis; Vilnius:Eugrimas 2005 pp5-6

7

imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT miRweuli progresi saqarTvelosa da evrokav-

Siris urTierTobebSi, gamovyoT is axali SesaZleblobebi, rac arsebobs àRmo-

savleTis partniorobis iniciativaSi~ mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT dRemde arse-

buli urTierTobebis evolucia evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris. amasTan,

Cveni kvelevis ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanilia ,,aRmosavleTis partniorobis

iniciativis’’ sakiTxebze.

Ddamoukidebel saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierToba daiwyo

1992 wlidan. Aam wels evrokavSirma saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod

scno da daiwyo masTan aqtiuri TanamSromloba.

1993 wlidan evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa gaemravalferovnebina Tavisi

sagareo urTierTobebi mTeli rigi regionebisa da qveynebisaTvis daxmarebebis

gaweviT. erT-erTi regioni, romelsac evrokavSirma didi daxmareba gauwia

samxreT kavkasia iyo.

1994 wlidan saqarTvelom daiwyo evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da

TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebaze muSaoba. am SeTanxmebam, romelic luqsemburgSi

1996 wlis 22 aprils iqna xelmowerili, gansazRvra is ZiriTadi CarCo,

romelSic unda ganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris momavali

urTierTobebi. 1996 wlis 22 aprils luqsemburgSi aRniSnul xelSekrulebas

xeli moaweres evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebma, evrokomi-

siis prezidentma da saqarTvelos prezidentma. is ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels.

2003 wlis 7 ivliss evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi speci-

aluri warmomadgeneli daniSna, riTac kidev erTxel gausva xazi am regionis

qveynebisadmi Tavis interess.

2004 wlis 14 ivniss evrokavSiris (ministrTa) sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba

azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis evropis samezoblo politikaSi CarTvis

Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan urTierTobebi axal fazaSi

Sevida da kidev ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo.

dReisaTvis evrokavSiris daxmarebis farglebSi mimdinareobs iseTi prog-

ramebi, rogoricaa teqnikuri daxmarebis programa TACIS, humanitaruli daxma-

rebis programa ECHO, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa FSP, gansakuTrebuli fi-

nansuri daxmarebis programa EFA, sareabilitacio programa post-konfliqtur

regionebSi, demokratiisa da adamianTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli programa

EIDHR, erToblivi aqcia erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis farglebSi

Joint Action in the framework of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); aseve saxelm-

wifoTaSorisi proeqtebi (TRACECA, INOGATE, garemos dacvis proeqtebi da sxva).

aRmosavleTis partnioroba 1 aris evropis samezoblo politikis evolucia.

evropis samezoblo politika SemuSavda EevrokavSiris 2004 wlis gafarToebis

konteqstSi, rac ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda imas rom evrokavSiri miiswafvoda ar

gaCeniliyo axali gamyofi xazebi gafarToebul evrokavSirsa da mis danarCen

mezobel qveynebs Soris; nacvlad amisa gaZlirebuliyo stabiluroba, usafrTxo-

eba da keTildReoba; dasawyisSi samezoblo politika iyo gamiznuli UuSualo

1 mocemuli sakiTxebi ZiriTadad damuSavebulia evrokavSiris oficialuri saitidan :

htpp://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/eastern/index_en.htm

8

mezoblebisaTvis: alJiri, belarusi, egvipte, isreli, iordania, libani, libia,

maroko, palestinis avtonomia, siria, tunisi da ukrina. 2004 welSi politika

gafarTovda da moicva samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi.

aRmosavleTis partniorobis ZiriTadi elementebi SemuSavda barselonas

procesze da gansakuTrebiT xmelTaSua zRvis iniciativaze. aRmosavleTis part-

nioroba miznad isaxavs gaxados evrokavSiris partniroba xmelTaSua zRvisa da

aRmosavleTis evropis qveynebTan ufro simetriuli. Aamave dros ori veqtoris

dasaxva niSnavs gansxvavebul geografiul, istoriul, da kulturul realobas

evrokavSiris ori samezoblosa. Easeve asaxavs SesaZleblobas ufro axlo

urTierTobisa evrokavSiras da aRmosavleT mezoblebs Soris, rac aZlevs Sans

am qveynebs warmatebiT ganaxorcielon reformirebis procesi da dauaxlovdnen

evrokavSirs.

aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa agreTve iTvaliswinebs im gamocdi-

lebas, rac axlda evrokavSiris gafarToebas centraluri da dasavleT evropis

mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT politikis instrumentebSi. magaliTad, mravalm-

xrivi formati rCeba struqturul dialogad evrokavSirsa da asocirebul qvey-

nebs Soris.

ruseT-saqarTvlos omma uSualod ganapiroba es iniciativa. man cxadyo

samezoblo politikis naklovanebebi da dasva saWiroeba SemuSavebuliyo axali

TanamSromlobis instrumenti regionis stabilurobisTvis. Eevropuli sabWos

riggareSe sxdomaze 2008 wlis 1 seqtmebrs miRebuli gadawyvetileba ,,gadaidgas

damatebiTi nabijebi vizis gacemis procedurebis gamartivebis Taobaze da sru-

li Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb uaxloes droSi, roca miRweul iqneba winapi-

robebi~ es mosazreba meordeba ufro struqturuli formiT ,,aRmosavleTis

parniorobaSi~.

aRmosavleTis partniorobis ZiriTadi elementebi:

evropuli komisia eswrafvis gaaRrmavos urTierTobebi somxeTTan,

azerbaijanTan, saqarTvelosTan. moldovasTan, ukrainasa da belorusiasTan(es

ukanaskneli damokidebulia imaze Tu rogor ganaviTarebs Tavis urTierTobebs

evrokavSirTan). es saWiroebs axal asocirebis xelSekrulebas, rac moicavs

Rrma da Tavisufal vaWrobis xelSekrulebebs am qveynebTan, romlebsac aqvT

survili da SesaZlebloba ufro Rrma CarTulobis, TandaTanobiTi integraciis

evrokavSiris ekonomikaSi - ufro martivi gadaadgilebiT evrokavSirSi savizo

mimosvlis TandaTanobiTi gamartivebiT, rasac Tan axlavs aralegaluri

imigraciis SezRudva. TanamSromloba, aseve miznad isaxavs demokratiisa da

kargi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobas, energiis usafrTxoebis gaZlirebas da garemos

dacvas. aseve, xeli Seuwyos xalxTa Soris kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas, mxari

dauWiros ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas damatebiTi dafinansebis

SeTavazebis gziT sxvadasxva proeqtebisaTvis, raTa aRmofxvril iqnes

disbalansi da gaizardos stabiluroba.

aRmosavleTis partniprobis 5 mTavari elementi:

1.asocirebis xelSekrulebebi

2. bazarze gaumjobesebuli SeRwevadoba Rma da Tavisufali vaWrobis

xelSekrulebebiT

9

3. maRali mobiluoba, rac ganxorciledeba moblurobis da usafrTxoebis

paqtebiT, savizo xelSekrulebebiT, saerTo Zalisxmeva korufciasa da

organizebul danaSaulTan brZolaSi, aralegaluri migracis sakiTxebSi

4. energiis usafrTxoeba

5. regionaluri ganviTarebis mxardaWera, aseve wevr qveynebs Sorisac

iniciativa sakmaod mravalferovania detalebSi da uzrunvelyofs samoqme-

do rukas 5 elementiT. igi Camoyalibebulia ormxivi da mravamxrivi formatebiT.

ormxrivi formati iTavliswinebs zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebs.

aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativis mTavri elementia-asocirebis

SeTanxmeba. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi igi cvlis ,,partniorobisa da Tanam-

Sromlobis Sesaxeb~ SeTanxmebas axali formatiT. es SeTanxmeba efuZneba Tavi-

sufal vaWobaze TandaTanobiT gadasvlas da sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT poli-

tikis daaxloebas. saqarTvelosaTvis es niSnavs: ufro metad mWidro kavSirebs

EU-sTan; Tavisufali vaWrobis perspeqtivas, infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi met

daxmarebas.

qveyanasTan gaformebul farTo da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis

Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements). aRniSnuli mizani

warmoadgens asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis Semadgenel erT-erT ZiriTad ele-

ments. Tavisufali savaWro zona SemoRebul iqneba im partnior qveynebTan,

romlebic msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevrebi arian. Tavisufali savaWro

reJimi Seexeba mTlianad savaWro da aseve energetikul seqtorebs da gulis-

xmobs Tavisufali vaWrobis umaRles SesaZlo dones. evrokomisiis dokumenti

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi iTvaliswinebs aseve partnior qveynebs Soris Tavi-

sufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb analogiuri SeTanxmebebis gaformebas, romlis Sedegic

SesaZloa iyos samezoblos ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (Neighbourhood Economic

Community).

ekonomikuri integraciis gzaze Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva

ganixileba, rogorc mniSvlelovani pirvelsawyisi sruli ekonomikuri integ-

raciisaTvis. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi

SeiZleba SevafasoT iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa sagareo savaWro brunva

evrokavSiris regionis mixedviT, ganxorcielebul ucxour investiciebSi evro-

kavSiris qveynebis wili, eqsport-importis kvotebi amave regionis mixedviT. qve-

yanaTa kavSiris arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia maT Soris ufro mWidro savaWro-ekono-

mikuri urTierTobebis arsebobaa, vidre danarCen msofliosTan; Sesabamisad, qve-

yana romelic eswrafvis evrokavSiris wevrobas, miznad isaxavs gazardos Tavisi

savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi amave gaerTanebasTan. am mxriv sainteresoa,

rom evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi raodenobrivi kriteriumi (e.w. kopenha-

genis krteriumi) aris evrokavSirTan saeqsporto vaWrobis wili vaWrobis sae-

rTo moculobaSi - 53.6 %. am maCvenebels saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCeba

2007 wels - 21.6%. 2006 wels evrokavSirTan savaWro balansSi deficiti 200 mili-

on evros Seadgenda.

evrokavSirTan importis procentuli maCveneblebi 2000-2008 wlebSi izrde-

boda; misi wili mTlian importSi 26.55dan 37.8% mde meryeobda (sqema #1); eqspor-

tis maCveneblebi procentul gamosaxulebaSi CamorCeboda importis analogiur

10

maCveneblebs da ufro didi meryeobebiT xasiaTdeboda vidre importi.

Sesabamisad, 2000-2008 wlebSi 17.7% dan 25.0%mde (sqema #2).

saqarTvelos umsxviles sagareo-savaWro partniorebis ricxvSi evrokavSi-

ris qveynebidan 2005 wels Sediodnen: germania (brunvis 7%), bulgareTi (brunvis

3.4%), safrangeTi (brunvis 2.8 %); 2006 wels _ germania (brunvis 8.5 %), bul-

gareTi (brunvis 3.8%), italia (brunvis 2.7%); 2007 wels _ germania (brunvis 6.9%),

bulgareTi (brunvis 3.8%).

sqema #11 evrokavSiridan importirebuli produqciis wili mTlian

importSi (procentobiT)

ganxorcielebul pirdapir ucxour investiciebSi evrokavSiri gvevlineba

ZiriTad partniorad. (sqema #3) ekonomikuri integraciis erT-erTi faqtoria

kapitalis koncentracia da gadaxlarTva, rac ayalibebs mZlavr winapirobas

ekonomikebis urTierTdaaxloebisaTvis. am mxriv evrokavSiris qveynebi, evrokav-

Siris regioni gvevlineba ZiriTad partniorad; swored am regionze modis

ganxorcielebuli FDI-is didi wili. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom evropis same-

zoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis erTerTi punqti(4.5) gulisxmobda inves-

ticiebis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis xelSekrulebebis gaformebas evro-

kavSiris wevr qveynebTan, rac ZiriTadad miRweulia. saqarTvelos finansTa

saministros monacemebiT aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi gaformebulia evrokav-

Siris wevr 16 qveynasTan, inicirebulia sam qveyanasTan. igi moicavs evrokavSiris

wevr yvela im qveynas, saidanac ganxorcielda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi

bolo wlebis manZilze. 2007 wels umsxviles investorebs evrokavSiris qvey-

nebidan warmoadgenda: niderlandebi, safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, CexeTi,

dania.

evrokavSirTan vaWrobisas saqarTvelo sargeblobs evrokavSiris

SeRavaTebis (preferenciebis) zogadi sistemis meore reJimiT, romelsac ewodeba

mdgradi ganviTarebis da kargi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobis specialuri sitema

(GSP+). es reJimi saqarTveloze gavrcelda 2005 wlidan da igi moicavda periods

2008 wlis CaTvliT. 10 dekembers, 2008 wels evrokavSirma saqarTvelos sami wlis

1 wyaro: statiaSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis monacemebi da piradi gaangariSebebi

0

20

40

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

26.532 29.2

37.8 35.629.7 30 29.3 28.7

11

vadiT 2009-2011ww. SeRavaTiani savaWro reJimi gaugrZela. saqarTvelos garda

aRniSnuli reJimi msoflios 16 qveyanaze vrceldeba.

sqema #21 evrokavSiris qveynebis wili mTlian eqsportSi

(procentobiT)

sqema # 3 evrokavSiris qveynebis mier ganxorcilebeuli pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi (%uli wili mTlian FDI-Si)

mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTvelos xelSewyobis specialuri

reJimi evrokavSirma saqarTvelos kargi mmarTvelovbisa da mdgradi ganviTare-

bis mxardasaWerad mianiWa. saqarTvelos calmxrivad mieniWa Semcirebuli tari-

fiT an sabaJo mosakrebelis gareSe saqonlis saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqs-

portirebis ufleba. es reJimi SesaZleblobas aZlevs eqsportiorebs: Seamciron

saqonlis Rirebuleba da uzrunvelyon misi SedarebiT ufro maRali konkuren-

tunarianoba Semcirebuli tarifebis xarjze, ukeT gavidnen saeqsporto baz-

rebze, ufro metad gazardon saeqsporto potenciali, moaxdinon Semdgomi inves-

tireba da zrda, gazardon pirdapiri ucxouri investirebis potenciali, miiRon

1 moyvanili monacemebi 2004 wlamde moicavs evrokavSiris wevr 25 qveyanas, 2004 wlidan ki 27

qveyanas bulgareTisa da rumineTis CaTvliT.

0

20

40

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

23.719.4 18.3 17.7 19.8

25 24.1 21.6 24.7

0

20

40

60

80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

30

63.4

34.928.2

39.2

54.3

34.2

56.7

41.9

12

ekonomikuri sargebeli TavianTi biznesisagan da masTan dakavSirebuli erTeu-

lebisaTvis (kompaniebi, mSromelebi, dasaqmebulebi da momxmarebelebi)

GSP+ reJimi 7200 dasaxelebis saqonelze vrceldeba. saqarTvelodan am

saqonlis eqsportireba xorcieldeba sabaJo mosakreblebis gadaxdis gareSe an

Semcirebuli sabaJo mosakreblebis gadaxdis Semdeg. kerZod, advaloremuli

tarifi uqmdeba im saqonelze, romelic mxolod am moskreblis gadaxdas

eqvemdebareba; asevea specialuri mosakrebeli, xolo im saqonelze, romelzec

orive mosakrebeli unda iqnes gadaxdili, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi

mmarTvelobis specialuri reJimi mxolod ad valoremuli mosakreblis

gauqmebas iTvaliswinebs.

amave dros mniSvnelovania, rom evropis kavSiri sabaJo kavSiria, romlis

wevri saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTTan vaWrobisas arc moskrebels ixdian da arc

sabaJo formalobebs aformeben. evrokavSirSi importze erTani sabaJo tarifia

dawesebuli. amitom, mas Semdeg, rac eqsportiori evrokavSiris wevr erT

romelime wevr saxlemwifoSi sabaJo formalobebs gaformebs da mosakreblebs

gadaixdis, saqoneli evrokavSiris savaWro qselSi Tavisuflad brunavs da erTi

qveynidan meoreSi gadaadgildeba.

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kargi mmarTelobis xelSewyobis specialuri

reJimi ar aTavisuflebs qarTul saqonels im teqnikuri da fitosanitaruli

normebis Sesrulebis aucilebobisagan, romlebic evrokavSiris mieraa

dadgenili.1

CASE/Global Insigh 2-is kvlevebis daskvnis mixedviT, evrokavSirsa da

saqarTvelos Soris martivi Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba ar

gamoiwvevs mSp-s zrdas. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan tarifebi saqarTvelodn

eqsportze ukve isedac dabalia an zog SemTxvevaSi, saerTod gauqmebulia.

FTA+ (Rrma da yovlismomcvleli Tavisufali vaWroba) evrokavSirsa da

saqarTvelos Soris mniSvnelovnad gazrdis vaWrobis sargebels. CASE/Global

Insight-is kvlevis mixedviT Rma da yovlismomcveli FTA-is SemTxvevaSi momdevno

xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mSp-s zrdis tempi saqarTeloSi 1.5%-iT meti iqneba.

usafrTxo garemoSi mobilurobis xelSewyoba àRmosavleT partniorobis~

prioritets warmoadgens. am mizniT, evrokavSirma unda SesTavazos partnior qve-

ynebs `mobilurobisa da usafrTxoebis paqtebis~ gaformebis perspeqtiva, rome-

lic moicavs mobilurobis xelSewyobis aspeqtebsa da usafrTxo garemos Seqmnis

valdebulebebs. aRniSnuli paqtebi SesaZloa moicavdes TanamSromlobis Semdeg

sferoebs: aralegaluri migraciis winaaRmdeg brZola; TavSesafris sistemis ev-

rokavSiris standartebTan miaxloeba; integrirebuli sazRvris marTvis struq-

turebis Seqmna da am sistemis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi

moyvana; sasamarTlo sistemisa da policiis SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, gan-

sakuTrebiT korufciisa da organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis

1 ufro vcrlad ixileT: evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi arsebuli satarifo da arasatarifo barierebi, k. zaldastaniSvili Jur. saqarTvelos ekonomika #7-8. 2008 w. gv 34-45. htpp://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/ 2 CASE/Global Insight(2008), economic Feasibility, Genaral Economic Impact and Implications of A Free Trade Agreement

between the European Union and Georgia, Final Report, May.

13

TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli paqtebi gaformdeba TiToeul partnior qveyanasTan

maTi saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. `mobilurobisa da usafrTxoebis paqtis~

mobilurobis elementis ganmaxocielebeli instrumenti iqneba `partnioroba mo-

bilurobisaTvis~, romelic moicavs aseve TanamSromlobas savizo politikis

sferoSi. es ukanaskneli ganxorcieldeba etapobrivad, romlis saboloo mizania

uvizo mimosvla konkretuli valdebulebebisa da Tanmdevi RonisZiebebis gan-

xorcielebiT, maT Soris ek-is finansuri daxmarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

SromiTi migraciis sferoSi evrokavSirsa da partnior qveynebs Soris Ta-

namSromlobis kuTxiT evrokomisia gegmavs Sesabamisi Semafasebeli kvlevis Cata-

rebas, romlis Sedegebis mixedviT evrokavSiri miiRebs gadawyvetilebas konk-

retuli partniori qveynis muSaxelisaTvis sakuTari SromiTi bazris gaxsnis, ag-

reTve wriuli migraciis xelSewyobis Taobaze; evropuli samezoblo politikis

farglebSi partniori qveynebis mier ukve aRebuli politikuri da samarTleb-

rivi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xelSewyoba, rac uzrunvelyofs mobilurobis

ganviTarebisaTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmnas, kerZod zemoxsenebuli paqtis

farglebSi yuradReba daeTmoba sazRvrebze maRali donis sazRvris marTvis

procedurebis Camoyalibebas; pirad monacemTa dacvis efeqturi sistemis Seqmnas;

organizebuli danaSaulis, trefikingisa da maRali donis korufciis winaaRmdeg

brZolis kuTxiT erovnuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas evrokav-

Siris standartebis Sesabamisad da sxva.

AàRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa~ iTvaliswinebs partniori qvey-

nebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobas, romelic gulis-

xmobs evrokavSiris ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis gamocdilebisa da

meqanizmebis gaziarebas. TanamSromloba am sferoSi SesaZloa moicavdes Semdeg

RonisZiebebs: urTierTgagebis memorandumis gaformeba regionul politikaze;

partnior qveynebSi regionuli ganviTarebis programebis ganxorcieleba, romel-

Ta mizania adgilobrivi infrastruqturis, adamianuri resursebis, mcire da

saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; evrokavSiris regionebsa da part-

niori qveynebis regionebs Soris uSualo TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSew-

yoba samxreT-aRmosavleT, centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi arsebul transna-

cionalur programebSi monawileobis gziT; sazRvrispira TanamSromlobis (Cross-

Border Cooperation) programis gafarToeba partnior qveynebs Soris TanamSromlo-

bis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT.

amgvari midgoma, regionaluri politikis ganxorcileba mniSvnelovania

TviT evrokavSiris Siga regionebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, 2000-2006 wlebis fiska-

lur struqturaSi evrokavSirma ganaTavsa 213 miliard evro(daaxlobiT erTi

mesamedi EU-s biujetis) regionaluri politikis transferebisaTvis. am transfe-

rebma miaRwia 30.4 miliard evro weliwadSi, daaxlobeiT 0.35 % mSp-s da miax-

lobiT 3.2% beneficiari qveynebis regionis mSp-s. evrokavSiris regionaluri

politika formalurad SemuSavebuli iyo evropis regionebis disproporciulo-

bis Sesamcireblad. am politikis CarCoebSi dafinanseba modis mravali fondi-

dan, erToblivad cnobili rogorc `struqturuli fondebi~; zogierTi maTgani

14

Seqmnilia TviT am politikaze adre. regionebs, romelTac aqvT mSp erT sulze

naklebi evrokavSiris saSulos 75%-isa arian mTavari benficiarebi.1

rac Seexeba iniciativis dafinansebas, evrokomisiis rekomendaciiT saWiroa

finansuri resursebis mniSvnelovnad gazrda, raTa miRweul iqnas iniciativis

farglebSi dasaxuli miznebi. evropuli samezoblo da partniorobis instru-

mentis mimdinare biujetiT 2008 wlisaTvis partniori qveynebisaTvis gaTvalis-

winebulia daaxloebiT 450 milioni evro. evrokomisiis winadadebiT, mocemuli

Tanxa etapobrivad unda gaizardos da 2013 wlisaTvis Seadginos 750 milioni

evro, rac gulisxmobs damatebiT 350 milioni evros gamoyofas; xolo axali biu-

jetis dagegmvisas, evrokomisia mizanSewonilad miiCnevs, finansuri daxmarebis

kidev ufro gazrdas. àRmosavleT partniorobis~ regionuli komponentis dasa-

finanseblad, evrokomisia SesaZleblad miiCnevs evropuli samezoblo da partni-

orobis instrumentis 2009 wlis regionuli programebis saxsrebidan gamoiyos

250 milioni evro, raTa iniciativis farglebSi daigegmos prioritetuli regio-

nuli proeqtebi.

amrigad, aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa saqarTvelosaTvis niSnavs

axal SesaZleblobebs evrokavSirTan integraciis gzaze. qveynis sagareo veqtors

ganapirobebs misi civilizaciuri resurebi, geografiuli mdebareoba da poli-

tikur-ekonomikuri mizanSewoniloba. patara qveynebis erovnuli interesebisa da

usafrTxoebis prioritetebSi ekonomikuri kavSirebis stabilurobisa da eqspor-

tis uzrunveyofis sakiTxebma TvalsaCino adgili daikaves. saqarTveloSi mTava-

ri sagareo orientiri evrokavSirTan integraciaa, aRmosavleTis partiorobis

iniciativa niSnavs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris axal asocirebis xel-

Sekrulebas, Tavisufali vaWobis reJimis perspeqtivas, maRal mobilurobas, savi-

zo mimosvlis gamartivebas da regionaluri ganviTarebis mxardaWeras.

evrokavSiris wevroba niSnavs qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas msoflio

ekonomikaSi, saeqsporto potencialis zrdas da evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos

Soris urTierTvaWrobis tempis daCqarebas. qveynis ganviTrebis procesis xelSew-

yobas da saqarTvelos aRiarebas, rogorc demokratiuli qveynis myari ekono-

mikuri safuZvlebiT.

1 European Integration, Regional Policy and Growth/ Ed by Bernard Funck and Lodovico Pizatti-Washington World

bank, 2003 p 1-5

15

Tavisufali industriuli zonebi saqarTveloSi da maTi

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi XXI saukuneSi1

irakli giorbeliZe

Tsu bakalavri

momzadebulia damoukideblad

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam, finansuri globalizaciis masStabebis zrdam, konkuren-

tuli garemos gafarToebam da daxvewam dResdReisobiT axali gamowvevebis winaSe dagvayena.

qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro gaxda meti novaciebisa da reformebis danergva _ ganxorci-

eleba. investiciebis Semodineba da maTi efeqtianad warmarTva saqarTvelos ekonomikis aRor-

Zinebisa da ganviTarebis arsebiTi maCvenebelia da Tu qarTvel eqspertebs vendobiT, am etapze

qveyanaSi `sainvesticio SimSili~ SeiniSneba. qvemoT mimovixilav Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tavi-

sufali industriuli da zogadad ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnas erovnuli ekonomikis

ganviTarebisTvis.

vidre uSualod Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb visaubrebde, ganvixilav zo-

gadad Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi (Tez), igive ofSoruli

zonebi me-20 saukunis meore naxevris msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovani movlenaa. isini

xelsayreli warmonaqmnebia, zemogebis misaRebad da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben Ria ekono-

mikis principebis realizaciaSi. aq moqmedi ekonomikuri wesebi, berketebi da specialuri ad-

ministraciuli kanonebi amsubuqeben samarTlebriv da sameurneo reJims. sabaJo, sainvesticio

da sagadasaxado reJimi nebismieri sagareo da Sida investiciebisaTvis xelsayrelia da aqedan

gamomdinare ofSoruli zonebi Tavisebur mimzidvel `xafangs~ warmoadgenen ucxouri kapita-

ldabandebebisaTvis.

Tez-is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva saxis preferenciebisa da stimulebis gamoye-

neba, maT Soris:

fiskaluri (saqmianobis garkveuli saxeobis sagadasaxado stimulireba);

1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa sa-

erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~ da daimsaxura III adgili.

ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul

konferenciis amsaxvel krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 138-143.

http://www.fes.ge/geo/images/Fes_Files/Pulications08files/GEo09Publications/cu_2009.pdf

16

finansuri (pirdapiri - uSualod sabiujeto saxsrebiT subsidireba da SeRavaTiani saxelmwi-

fo kreditebi, arapidapiri - komunaluri momsaxurebis dabali fasis daweseba, nakveTis sai-

jaro gadasaxadis Semcireba da sxv.);

administraciuli _ sawarmos registraciisa da ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa Sesvla-gasvlis

procedurebis gamartiveba;

sagareo ekonomikuri _ sagareo vaWrobaSi sabaJo mosakreblebis Semcireba an sulac gauqmeba.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa Tavisufali industriuli zona

(sxva saxeobebia: Tavisufali savaWro zona, Tavisufali sabaJo teritoria da sxv. ).

konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT zonis or saxeobas ganasxvaveben. erTi maTgani terito-

riul midgomas eyrdnoba da mkafiod gansazRvrul teritorias warmoadgens, sadac zonis yve-

la rezidentze zonaSi dadgenili ekonomikuri saqmianobis SeRavaTiani reJimi vrceldeba. meo-

re konceptualuri midgoma funqcionalur xasiaTs atarebs da warmoadgens SeRavaTian reJims,

romelic garkveuli saxeobis samewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT gamoiyeneba imis miuxedavad, Tu

ekonomikuri agenti, romelic am saxeobis saqmianobas eweva, qveynis romel nawilSia.

sazogadod, Tavisufali industriuli zona SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc mkafiod

Semofargluli teritoria, romelzec myardeba ekonomikur-finansuri saqmianobis gansakuTre-

buli reJimi, mewarmeobis stimulirebis, meurneobis prioritetul sferoebSi ucxouri in-

vesticiebis mozidvisa da axali teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT.

Tavisufal industriul zonebSi import-eqsportze sabaJo mosakrebeli moxsnilia. amis

miuxedavad, mewarmeebi valdebulni arian awarmoon aRricxva da yovelwliurad waradginon

deklaracia, sadac yvela produqcia da operacia unda iyos asaxuli. mraval qveyanaSi (make-

donia, TurqeTi, gana, gvatemala, kosta-rika) mewarmeebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gada-

saxadisaganac. Tumca kosta-rikaSi, gvatemalaSi da ganaSi es SeRavaTebi mxolod pirveli 10

wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. dRg-sgan mewarmeebi gaTavisuflebulni arian ruseTis,

gvatemalisa da ganas Tavisufal industriul zonebSi, aqcizis gadasaxadisagan _ ruseTis

federaciaSi, uZrav qonebaze gadasaxadisagan _ gvatemalaSi da a.S (ix. cxrili #1).

cxrili #1. msoflios qveynebi da Tavisufali industriuli zonebi

qveyana

zonis

Seqmnis

iniciatori

zonis

moqmedebis

vada

akrZalvebi gadasaxadebisgan

gaTavisufleba

xelmZRvaneloba

ruseTi mTavroba 20 weli,

dauSvebel

ia vadis

gagrZeleb

nedeulis mopoveba,

garemosaTvis

saxifaTo

produqciis

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

dRg, aqcizis gadasa-

xadi

aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis

federaluri

organo

17

a warmoeba,

radioaqtiuri

da birTvuli

nivTierebebi

TurqeTi mTavroba mTavrobas

Tan SeTan-

xmebiT

-

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

-

makedonia mTavroba 50 weli

(vadis

gasvlis

Semdeg

SeiZleba

kidev 25

wliT

gagr-

Zeldes)

garemosaTvis saxi-

faTo produqcia,

radioaqtiuri

da birTvuli niv-

Tierebebi, narko-

tikebi, iaraRis

warmoeba, qimiuri,

biologiuri

produqcia

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

saSemosavlo gadasa-

xadi, gadasaxadi fu-

lad gadmoricxvebze

Tavisufali eko-

nomikuri zonis sa-

Tavo ofisi (qmnis

makedoniis

mTavroba)

kosta-

rika

sagareo

vaWrobis

saministro

saministr

osTan

SeTanxmebi

T

garemosaTvis

saxifaTo

produqcia

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

korporacia (iqmneba

mTavrobis mier)

gvatemal

a

ekonomikis

saministro

10 weli

vrceldeb

a gadasa-

xadebze

SeRavaTebi

navTobis da gazis

mopoveba,Tevzrewva,

turizmi, xe-tyis

rewva, Saqris

warmoeba, yavis,

kardamonis moyvana,

bambis, bananis, se-

zamis, kauCukis

warmoeba, msxvil-

fexa saqonlis mo-

Seneba, radioaqti-

uri nivTierebebis

warmoeba

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

saSemosavlo gadasa-

xadi, uZrav qonebaze

gadasaxadi, dRg,

mTlianad ekisreba

zonis damaarsebel

firmas

palestin

a

ministrTa

kabineti

ara

umetes

49 wlisa

-

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze

industriuli sa-

kuTrebisa da Tavi-

sufali industri-

uli zonebis sabWo

(industriis

saministrosTan

arsebuli)

irani ministrTa

kabineti

mTavrobas

Tan SeTan-

xmebiT

-

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

uvizo reJimi

Tavisufali zonis

administracia

(iqmneba mTavrobis

mier)

uzbekeTi parlamenti

(olii

mejlisi)

parlament

Tan SeTan-

xmebiT

iseTi produqciis

warmoeba, romelic

zians ayenebs bu-

nebriv resursebs

da garemos

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

specialuri

savaluto reJimi

Tavisufali

zonis

administraciuli

sabWo (qmnis minis-

trTa kabineti)

monRole

Ti

parlamenti

(didi

parlament

Tan SeTan-

akrZalulia iseTi

produqciis Semo-

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

Tavisufali

zonis gubernatori

18

xurali) xmebiT tana da warmoeba,

romelic ikrZale-

ba monRoleTis

kanonmdeblobiT

dRg (iniSneba

premier-

ministris mier)

gana prezidentis

brZaneba

10 weli

vrceldeb

a gadasa-

xadebze

SeRavaTebi

garemosaTvis

saxifaTo

produqcia

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

Tavisufali zonis

sabWo (xelmZRva-

nelobs vaWrobisa

da industriis mi-

nistri)

mozambiki mTavroba adgens

mTavroba

garemosaTvis

saxifaTo

produqcia

sabaJo mosakreblebi

import-eqsportze,

mTlianad ekisreba

zonis damaarsebel

firmas

Tavisufali industriuli zonebi Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawilebis erT-erTi

elementia. ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi Tavisufali zonebi efeqturi instrumentia

qveynis sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis gasaaqtiureblad. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavisufa-

li zonebis Seqmnisas aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliwinebuli uaryofiTi gamocdilebac:

infrastruqturis gaumarTaoba - saqarTvelos rkinigzis dabali gamtarunarianoba, portebis

mwiri infrastrutura

adgilobrivi bazris simcire.

sasurvelia gvaxsovdes, rom: 1). ucxoeli investorebi, rogorc wesi, `cariel adgilze~

ar modian. isini Tavisufali zoniT interesdebian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iq ukve aris

saTanado infrastruqtura, an misi Seqmnis xarjebis adgilobrivi biujetidan dafinansebis

saSualeba. infrastruqturis Seqmnis xarjebi ki zogjer mTliani investiciis TiTqmis 80%-s

Seadgens. ase rom, mosazreba yvela xarjis ucxoeli investoris mier dafarvis Taobaze

yovelTvis ar marTldeba.

2). zogierT qveyanaSi Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmna korufciis wyarod iqca.

garkveuli garigebis safuZvelze mTavrobis mier ucxouri kompaniebisaTvis Tavisufal indus-

triul zonaSi dawesebuli SeRavaTebi zogjer adgilobrivi mewarmeobisa da mTlianad qvey-

nis interesebis sazianod moqmedebs.

ganvixiloT SWOT analizi konkretulad foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis

magaliTze.

Zlieri mxareebi:

axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba;

mimzidveli kapitaldabandebebi;

konkurentuli garemos Seqmna;

mzardi gadazidvebi;

19

ganviTarebadi infrastruqtura;

axali terminalis aSeneba.

susti mxareebi:

problemuri regioni;

ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura;

naklebi kontroli qarTuli mxridan.

SesaZleblobebi:

iafi muSa-xeli;

naklebi biurokratia;

fiskaluri da administraciuli upiratesobebi;

saSiSroebebi:

riski mezobeli qveynidan;

sainvesticio SimSilis zrda mTel qveyanaSi.

amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli aspeqtis safuZvelze, SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmna ar gamoiwvevs

investiciebis nakadebis fokusirebas mxolod am regionSi, radgan foTis adgilmdebareobas

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ZiriTadad eqsportze orientirebuli produqcia Seiqmneba, romelic

Savi zRvis saSualebiT gava evropaSi. TiTqmis ganulebuli gadasaxadebi da umartivesi

administraciuli procedurebi aris erT-erTi gza (Tuara erTaderTi) mzardi konkurenciis

pirobebSi davainteresoT ama Tu im regioniT ucxoeli investorebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. parlamentis kvleviTi departamenti 2. www.articlesbase.com 3. www.economy.ge 4. www.finchannel.com 5. www.gbw.ge 6. www.georgia.gov.ge 7. www.georgiatoday.ge 8. www.mof.ge 9. ww.magazine.amcham.ge

20

finansuri krizisi

(`binaTmflobelobis mania~)1

nino fxikiZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof m. julayiZe

dResdReisobiT finansuri krizisi msoflios erT-erT ZiriTad

problemas warmoadgens. man gavlena iqonia ara mxolod sabanko seqtor-

ze, aramed dasaqmebis maCvenebelsa da sxva socialur problemebze. mok-

led rom vTqvaT, `msoflioSi naRdi fulis deficitia~. mosaxleoba cdi-

lobs krizisis pirobebSi gaakeTos garkveuli saxis sadazRveo dana-

zogebi. amavdroulad bankebic amcireben gasacemi kreditebis odenobas.

msoflios finansuri krizisis Sedegemi saqarTvelos ekonomikazec aisaxa.

momxmareblebi aRar yiduloben imden saqonels, rasac isini yidu-

lobdnen uwin. miuxedavad imisa, rom savaWro centrebi did fasdaklebebs

iuwyebian – momxmareblebi mainc erdidebian ZviraadRirebuli produqciis

yidvas.

wyaro: ekonomikuri analizis biuro (aSS)


erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli

formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel

krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 164-169.


-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

იან

.00

იან

.01

იან

.02

იან

.03

იან

.04

იან

.05

იან

.06

იან

.07

იან

.08

იან

.09

US retail sales, % change

21

sabazro subieqtebs aRar aqvs sakmarisi Tanxa, rom dafaron sap-rocento gadasaxadebi. swored amitom, imata komerciuli da sayofacxov-

rebo farTebis giravnobebis raodenobam. aSS-Si gadauxdeli sesxebis ode-

noba wina wlebSi saSualod mxolod 2%-s Seadgenda. axla ki 5-6%-mdea

gazrdili.


`bolo 16 weliwadSi umuSevroba aRwevs umaRles maCvenebels~ – wers

The New York Times. msoflioSi samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebuli personalis

odenoba nel-nela matulobs.

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

იან

.00

მაი

ს.00

სექ.

00

იან

.01

მაი

ს.01

სექ.

01

იან

.02

მაი

ს.02

სექ.

02

იან

.03

მაი

ს.03

სექ.

03

იან

.04

მაი

ს.04

სექ.

04

იან

.05

მაი

ს.05

სექ.

05

იან

.06

მაი

ს.06

სექ.

06

იან

.07

მაი

ს.07

სექ.

07

იან

.08

მაი

ს.08

სექ.

08

იან

.09

US unemployment rate, %

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

00

Q1

00

Q3

01

Q1

01

Q3

02

Q1

02

Q3

03

Q1

03

Q3

04

Q1

04

Q3

05

Q1

05

Q3

06

Q1

06

Q3

07

Q1

07

Q3

08

Q1

08

Q3

Residential mortages Commercial mortgages

22


mosaxleoba amjobinebs dazogos fuladi saxsrebi, radganac maT

ar aqvT momavlis imedi: SeiZleba isinic gaaTavisuflon samsaxuridan, an

xelfasis odenoba Seumciron. swored amitom cdiloben dazogon fuli,

vidre xarjon ZviradRirebul produqciasa Tu momsaxurebaze. amis

Sedegia is, rom ZviradRirebul kurortebze damsvenebelTa odenobam

iklo.


ukanasknel wlebSi msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebi mSeneblobis bumiT xasiTdeboda. Tumca finansurma krizisma, maTac

daamCnia kvali da bevri mSenebloba SeCerda kidec. evropaSi mSeneblo-

bebis krizisi jer kidev 2007wels daiwyo, rodesac evrozonaSi asa-

Senebel sacxovrebel saxlebze mSeneblobis nebarTvebis maCvenebelma

kleba iwyo da nuls qvemoT Camovida. 2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi mSeneblo-

bebze nebarTvebis odenoba 25-30%-iT Semcirda.

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

ივნ

.95

დეკ.9

5

ივნ

.96

დეკ.9

6

ივნ

.97

დეკ.9

7

ივნ

.98

დეკ.9

8

ივნ

.99

დეკ.9

9

ივნ

.00

დეკ.0

0

ივნ

.01

დეკ.0

1

ივნ

.02

დეკ.0

2

ივნ

.03

დეკ.0

3

ივნ

.04

დეკ.0

4

ივნ

.05

დეკ.0

5

ივნ

.06

დეკ.0

6

ივნ

.07

დეკ.0

7

ივნ

.08

დეკ.0

8

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

იან

.00

აპრ

.00

ივ

ლ.0

0

ოქტ

.00

იან

.01

აპრ

.01

ივ

ლ.0

1

ოქტ

.01

იან

.02

აპრ

.02

ივ

ლ.0

2

ოქტ

.02

იან

.03

აპრ

.03

ივ

ლ.0

3

ოქტ

.03

იან

.04

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.04

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ლ.0

4

ოქტ

.04

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.05

აპრ

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ლ.0

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ოქტ

.05

იან

.06

აპრ

.06

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ლ.0

6

ოქტ

.06

იან

.07

აპრ

.07

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ლ.0

7

ოქტ

.07

იან

.08

აპრ

.08

ივ

ლ.0

8

23

mniSvnelovnad iklo warmoebuli produqciis odenobam, gansakuT-

rebiT ki, evrozonaSi. saqonlis warmoebam agreTve mniSvnelovnad daiklo

iseT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rogorebicaa CineTi, taivani, singapuri da

sxva industriuli qveynebi. amis ZiriTadi mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom

aziis industriuli qveynebis mier warmoebuli produqciis ZiriTadi

momxmareblebi evropelebi da aSS-s mosaxleobaa; maT aRar aqvT sakmarisi

Tanxa, Sesabamisad aRar SeuZliaT daxarjon didi odenobiT Tanxa.

rogorc vxedavT, msoflios finansur kriziss ekonomikisTvis

saxifaTo Sedegebi mohyva. es procesi kvlavac grZeldeba. magram ra aris

finansuri krizisis warmoSobis mizezi? amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime

mosazreba arsebobs.

`msoflio finansuri krizisis gaRrmavebis mizezi procesebze

mTavrobebis susti reagireba iyo~, _ ganacxada aSS_is prinstonis

universitetis profesorma, mklevarma da ekonomikis dargSi 2008 wlis

nobelis premiis laureatma pol krugmanma (Paul Robin Krugman, 1953). misi

gancxadebiT, ùmTavresi mizezi krizisis gaRrmavebisa aris is, rom yovel

stadiaze mTavrobebi sustad reagirebdnen procesebze. aman ndobis

faqtori Seamcira, rac kriziss ganviTarebisken ubiZgebda~.

ekonomistebis umravlesoba pol krugmanis msgavsad miiCnevs, rom

finansuri krizisis warmoSobisa da gaRrmavebis mizezebia:

axali biznesebis siWarbe,

saxelmwifo kontrolis nakleboba,

naklebi regulireba,

didi raodenobiT sagareo vaWroba,

saxelmwifos mxridan naklebi danaxarjebis gaweva.

magram arsebobs finansuri krizisis warmoSobisa da gaRrmavebis

gansxvavebuli mizezebi, romelsac ZiriTadad “avstriuli skolis”

warmomadgenlebi aRiareben. maTi azriT finansuri krizisis gaRrmavebis

ZiriTadi mizezi intervenciaa:

monetarul sistemaSi _

centraluri bankis funqcionirebis meqanizmi,

iuridiuli fuli,

centraluri bankis mier garantirebuli rezervebi.

saxelmwifo mxridan intervencia da garantiebi _

iafi kreditebis programebi,

giravnobebi,

saxelmwifos mxridan biznesebi garkveuli saxiT uzrunvelyofa.

24

finansuri krizisis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi ipoTekuri

dakreditebis sistema iyo, romelsac `binaTmflobelobis mania~ vuwode.

krizisis Cemeuli interpretacia, SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtebiT,

romlebsac adgili hqonda msoflios ganviTarebis tendenciebSi: _

istoriulad dabalma saprocento ganakveTebma, investiciaTa didma

odenobam, rwmenam, rom uZravi qoneba – binebis saxiT karg investicias

warmoadgens da imis warmodgenam, rom binebis fasebi arasdros ecema,

gamoiwvia finansuri krizisi. aSS-s saganZuris departaentis mdivani, jon

snou, 2005 wels aRniSnavda: `varaudi imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sacxovrebe-

li saxlebis bazarma

marcxi ganicados,

sruliad

daujerebelia~. am pe-

riodSi marTlac bevr

ekonomists miaCnda, rom

es ekonomikis dausru-

lebeli bumi iyo.

xalxs, romlebsac ukve

hqondaT sakuTari

saxli, yidulobdnen

meores ipoTekuri

sesxiT – ukve maT

mflobelobaSi

arsebuli saxlis giravnobiT, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis zrda. aSS_Si

saerTo safinanso da sabanko krizisis uSualo winamorbedi iyo 2007

wels maRali riskis mqone ipoTekuri kreditebis krizisi (subprime), anu

iseTi pirebis ipoTekuri dakrediteba, romlebsac gaaCndaT dabali

Semosavlebi da cudi sakredito istoria, anu saerTo jamSi, bankebi

gascemdnen ipoTekur sesxebs yvelaze, visac surda sakuTari saxli. sabo-

loo jamSi ki Sedegad miviReT argadamxdelTa didi odenoba.

swored `saxlis flobis maniam~ gamoiwvia qalaqebis gadaWedva

sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobebiT. imis gamo, rom miwodeba ukve

aRemateboda moTxovnas, daeca binebze fasebic. Tumca visac ukve didi

odenobiT ipoTekuri krediti hqondaT gamotanili da maT dafarvas veRar

axerxebdnen, ekargebodaT ukve maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli dagiravne-

buli uZravi qonebac (radganac giravnoba Tavisi SinaarsiT mocavs

SedarebiT nakleb Tanxas, vidre binis realuri sabazro fasi). banki

veRarc argadamxdelebisTvis CamorTmeul saxlebs veRar yidda, ramac

gamoiwvia sabanko krizisi. bankebi veRar gascemdnen sesxebs, ramac

25

gamoiwvia maTi aqciaTa fasis mkveTri vardna. `Cven didi problemis winaSe

vdgavarT~, – jorj buSi 2008 wlis seqtembers.

rac Seexeba umuSevrobis dones, finansuri krizisis pirobebSi man

SedarebiT mateba ganicada 2008 wlis bolos. sxvadasxva bankidan da

safinanso organizaciebidan saerTo

jamSi daaxloebiT 6000-mde

TanamSromeli gaaTavisufles.

developerulma biznesebmac ganicades

kraxi. developerebis mier

dasaqmebulTa saerTo odenoba

agvistos movlenebsa da finansur

krizisamde 70 000 adamiani iyo.

dResdReisobiT ki naxevari maTgani

dausaqmebelia. WiaTurmanganumis,

madneulis (bolnisi), azotis (rusTavi)

da sxva msxvili sawarmoebidanac

etapobrivad xdeba momuSaveTa

gaTavisufleba. momsaxure personals amcireben agreTve kvebis obieqtebsa

da supermarketebSi. momuSave personalis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad

iklebs momuSaveTa xelfasis odenobac. swored amis Sedegia is, rom

daqmebulTa 35% saarsebo minimumze nakleb xelfass iRebs.

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done 2005-2007 wlebSi nel-nela

mcirdeba, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom dasaqmebulTa odenoba

iklebs – piriqiT dasaqmebulebis maCvenebelic umuSevrobis propor-

ciulad iklebs.

rac Seexeba umuSevrobis dones aSS-Si. aSS-s mTavrobis pres-reli-

zis mixedviT umuSevrobis donem aSS-Si 7.2%-s miaRwia. aseve gasaTvalis-

1600

1700

1800

1900

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

dasaqmebulebis raodenoba(2002-2007 wlebi)

aTasi kaci

200

220

240

260

280

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

umuSevrobis raodenoba(2002-2007wlebi)

aTasi kaci

26

winebelis is faqtic, rom umuSevarTa raodenobaSi ar Sedis milionobiT

adamiani, romlebic naxevar ganakveTSi muSaoben da ver pouloben srul-

ganakveTian samsaxurs. aseTi saxis umuSevrebi miekuTvnebian U-3 dones.

umuSevrobis U-6 done warmoadgens umuSevrobis realur maCvenebels,

romelic 13.5%-s warmoadgens. rogorc vxedavT, arsebuli realuri umuSev-

robis done sakmaod maRalia, magram SeiZleba isic vTqvaT, rom miuxe-

davad aseTi maRali maCveneblisa, igi mainc araa didi depresiis periodSi

arsebuli umuSevrobis donis odenobis. rogorc viciT, didi depresiis

periodSi umuSevrobis done 25%-s warmoadgenda – yoveli meoTxe amerike-

li umuSevari iyo. magram Tu arsebuli umuSevrobis gamoangariSebisas

1930-iani wlebSi gamoyenebul meTods mivmarTavT, 13.5 %-is nacvlad 17.5%-s

miviRebT. ase, rom aucilebelia umuSevrobis winaagmdeg garkveuli saxis

qmedebebi ganaxorcielos aSS-m, Torem didi depresiis msgavsi periodi

gardauvali iqneba. kvlavac rogorc vxedavT, farTod ganviTarebuli sa-

erTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, aSS_Si dawye-

buli finansuri krizisi jaWvuri reaqciiT moedo mTels msoflios,

gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebs, romelTac aSS_sTan sagareo ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi aqvT (maT Soris bunebrivia, saqarTvelosac). gamomdinare

iqidan, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis Semadgeneli

nawilia, msoflio finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikazec iqonia

gavlena da qveyana mravali gamowvevis winaSe daayena. krizisis pirveladi

Sedegebi ukve saxezea da misi gaRrmaveba wlis ganmavlobaSi gardauvalia.

msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde saqarTvelos xelisufleba

nominalur mSp_s 21535,9 mln laris moculobiT prognozirebadia, xolo

krizisis Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg xelisuflebis prognozi 21308,7

mln laria (Semcireba navaraudevia 227,2 mln lariT, rac daaxloebiT

1,05%_iani Semcirebaa). realuri mSp_s zrda Tavdapirvelad navaraudevi

iyo 4,0%_is odenobiT, xolo krizisis Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg _

2,5%_iT. 2008 wels realuri mSp_s zrda, nacvlad dagegmili 8%_isa,

xelisuflebis prognoziT iqneba mxolod 2,0%.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebis mixedviT, depozitebsa da

sesxebs Soris uaryofiTi balansi 2008 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT mTliani

Siga produqtis 13%-s warmoadgens.

sabanko sistemaSi, depozitebsa da kreditebs Soris mniSvnelovani

Seusabamoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes diamond-dibvingis modelis mixed-

viT. rac Seexeba investiciebs, saqarTveloSi investiciebis mniSvnelovani

Semcireba jer kidev agvistos movlenebis Semdeg daiwyo. mimdinare etapze

aseve gvaqvs msoflio finansuri krizisiT gamowveuli investiciebis

Semcirebis tendencia. igi aseve ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi msxvili sapri-

vatizacio obieqtebis nusxis amowurvas, xolo mcire saprivatizacio

27

obieqtebi mniSvnelovan aminds ver qmnian. xelisuflebis prognoziT, 2008

wels saqarTvelom miiRo 2,17 mlrd aSS dolaris investicia, xolo 2009

wels dagegmilia mxolod 1,7 mlrd dolaris mozidva. investiciebis Sem-

cirebis magaliTebidan mxolod ramdenimes dasaxeleba sakmarisia imi-

saTvis, rom finansuri krizisisa da agvistos movlenebis Semdgomi peri-

odis sainvesticio krizisSi davrwmundeT:

agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, msoflio finansuri krizisis

fonze, yazaxurma kompania `yazmunaigazma~ (KazMunaiGaz) uari ganacxada

saqarTveloSi dagegmil 1 mlrd dolaris investiciaze, romliTac baTum-

Si navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana unda aSenebuliyo;

amerikulma kompania `qliar sTrim holdingma~ saqarTveloSi gamocxade-

bul investiciaze uari Tqva. kompaniam auqcionze `vai maqsis~ sixSire 9

milion 300 aTas larad SeiZina da ukabelo internet_servisis awyobas

gegmavda. kompaniis qarTveli partniorebis gancxadebiT, proeqti CaiSala

da `qliar sTrimi~ safasurs, romelic noembris bolosTvis unda gadae-

xada, aRar gadaixdis.

ra aris yvelaze saxarbielo finansur krizisTan dakavSirebiT 2009 wels?

esaa:

msoflio finansurma krizisma gavlena iqonia ara mxolod safinanso an

sawarmoo sferoze, aramed realur ekonomikazec;

Sinameurneobebis mier danazogebis odenoba izrdeba;

bankebi aRar gacemen sesxebs;

eqsportis moculoba iklebs;

farTo moxmarebis saqonlis fasebi ecema;

ganviTarebad qveynebs didi sabiujeto deficiti aqvT – wina wlebSi, isini

biujetis deficitis pirobebSi deficitis Sesavsebad Tanxebs sesxu-

lobdnen `mdidari qveynebidan~, magram axla ukve isinic, krizisSi imyo-

febian, ris gamoc ver xorcieldeba sagareo sesxebis gacema. ase rom,

mevale erebi iZulebi xdebian, rom daagrovon aqtivebi da maTi gayidviT

dafaron sagareo valebi.

aSS_s finansTa ministrma henri polsonma, federaluri sarezervo

sistemis da kongresis warmomadgenlebTan erTad 2008 wlis seqtemberSi

daasrula ekonomikis stabilizaciis sagangebo gegmaze muSaoba (Emergency

Economic Stabilization Act of 2008), romelsac mogvianebiT polsonis gegma

ewoda. aRniSuli gegma iTvaliswinebda aSS_s federaluri sarezervo

sistemidan 700 mlrd aSS dolaris gamoyofas, romliTac specialurad

amisTvis Seqmnili saxelmwifo korporacia moaxdenda bankebisgan prob-

lemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvas. gegma sami mTavari mimarTulebisgan

Sedgeba:

1. problemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvis programa;

28

2. biznesisa da mosaxleobisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;

3. energetikis sferos specialuri stimulireba.

2008 wlis 25 noembers cnobili gaxda federaluri sarezervo sis-

temis ganzraxva, aSS_s bankebSi damatebiT Caedo 800 mlrd aSS dolari,

rac mimarTuli unda yofiliyo momxmarebelTa sacalo dakreditebis

stimulirebisTvis. gamocxadebuli programa iTvaliswinebda federaluri

sarezervo sistemis mier 600 mlrd aSS dolaris kreditis gamosyidvas,

rac gacemuli da garantirebuli iyo Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae

ipoTekuri saagentoebisa da federaluri bankebis samomxmareblo

kreditebiT.

polsonis gegmam gamoiwvia eqspertebisa da kongresmenebis nawilis

ukmayofileba. igi exeboda saxsrebis wyaroebs da fulis aseTi emisiis

Sedegebs, rasac SeuZlia miiyvanos aSS_s valuta devalvaciamde. maTi

azriT, bankebisgan problemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvaze efeqtiani iqneboda

hejirebis fondis Seqmna, romelic daazRvevda am aqtivebiT gamowveul

danakargebs bankebsa da sxva safinanso institutebSi.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samomavlo qmedebebs, qveynis xelisuflebam

arsebuli problemebi unda warmoidginos erTianad, ris safuZvelzec

spontanuri RonisZiebebis gatarebidan unda gadaerTos Tanmimdevruli

RonisZiebebis gatarebaze. prioritetebi unda iyos mkafio, realuri da

qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebaze orientirebuli. amasTan,

aucilebelia donorebidan miRebuli daxmarebebis da kreditebis

gegmazomieri xarjva. qveynis xelisuflebas mudmivad unda axsovdes, rom

dagegmili 4,5 ar aris mxolod daxmareba da misi didi nawili ramdenime

wlis Semdeg ukan unda iqnas dabrunebuli, Tanac Sesabamisi saprocento

ganakveTebis gadaxdiT. Sesabamisad unda gaviTvaliswinoT ganviTarebadi

qveynebis krizisidan gamosavlis gzebi da ar davuSvaT uaresi Sedegebis

miReba “binaTmflobelobis maniiT” warmoSobili finansuri krizisidan.


1. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti, 2002-2008

wlis maCveneblebi;

2. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki

3. Asia News Reports – The straits times (Publication Date: 28-11-2008)

4. The Economist – Economist Intelligence Unit (January/February 2009)

5. Bureau of Economic Analysis

(http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm)

6. Bureau of the census (http://www.census.gov/

http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm

http://www.census.gov/

29

informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri

politikis evolucia1

giorgi nikuraZe

Tsu magistranti

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili

Tanamedrove msoflio aris mxilveli im TiTqos warmoudgeneli movlenisa ra-

sac hqvia informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri politikis evolucia. XXI sau-

kuneSi ukve realuria qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gamtareblebsa da moqalaqeebs

Soris diskusia da urTierToba Suamavlebis gareSe, rac informaciuli teqnologi-

ebis revoluciurma ganviTarebam moitana.

axlo momavalSi igegmeba gadaadgilebis globaluri kontrolis sistemis Seqm-

na romelic revoluciur cvlilebebs gvpirdeba. saxemwifos ekonomikuri politikis

gatarebis axali revoluciuri instrumentebi Seqmnis procesSia, romlis Semdeg

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobas SeeZleba miiRos ufro mdgradi da optimaluri prevenciu-

li zomebi raTa qveynis keTildReobis xelisSemSleli procesebis identificireba Ca-

nasaxSive ganxorcieldes da Semdeg misi ara ganadgureba, aramed gadaprogrameba

moxdes, rac TavisTavad resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis saSualebas mogvcems.

globalizaciis procesis yvelaze xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

teqnologiuri progresi da informaciuli revlucia, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs

msoflios rogorc erT organizmad xedvis saSualebas. globaluri informaciis da-

muSavebiT SesaZlebelia ara marto tendenciebis winaswarmetyveleba, aramed maTi mar-

Tva da modelireba.

yvelaze arsebiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos globaluri ganviTarebis modelis simu-

laciis SesaZlebloba, rac Tavis Tavad msoflios mmarTvel organoebs saSualebas

miscems dainaxon miliardobiT ganviTarebis proeqcia da amoirCion yvelaze opti-

maluri saerTo globaluri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

aRsaniSnavia gardamaval etapze myofi adamianTa bedi, romlebic iSviaTad iyeneben

an sulac ar iyeneben personalur kombiutersa da sxva Tanamedrove informaciul

teqnologiebs. mecnierebma aqac miagnes gamosavals da daiwyes specialuri ganaTlebis

sistemaze muSaoba, romelis Sedegadac bevrad gamartivdeba XXI saukunis infor-


erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli

formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel

krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 129-132.


30

maciuli teqnologiebis aTviseba maT Soris vinc gaurboda swavlas informaciuli

teqnologiebis auTviseblobis SiSis gamo.

sainteresoa semantiur programebze dafuZnebuli globaluri biblioTekis pro-

eqtis Sesaxeb saubari. jer-jerobiT is Canasaxovan procesSia, magram axlo momavalSi

Semecnebis individualuri algoriTmiT albaT iqneba amgvari biblioTekebis erTwliani

xSiri stumrobebis Sedegad, XIX saukunis yvelaze ganaTlebul adamianze ganaTle-

buli gaxdeT.

XXI saukunis ekonomikur-politikuri procesebi sruli transformaciis

tendenciis winaSe dgas. mimdinare saukuneSi prioritetulia swavlaze orientirebu-

li da da swavlis unaris mqone axalgazrdebis xelisSemwyobi politikis gatareba

yvela saxelmwifoSi, raTa jansaRi konkurenciis pirobebSi gamovlindes saxelmwifo-

Ta inteleqtualuri potenciali romelic maT gasuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daag-

roves. aRniSnuli mniSvnelovani etapia informaciuli revoluciis labirinTidan swo-

ri gzis sapovnelad. aucilebelia oqros Sualedis povna informaciis aTvisebasa da

miwodebas Soris, swored am sferoSia ekonomikuri politikis specialistebis Ziri-

Tadi roli, radgan maT SeswevT unari Seqmnan sawyisi algoriTmi romelic xels Se-

uwyobs informaciis aTvisebis da masSi elastiurad moZraobis unaris ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobas.

saWiroa saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebsa da tendenciebze ramdenime sityviT

mogaxsenoT. dRes saqarTvelos aqvs Zalian didi potenciali _ mas SeuZlia awarmoos

informaciis amTvisebelTa da analizatorTa mTeli àrmia~. mniSvnelovania am kuTxiT

qveynis ekonomikuri politikis mizanmimarTuli da efeqtiani qmedebebis ganxorcie-

leba saxelmwifos mxridan, raTa xeli Seewyos niWieri axalgazrdebis dasaqmebas am

sferoSi da, rac mTavaria, Cveni potenciali am sferoSi eyofa ara mxolod saqarTve-

los, aramed bevr sxva qveyanasac.

bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier

TavianTi kompetenturobis da potencialis dasabuTebisa da gamovlenis procesi.

aucilebelia saqarTvelo droulad iqnes CarTuli globaluri strategiuli

ganviTarebis procesSi da dasabuTebul iqnes saqarTvelos moqalaqis kompetenturoba

informaciuli teqnologiebis flobis saqmeSi msoflio masStabiT, raTa saqarTvelom

daikavos misTvis kuTvnili strategiuli adgili.

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba SemoqmedebiTi samuSaoebis wili. axali organizaciebi

ejibrebian erTmaneTs ara sidideSi, aramed siswrafeSi, moqnilobaSi, cvlilebebis

swrafad ganxorcielebaSi.

erTi mxriv, informaciaze orientirebuli sazogadoebis Seqmnam da, meore

mxriv, efeqtiani administraciuli menejmentis, racionaluri strategiuli gadawyve-

tilebisa da maRali donis administraciuli servisebis saWiroebam ganapiroba eleq-

tronuli mTavrobis, eleqtronuli marTvis meqanizmebis danergvis aucilebloba. dRe-

31

isTvis msoflios mravali qveynis mTavrobam kargad gaacnobiera elmTavrobis saWiro-

eba da konkretul RonisZiebebs atarebs am mimarTulebis praqtikaSi realizaci-

isaTvis.

informaciuli revoluciis gardamavali etapis gavlis Semdeg ekonomikuri po-

litikis evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibdeba axali cnobiereba da informaciasTan dRe-

vandeli damokidebuleba Seicvleba dRemde warmoudgeneli revoluciuri damokidebu-

lebiT. gamoqveynda seulSi msoflios wamyvani qveynebis ministrebis Sexvedraze

miRebuli deklaracia. Sexvedra gaimarTa koreaSi 2008 wlis 17-18 ivniss da eZRv-

neboda internet ekonomikis perspeqtivebs.

deklaraciaSi dadasturebulia am qveynebis valdebuleba xeli Seuwyon inter-

net ekonomikis ganviTarebas, mxari dauWiron inovaciebs, investiciebsa da konkuren-

cias informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis seqtorSi. gansakuTrebulad

aris xazgasmuli, rom mTavar zrunvas warmoadgens internetis arsis SenarCuneba,

rogoricaa misi Ria xasiaTi, decentralizebuloba da dinamiuroba. mxardaWerili

iqneba inovaciebi, monawileoba da misawvdomoba. didi yuradReba daeTmoba usafrT-

xoebis da inteleqtualuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs. mxars dauWeren ganviTarebad

qveynebSi mosaxleobisaTvis internetis misawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas.

tomas fridmani aris avtori wignisa `The World Is Flat~ (msoflio brtyelia).

am wignSi aRwerilia is tendenciebi, romlebic àbrtyeleben~ (aTanabreben) XXI sau-

kunes da amiT saSualebas aZleven Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebs konkurencia gauwion

ganviTarebuli qveynebis moqalaqeebs, rac cota xnis win TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo.

msoflioSi mTavari ekonomikuri konkurencia mimdinareobs ara saxelmwifoebs

So-ris, ara kompaniebs Soris, aramed Cvensa da Cvens fantazias (warmosaxvas) Soris.

Se-moqmedebiTi warmosaxvis unari aris gadamwyveti adamianis momavlisaTvis.

swrafad izrdeba moTxovnileba iseTi samuSaoebisa, sadac saWiroa eqspertuli

azrovneba da kompleqsuri komunikacia. problemas warmoadgens ara samuSao adgilebis

simcire, aramed Seusabamoba samuSao Zalis saWiro da arsebul unarebs Soris.

bevr moswavles mouwevs sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTkavSirSi armyofi

sferoebis aTviseba cxovrebis manZilze. unari viswavloT is, rac xval SeiZleba

dagvWirdes ufro faseulia, vidre is, rac dRes viciT.

adre adamianebis umravlesobas ekisreboda mcire roli ekonomikaSi. es iyo an

pasiuri momxmarebeli masobrivi produqtebis an organizaciis biurokratiul struq-

turaSi dakarguli TanamSromeli.

dRes sainformacio teqnologiebis mzardi misawvdomoba yvela adamians aZlevs

instrumentebs, romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebelia TanamSromloba, faseuli produq-

tebis Seqmna da komunikacia. es aZlevs adamianebs Tavisuflebas, miiRon monawileoba

inovaciebSi da simdidris SeqmnaSi ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi.

32

Cven vcxovrobT didi cvlilebebis periodSi. cvlilebebi ar aris droebiTi da

ar unda gvegonos, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg yvelaferi Tavis normas daubrundeba.

yalibdeba uwyveti, swrafi cvlilebebis periodi. es aris swrafi cvlilebebis era.

warmovadgen oTx ZiriTad tendencias, romlebic udides gavlenas axdenen Cven cxov-

rebaze:

muris kanoni_intelis TanadamfuZnebelma jon murma 1963 wels Jurnal èlektro-

nikaSi~ dawera statia, sadac Camoayaliba `muris kanoni~, romelic ase JRerda:

`yovel 24 TveSi integrirebul sqemaSi tranzistorebis raodenobis gaormagebaa

SesaZlebeli~. es kanoni dRemde moqmedebs da ufro gaZlierda kidevac.

fotonis kanoni _ 1983 wlidan qselebis gamtarianoba erT dolarze yovel 12 TveSi

sammagdeba.

internetis revolucia _ 1992 wels internetis momxmarebelTa ricxvi Seadgenda

300 adamians. dRes maTma ricxvma miliards gadaaWarba. interneti orjer izrdeba

yovel 120 dReSi.

mozRvavebuli informacia _ wina sami tendencia ganapirobebs meoTxe tendencias,

romelic gamoixateba informaciis mozRvavebaSi. swrafi tempebiT izrdeba sityvebis,

terminebis, cnebebis ricxvi. dReSi gamoicema 3000 wigni.

konceptualurad moazrovne muSakebi - XXI saukunis moTxovnilebaa. konceptua-

lurad moazrovne adamianebis momzadeba - XXI saukunis ganaTlebis sistemis mTavari

amocanaa. sainformacio sazogadoebis gaCenam gansazRvra Tanamedrove demokratiul

saxelmwifoSi Tvisebrivad axali _ efeqtiani, moqnili, gamWvirvale da sazogadoebaze

orientirebuli mTavrobis Seqmnis aucilebloba.

eleqtronuli mTavroba, romelic sainformacio sazogadoebis aucilebeli ele-

mentia, miznad isaxavs iseTi sistemis Seqmnas da ganviTarebas, romelic uzrunvel-

yofs erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo marTvis efeqtian gazrdas, meore mxriv, ki moqalaqeze,

sazogadoebaze orientirebul, maRali donis samTavrobo momsaxurebas.

eleqtronuli mTavrobis formirebis procesSi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala

TviTon saxelmwifoa. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos eleqtronuli mTavrobis warma-

tebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmna da gadawyvitos misi ZiriTa-

di amocanebi: politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, pasuxismgebeli organoebis-

administraciuli struqturebis Camoyalibeba, erovnuli informaciuli da sakomu-

nikacio infrastruqturebis ganviTareba, sayovelTaod misawvdomi informaciuli

resursebis Seqmna da maTi gaerTianeba erTiani èleqtronuli mTavrobis~ sistemaSi.

amave dros, moqalaqis aqtiuri monawileoba da mxardaWera warmatebuli eleqtronu-

li mTavrobis aucilebeli wina pirobaa.

eleqronuli mTavrobis miznebia: mosaxleobis erTjeradi, uwyveti momsaxureba

misi saWiroebidan da survilebidan gamomdinare, nebismier dros da nebismier adgi-

las; eleqtronuli dokumentbrunva, rac el-mTavrobis xerxemalia. igi uzrunvelyofs

33

danaxarjebis Semcirebas da administraciuli produqtiulobis gazrdas; marTvisa da

gadawyvetilebis miRebis optimizacia sxvadasxva uwyebaSi, departamentebsa da rgo-

lebSi gabneuli codnisa da informaciis integraciisa da maT Soris barierebis

moxsnis gziT.

eleqtronuli mTavrobis ganviTarebisaTvis, misi dafinansebisa da proeqtebis

promouSenisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. mxolod

ramdenime qveyanam moaxerxa, rom Seeqmna integrirebuli kanonmdebloba pirdapir eleq-

tronul mTavrobasTan dakavSirebiT. umetes qveynebSi eleqtronuli mTavrobis ganvi-

Tareba eyrdnoba informatizaciis sferoSi moqmed kanonmdeblobas. informaciulma

revoluciam moitana informaciis rolis umniSvnelovanesi daniSnulebis aRiarebis

tendenciebi. XXI saukunem informaciuli teqnologiebis revoluciuri ganviTarebis

mowmed gvaqcia.

mniSvnelovania saqarTvelom ipovos Tavisi mniSvnelovani adgili msoflios

ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris da SeZlos progresuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba da

qarTveli eris inteleqtis, rogorc demonstrireba, aseve qveynis interesebidan

gamomdinare, aqtiuri ekonomikuri politikis gatareba, rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve

mis faglebs gareT.

ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisas saxelmwifom unda imoqmedos globaluri

interesebisa da qveynis Siga interesebs Soris oqros Sualedis povnis principiT da

moaxdinos revoluciuri cvlilebebis kalapotSi Cayeneba da misi marTva mowinave in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis saSualebiT.

sayuradReboa da sagangaSo zeganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba

erTiani msoflio informaciuli qselis mimarT, radgan maT aqvT ambicia iaraRad aq-

cion mTeli globaluri informaciuli sistema da mizanmimarTulad marTon saxelm-

wifoebi TavianTi piradi interesebis Sesabamisad. sanam informacia yvelasTvis xelmi-

sawvdomia da sxvadasxva socialuri qselebis saSualebiT xdeba cnobierebis sinq-

ronizacia msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebs Soris, manamde sagangaSo arafe-

ria, magram Tu moxdeba informaciis centraluri bazis monopolizacia romelime sa-

xelmwifos mier globaluri masStabiT, maSin es movlena msoflios saxelmwifoebis

dabyrobis tolfasi iqneba.

saWiroa Seiqmnas informaciuli teqnologiebis usafrTxoebis globaluri

sistema romelSic gawevriandeba msoflios yvela saxelmwifo Tanabari uflebebiT.

momavlis ekonomikuri politikis gamtarebeli unda iyos aRWurvili anali-

tikuri azrovnebiT, siaxlis aTvisebis unariT, mudmivad unda anviTrebdes rogorc

sakuTar inteleqtualur da fizikur SesaZleblobebs, aseve misi garSemomyofebis

cnobierebasTan sinqronizaciis ganuwyvetel procesSi unda iyos CarTuli, rasac

informaciuli teqnologiis revoluciuri monapovari SesaZlebels gaxdis.

34

ekonomikuri politikis evoluciis etapebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli informa-

ciuli da cifruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebasTan mis ganviTarebis etapebtan da

TanmimdevrobasTan qveynis mimdinare politikur, kulturul da religiur pozi-

ciebTan da miznebTan, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis ekonomikur-politikuri amocanebis

dasmisa da maTi gadawyvetis siswrafesTan, Cveni qveynis politikosebisa da ekonomis-

tebis konkurentunarianobasTan sxva saxelmwifos mmarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi.

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri politikis gatarebaSi aucilebelia integrirebis

da transformirebis unaris qona radgan, msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri ten-

denciebidan gamomdinare msoflio ganuwyvetliv viTardeba da Sesabamisad anviTarebs

ekonomikur, politikur da sxva strategiul unarebsa da instrumentebs raTa globa-

lur konkurencias gauZlos da qveynis Tavisuflbis sakiTxi kiTxvis qveS arasodes

daayenos.

saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia globalur integrirebasTan dakavSirebuli safrT-

xeebis aRmofxvra informaciuli teqnologiebis sworad gamoyenebiT da swori eko-

nomikuri politikis gatarebiT. qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisas ar SeiZ-

leba piradi interesebis win wamoweva da amiT saxelmwifo interesebze zianis miye-

neba. aRniSnulis mogvarebis Semdeg aucilebelia Semdeg etapze gadasvla da integri-

rebis procesis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garkveva. Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba sxva

Tanabar pirobebSi erTiani globaluri sainformacio sistemis marTvasa da srulyo-

faSi monawileoba da saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare globaluri interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovan, revoluciur cvlilebebSi mionawileobis miReba da

adamianTa saerTo interesebis gatareba globaluri interesebis CarCoebis dacviT da

qveynis ganviTarebis tendenciebis xe-lis SewyobiT.


1. r. gvelesiani i. gogoriSvili ekonomikuri politika, Tbilisi 2008

2. Being Fluent with Information Technology, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C.

3. Larry Allen The Global Economic System since 1945 © 2005

4. Kenneth W. Dam The Rules of the Global Game A New Look at US International Economic Policymaking © 2001

5. Edited by Leonardo AuernheimerInternational Financial Markets The Challenge of Globalization © 2003

6. ICT Development Framework for Georgia. UNDP Georgia, www.undp.org.ge

7. The Internet revolution: the not-for-dummies guide to the history, technology, and use of the Internet By J. R. Okin

Published by Ironbound Press, 2005

8. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance, by Peter A.

Gourevitch, James Shinn. 2005

9. Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy, by Efraim Turban,

James Wetherbe. March 2007.

10. Information Systems Today: Managing the Digital World, by Leonard Jessup, Joseph S. Valacich. 2007.

11. Principles of Information Security, Michael E. Whitman, Herbert J. Mattord, Herbert Mattord. December 2004.

12. Tomorrow's Technology and You: Complete, by George Beekman, Michael J. Quinn, Mike Quinn. 2007.

http://www.undp.org.ge/

35

sarkinigzo klasteri saqarTveloSi1

Mmariam WurWelauri

Tsu magistranti

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i. gagniZe

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, Ria ekonomikis pirobebSi msoflio globalur

bazarze sakuTari niSis mopoveba da iq mtkiced damkvidreba did Zalisxmevas moiT-

xovs nebismieri qveynis rogorc mTavrobaTa, ise moqalaqeebis mxridan.

sazogadod, reformis mimarTulebebis gansazRvraze didad zemoqmedebs qveynis Ta-

viseburebani, misi ganviTarebis done, sastarto pirobebi, tradiciebi, sabazro menta-

litetis xarisxi, ekonomikuri Teoriis progresuloba, inovaciuroba, politikose-

bisa da ekonomistebis momzadebis done, reformebisadmi sazogadoebis mxardaWeris

xarisxi.

aRniSnulis gamo, mkiTxvelis yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo kon-kurenciis Teoriis

erT-erTi mkvlevaris m. porteris naSromSi `qveynebis konkurenciuli upiratesobebi~

ganxilul klasterebis koncefciaze. klasteris koncefcia warmoadgens qveynis eko-

nomikis xedvis axal saSualebas. miuTiTebs kompaniebis, mTavrobisa da sxva organiza-

ciebis axal rolze konkurenciuli upiratesobebisken swrafvis procesSi. `yvelaze

mniSvnelovani konkurenciuli upiratesobebi globalur ekonomikaSi xSirad aRmocen-

deba klasteris niadagze~. `qveyana ver iqneba konkurentunariani yvela dargSi an

Tundac maT umravlesobaSi. arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi TiToeuli qveynis

konkurentunarianobis struqturaSi. garkveul dargebSi qveynebi warmatebas aRweven

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi maTi Sida pirobebi aRmoCndeba

ukeTesi, dinamiuri da perspeqtiuli sxvebTan SedarebiT~.

klasteri anu samrewvelo jgufi – esaa geografiulad mezobeli urTierTdakav-

Sirebuli kompaniebis jgufi da masTan dakavSirebuli organizaciebi, romlebic moqme-

deben gansazRvrul sferoSi da xasiaTdebian saqmianobis erTianobiT da erTmaneTTan

urTierTSevsebiT.

aqve gvsurs CamovayaliboT qveynis ekonomikis klasterebis prizmaSi xedvis sxva

upiratesobebic, kerZod:

klasterebis koncefcia efuZneba firmebsa da regionebs Soris konkurenciis

procesis ufro farTo xedvas mwarmoeblurobis zrdis safuZvelze;

1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa saer-

TaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT.

moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel krebulSi,

Tb. 2009, gv. 152-157.


36

klasterebi konkurenciul brZolaze gavlenas axdenen sami saSualebiT: 1. masSi

Semavali dargebisa da firmebis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebiT; 2. inovaciebisadmi

unaris amaRlebiT; 3. axali biznesis stimulirebis saSualebiT;

klasterebi warmoadgenen mamoZravebel Zalas eqsportis gazrdasa da pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad, rac dRes saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erT

upirveles amocanas warmoadgens;

klasterebis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul saxelmwifo da kerZo

investiciebs erTdroulad mravali firmisTvis moaqvT winsvla; interesdebian

cnobili firmebi da mimdinareobs erTgvari sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna;

klasterebis monawileTa umravlesoba erTmaneTs ar uweven konkurencias uSualod.

ubralod isini dargis sxvadasxva segmentebs emsaxurebian;

janmrTel da sicocxlisunarian klasterSi firmebis sawyisi kritikuli masa

aZlierebs TviTgaZlierebis process. grovdeba informacia; adgilobriv institu-

tebSi iwyeba specialuri momzadeba, mimdinareobs kvlevebi, viTardeba infrastruq-

tura da muSavdeba Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo normebi, amasTan klasteri xdeba

ufro SesamCnevi da izrdeba misi prestiJi.

klasterebis gadakveTa gviCvenebs maTi ganviTarebis axal impulsebs, rac amcirebs

biznesSi Sesvlis barierebs;

rogorc ki klasteri Camoyalibdeba, jgufSi yvela dargebisadmi urTierTmxarda-

Wera aRmocendeba;

mwarmoeblebi an individebi, visac aqvs sakuTari idea, migrireben zrdadi klas-

teris regionSi. es ki saqarTvelodan migraciis didi problemis garkveulwilad

gadaWrasac Seuwyobs xels;

klasterSi Semaval firmebs ufro swrafad SeuZliaT gansazRvron samomavlo moT-

xovnis tendenciebi, vidre maT metoqe, calkeul firmebs;

klasterebis arsebobas SeuZlia Seamsubuqos cvalebad ekonomikur pirobebze adgi-

lobrivi firmebis morgebis procesi, rac ufro metad amcirebs adgilobrivi

ekonomikis risks.

Mme-19 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi rkinigzebi msoflios xuT qveyanaSi iyo age-

buli. saqarTveloSi rkinigzis gayvanis idea gamoiTqva samTo saqmis specialistebSi

me-19s. 40-ian wlebSi, rodesac 1845 w. cnobili gaxda tyibulSi qvanaxSiris sabados

arseboba. 1883 w. maisSi Tbilisi-baqosa da samtredia-baTumis xazebi saqspluataciod

gadaeca. saqarTvelos aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris satranzito mimosvlis

mniSvnelobiT es gza yvelaze mokle da moxerxebuli iyo evropasa da azias Soris

tvirTbrunvisaTvis. rkinigzis pirveli magistralis gayvaniT safuZveli Caeyara saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikur aRorZinebas: ganviTarebis gzas daadga vaWroba, soflis meurneoba

da mrewveloba. 1969 wlidan saqarTveloSi rkinigza mTlianad eleqtrificirebulia.

37

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos rkinigzis Semosavlebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

rogorc gadaziduli tvirTebidan da gadayvanili mgzavrebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis

erToblioba. mTliani gadaziduli tvirTis raodenobaSi mniSvnelovani wili ukavia

tranzitiT gadazidul tvirTs da tranzitiT gadaziduli tvirTebis saxeobebidan:

nedli navTobi, navTobproduqtebi da danarCeni tvirTi. Semosavlis cvlileba pir-

dapir kavSirSia gadazidvis saSaualo manZilTan. 2006w 326km, 2007w gegmiuri

monacemi iyo 328km, 2007 w. faqtiurma monacemebma Seadgina 312 km.

tranziti _ tranzitiT gadazidul tvirTSi mniSvnelovani wili modis nedl

navTobze da navTobproduqtebze. Sesabamisad, maTi raodenobis cvlilebac mniSvnelo-

van gavlenas axdens Semosavlze. 2006 wels _ 16141 aT. tona, 2007 wlis gegmiT

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 16685 aT. tona, xolo 2007 wlis faqtiuri monacemi Seadgens

14396 aT. tonas.

Semosavlic msgavsi dinamikiT xasiaTdeba. Semosavlebis grafikis mixedviT 2005

w. monacemis Tanaxmad, tranzituli gadazidviT miRebuli mTliani Semosavlis mocu-

loba Seadgenda 170667 lari, 2006 w. _ 199158 lari, 2007 w. gegma _ 202257 la-

ri, faqtiurma monacemma ki Seadgina _ 183385 lari).

nedli navTobidan miRebulma Semosavalma 2005 wels Seadgina 57005 lari; 2006

w. _ 73252 lari; 2007 w. gegma iyo 69688 lari, 2007 w. faqtiuri monacemi ki _

52458 lari iyo. 2005 w. Semosavalma Seadgina 57878 lari; 2006 wels _ 58412

lari, 2007 wlis faqtiuri Semosavali 57171 lari iyo. 2005 w. Semosavalma Sead-

gina 55807 lari; 2006 wels – 67495 lari; 2007 wlis faqtiurma monacemma

Seadgina 73768 lari. eqsporti _ 2005 wlis monacemiT eqsportidan miRebulma

Semosavalma Seadgina 10893 lari, 2006 w. _ 12238 lari, 2007 w gegmis mixedviT

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 12886 lari, faqtiurma monacemma ki Seadgina _ 12238 lari.

importi _ rac Seexeba importidan miRebul Semosavals, 2005-2007 ww-Si zrdis

tendencia axasiaTebda. 2005 w. _ 17701 lari, 2006 w. _ 223189 lari, 2007 w.

gegma _ 23903 lari, 2007 w. – 31611 lari. adgilobrivi _ adgilobrivi satvirTo

gadazidvebidan miRebulma Semosavalma 2005 wels Seadgina _ 16457 lari, 2006 w. _

22534 lari, 2007 w gegma _ 27054 lari, 2007 w. – 22989 lari.

rogorc yvela sxva qveynisaTvis saqarTveloSi rkinigza momgebiani iqneba did

moculobebze da did manZilebze. 600_700 km_is mere rkinigza Semosavliani xdeba,

amitomac tranziti yvelaze momgebiania. meore mxriv, Cveni Semosavlis 80_85% damo-

kidebulia tranzitze. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda da mdgradi ganviTareba metwi-

lad damokidebulia misi, rogorc satranzito qveynis potencialis efeqtian gamoyene-

baze. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi daibada idea evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto

derefnis Sesaxeb. 1993 wels briuselis deklaraciiT Seiqmna regionuli programa

TRACECA, romelic mowodebuli iyo xeli Seewyo axali satransporto derefnis

38

mSeneblobisaTvis. 1996 wels daiwyo ,,Sevronis’’ navTobis rkinigziT transporti-

reba yazaxeTidan baTumis portamde, aqedan ki zRviT saerTaSoriso bazarze.

globalur ekonomikaSi saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis asamaRlebeli erT-erTi

efeqturi instrumenti qveynis ekonomikis klasteruli ganviTarebis strategiaa. aqve

vfiqrobT sarkinigzo klasteris Camoyalibeba gansakuTrebiT Seuwyobs xels

rkinigzis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas saqarTveloSi. sarkinigzo klaste-

ris sqema (sqema #1) gviCvenebs biznesis im saxeebisa da kavSirebis ganviTarebis mi-

sarkinigzo klasteri

Sida da gare samarTlebrivi

sivrce

samTavrobo struqturebi

saswavlo/sakvalifikacio centrebi

sakanonmdeblo baza

IT teqnologiebi eleqtromarTva

sarkinigzo klasteri

kavSirgabmulobis klasteri

turistuli klasteri

garemos dacvis klasteri

xe-tyis klasteri

sarkinigzo

klasteri

liandagebi

relsebi

Spalebi

Savi/feradi liTonis warmoeba

vagonebiqimiuri

mrewveloba

safeiqro mrewveloba

poligrafia

ganaTebis sistema

saRebavebis warmoeba

rezinis warmoeba

rez. xelTaTmane

bis warmoeba

detalebis qimiuri

damuSaveba

fardebida sxva

,,aqsesuarebi’’

spec.tansac. warmoeba

rez. feqxsqcmlis warmoeba

eleqtro mowyobilobis

warmoeba

plastmasis warmoeba

samSeneblo infrastruq

tura

ganaxleba, remonti.

kvebis mrewveloba (mSrali kveba)

sqema # 1. sarkinigzo klasteri

39

marTulebes rac SesaZlebelia am dargis klasteruli dagegmviT ganxorcieleba.

klasterebs SeuZliaT moicvan erTi an meti samrewvelo seqtori. regionuli da re-

gionTaSoriso klasteri warmoadgens ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebul seqtorebs, mo-

icavs sabazo dargs, mimwodebel dargebs da maTi produqtebis momxmarebel dargebs,

aseve Sesabamisi mowyobilobebisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebs, pirvel rigSi, samec-

niero_saganmanaTleblo da maRalteqnologiuri.

politika, rac iwvevs klasterebis srulyofas xSirad icvleba. istoriuli ga-

mocdilebidan gamomdinare realuri konkurenciuli upiratesobis misaRwevad klaste-

rebs sWirdebaT 10 an meti weli – esaa erT-erTi im mizezTagani, ris gamoc, mTavro-

bebi ar arian dainteresebulni Seqmnan klasteri. Tumca, rodesac klasteris agebis

gamocdileba ukve cnobilia, saxelmwifos mizanmimarTul mcdelobas SeuZlia

gacilebiT nakleb droSi gamoiRos sasurveli Sedegebi.


1. i. gagniZe, `saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis Sesaxeb~, Jurn.

`saqarTvelos ekonomika~ #1, 2008w.

2. l. gejaZe, m. beTxoSvili, g. afciauri, Sps ,, saqarTvelos rkinigzis’’ saoperacio

maCveneblebis 2005-2007ww. Aanalizi, praqtikis angariSi;

3. saqarTvelos rkinigza, problemebi da perspeqtivebi. fondi Ria sazogadoeba

saqarTvelos Sida proeqti ,,Sps. saqarTvelos rkinigza-analitikuri angariSis

momzadeba’’ www.osgf.ge;

4. m. CorgolaSvili, saqarTveloSi rkinigzis transportis ganviTarebis istoria (1846-1925),

disertacia Tb. 1972;

5. A. Gegeshidze, National Assessment Report for Sustainable Development, www.gfsis.org 6. M. PORTER - ON

COMPETITION, A HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW BOOK; HARVARD BUSINESS PRESS,1998 (Russian

version; 2002 )

7. Booz Allen Hamilton: Georgian Railways Restructuring Assistance. Assessment Report, May 2005.

8. Statistical Yearbook of Georgia: 2008 / Department of Statistics under Ministry of Economic Development of

Georgia. – Tbilisi, 2008.

9. The European Cluster Memorandum, Promouting European Innovation through Cluster: An Agenda for Policy Action.

www.clusterobservatory.eu

10. www.traceca-org.org.

11. www.railway.ge

http://www.osgf.ge/

http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/

http://www.traceca-org.org/

40

sareklamo biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi1

TinaTin axvlediani

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: prof. T. Sengelia

dResdReobiT, reklama TiToeuli moqalaqis cxovrebis da, rac mTavaria,

biznesis warmoebis ganuyofeli nawilia. biznesSi reklamis warmoSobas rTuli

istoriuli sa-fuZvlebi aqvs. igi udaod dakavSirebulia Sromis sazogadoebriv

danawilebasTan, ramac TavisTavad Seqmna produqciis namatis miRebis SesaZlebloba,

rac dakavSirebuli iyo gasaReba-gacvlis problemasTan. mravali aseuli aTasi

mwarmoebelis mier gamoSvebul aTeul da aseul milion saqonels Soris romelime

erTi konkretuli kompaniis produqciis an momsaxurebis gayidva mxolod reklamas

Tu SeuZlia. reklama aris info-macia, gavrcelebuli nebismieri meTodiT, nebismieri

formiT da xerxiT, mimarTuli sa-zogadoebis farTo masebisTvis, reklamirebis

obieqtis mimarT maTi yuradRebis mi-pyrobis da interesis gaRvivebis mizniT.

Tanamedrove komerciuli saqmianoba warmo-udgenelia kargad organizebuli reklamis

gareSe. sul oriode aTeuli wlis win gasaRebis formula iyo aseTi:

produqcia + gayidva = gasaRebas

dRes es formula mniSvnelovnad garTulda da man miiRo Semdegi saxe:

produqcia + ganawileba + kvleva + agentebi + gadaadgileba + reklama + gayidva =

gasaRebas

produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi produqciis reklamis wili 40_50%_ia,

magram es araa axali, radgan istoriidan viciT, rom `koka_kolis~ xarjebis 70%

reklamaze modis. raSia `koka_kolas~ unikaluroba? araferSi! maS ratom iyideba

yvelaze metad? imitom, rom yvelaze didi reklama aqvs da moqmedebs adamianis,

gansakuTrebiT mozardebis fsiqikaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom koka-kola dges ukve

momxmareblis TavSi zis da mas azrovnebis inercia hqvia!

reklamis industriis sawyis etapad me-19 saukunes miiCneven, Tumca misi primi-

ti-uli formebi jer kidev uZveles periodSi SeimCneva. warwerebma qvebze, kedlebze,

papirusebze Zveli babilonidan, egviptidan, romidan, Tu saberZneTidan Semogvinaxes

Se-tyobinebebi, romlebSic mocemulia informacia gasayid saqonelsa Tu

momsaxurebaze, uaxloes droSi mosalodnel movlenebze, gaqceuli monebis povnisTvis

dawesebul jildoebze da a.S. pirveli sareklamo saagento sruli momsaxurebiT

1891 wels niuorkSi jorj batenma daaarsa. meoce saukunis bolosTvis es kompania

1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli

formatiT.

41

erT-erTi giganti gaxda sareklamo biznesSi, romlis wliuri brunvac 3,26 mlrd

dolars Seadgenda. me-19 saukunis bolos sagazeTo reklamam saqarTveloSic

mniSvnelovnad moikida fexi. gasakuTrebiT sainteresoa is, rom am periodisTvis ukve

ganviTarebulia sareklamo teqstis xelovneba, fasdaklebis cneba da Tanamedrove

reklamisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri sxva niSani. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT gazeT

ìveriis~ 1886 wlis gamocemidan Semdegi gancxadeba:

`qalaq baTaumSi vagzalis maxloblad axlad gavaRe mebelirovani oTaxebi

`venecia~. miuxedavad imisa, rom baTaumSi siZvire aris, maqvs ##-bi sufTad

mowyobili dReSi 50 kapeikidam 1,5 manaTamde, TveobiT 10 manaTidam 30 manaTamdis~.

Tumca konkurenciis Tema droebiT kapitalizms Cabarda. im dros, rodesac

saqarTvelos `komunizmis mze dahnaToda~, dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi reklama

sul ufro da ufro viTardeboda. 1914 wels `jeneral motorsma~ gamouSva axali

kadilaki 8 cilindriani ZraviT. reklamaSi ki araferi ar yofila amis Sesaxeb

naTqvami. aseve ar yofila arc axali manqanis foto, mxolod ramdenime sityviani

teqsti: `gadaixade liderobisTvis~. gaCnda pirveli sloganic.

dResdReobiT sareklamo bazari miekuTvneba msoflioSi yvelaze dinamiurad

mzardi bazrebis ricxvs. misi tevadoba uaxlovdeba msoflio produqtis 1,25%

(daaxloebiT 0,5 trln aSS dolari). calkeul qveynebSi es cifri gacilebiT metia.

iseve rogorc mTels msoflioSi, saqarTveloSic sareklamo kampanias, rogorc wesi,

sareklamo saagentoebi awarmoeben. CvenTan saagentoebi 16_17 welia rac arseboben da

TavianT sareklamo saqmianobas axorcieleben. umravlesoba mcire zomis da biujetis

mqone kompaniebia. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sazRvargareT saagentoebi garkveuli

sferos specifikis mixedviT iyofian, CvenTan saqme sxvagvaradaa. Cvens kompaniebs

muSaoba sakmaod rTul pirobebSi uxdebaT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bazari pataraa,

maT yvelafris keTeba Tavad uxdebaT _ es iqneba sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvaze,

ganTavsebasa Tu kreatiul mxareze zrunva. Tumca arian iseTi saagentoebic, romlebic

mxolod dagegmvasa da mis ganTavsebaze specialistdebian.

sareklamo saagento èi_si jgufis~ direqtoris, baton zurab iobaSvilis

TqmiT, sazRvargareT farTomasStabian sareklamo kampanias moculobiT didi

organizaciebi, holdingebi Tu transnacionaluri kompaniebi axorcieleben. Cvens

SemTxvevaSi ki es ase ar xdeba. amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom bazari sakmaod

pataraa. bazari pataraa, magram rogorc saagento `media_artis~ kreatiuli menejeri

giorgi CikvilaZe ambobs, qarTuli sareklamo bazari kreatiulad Zalian kargia.

sareklamo saagentoebi sareklamo kampaniis ganxorcilebis dros masobrivi

informaciis iseT saSualebebs iyeneben, rogoricaa _ te-levizia, radio, presa, gare

reklama da interneti. Tuki msoflios sareklamo bazars gadavxedavT, gamoyenebis

TvalsazrisiT, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs Soris yve-laze didi procenti

televiziasa da presaze modis. magaliTad, espaneTSi televizia sa-reklamo bazris

42

daaxloebiT 50%_s ikavebs. saqarTveloSi sareklamo saSuelebebi kvlavac formirebis

procesSia. dResdReobiT reklama xorcieldeba Semdegi saxeebiT —teleeTeriT-bazris

60%, bilbordebiT quCaSi da sxvadasxva sanaxaobebze-8%, beWdviTi saSualebebiT-12%,

internetis saSualebiT-18%, sxva saSualebebiT-2%. rogorc vxedavT, ganviTarebulia

telemauwyebloba da beWdviTi media. televiziiT reklamis drois 70% wamlis

reklamas ukavia . calsaxad lideroben iseTi arxebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT dafarvis

maRali maCvenebeli. SedarebiT naklebad arian ganviTarebuli adgilobrivi ma-

uwyeblebi. isini CamorCebian sareklamo saSualebebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso stan-

dartebs. maTi umravlesoba ver axerxebs TviTdafinansebas, rac Tavis mxriv, xels

uSlis damoukidebel ganviTarebas. rogorc cnobilia, biznes-aqtivoba ZiriTadad

TbilisSia koncentrirebuli, xolo TbilisSi arsebuli biznes seqtori prioritets

erovnul mauwyeblebs aniWeben, radganac aseT telearxebze ganTavsebuli reklama

mTel saqarTvelos faravs da saWiro aRar aris sxvadasxva regionalur arxebTan

molaparakeba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas saSualeba aqvs uyuros TiTqmis yvela

erovnul telearxs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TiTqmis yvela regionSi arsebobs

regionaluri televizia, rac kidev ufro zrdis konkurencias qarTul da ucxour

arxebs Soris.

2004 wlis seqtembridan qarTul bazarze moRvaweobs kompania ÀGB Nielsen

Media Research~. is saerTaSoriso organizaciaa da msoflios 45 qveyanaSi aqvs Tavisi

warmomadgenloba, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. esaa delegirebisa da monitoringis

sakmaod seriozuli struqtura, romelic Tavis momsaxurebas tele Tu sareklamo

kompaniebs sTavazobs. ÀGB Nielsen~_ma Tavis momxmarebels specialuri programa,

`Rianna~ SesTavaza. esaa satelevizio reitingebi, romelze dayrdnobiTac saagentoebi

TavianT sareklamo kampaniebs SeimuSaveben. ÀGB Nielsen~ am kvlevebs fiflmetrebis

saSualebiT axorcielebs. isini saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 300 ojaxSia

damontaJebuli da maTi saSualebiT Tvalyurs adevneben, mayurebeli meti sixSiriT

romel gadacemas Tu telearxs uyurebs. ÀGB Nielsen~_is momsaxurebiT Semdegi

sareklamo saagentoebi sargebloben: èi_si jgufi~, àd korporacia~, ìmperiali~,

ìmedi-kontaqti~, `GSG~ `sarke~, `starkommediavesti~, `TV~, `TV+~. es saagentoebi,

romlebic am monacemebs yi-duloben, arian wamyvani kompaniebi saqarTveloSi, isini,

reitingebze dayrdnobiT, Se-sabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze sworad

gegmaven da sakmaod maRal-kvalificiur doneze warmarTaven sareklamo kampaniebs. ar

SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT is faqtic, rom nel-nela umjobesdeba reklamis xarisxi.

ramdenime studia Zalian sa-interesod muSaobs am mimarTulebiT. rac Seexeba

reklamis ganTavsebis Rirebulebas, televiziisa da radios SemTxvevaSi fasebi

saeTero drois reitingzea mibmuli, xolo beWdviTi mediis SemTxvevaSi fasebi

damokidebulia gverdebis poziciebsa da rubrikebis Janrebze. yvela telearxs fasebi

gansazRvruli aqvs aSS dolarebSi (dRg-s CaTvliT). rogorc wesi, gansxvavdeba

43

fasebi gadacemebis pirvel, meore da mesame sareklamo blokebisaTvis. reklamis

ganTavsebis fasebi yvelaze maRalia saRamos sainformacio gamoSvebebSi. beWdviT

mediaSi maRalia fasi pirvel da bolo gverdebze, sadac gan-Tavsebulia politikisa

da ekonomikis Temebze momzadebuli statiebi.

saqarTveloSi Seiqmna sistema, romlis meSveobiT sareklamo da telekompaniebs

So-ris urTierToba ufro civiluri formiT xorcieldeba. jer kidev 2004 wels

kompania `mediahausi~, xolo ukve 2005 wlidan `videointerneiSenali~ Semovidnen

qarTul bazarze da isini eqskluziuri uflebiT uzrunvelyofen telekompaniebis

sareklamo drois miyidvas sareklamo saagentoebisTvis.

yovelive zemoTqmulis simtkiceSi dasarwmuneblad ganvixiloT erT-erTi

warmatebuli sareklamo kompania `pasportis~ funqcionireba da saqmianoba.

sareklamo kompania `pasporti~ daarsda 2006 wels, damfuZneblebis mier

sazRvaargareT SeZenili 13 wliani gamocdileba gaxda kompaniis dafuZnebis mizezic

da Sedegic. saqarTveloSi 2 welia rac funqcionirebsKda misi muSaoba mimarTulia

sareklamo programebis dagegmarebasa da misi Tanmxlebi masalebis momzadebaze

.kompaniis klientTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian saqarTveloSi: àrtifaqti~, èlit

eleqtroniqsi~, `nikora~, ìnvestbanki~, `taoprivatbanki~, `mecxreca~, ìrao~,

`babilina~, `Tbilisi~ `centrali~, xolo sazRvargareT: `kenvudi~, `Topdizaini~,

“BVK”, `stolari~, `latviis banki~, `luma~.

kompania produqciis reklamirebas axdens mediaSi, qmnis socialur da gare

reklamebs, muSaobs veb dizainsa da grafikul dizainze, prezentaciebsa da sxvadasxva

Ronisziebebze. kompania Dsakmaod warmatebulia sareklamo bazarze, misi warmatebis

ga-rantad ki SeiZleba dasaxeldes sworad SemuSavebuli da organizebuli servisi,

romelic moicavs: dagegmarebas, SemuSavebas, damzadebas da koordanicias.

sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cvens qveyanaSi multinacionaluri kompaniebis

damkvidrebis da popularizaciis aucilebel pirobas saerTaSoriso reklamis Semosv-

la warmoadgenda. qarTul sareklamo bazarze giganti saagentoebis gamoCenam ufrosi

partniorebis rangSi, adgilobrivi saagentoebis muSaobis xarisxi gaaumjobesa da qar-

Tuli reklama saerTaSoriso standartebs dauaxlovda. am faqtorebTan erTad sarek-

lamo bazris zrdas xels uwyobs konkurenciis ganviTareba biznesis sxvadasxva sfe-

roSi. CvenTan konkurencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis, sa-

finanso, mSeneblobis, farmaciis sferoebSi. maT Zalian kargad ician reklamis mniSvne-

loba. satelevizio drois ZiriTad nawils swored aRniSnul sferoebSi moTamaSe

kompaniebi avseben. isini, dResdReobiT sakmaod Zlier, msxvilbiujetian, swori stra-

tegiis mqone organizaciebs warmoadgenen da warmatebulebic arian. kompaniebi ufro

met investirebas axorcieleben reklamaSi, vidre ramdenime wlis win. qarTuli sarek-

lamo saagentoebi ki sareklamo obieqtis specifikidan gamomdinare, gegmaven sarekla-

mo kampanias da reklamis ganTavsebisTvis TiTqmis yvela arsebul saSualebas iyeneben

44

kombinirebulad. unda aRiniSnos aseve rogoria saqarTveloSi reklamis sakanonmdeblo

regulireba. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb~ da kanoni:

,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~. kanonSi aRniSnulia: _ Tu momxmarebeli

gaxda arakeTilsindisieri reklamis msxverpli, mas ufleba aqvs wamoayenos miyenebu-

li zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovna. kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb” awesebs garkveul

kvotebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu saeTero drois ra nawili SeiZleba daeTmos

sareklamo tixrebs. calke WrilSi ganixileba saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi. aseTi

tipis gadacemebi SesaZlebelia Sewydes ara umetes 15 wuTSi erTxel da ara umetes

45 wamiT, xolo sxva gadacemebi, romelTa xangrZlivoba 1 saaTze naklebia _ ara

umetes 3-jer translirebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadad ki radio da telegadacemebSi

reklama dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes mauwyeblobis saeTero

moculobis 15%-s, xolo yoveli erTi saaTi saeTero drois ganmavlobaSi _ 20%-s,

garda socialuri reklamisa da specializebuli sareklamo radio da telegadace-

mebisa,romlebic registrirebulia rogorc sareklamo gadacemebi.

saqarTvelos statistikis departamenitis 2005 wlis monacemebiT sareklamo

bazari 5 mln lars Seadgenda, 2006 wlis monacemebiT _ 12 mln lars, 2007 wlis

monacemebiT _ 18 mln lars, 2008 wlis monacemebiT _ 21 mln lars. sareklamo

bazris ganviTarebaze dadebiTi gavlena iqonia reklamis gadasaxadis moxsnam anu rek-

lamis ganmaTavsebels gamouTavisuflda garkveuli saxsrebi, romlebic savaraudod

isev reklamaSi daixarjeba. garda amisa unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebul bazrebze

reklamis kvlevaze ixarjeba Semosavlebis 0,5-1,5 %, saqarTveloSi ki am maCvenebelma

2007 wels 1,3% Seadgina. erTi SexedviT es indikatori dadebiTad asaxavs qarTul

sareklamo bazars, Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom auditoriis kvlevebze gaweuli

xarjebis 60%-ze meti dafinansebulia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier mediis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT.ra Tqma unda, ganviTarebisTvis kidev bevri muSaobaa saWiro,

magram dReisTvis ukve iqmneba kargi adgilobrivi produqti.


1. Teimuraz Sengelia, `biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi~, Tb. 2008.

2. www.passport-ac.ge

3. www.statistics.ge

4. www.nbg.ge

http://www.passport-ac.ge/

http://www.statistics.ge/

http://www.nbg.ge/

45

sastumro biznesi saqarTveloSi1

valeriane joxaZe

qeTevan pirveli

Tsu bakalavrebi


pirvelma da meore samrewvelo revoluciam gamoiwvia samewarmeo biznesSi

adamianis fizikuri Sromis minimumamde dayvana da warmoebis kompiuterizacia.

gamoTavisuflebuli Sromis nakadi gadaerTo samomsaxureo biznesSi, sadac maT

alternativa ar gaaCniaT. msoflioSi samomsaxureo biznesi mkveTri zrdiT xasiaTdeba

da mravali ganviTarebuli qveynis ekonomika swored mas efuZneba. magaliTad: aSS-Si

masze modis biujetis Semosavlis 70%, iaponiaSi_74%, xolo germaniaSi_62%.

Uukanasknel aTwledSi elviseburi siswrafiT ganviTarda momsaxurebis iseTi

sferoebi, rogoricaa: transporti da komunikaciebi, kerZo samedicino dawesebulebani,

sabavSvo baRebi, skolebi, fitnes klubebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze didi

perspeqtiva gaaCnia turizmsa da sastumro bizness, romelic ukve gaxda mravali

iseTi qveynis prioriteti, rogoricaa: saberZneTi, italia, malta, egvipte, israeli

da sxva, maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc.

saqarTveloSi sastumro biznesis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia ramdenime

faqtoriT, maTgan umniSvnelovanesia misi unikaluri geografiul-klimaturi

maxasiaTeblebi, rac, cxadia, uamrav damsvenebels izidavs saqarTveloSi. bolo wlebis

gamavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT 2004-2007 wlebSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikam zrda

ganicada, saqarTveloSi investiciebis namdvili bumi Seiqmna, ramac kidev ufro

saWiro gaxada umaRlesi klasis sastumroebis arseboba. aRniSvnis Rirsia qveynis

politikuri mdgomareoba. 7 noembris, agvistosa da sxva movlenebis Sesaswavlad

msofliodan uamravi Jurnalisti, sazogado moRvawe da politikosi Camovida, rac,

cxadia, kidev erTi stimuli iyo sastumroebis mflobelebisaTvis.

yvela eqsperti adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs sastumroebis biznesis

ganviTarebis udidesi potenciali. am biznesis wamowyeba da bazarze konkurenciis daZ-

leva ramdenime wlis win sruliadac ar moiTxovda Zalian did finansebs. amJamad

mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala. sastumro ,,VIP-viqtoria~ naTeli magaliTia imisa,

Tu rogor SeiZleba mcire resursebiT momgebiani biznesis Seqmna. es saojaxo biznesi

2002 wels iqna daarsebuli qalbaton viqtoria qurdiSvilis mier. sastumro gaTv-

lilia spe-cifikur momxmarebelze, saqmian xalxze. es sam varskvlaviani sastumro

1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo

universitetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli

formatiT.

46

momxmarebels sTavazobs ojaxur da myudro garemos, rac erTob izidavs klientebs.

sastumros menejeris azriT, swored es aris misi biznesis warmatebis saidumlo.

erTadgiliani nomris Rirebuleba 100-150$ aSS-s dolaramde meryeobs, oradgiliani

120-180$ aSS-s dolaramde, xolo luqsebi 150-200$ aSS-s dolari Rirs. sastumro

qalaqis centralur ubanSi mdebareobs, oTaxebi sakmaod komfortuli da mdidrulad

gaformebulia, sastumro idealuria saqmiani adamianebisaTvis, gonebrivi muSaobisa da

gantvirTvisaTvis.

rodesac vmsjelobT sastumro biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebze

saqarTveloSi, upriania ganvixiloT ori periodi: 2008 wlamde da 2008 wlidan

dRemde. 2008 wlamde arsebulma ekonomikurma zrdam ganapiroba Cvens qveyanaSi axali

sastumroebis masobrivi mSenebloba, amasTan, kerZo investorebi orientirebulni

iyvnen stabilur, grZelvadian mogebaze. ,,interkontinetali~, ,,haiati~, ,,kempinski~ –

es is brendebia, romlebic saqarTvelos bazarze Semosvlas gegmavdnen. es TavisTavad

kargi precendenti iyo. am kompaniebis SemosvliT gaizrdeboda konkurencia,

daixveweboda servisi, daregulirdeboda fasebi. Pparalelurad gaizrdeboda

momsaxurebis donec qarTuli sastumroebisa, romelTa umravlesoba jer kidev ver

akmayofilebs saerTaSoriso standartebs, Tumca gamonaklisia: ,,marioti~, ,,Seraton

metexi palasi~, ,,vere palasi~ da sxvani. aRsaniSnavia is, rom 2004-2007 wlebSi

sastumroebis bazris mkveTri zrda. Aam sferoSi Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom

2005 wlisTvis Tbilisis masStabiT sul 76 sastumro funqcionirebda. 2006-2007

wlebSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala, qveyanaSi 227 sastumros, 376 gesthauss da

sastumros tipis dawesebulebas viTvlidiT. maTgan 8.9% saxelmwifo sakuTreba iyo,

xolo 91.1% - kerZo sakuTreba.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom sastumroebisa da sastumros tipis dawesebulebebis

mTlianma Semosavalma 2006 wels (dRg-sa da aqcizis gareSe) 107.0 milioni lari

Seadgina. Semosavalebis 53.0% moRebuli iyo nomrebis sargeblobidan. stumrebis

raodenoba 217 095 kaci iyo, maTgan yvelaze meti, 49.9% Camosuli iyo saqmiani da

profesiuli mizniT.

amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, saqarTvelom 2004-2007 wlebSi daiwyo

warmatebuli marketinguli kampania turistebis mosazidad. am periodSi iyo dReebi,

rodesac Tbilisis sastumroebi gadaWedili iyo da winaswari dajavSnis gareSe

nomris daqiraveba seriozul problemas warmoadgenda. Pparalelurad mimdinareobda

aqtiuri muSaoba sastumroebze moTxovnis gasazrdelad, rogorc Tbilissa da

aWaraSi, aseve svaneTSi, SatilSi, borjom-bakurianSi, gudaursa da baxmaroSi.

sainteresoa isic, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi sastumro biznesiT dainte-

resda araerTi ucxouri kompania. Ddaigegma 6-7 erTmaneTze ufro didi sastumros

mSenebloba, rasac savaraudoa, rom patara sastumroebis mSeneblobac mohyveboda. Tu

47

es proeqtebi ganxorcieldeboda, maSin Cvens bazarze marTlac Semovidodnen zemoT

aRniSnuli gigantebi: ,,interkontinentali~, ,,haiati~ da ,,kempinski~.

sagulisxmoa isic, rom Cvens sastumroebSi fasebi Zalian Zviri iyo.

spekulaciuri fasebis bazarze damkvidreba ganapiroba ZiriTadad iman, rom

sastumroebis nomrebze didi moTxovna iyo. miuxedavad fasebisa, produqti mainc iyi-

deboda, radgan bazarze miwodebac ar iyo sakmarisi. cxadia, am mxrivac ucxouri

brendebis gamoCena dadebiTi movlena iqneboda.

amave periodSi gamoikveTa ZiriTadad 4 da 5 varskvlaviani sastumroebis gaxsnis

tendencia. zemoT aRniSnuli brendebi swored umaRlesi klasis sastumroebiT

cdilobdnen Cvens bazarze Semosvlas. Aam movlenas Tavis mxriv ori mxare gaaCnda.

cxa-dia, aseTi sastumroebis arseboba qveynis prestiJze dadebiT zegavlenas

moaxdenda da Seqmnida qveynis stabilurobis, ekonomikuri siZlieris, simdidris

imijs. moizidavda ucxoel investorebs da zogadad, gaamyarebda qveynis bizness,

magram amavdroulad 4 da 5 varskvlaviani sastumroebiT cxadia SeuZlebelia masob-

rivi turizmis ganviTareba, radgan turistebis absoluturi umravlesoba upira-

tesobas aniWebs 2 da 3 varskvlavian sastumroebsa da gesthausebs. amdenad, gaCnda

qveyanaSi saSualo klasis sastumroebis arsebobis aucilebloba. cxadia, iseTi

brendebi, rogoricaa: ,,interkontinentali~, ,,haiati~ da ,,kempinski~ floben 2 da 3

varskvlaviani sastumroebis qselsac. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gvevarauda, rom

qveyanaSi saSualo klasis sastumroebis mSeneblobac warmatebiT gagrZeldeboda, rac

xels Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebas. amdenad, prognozebi metad

pozitiuri iyo, yvelaferi rom gegmis mixedviT warmarTuliyo 2009_2010 wlebSi

Cven unda gvenaxa am biznesis ayvaveba Cvens sam-SobloSi. Seiqmneboda erTgvari nazavi

erTi mxriv, gesthausebisa da saSualo klasis sastumroebisa, romlebic ZiriTadad

iqneboda orientirebuli turistebze da meore mxriv, umaRlesi klasis 4 da 5 var-

skvlaviani sastumroebisa, romlebic umaspinZlebda biznesmenebs, politikosebsa da

mdidar xalxs.

2004-2007 wlebSi qveyanaSi sastumro biznesis popularobaze metyvelebs kad-

rebis momzadebis maRali donec. saberZneTis mTavrobis daxmarebiT, igegmeboda turis-

tuli skolis gaxsna, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri baza iqneboda aramarto

kavkasiis regionSi, arames mTels evropaSic. seriozuli kontaqtebi damyarda evro-

pul da amerikul skolebTan. aseve aRsaniSnavia qarTuli gadamzadebis programebi,

romlebic mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da dasaqmebis farglebSi xor-

cieldeba.

dRes saqarTveloSi samwuxarod sapirispiro tendenciaa. jer agvistos ruseT-

saqarTvelos omma da Semdgom ki didma ekonomikurma krizisma didi kvali datova

sastumro biznesis ganviTarebaze. Ppirvel rigSi, sagulisxmoa, rom agvistos omma sa-

qarTvelos imiji msoflios masStabiT mkveTrad dasca. Cveni qveyana ucxoeli

48

investorebis mier aRiqmeba rogorc arastabiluri, politikurad aramdgradi sa-

xelmwifo. Mmeore mxriv, ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis Sewyvetam mniSv-

nelovnad Se-amcira saqarTveloSi Camosul biznesmenTa da turistTa raodenoba. ,,Cven

faq-tobrivad davkargeT ara mxolod rusi, aramed ukraineli da yazaxi klientebic.“

- acxadebs saqarTveloSi erT-erTi warmatebuli saSualo klasis sastumros ,,VIP

viqtoria~ mflobeli q-ni viqtoria qurdiSvili. Aam movlenas Tan daerTo mwvave eko-

nomikuri krizisic, ramac faqtobrivad momxmareblebis raodenoba gaunaxevra qarTul

sastumroebs. SeCerda da gaurkvevel dromde gadaido ,,interkontinentali~-s da sxva

umaRlesi klasis sastumroebis mSenebloba. SeimCneva bazarze egreT wodebuli

,,yaCaRuri~ fasdakleba, anu fasebi katastrofulad ecema klientebis SesanarCuneb-

lad, rac, cxadia, ganpirobebulia moTxovnis mkveTri SemcirebiT.

dRes msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Ffonze axali biznesis wamowyeba did

riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. firmebis didi umravlesoba amcirebs warmoebis

masStabebs, rac ga-moixateba TanamSromlebis daTxovniT, an saerTodac bazridan

gasvliT. cxadia, pirvel rigSi es krizisi samewarmeo bizness Seexo, radgan maT

veRar miiRes saWiro Tanxa ban-kebidan kreditis saxiT produqciis sawarmoeblad.

saqarTveloSi samomsaxureo biznesze krizisi jer kidev ar moqmedebs sruli

simwvaviT. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo prognozi sastumroebis menejerebis mier keTdeba

2009 wlis meore naxevarSi. ,,am dros ukve sastumroebis absolutur umravlesobaSi

nomris saSualo fasi savaraudod iqneba dRe-vandeli fasebis 60_70%~, _ acxadebs

saqarTveloSi am sferoSi erT-erTi yvelaze ga-mocdili eqsperti q-n marina

metreveli.

sainteresoa ra mdgomareobaa dRevandel bazarze, vin dominirebs, romeli

sastumro sargeblobs klientebis didi ndobiT. Aam mizniT Cven CavatareT kvleva.

Tbilisis aeroportSi gamovkiTxeT 500 respodenti. maTgan 61.6% cxovrobda

sastumroebSi. yvelaze meti_14.3% ,,Tbilisis mariotSi~, xolo yvelaze cota_1.3%

,,mTiebSi~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ara mxolod am gamokiTxviT, aramed 2006_2007 wlebis

monacemebiTac, ucxoel turistebSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs sastumro

,,Tbilisi-marioti~. Ees sastumro mdebareobs centralur ubanSi. saSualod, nomris

fasi meryeobs 250_350 aSS dolaramde, xolo luqsebi 400 aSS dolari da meti

Rirs. sastumros TiToeuli oTaxi aRWurvilia yvela sasurveli atributiT, anga-

riSsworeba SesaZlebelia rogorc naRdi fuliT, aseve sakredito baraTebiTac.

rogorc sastumros menejerma ganacxada, miuxedavad am segmentSi dominirebisa, maT

mainc mouwevT uaxloes momavalSi fa-sebis mkveTri daweva. rac ganpirobebulia zemoT

xsenebuli problemebiT.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom evrokavSiris qveynebTan savizo reJimis gamartiveba

xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi turizms. dRes ki ZiriTadad Tbilisis sastumroebi

49

humanitaruli misiiT Camosul stumrebs, Jurnalistebsa da politikosebs

maspinZloben. Jurnalistebis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenoba april-maisSi dafiqsirda,

radgan am pe-riodSi saqarTveloSi Zlier daZabuli politikuri mdgomareoba iyo.

G garda zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebisa, saqarTveloSi am biznesis Semaferxebeli

sxva garemoebebic arsebobs. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania enobrivi barieris arseboba

_ regionebsa da kurortebSi arsebul sastumroTa absolutur umravlesobas ar

hyavs inglisuri enis mcodne TanamSromlebi.Ddid problemas qmnis regionebSi infras-

truqturis dabali xarisxi. magaliTad, maRalmTian regionebSi arsebul sastumroebSi

saerTod ver ESexvdebiT internets da sxva saqmiani turistebisaTvis saWiro atri-

buts. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Tbilissa da baTumSi arsebul ramdenime brends,

praqtikulad arcerTi sastumro da gesthausi ar atarebs bazris safuZvlian marke-

tingul kvlevas, maT arc saTanado TanamSromlebi hyavT da arc gamocdil firmebs

mimarTaven. Aam kuTxiT gamonaklisebs miekuTvnebian zemoT xsenebuli popularuli

brendebi. MmagaliTad: ,,Tbilisis mariotSi~ arsebobs specialuri samsaxuri, romelic

orientirebulia bazris marketingul Seswavlaze.Aam mxriv seriozul samuSaoebs

atarebs agreTve ,,Seraton metexi palasi~-c, rac maTi warmatebis erT-erTi faq-

toria.Mmwvaved dgas regionebSi kompetenturi, gadamzadebuli personalis ararsebobis

sakiTxic, riTac aris gamowveuli am sastumroebisa da gesthausebis araswori menej-

menti da arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba.

Y yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

saqarveloSi sastumro bizness gaaCnia didi potenciali. samosaxureo biznesis am

umniSvnelovanes dargs zogadad axasiaTebs zrdis mkveTri tendencia. Oorientirebu-

lia, rogorc saSualo Semosavlian turistebze, aseve maRal Semosavlian da preten-

ziul momxmarebelze, gaaCnia gasaRebis farTo areali, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve

evrokavSiris, dsT-s qveynebsa da aSS-Si. cxadia, es udidesi ekonomikuri krizisi,

romelic Tavs daatyda bizness, nawilobriv aferxebs mis ganviTarebas, magram

davesesxebi q-n. m. metrevels da vityvi, rom am dargis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

aris Seuferxebeli da Seuqcevadi procesi.


1. r. asaTiani, “ekonomiqsis” ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb. 1996.

2. g.gamsaxurdia, “finansebis roli gardamaval ekonomikaSi”. Tb. 1997.

3. d.ZnelaZe, “msoflio ekonomika” Tb. 1997.


5. www.nbg.ge


http://www.nbg.ge/

50

rZis poduqtebis bazari saqarTveloSi1

daviT gabriWiZe

mariam kevliSvili

Tsu bakalavrebi


ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad imata rZis produqtebis mwarmoebel

kompaniaTa ricxvma. Tu wlebis win qveyana Caize, Rvinosa da citrusze iyo orientirebuli

da rZis warmoebas TiTqmis ar eTmoboda yuradReba, dResdReobiT merZeveobis seqtori

sakmaod ganviTarebulia da rZis biznesi erT-erT yvelaze momgebianad iTvleba saqarTveloSi.

qveyanaSi rZis produqtebze maRali da stabiluri moTxovnaa, rac qmnis SesaniSnav

SesaZleblobas rZis seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis. es produqcia warmoadgens saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis racionis Seucvlel nawils.

rZis produqtebis bazari sakmaod farTo da konkurentulia. èko-fudi~, `sante~,

àmalTea~ (romelic kvlav gamoCnda bazarze), `sando~ da a.S. - es kompaniebi bazris mTavari

moTamaSeebi arian. momxmarebels mzardi konkurencia komfortul pirobebs uqmnis, radgan

konkurencia TavisTavad fasebis stabilurobaze, produqciis xarisxis SenarCuneba-

gaumjobesebasa da inovaciebze udides gavlenas axdens. swrafad cvalebadi garemo da mzardi

konkurencia ki kompaniebs didi gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs. konkurentuli upiratesobis

SenarCunebisa da saqmianobis mudmivi gaumjobesebisaTvis saWiroa resursebis efeqtiani

gamoyeneba, arsebuli problemebis gamovlena da daZleva.

problemebs ki arcTu ise cotas awydebian kompaniebi.

yvelaze mwvave problema am sferoSi naturaluri rZis deficitia. dReisaTvis

saqarTveloSi mewveli pirutyvis suladoba 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisTan SedarebiT

mkveTrad momatebulia, Tumca daeca misi produqtiuloba, rac sakvebi bazis gauaresebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. yvelaze didi problema is aris, rom am pirutyvis genetika ver SevinarCuneT.

bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi genetikuri xazebi saerTod ar Semodioda.

magram bolo erTi welia, soflis meurneobis saministroSi am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad

muSaoben.

naturaluri rZis deficitis gamo qyveyanaSi sawarmoebi iZulebulebi arian pro-

duqciis waroebisas rZis fxvnili gamoiyenon. rZis fxvnilis importi sakmaod Zviri jdeba da

xelsayreli ar aris, Tumca mimdinare wels imdenad gaaZvires rZis mwarmoeblebma nedleuli,

rom SesaZloa, rZis fxvnilisagan produqciis warmoeba ufro iafic dajdes. amis

miuxedavad, kompaniebi produqtebis warmoebas mainc adgilobrivi naturaluri rZisagan

arCeven, radgam am gziT miRebuli produqti ufro gemrielia. es ki momxmareblis arCevanze

did gavlenas axdens, zrdis gayidvebs da, Sesabamisad, kompaniis warmatebulobas. evropul da

rusul produqciasTan SedarebiT, adgilobrivi nawarmi metad naturaluria da naklebad aris

damokidebuli rZis fxvnilze. Tu ucxouri ìogurtis~ Senaxvis vada ori wels grZeldeba,

1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli

formatiT.

51

qarTuli produqti or Tveze mets ar inaxeba. xaWos, araJnisa da kefiris Senaxvis vada ki 3-

4 dRes ar aWarbebs. garda amisa, aranaturaluri rZisgan SeuZlebelia yvelis damzadeba.

imaze, rom qarTul bazarze naturaluri rZis produqtebis wili izrdeba, erTi tendenciac

miuTiTebs: regionebSi Sesabamisad mravldeba rZis Cambarebeli punqtebi, romlebic pirdapir

amarageben kompaniebs.

kidev erTi problema bazris am segmentSi is aris, rom rZis warmoebaSi wamyvani ro-

li wvril, ojaxur meorneobebs eniWebaT. moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi maT privilegirebul

mdomareobas aniWebs da aTavisuflebs yovelgvari gadasaxadisgan. es, rasakvirvelia,

kompaniebs arcTu saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. isini iTxoven iaffasiani warmoebebisgan

Tavdacvis berketebis amoqmedebas, amis erT-erT gzad ki fermeruli meurneobebis Seqmnas

moiazreben. rac Seexeba am ukanasknels, dResdReobiT fermeruli meurneobebi, rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, mwarmoeblebs naturaluri rZiT ver uzrunvelyofen. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom

ar gvyavs saWiro raodenobis piutyvi da, zogadad, biznesis es saxeoba ganviTarebuli ar

aris. Tumca, qveyanaSi sakmarisi bunebrivi pirobebia am dargis ganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma

unda, saamisod mxolod calmxrivi midgomebi ar iqneba sakmarisi. paralelurad

warmodgenili unda iyos gegma, Tu ras vapirebT mecxoveleobis im donemde misayvanad, rom

saqarTveloSi nedleulis, am SemTxvevaSi – rZis, deficiti ar arsebobdes.

statistikuri monacemebiT, bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi industriulad warmoebuli

rZis produqtebis samomxmareblo bazari yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 20-25%-iT izrdeba, rac

ZiriTadad imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom sakveb racionSi rZis produqtebis wilma, wina

wlebTan SedarebiT, moimata. adgilobrivi produqciis momZlavreba, didi xania, imports

gasaqans ar aZlevs. arsebuli statistikiT, saqarTveloSi rZis produqtebis saxiT

ucxoeTidan, ZiriTadad, rZis fxvnili, iogurti da karaqiRa Semodis. ase, rom qarTulma

produqtma ucxouri produqcia TiTqmis gaaZeva bazridan da es qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebisaTvis namdvilad kargia.

bazris gaanalizebis Semdeg, SegviZlia, daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnoT, rom rZis

poduqtebis biznesi sakmaod perspeqtiulia dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi da ganvixiloT am

bazris lideri kompaniis – èko-fudis~ magaliTi.

rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli kompania èko-fudi~ mimdinare wels mesamed gaxda

`Golden Brand~-is sertifikatis mflobeli. kompania 2004 wlis aprilSi daarsda da swrafad

daikava mniSvnelovani adgili rZis produqtebis bazarze. eko-fudi 100% qar-Tuli

investiciebiTaa Seqmnili da mis menejmentsac qarTvelebi akontroleben. es biznesi SeiZleba

faqtobrivad nulidan dawyebulad CaiTvalos. damfuZneblebma TavianTi saxsrebiT SeiZines

firmis aRWurviloba da biznesi Zalian mcire masStabebiT daiwyes. dRes igi evropuli

menejmentis mqone warmatebuli kompaniaa. kompania dResdReisobiT daaxloebiT 40 dasaxelebis

produqts awarmoebs..sawarmos arsebobis manZilze ramde-njerme Seicvala misi struqtura.

2006 wlis Tebervlis Tvidan èko-fudis~ savaWro niSnis mflobelia Sps `jorjian-eko~.

Sps `jorjian-eko~-s mier moxda saerTaSriso standartebi ISO 22000:2005-isa da

ISOO 9001:2000-is moTxovnebis Sesabmisad sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis marTvis

integrirebuli sistemis danergva da ganxorcieleba. 2007 wels kompania UKAS-is

sertifikatebis mflobeli gaxda.

52

dReisaTvis rZis produqtebis bazarze liderobs 2 kompania. esenia èko-fudi~ da

`sante~. mimdinare Tvis monacemebiT, maTi procentuli wili bazarze Semdegnairad ga-

moiyureba: èko-fudi~-s uWiravs bazris 44% xolo `sante~-s 41%, xolo TbilisSi èko-

fudis~ wili bazarze 50%-a. amdenad, eko-fudi liderobs qarTuli rZis produqtebis

bazarze. misma wliurma brunvam gasul wels wina welTan SedarebiT 20%-iT mo-imata.

produqciis realizaciis procentuli maCvenebeli wlebis mixedviT yovelwliurad imatebs.

rogorc mogaxseneT, kompania awarmoebs 40 dasaxelebis produqts. misi produqcia

iyideba mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT. gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian kaxeTi da

qarTli. Tbilisze modis daaxloebiT 80% gayidvebis. produqcia eqsportze ar gadis,

radgan produqtis vargisianobis vada daaxloebiT 5 dRea. da saerTod rZis produqtebis

umetesoba gaTvlili ar aris didi xnis vargisianobaze, magaliTisTvis aviRoT iogurti an

xaWo, romlebsac cocxali produqti ewodebaT rac imas niSnavs rom, misi realizaciis

periodSi mis SemadgenlobaSi mimdinareobs biologiuri procesebi. ase rom is iogortebi,

romlebic sxva qveynbidan Semodis, ar aris namdvili. èko-fudma~ ukve gamouSva pirveli

qarTuli iogurti, romelic absoliturad naturalur receptzea damzadebuli. igi bazarze

dekemberSi gamoCnda produqciis realizaciis, anu fuladi gardaqmnis cikli Zalian swrafia.

sawarmos uwevs Tavisi produqciis ara umetes 3%-sa bazridan amoiRos vadagasulobis

mizeziT, danarCeni 97% srulad iyideba. kompaniisTvis yvelaze rTul periodebSi,

Semosavali maqsimum 30%-T iklebda.

bolo wlebSi kompaniam naturaluri rZis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT gaxsna 30-mde

rZis Cambarebeli punqti, romelic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSia ganTavsebuli. esenia:

kaxeTi, Sida qarTli, qvemo qarTli, mcxeTa-TianeTi da sxva. procentuli maCvenebliT yvelaze

meti rZe kaxeTSi bardeba, rac mTeli rZis daaxloebiT 80%-s Seadgens. Tumca naturaluri

rZis raodenoba sezonebis mixedviT SezRudulia. igi sakmarisi odenobiT mxolod zafxulSi

moipoveba aprilis bolodan oqtombris dasawyisamde. zamTarSi ki es maCvenebeli 90%_iT

iklebs, Tu kompania zafxulSi dReSi 20 tona naturalur rZes ibarebda, zamTarSi es dReSi

2 tonas ar aWarbebs. am periodSi misi Canacvleba importirebuli rZis fxvniliT xdeba.

kompanias ar Semoaqvs rZis fxvnili, is mas sxva importiorebisgan yidulobs, radgan

sawyobebisa da Senaxva-movlis xarjebi TiTqmis utoldeba im xarjebs, romlebsac kompania

importiorebs uxdis. amdenad, sawarmoSi miRebuli rZis fxvnili pirdapir warmoebaSi midis.

naturaluri rZis fasi sezonurad icvleba da is 50-80 TeTris farglebSi meryeobs.

kompaniis menejerebis gancxadebiT naturaluri rZiT produqtis warmoeba SedarebiT Zviri

jdeba gansakuqrebiT maSin, roca rZe Zvirdeba, magram es absoluturad ar moqmedebs

produqciis fasebze an xarisxze. kompania meti danaxarjebis amogebas sezonurad axerxebs.

Znelia zusti mizezis dasaxeleba, magram morxmareblis aqtiuri moxmareba piks TebervalSi

aRwevs. am periodSi faqtobrivad 100%-ani gayidvaa. yvelaze gayidvadi mawonia, magram

Semosavlis mxriv xaWos yvelaze meti mogeba moaqvs.

rac Seexeba uSualod warmoebis process:

`jorjian-eko~ Tanamedrove manqana-danadgarebiT aRWurvili kompaniaa, rac saSualebas

iZleva nakleb droSi meti produqciis warmoebisa. es ki xels uwyobs momxmareblis didi

moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. kompaniaSi menejmentianad dasaqmebulia 350-mde kaci.

53

èko-fudi~ rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli kompaniaa da cxadia misi produqtebis

umetesoba rZisgan mzaddeba. rogorc ukve vTqviT, rZe sezonuradaa xelmisawvdomi, aqe-dan

gamomdinare, kompania èko-fudi~ produqciis 90%-is dasamzadeblad, iseve rogorc sxva

qarTuli rZis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi, rZis fxvnils iyenebs. azri imis Se-saxeb, rom

produqcia pirdapir rZis fxvnilisgan mzaddeba mcdaria. rZis fxvnilisgan miiReben aRdgenil

rZes, romelsac TiTqmis igive Tvisebebi aqvs rac naturalurs. rac Seexeba naturalur rZes,

misi Semowmeba rZis Cambarebel punqtebSive xdeba laqto-skanerebiT. es aris mowyobiloba

romelic amowmebs rZis xarisxs. Tu rZe uvargisia, anu im standartebs ar Seesabameba

romelsac warmoeba moiTxovs, skaneri ar miiRebs. skaneridan vargisi rZe did macivar-

konteinerSi gadaedineba, amdenad uaRresad mniSvnelovania rZis xarisxis zusti analizi raTa

ramdenime litrma uvargisma rZem mTeli rZis maragi ar gaafuWos.

`jorjian-eko~-s produqcia sxvadasxva kategoriis mixedviT iwarmoeba.

de luqsi _ es aris SedarebiT ZviradRirebuli produqcia. misi fasi misive Tvi-

sebebidan gamomdinarea, sxvebTan SedarebiT maRali. eqskluziv klasi saxelidan gamomdinare

eqskluziurad warmoebuli produqciaa. xolo ekonom klasi es aris produqcia ekonomikuri

SefuTviT, gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia muSaobis pirobebSi, roca sadilisTvis Zalzed cota

dro gaqvT. bolo dros èko-fudma~ gamouSva axali klasis produqcia, saxelad àxali eko~.

es aris qvelmoqmedebis mizniT warmoebuli produqcia, romelic naklebi fasi Rirs.

TiToeuli gayiduli produqtidan 2 TeTri iricxeba sapatriarqos angariSze.

rac Seexeba nedleuls, rZis fxvnilis garda cximic sazRvargareTidanaa Semo-ta-nili,

radgan qarTuli zeTiT damzadebuli maionezi nakleb xarisxiania. sxva danarCeni yvela

nedleuli adgilobrivia. Tavdapirvelad prodiqtis SesafuTi masala kompanias TurqeTidan

Camohqonda ukve mza mdgomareobaSi, magram dReisTvis kompanias SefuTvas sa-qarTveloSi

arsebuli qarxana umzadebs. Tumca de luqsis klasis produqtis SefuTva ukrainidan Camodis,

radgan marali xarisxisaa, romlis damzadebac adgilobriv qarxnebs jer ar SeuZliaT.

axlo momavalSi eko-fudi axali gegmebis ganxorcielebas apirebs. kompaniis mesve-

urebis gancxadebiT ekonomikuri krizisi jerjerobiT aranairad ar aisaxeba arc fasebze da

arc muSaxelis radenobaze. kompania cdilobs daabrunos saqarTveloSi erT dros ar-sebuli

rZis moxmarebis tradicia da warmatebebi vusurvoT mas.


1. T.Sengelia “biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi” Tb.2008

2. www.eco-food.ge


http://www.eco-food.ge/


54

sabanko riskebis marTvis srulyofis koncefcia1

qeTevan RuduSauri

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm. asist. prof. c. oqruaSvili

dReisaTvis, saqarTveloSi sabanko saqmianoba erT-erTi aqtiuri da Tval-

saCino biznesia. qarTulma bankebma daZlies ekonomikuri krizisis siZneleebi.

Camoyalibda msxvili, ganviTarebuli bankebis rigi, romelTa saqmianoba srulad

Seesabameba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs.

qarTuli bankebis moqmedebis areali, didi xania gascda qveynis sazRvrebs

da ufro masStaburi gaxda. miuxedavad miRweuli warmatebisa, sasurvelia

qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam gaiTvaliswinos ucxoeTis gamocdileba,

raTa ufro gaZlierdes qarTuli sabanko sistema. bankebis zust kvalificiur

moRvaweobazea damokidebuli umTavresad ekonomikis sijansaRe. swored

komerciul safuZvelze moqmedi bankebis ganviTarebuli qselis gareSe mxolod

keTil survilad rCeba miswrafeba realuri da efeqtiani sabazro meqanizmis

Sesaqmnelad.

komerciuli bankebi warmoadgenen safinanso sistemis centrebs, romlebic

erTad Tavs uyrian mTavrobis, saqmiani wreebis da milionobiT kerZo pirebis

anabrebs. komerciuli bankebi sasesxo da sainvesticio operaciebis meSveobiT

gzas uxsnian TavianTi fondebisaken sxvadasxva msesxeblebs _ kerZo pirebs,

kompaniebs, mTavrobas.

sabanko operaciebi aioleben rogorc saqonlis da momsaxurebis moZraobas

warmoebidan momxmareblamde, ise mTavrobis safinanso saqmianobas.

komerciuli bankebis erovnulma sistemam mniSvnelovani roli unda

Seasrulos qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi.

komerciuli bankebis SesaZlebloba imuSaon unarianad da saxelmwifos

saWiroebisa da ekonomikuri miznebis Sesabamisad mniSvnelovnad aris

damokidebuli misi marTvis efeqtianobaze.

yovelgvari saorganizacio saqmianoba unda iyos kvalificiuri. riski

imdenad didia, rom, Tu gvinda, sabanko sistema iyos myari, mzardi, moqnili da

imis unaris mqone, daakmayofilos sazogadoebis moTxovna, bankma Tavisi

operaciebi saWiro sifrTxiliT unda ganaxorcielos.

komerciuli banki miekuTvneba kerZo organizacias, romlis saqmianoba

momgebiani unda iyos likvidobis da usafrTxoebis SemzRudvel pirobebSic.

amasTan, bankis, rogorc qveynis fuladi masis didi nawilis maregulirebelis

roli ekonomikis am sferos warmomadgenlebs did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs

sazogadoebis winaSe.

1 moxseneba wakiTxul iqna q. doneckSi (ukraina), studentTa samecniero konferenciaze da daimsaxura

saprzo adgili.

55

sazogadoebas ar unda mieces sababi, eWvi Seitanos sabanko sistemis

gadaxdisunarianobaSi, likvidobasa da simtkiceSi, xolo bankis meanabreebi

darwmunebulni unda iyvnen bankis saimedoobaSi.

bankis saxsrebis ganTavseba unda moxdes iseT aqtivebSi, romelic banks

moutans sakmaris mogebas, vinaidan Tu sabanko saqmeSi Semosavali kapitalze

ufro dabalia, vidre sxva dargebSi, kapitali gadadindeba sxva, ufro momgebian

sferoSi. Zvel droSi iTvleboda, rom sabanko saqme warmoadgens ZiriTadad

aqtivebisa da pasivebis sifrTxiliT marTvas.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi sabanko saqme uzomod didi xarisxiT dakav-

Sirebulia riskTan. amitom, axla bankebis winaSe dgas ZiriTadi sakiTxi, rogor

aicdinon riski da amave dros miiRon sakmaod didi Semosavali meanabreebis

saxsrebis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis da bankis Semdgomi saqmianobisaTvis.

sabanko dawesebulebis riskis Sefaseba da marTva sabanko biznesis erT-er-

Ti rTuli sakiTxia, vinaidan banki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabazro meqanizmis

yvelaze mtavari safinanso institutia, is aris kreditis ZiriTadi wyaro,

gansakuTebiT patara sawarmoebisaTvis.

rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso bazarze banki Tavis klientebs ufro

met samomxmareblo kredits aZlevs, vidre nebismieri sxva safinanso dawese-

buleba.

qarTulma bankebma aqtiurad unda SesTavazon sawarmoebs grZelvadiani ses-

xebi axali danadgarebis da mowyobilobebis SesaZenad.

bankis depozitebi unda gaxdes ekonomikis ganviTarebis mTavari wyaro da

ZiriTadi instrumenti. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

bankis riskebis regulirebas da marTvas.

bankis mTavari funqcia mdgomareobs mis mzadyofnaSi, gasces mcire riskiani

sesxi msesxebelze da gamouSvas, aseve mcire riskiani fasiani qaRaldebi

investorebisaTvis. arsebiTad, banki finansuri bazris saSualebiT monawileobs

riskian gasesxebasa da dakreditebaSi.

banki akmayofilebs, agreTve, mravali klientis moTxovnilebas likvidur

saxsrebze. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli bankebis zrdis erT-erTi mizezi unda

gaxdes informaciis Sefasebis maRali unari. banki flobs codnas da gamoc-

dilebas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs safinanso instrumentebidan SearCios is,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iqneba riskis da Semosavlianobis donis sasur-

veli Tanafardoba.

ufro metic, bankis unarma, Sekribos da gaanalizos safinanso informacia,

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bankis arsebobis mizezebis kidev erTi axsna

warmoSva _ regulirebuli monitoriumis Teoria.

TiTqmis yvela msesxebeli da meanabre Tvlis, saidumlod Seinaxos Tavisi

safinanso angariSgeba, emijneba ra bazarze konkurentebsa da `mezoblebs~.

regulirebuli monitoriumis Teoria amtkicebs, rom banks SeuZlia moi-

zidos msesxeblebi, ramdenadac sesxs gascems giraos qveS konfidenciur safuZ-

velze, bankis meanabreebsac ki ar aZlevs msesxeblebis safinanso angariSebis

gacnobis saSualebas.

56

piriqiT, gamodis, rom meanabreebi garigebas deben bankTan, rogorc saimedo

kontroliorTan, raTa man gaanalixos perspeqtiuli msesxeblis safinanso mdgo-

mareoba da moawyos mimRebi klientebis monitoriumi, imisaTvis, rom meanabreebs

daubrundes saxsrebi.

Bbankis monitoriuli momsaxurebis sazRaurad meanabreebi banks uxdian gan-

sazRvrul Tanxas, romelic SeiZleba imaze naklebia, rac daexarjebodaT maT,

Tu msesxeblebs TviTon gaakontrolebdnen.

mravalricxovani kreditebis gacemiT, banks, rogorc saimedo kontroliors,

SeuZlia daajgufos da Seamciros riski, rac ganapirobebs depozitebis maRal

usafrTxoebas. garda amisa, bankis mxardaWeriT, klients uadvildeba da iafad

iRebs sesxs.

bolos, rodesac banki depozitebis nawils iyenebs kreditis dasafinan-

seblad, TviT es faqti aris safinanso bazrisaTvis signali, laparakobs ra, rom

msesxebeli imsaxurebs ndobas da daabrunebs miRebul sesxs.

bankis TanamSromlebma unda miiRon gadawyvetileba, Tu rodis gascen

krediti, rogor gaaumjobeson bankis likvidoba, rogor SearCion aqtivebi bankis

investiciebisaTvis, rogor gayidon depozitebi, moizidon Tanxebi da rogor

SeinarCunon kapitalis saTanado done.

bankis es amocanebi praqtikulad mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad,

aqceptirebuli gadawyvetileba klientebis gazrdili moTxovnilebis dakmayo-

filebaze damokidebulia bankis SesaZleblobaze, gazardos depozituri da

aradepozituri fondebi.

Kreditebis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli riski unda gaanalizdes bankis

kapitalTan SefardebiT, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT Tavisi aqcionerebi da

mepaieebi daicvas kreditis daubruneblobasTan dakavSirebuli danakargebisagan.

dReisaTvis, banki Tavisi aqtivebis da pasivebis portfels unda ganixi-

lavdes rogorc erT mTlianobas, romelic gansazRvravs bankis erTobliv

portfels, romelic saWiroa saerTo miznebis, maRali mogebisa da riskis

minimumamde Semcirebis misaRwevad.

aqtivebis da pasivebis gaerTianebuli marTva SesaZleblobas miscems banks

daicvas depozitebi da sesxebi. agreTve, banks SesaZlebloba eZleva Camoaya-

libos aqtivebis portfeli, rac xels Seuwyobs dasaxuli miznis realizacias.

bankis aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis logikuri Sinaarsi mdgomareobs stra-

tegiis formirebasa da iseTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic bankis

balansis struqturas mis strategiul programasTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvans.

Cveulebrivad aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis mizani unda iyos bankis marJis

stabilizacia, riskis dasaSvebi donis pirobebSi.

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba aqtiv-pasivis da sakuTari saxsrebis marTvaSi

integrirebul midgomas, romlis amocanaa aqtivebTan da pasivebTan dakavSire-

buli gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia TiToeuli bankis SigniT, dasaxuli miznis

misaRwevad.

tradiciuli midgoma, rom bankis mTeli mogeba miiReba sesxebidan da inves-

ticiebidan, gzas uTmobs im azrs, rom banki yidis safinanso momsaxurebis mTel

pakets, es iqneba kreditebi, saSemnaxvelo Tu sxva saxis momsaxureba da

57

TiToeulis fasma unda dafaros sesxis miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli bankis dana-

xarjebi. balansis pasivebis marTvis safuZvelze miRebul mogebas SeuZlia banks

daexmaros miznis miRwevaSi, vinaidan sabanko kapitalis Rirebuleba damo-

kidebulia ara marto Semosavlianobaze, aramed riskis donezec.

amitom, riskis marTva warmoadgens metad mniSvnelovan amocanas. am aTwle-

ulis sabanko seqtorSi xSirad `riskis marTvis eras~ uwodeben.

riskis yvela saxeobas Soris, romelTanac banks aqvs urTierToba, ar moi-

Zebneba sxva, romlis analizsa da kontrols eTmoba imdeni dro, rogorc sapro-

cento ganakveTebis risks, vinaidan saprocento ganakveTebis moculobis zrdam

SeiZleba negatiuri zegavlena iqonios Semosavalze da sabanko aqtivebis, pasi-

vebisa kapitalis Rirebulebaze.

qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom bazarze sap-

rocento ganakveTis cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios bankis mogebis Semcireba,

danaxarjebis zrda, aqtivebis Semosavlebis Semcireba, rac Seamcirebs aqcione-

rebis investiciebis Rirebulebas.

amitom, bankis menejerebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon portfelis Semadge-

nel im nawilebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea saprocento ganakveTis

cvlilebis mimarT, Cveulebriv portfelis aqtiur nawilSi aseTia: kreditebi da

investiciebi fasian qaRaldebSi, xolo pasivebis farglebSi esaa depozitebi da

sesxebi fulad bazarze.

imisaTvis, rom daicvas bankis mogeba sainvesticio ganakveTebis cvlilebis

negatiuri zegavlenisagan, misi xelmZRvaneloba unda cdilobdes fiqsirebul

doneze SinarCunos wminda saprocento marJa, romelic Semdegnairad gamoi-

angariSeba:

sabanko dawesebulebebis riskis Sefaseba da marTva aris sabanko biznesis

erT-erTi rTuli sakiTxi, vinaidan is dakavSirebulia mraval faqtorTan. Tu

bankis menejeri SesZlebs maqsimalurad zustad gansazRvros riskis moculoba,

es niSnavs, rom bankis Semdgomi warmatebuli saqmianoba garantirebulia.

sasurvelia qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam yuradReba gaamaxvilos

riskebis marTvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

wsm

saprocento danaxarjebi depozitebze

da nasesxeb saSualebebze

saprocento danaxarjebi _

kreditze da investiciebze

momgebiani aqtivebis Rirebuleba

=

wminda saprocento Semosavali

momgebiani aqtivebis Rirebuleba

=

58

Cvens mier gaanalizebuli iqna saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis

efeqtianobis maCveneblebi retrospeqtivaSi. 1998 wlidan SeimCneva pozitiuri

dinamika, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2000 wels kvlav negatiuri tendencia

aRiniSna. 1999 weli ki yvelaze efeqtiani iyo, rogorc wina periodTan, ise

Semdgom wlebTan SedarebiT. aRniSnul wels efeqtianobis maCvenebeli, gaanga-

riSebuli mogebis SefardebiT aqtivebTan _ ROA 2,2%, xolo gaangariSebuli

mogebis SefardebiT kapitalTan _ ROE 6,4%, rac aRemateboda 1995 wels,

Sesabamisad, 15 da 2,5%-iT, xolo 2001 wels 0,6% da 1,2%-iT. 2008 wlis 1 ianvris

mdgomareobiT ROA Seadgenda 1,9%, xolo ROE _ 9,6%. 2009 wlis 1 ianvris

mdgomareobiT ROA Seadgens 0,1%, xolo ROE _ 0,6%, rac bevrad naklebia,

rogorc wina wlis, ise wina periodis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT (ix. cxrili 1).

cxrili 1. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis dinamika 1995-2008 wlebSi procentebSi 1

wlebis dasaxeleba 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2007 2008

efeqtianobis

koeficienti mogeba/aqtivebi

ROA

-+2.5 - 1.4 - 1.2 1.2 2.2 - 1.2 1.6 1.9 0.1

efeqtianobis koeficienti

mogeba/kapitali

ROE

15.1 -5.4 - 4.1 -3.9 6.4 -4.0 5.2 9.6 0.6

cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi adasturebs, rom qarTuli komerciuli

bankebis garkveuli nawilis xelmZRvaneloba ise ver marTavs sabanko riskebs,

rom, erTis mxriv, ar Semcirdes momgebianoba da, meore mxriv, SenarCunebul

iqnas likvidobis saTanado done.

moxsenebiT davikave pirveli adgili doneckis ekonomikis da vaWrobis

saxelmwifo institutSi Catarebul ukrainis sauniversitetSoririso

konferenciaze 2009 wlis 7 Tebervals.

1 efeqtianobis maCveneblebi gaTvlilia saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris krebsiTi aqtivebisa da pasivebis safuZvelze

59

inflaciis TargeTireba saqarTveloSi1

givi melqaZe

Tsu bakalavri mecn-xelm: ek. akad. doqt. g. xasia

inflaciis TargeTireba (Inflation Targeting) monetaruli politikis SedarebiT axali

reJimia da misi popularoba TandaTan izrdeba. Tavdapirvelad igi 1991 wels danerga axalma

zelandiam, da male mas sxva industriuli qveynebic SeuerTdnen, maT Soris, kanada, didi

britaneTi, fineTi, SevedeTi, avstralia da espaneTi (qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT). mTavari

mizezi, ris gamoc am qveynebma monetaruli politikis alternatiul reJimad inflaciis

TargeTireba airCies, iyo ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi fuladi masis TargeTirebisa da

inflaciasTan brZolis warumatebeli gamocdileba.

industriuli qveynebis mier inflaciis TargeTirebis warmatebiT danergvam sxva

qveynebsac misca am reJimis SemoRebis stimuli. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gacvliTi kursis

reJimis kraxma laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebs alternatiuli nominaluri

Ruzis Ziebisken ubiZga da sabolood maTma umravlesobam arCevani swored inflaciis

TargeTirebaze SeaCera. Tanamedrove etapze inflaciis TargeTirebas 20-ze meti qveynis

centraluri banki axorcielebs _ Soris 13 ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanaa,

romelTa ricxvSia Cile, argentina, poloneTi, CexeTi, samxreTi afrika, TurqeTi, somxeTi da

sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela maTgani avlens inflaciis sakmaod dabal da stabilur dones

ekonomikuri zrdis SesamCnevi tempebis TanxlebiT.

mimdinare wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma sruliad garkveviT gamoTqva

survili inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT. winamdebare statiaSi

mimoxilulia inflaciis TargeTirebis efeqtianad danergvisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi da

Sefasebulia, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs saqarTvelo am winapirobebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

arsebul etapze.

inflaciis TargeTirebis Sinaarsi Teoriulad ar aris rTuli: centraluri banki akeTebs

mosalodneli inflaciis prognozs; prognozi edareba inflaciis miznobriv maCvenebels

(inflaciis dones, romelsac centaluri banki miiCnevs ekonomikisaTvis xelsayrelad);

gansxvaveba saprognozo da samizne maCvenebels Soris gansazRvravs monetaruli politikis

koreqtirebis xasiaTs, kerZod, Tu inflaciis prognozi aRemateba samizne maCvenebels, xdeba

monetaruli politikis gamkacreba, xolo Tu piriqiT, maSin centraluri banki arbilebs

politikas.

imisaTvis rom qveyanam SeZlos monetaruli politikis warmarTva inflaciis

TargeTirebis Sesabamisad, saWiroa ori ZiriTadi winapirobis dakmayofileba: (1) centraluri

bankis damoukidebloba; (2) centraluri bankis mandatis mkafiod gansazRvra fasebis

stabilurobis, rogorc monetaruli politikis upirvelesi miznis, miRwevis saxiT. pirveli

winapiroba gulisxmobs centraluri bankis damoukideblobas monetaruli politikis

warmarTvaSi, anu damoukideblobas instrumentebis doneze, rac gansxvavdeba miznis doneze

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze sadac daimsaxura

saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa sauniversiteto 69-e konferenciaze I adgili.

60

damoukideblobisagan. rodesac monetaruli politikis mizani gansazRvrulia centraluri

bankis an mTavrobis mier an erToblivad, centralur banks unda gaaCndes sruli Tavisufleba

politikis instrumentebis SerCevasa da gamoyenebaSi dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. imisaTvis

rom es winapiroba dakmayofildes, monetaruli politika ar unda ganicdides fiskalur

zewolas, anu centraluri bankis mier mTavrobisaTvis gasacemi sesxis moculoba unda iyos

mkacrad SezRuduli an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, nulis toli.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-3 muxlis mixedviT

èrovnuli banki damoukidebelia Tavis saqmianobaSi~. amasTan, imave kanonis Sesabamisad

erovnuli banki saqarTvelos parlaments dasamtkiceblad warudgens momavali wlis fulad-

sakredito da savaluto politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis proeqts, romelSic erovnuli

banki sruliad avtonomiurad (damoukideblad) adgens inflaciis miznobriv maCvenebels

momavali wlisTvis da gansazRvravs monetaruli politikis im ZiriTad instrumentebs,

romlebsac gamoiyenebs miznobrivi inflaciis miRwevisaTvis. es niSnavs imas, rom erovnul

banks gaaCnia sruli damoukidebloba instrumentebis doneze.

miuxedavad iuridiuli damoukideblobisa, erovnuli banki 2006 wlamde mTavrobis

pirdapiri dafinansebis wyarod gvevlineboda; organuli kanonis 57-e muxlis mixedviT

gansazRvruli iyo sesxis limitirebuli moculoba, romlis gacemac erovnul banks

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebze SeeZlo, Tumca imave muxlis me-6 punqtis Sesabamisad erovnul

banks, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, limitis moxsnis ufleba hqonda. 2006 wlis maisSi ki moxda

kanonis 57-e muxlis modificireba da erovnul banks mTavrobisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis

gaweva aekrZala.1 ase rom, inflaciis TargeTirebis pirveli winapiroba saqarTvelos kon-

teqstSi srulad aris dakmayofilebuli.

inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoRebisaTvis aucilebeli meore winapiroba gulisxmobs, rom

fasebis stabiluroba unda warmoadgendes monetaruli politikis upirveles mizans da

centralur banks institucionalurad unda evalebodes fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvel-

yofa. aRniSnuli gamoricxavs imavdroulad sxva nebismieri cvladis (nominaluri gacvliTi

kursis an dasaqmebis donis) TargeTirebas. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom moklevadian peri-

odSi, rogorc viciT, inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris alternativa arsebobs, Sesabamisad,

rTulia orive maTganis sasurvel doneze SenarCuneba. xolo nominaluri gacvliTi kursis

TargeTi, kapitalis mobilurobis pirobebSi, adre Tu gvian konfliqtSi modis fasebis

stabilurobasTan.

inflaciis TargeTirebis meore winapirobis dakmayofilebis TvalsazrisiT 2008 wlis 18

marts erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb organul kanonSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba Sevida. kerZod,

cvlilebis Setanamde kanonis me-2 muxlis mixedviT erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocana iyo

èrovnuli fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris, fasebis stabilurobis miRweva da SenarCuneba~, rac

inflaciis TargeTirebis reJimis pirobebSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SeuTavsebadi miznebia.

potenciuri konfliqtis Tavidan acilebisa da aseve, sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad garkveuli

signalis miwodebis mizniT imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi konfliqtis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi

prioriteti fasebis stabilurobis SenarCunebas mieniWeba, 18 marts kanonSi Setanili

1 ix. erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 57-e da 65-e muxlebi

61

cvlilebis Sedegad ganisazRvra, rom èrovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocanaa fasebis

stabilurobis miRweva~. es ki srulad Seesabameba inflaciis TargeTirebis meore winapirobas.

winapirobebis dakmayofilebis SeTxvevaSi, qveyanas, romelsac surs inflaciis TargeTi-

rebis danergva, moeTxoveba monetaruli politikis sakuTari strategiis inflaciis TargeTi-

rebis strategiasTan miaxloeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs: saSualovadiania inflaciis

samizne maCveneblis (TargeTis) sazogadoebisaTvis gacxadebas; informaciis momcvel

strategias politikis gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas; monetaruli politikis gazrdil

gamWvirvalobasa da centraluri bankis angariSvaldebulebas inflaciis TargeTis miRwevaSi.

inflaciis TargeTirebis ZiriTadi elementebia: 1. inflaciis TargeTis

sazogadoebisaTvis gacxadeba. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki 2009 wlamde fulad sakredito

da savaluto politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi aqveynebda inflaciis saprognozo

maCvenebels, romelic safuZvlad edeboda monetaruli politikis warmarTvas. TavisTavad,

inflaciis prognozi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos inflaciis TargeTad. 2009 wlis ZiriTad

mimarTulebebSi ki ukve calsaxad ganisazRvra saSualowliuri inflaciis miznobrivi

maCvenebeli, anu TargeTi, 9%-is odenobiT, xolo dasaSvebi gadaxris sazRvrebi organuli

kanonis mixedviT ± 2%-ia. inflaciis iseTi samizne donis SerCeva, romelic ekonomikisaTvis

xelsayreli iqneba, ar aris rTuli. empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xazs usvams saSualo da

maRali inflaciis danaxarjebs. magaliTad, m. xanisa da a. senhajis SefasebebiT 1 inflaciis

zRvruli done, romlis zemoTac inflacia mniSvnelovnad amcirebs ekonomikur zrdas,

Seadgens 1-3%-s industriuli qveynebisaTvis, xolo 11-12%-s – ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.

2. mravali cvladis gamoyeneba politikis gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (inflaciis

prognozirebis modeli). imis gamo, rom inflaciis done iseTi samizne obieqtia, romlis

kontroli centralur banks pirdapir ar SeuZlia, saWiro xdeba ara erT-erTi parametris

(mag. fuladi masis an gacvliTi kursis) kontroli, aramed yvela im makroekonomikuri

cvladis Tvalyuris devneba, romelmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios inflacize, esenia:

importisa da eqsportis fasebi, mwarmoebelTa fasebi da xelfasebis done, saprocento

ganakveTebi, saxelmwifo xarjebi da sxv. aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs inflaciis

prognozirebis models, sadac aseTi cvladebi iqneba CarTuli. saqarTvelos erovnul banks

SemuSavebuli aqvs inflaciis prognozirebis modeli, romlis meSveobiTac keTdeba

mosalodneli inflaciis prognozi 6-9 Tviani horizontiT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom

inflaciis TargeTirebisas monetaruli politikis poziciis cvlileba unda moxdes winaswar,

sanam inflaciuri wnexebi intensiuri gaxdeba da inflaciis done zrdas daiwyebs, politikis

warma- rTvaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba inflaciis prognozs. l. svensoni 2 miiCnevs,

rom inflaciis TargeTi metad gamosadegia Sualeduri orientiris rolSi, vinaidan igi aris

inflaciis donesTan mWidrod korelirebuli, gakontrolebadi, advilad dakvirvebadi da

gamWvirvale (igulisxmeba, rom prognozi qveyndeba).

1 Khan, M. S., and A. S. Senhadji, 2001, “Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between Infation and Growth”

IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1–21. 2 Svensson, L. E. O., 1996, “Inflation Forecast Targeting: Implementing and Monitoring Inflation Targets,” NBER

Working Paper no. 5797

62

3. centraluri bankis saqmianobis gamWvirvaleba da gazrdili angariSvaldebuleba. infla-

ciuri TargeTirebis reJimis erT-erT upiratesoba is aris, rom igi uzrunvelyofs nomina-

lur Ruzas inflaciis TargeTis saxiT, anu cvlads, romelze dayrdnobiTac ekonomikuri su-

bieqtebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs da sazogadoebaSi xdeba inflaciuri molodinebis formi-

reba. imisaTvis rom TargeTma nominaluri Ruzis funqcia efeqtianad Seasrulos, saWiroa

sazogadoebasTan aqtiuri komunikacia da misi wevrebis informireba centraluri bankis miz-

nebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb. centraluri bankisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis amaRlebis Tval-

sazrisiT mniSvnelovania agreTve centraluri bankis mkacri angariSvaldebuleba dasaxuli

miznis miRwevaSi.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba sruliad gamWvirvalea, mis veb-

saitze pres-relizis saxiT regularulad qveyndeba siaxleebi, maT Soris, monetaruli

komitetis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, aseve monetaruli politikis poziciis amsaxveli

sxva informaciac. garda amisa, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki amzadebs da aqveynebs kvleviT

gamocemebs, maT Soris inflaciis kvartalur angariSs, sadac mimoxilulia inflaciaze

moqmedi faqtorebis da wnexebis ukanaskneli tendenciebi. mimoxilva aseve moicavs inflaciis

prognozs.

erovnuli banki angariSvaldebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe. bankis prezidenti

waradgens wliur angariSs, sadac Sefasebulia erovnuli bankis ukanaskneli periodis

saqmianobis efeqtianoba dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis mixedviT. erovnuli bankis

angariSvaldebulebis gazrdis mizniT 2008 wlis martSi organuli kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom,

“Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti proficitulia, nebismieri 4 mimdevrobiTi kvartlis

ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivi inflaciis miznobrivi maCveneblidan 2 procentul punqtze metad

gadaxris Sem- TxvevaSi parlaments ufleba aqvs daayenos bankis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan

gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi”.4

rogorc Sefasebidan gairkva, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis strategia Seesabameba

inflaciis TargeTirebis CarCos, Tumca aRniSnuli reJimis efeqtianad warmarTvisaTvis es ar

aris sakmarisi. imisaTvis rom inflaciis TargeTirebam srulfasovnad imuSaos, saWiroa

monetaruli gadacemis saimedo meqanizmis arseboba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs sakmarisad

Rrma finansur bazrebs. am mxriv ki saqarTvelos ekonomikas seriozuli problemebi gaaCnia,

kerZod, ekonomikis monetizaciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis dabali donis gamo saprocento

ganakveTisa da kreditis arxis mniSvneloba Semcirebulia. miuxedavad zrdis tendenciisa,

saqarTvelos ekonomikis monetizaciis xarisxi mainc dabalia - 22% (ix. diagrama 1), garda

amisa, dolarizaciis maRali xarisxis gamo, romelic 75%-s Seadgens, msesxeblebi naklebad

mgrZnobiareni arian erovnuli valutis saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebebis mimarT, rac

saprocento ganakveTi arxis muSaobas kidev ufro aferxebs.

kreditis arxis mniSvneloba Semcirebulia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi kreditis mcire

rolis gamo. gacvliTi kursis arxs ki saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

eniWeba, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom samomxmareblo kalaTaSi importirebul saqonelze didi

wili modis. gacvliTi kursis cvlileba mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba samomxmareblo kalaTis

4 ix. erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 63-e muxli.

63

Rirebulebasa da, Sesabamisad, fasebis doneze qveyanaSi. gacvliTi kursis mniSvnelobas

aZlierebs dolarizaciis maRali maCvenebelic.

a. monetizaciis maCveneblebi b. dolarizaciis maCvenebeli

diagrama 1. saqarTvelos ekonomikis monetizacia da dolarizacia1

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos erovnuli

bankis strategiisa da rigi institucionaluri sakiTxebis srul Sesabamisobas inflaciis

TargeTirebis CarCosTan, aseve monetizaciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis koeficientebis

zrdis aSkara dinamikas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saSualovadian periodSi sruliad

mizanSewonili iqneba srulfasovani inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoReba.


saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni

(sxvadasxva wlis).

Carare, A., A. Schaechter, and M. Stone, 2002, “Establishing Initial Conditions in Support of

Inflation Targeting,” IMF Working Paper No. 02/102.

Dabla-Norris, E., D. Kim, M. Zermeño, A. Billmeier, and V. Kramarenko, 2007, “Modalities

of Moving to Inflation Targeting in Armenia and Georgia,” IMF Working Paper No.

Debelle, G., 1997, “Inflation Targeting in Practice,” IMF Working Paper No. 97/35

(Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Khan, M., 2003, “Current Issues in the Design and Conduct of Monetary Policy,” IMF

Working Paper No. 03/56 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

Khan, M. S., and A. S. Senhadji, 2001, “Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between

Inflation and Growth,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1–21.

Masson, P. R., M. A. Savastano, and S. Sharma, 1997, “The Scope for Inflation Targeting in

Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper No. 97/130.

Mishkin, F., 2000, “Inflation Targeting in Emerging-Market Countries,” American Economic

Review, Vol. 90(2), pages 105-109.

Mishkin, Frederic S. "International Experiences with Different Monetary Policy Regimes."

Journal of Monetary Economics, June 1999, 43(3), pp. 579- 606.

Samkharadze B., “Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Georgia: Analizing Pass-Through

of Different Channels”,” NBG Working Paper.

Svensson, L. E. O., 1996, “Inflation Forecast Targeting: Implementing and Monitoring

Inflation Targets,” NBER Working Paper no. 5797

1 wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – “monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni”, 2000-2008

ww.

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

%

M3/GDP M2/GDP

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

100,00

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

%

depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti

64

msoflio finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo1

salome jaSi

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asist. prof. n. kakulia

dRes msoflios yuradRebis centrSia msoflio finansuri krizisi da amiT

gamowveuli negatiuri mxareebi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti aSS_zea gadatanili,

vinaidan swored am qveynidan aRmocenda msoflio finansuri krizisi.

Tanamedrove mecnierebSi am krizisma msoflio sabanko da safinanso krizisis

saxelwodeba miiRo, romlis dasawyisadac 2007 wlis zafxuli (ZiriTadad

ivlisis Tve) miiCneva, Tumca krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebi ufro adreul

periodebs moicavs. 2007 wlis zafxulSi msoflios wamyvanma finansurma

indeqsebma (Dow Jones, NASDAQ, DAX, S&P500, NIKKEI da sxva) daiwyes naxtomiseburi

vardna. viTareba gaarTula imanac, rom sabanko dawesebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi

Tanamonawileobis gareSe, dabali procentiT gascemdnen kreditebs uZravi

qonebis SesaZenad. ipoTekur bazarze dawyebul kriziss uprecendentod maRali

navTobis fasebic daemata, romelmac 2008 wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi barelze 140

aSS dolari da metic Seadgina. eqspertTa nawili msoflio finansuri krizisis

gamomwvev meore mizezad ipoTekur krizisTan erTad navTobis xelovnurad

maRal fasebsac miiCnevs.

amerikeli eqspertebis mosazrebebs garkveulwilad eTanxmeba da ixilavs

qarTuli ekonomikis damoukidebeli eqsperti lado papava, romelic amerikeli

eqspertebisgan gansxvavebiT ar erideba aSS-s mTavrobis dadanaSaulebas. kerZod

igi acxadebs, rom buSis administraciis sagareo politika sakmaod did

aramwarmoeblur danaxarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. eraysa da avRaneTSi

mimdinare samxedro operaciebs mohyva aramwarmoebluri xarjebis zrda, ramac

daamaxinja aSS-s ekonomikis struqtura da saboloo jamSi didi ziani miayena

ekonomikas.

ukan daubrunebelma ipoTekurma sesxebma gakotrebis winaSe daayenes

finansuri institutebi da bankebi. rogorc viciT, finansuri korporaciebi

erTmaneTis fasian qaRaldebs floben da amitom erT bazarze dawyebuli

krizisi jaWvuri reaqciiT gadaecema meore qveynis ekonomikas, ris gamoc

finansuri krizisi mTel msoflios moedo. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

amerikuli dolari rogorc msoflio valuta krizisis gavrcelebis saSualebad

iqca, ramac es ,,virusi” evropasa da aziasac mosdo.

rogorc ,,sinerji analitksis” kvlevebi adasturebs ipoTekuri krizisi

gadaedo uZravi qonebis bazars da 2007 wels ar darCenila arc erTi dasavluri

msxvili banki, romelic ar dazaralebuliyo krizisis gamo. iyvnen iseTebic,

romlebic centraluri bankis Carevis Sedegad gadaurCnen gakotrebas. msoflios

wamyvani qveynebis centraluri bankebis didi mcdeloba iyo, krizisi CarCoebSi

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura

saprizo adgili.

65

moeqciaT, Tumca es ver SeZles da krizisi mTeli ZaliT daatyda Tavs

msoflios. 2008 wlis seqtemberSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi amerikuli sainvesticio

bankis leman brazersis (Lehman Brothers) defoltma finansur bazrebze panika

gamoiwvia ramac ufro gaaRrmava msoflio krizisi.

ekonomikis sferos mecnierebi da mkvlevarebi krizisis dawyebas Semdeg

faqtorebs ukavSireben:

· - ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo cikluroba;

· - maRali fasebi nedleulze (m.S. navTobze);

· - safondo birJebis gadaxureba;

· - sakredito bazris gadaxureba da mis Sedegad warmoqmnili ipoTekuri

krizisi aSS_Si;

· - praqtikaSi axali, gamoucdeli finansuri meTodebisa da instrumentebis

gamoyeneba, rogorebicaa sakredito defolturi svopebi (credit default swap) da sxva.

sazogadod, finansuri krizisi msofliosaTvis ucxo movlenas ar

warmoadgens. didi depresia, globaluri krizisi, romelic 1929 wels amerikaSi

ganviTarda, aT welze metxans grZeldeboda, TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva.

ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul mniSvnelovan movlenaTa

ricxvs miekuTvneba 1973 da 1979 wlis navTobis krizisi aSS-Si, 1994 wlis meqsikis

ekonomikuri krizisi, 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisi, 1998 wlis ruseTis

finansuri krizisi, romelmac qveyana defoltamde miiyvana.

mimdinare krizisi bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri

da masStaburia. igi mniSvnelovan problemebs uqmnis globalur finansur siste-

mas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela krizisi unikaluria, wlebis manZilze dagro-

vili codna da gamocdileba iZleva imis imeds, rom krizisi warsuls male

Cabardeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia aSS-s senatis mier finansuri sistemis daxmare-

bisaTvis damtkicebuli 700 miliard dolariani paketic, romelic gasaWirSi

myof finansur institutebs krizisidan gamosvlaSi daexmareba. am Tanxis

gamoyofa aucilebeli iyo, radgan is aris garanti rom finansuri bazari ar

daiSleba da aSS-s mTavroba mas gverdiT daudgeba. es ar aris wminda amerikuli

problema, aramed es praqtikulad aris magniti mTeli msoflios safinanso

bazrebisac. es pozitiuri tendencia amerikis safinanso bazrebze mTel msofli-

oSi dadebiTad aisaxeba. Tumca Znelia imis gansazRvra, ramdeni Tanxaa saWiro am

krizisis dasaZlevad. es Tanxa ar iqneba gamoyofili erT tranSad, aramed dai-

yofa nawilebad. swored etapobrivad xarjvis periodSi gamoikveTeba Tu ramde-

nad midis mdgomareoba stabilizaciisaken. arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,

rom es Tanxa sul mcire uaryofiT tendenciebs mainc SeaCerebs.

rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri krizisi maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT saSiSi, rode-

sac igi realur ekonomikas gadaedeboda da TiToeuli adamianis ojaxSi SeaR-

wevs. msgavsi ram didi depresiis dros yvelaze metad iyo TvalsaCino. garda

finansuri bazrebisaTvis miyenebuli zianisa depresiam Semdegi uaryofiTi Sede-

gebi moitana:

- umuSevroba da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis Semcireba;

- sxvadasxva industriebis saqmianobis, gayidvebisa da mogebis moculobis Sem-

cireba;

66

- saerTaSoriso vaWrobis – eqsport-importis moculobis Semcireba.

rogorc vxedavT, farTod ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri

urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, aSS_Si dawyebuli finansuri krizisi jaWvuri

reaqciiT moedo mTels msoflios, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebs, romelTac aSS_-

sTan sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi aqvT maT Soris, bunebrivia, saqarTve-

losac. gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis

Semadgeneli nawilia, msoflio finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikazec

iqonia negatiuri gavlena. krizisis pirveladi Sedegebi 2009 wlis damdegs ukve

saxezea da misi gaRrmaveba wlis ganmavlobaSi gardauvalia.

msoflio finansurma krizisma yvela qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba

gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda moTxovna fufunebis sagnebze, avtomobilebze

da sxva produqciaze, rac msoflios wamyvani qveynebis mSp_s Semcirebis

safuZveli gaxda. mdidari adamianebis aqtivebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda,

zogierTi maTgani ki saerTod gakotrda, mosaxleoba ki gadavida dazogviT

moxmarebaze. gasul wlebSi saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi

ganmapirobebeli faqtori ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis nakadebis (pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi da sabanko kreditebi) da sabiujeto saxsrebis mudmivi

zrda warmoadgenda. Tu safinanso krizisi gagrZelda, es imas niSnavs, rom kidev

ufro meti problemebi Seeqmneba amerikis saxelmwifo biujets da im Tanxas,

romelic maTgan daxmarebis saxiT unda miviRoT 1 mlrd dolaris odenobiT da

romlisganac jer mxolod 300 milioni dolaria damtkicebuli. SesaZloa es

Tanxebi im tempebiT veRar miviRoT, rogoric imedi gvaqvs. Tan es krizisi

mxolod amerikas ar moicavs da SesaZlebelia daxmarebebi sxva qveynebidanac

dagviandes. amasTan mosalodnelia im qveyanaSi romelic jer kidev srulad ver

akontrolebs sakuTar teritoriebs da omis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas,

SemosavalSemcirebulma investorma investicia saerTod ar ganaxorcielos.

msoflio krizisiT gamowveuli arasasurveli Sedegebis gamo investori ar

moisurvebs sarisko qveyanaSi Semcirebuli saxsrebis Cadebas.

amdenad, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis da sabanko kreditebis

Semcireba 2009 wels ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi

iqneba. msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde saqarTvelos xelisufleba nominalur

mSp_s 21535,9 mln laris moculobiT prognozirebda, xolo krizisis Sedegebis

gamovlenis Semdeg xelisuflebis prognozi 21308,7 mln laria (Semcireba

navaraudevia 227,2 mln lariT, rac daaxloebiT 1,05%_iani Semcirebaa). realuri

mSp_s zrda Tavdapirvelad navaraudevi iyo 4,0%_is odenobiT, xolo krizisis

Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg navaraudevia 2,5%_is odenobiT. 2008 wels realuri

mSp_s zrda, nacvlad dagegmili 8%_isa, xelisuflebis prognoziT iqneba

mxolod 2,0%. Tumca, realuri viTareba SesaZlebelia ufro pesimisturi iyos da

orprocentiani zrdis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdes mxolod donorebidan

miRebuli dafinansebis mimarTviT maRali ekonomikuri aqtivobis uzrunvelmyof

RonisZiebebze.

saqarTveloSi investiciebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba jer kidev agvistos

movlenebis Semdeg daiwyo. mimdinare etapze aseve gvaqvs msoflio finansuri

krizisiT gamowveuli investiciebis Semcirebis tendencia. igi ukavSirdeba

67

saqarTveloSi msxvili saprivatizacio obieqtebis nusxis amowurvasac, xolo

mcire saprivatizacio obieqtebi mniSvnelovan aminds ver qmnian. xelisuflebis

prognoziT, 2008 wels saqarTvelom miiRo 2,17 mlrd aSS dolaris investicia,

xolo 2009 wels dagegmilia mxolod 1,7 mlrd dolaris investiciis mozidva.

investiciebis Semcirebis magaliTebidan mxolod ramdenimes dasaxeleba

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom masStabebis simciresa da xelisuflebis mometebul

optimizmSi davrwmundeT.

ü agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdgom, msoflio finansuri krizisis fonze,

yazaxurma kompania `yazmunaigazma~ (KazMunaiGaz) uari ganacxada saqarTveloSi

dagegmil 1 mlrd dolaris investiciaze, romliTac baTumSi

navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana unda aSenebuliyo.

ü amerikulma kompania `qliar sTrim holdingma~ saqarTveloSi gamocxadebul

investiciaze uari Tqva. kompaniam auqcionze `vai maqsis~ sixSire 9 milion 300

aTas larad SeiZina da ukabelo internet_servisis awyobas gegmavda. kompaniis

qarTveli partniorebis gancxadebiT, proeqti CaiSala da `qliar sTrimi~

safasurs, romelic noembris bolosTvis unda gadaexada, aRar gadaixdis.

xelisuflebis mier dagegmili ekonomikuri stimulirebis paketidan

gamomdinare, infrastruqturis investirebiT mTliani Siga produqtis moxmarebis

da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis komponentebis procentuli wili mniSvnelovnad

izrdeba, xolo investiciebis komponenti Semcirdeba, rac, sabolood

arasaxarbielo gadanawilebamde migviyvans. warmoebis Seferxeba gazrdis

eqsport_imports Soris uaryofiT saldos da, Sesabamisad, wminda eqsportis

uaryofiTi maCvenebeli ufro gaizrdeba.

safinanso krizisis gaRrmavebis periodSi, Zalian bevrma daqiravebulma

dakarga samuSao adgili. bankebis mier kreditebis gacemis Sewyvetam

gansakuTrebiT daazarala samSeneblo da avtomobilebiT vaWrobis biznesi.

faqtobrivad, gaCerda samSeneblo saqmianoba da sabanko sferos problemebidan

gamomdinare, bankebma TavianTi sakredito portfeli mniSvnelovnad Seamcires.

Sedegad, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva bankidan da samSeneblo kompaniidan daiTxoves

ramdenime aTasi TanamSromeli, riTac gaizarda umuSevrobis isedac kritikulad

maRali maCvenebeli.

saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi siRaribis gamudmebul zrdas hqonda

adgili. jer kidev agvistos movlenebamde da msoflio finansuri krizisis

dawyebamde, siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi adamianebis raodenoba 1 mln_ze meti

iyo. gazrdili umuSevrobisa da samomxmareblo produqciaze maRali fasebis

gamo 2009 wels kvlav unda velodoT siRaribis maCveneblis zrdas.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso safinanso krizisiT gamowveuli

sakmaod mniSvnelovani problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. problemebis

minimizacias da gamowvevebze pasuxs saTanado reagireba sWirdeba. aucilebelia

xelisuflebis mxridan realuri antikrizisuli gegmis SemuSaveba, misi ganxilva

eqspertebTan, donor organizaciebTan da sxva dainteresebul pirebTan, Semdeg

ki misi dayofa samoqmedo uwyebriv gegmebad da misi Sesrulebis mudmivi

monitoringi. amasTan, aucilebelia, saxelisuflebo analitikurma jgufma

ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso movlenebis mudmivi analizi, raTa axal

68

gamowvevebs, romlebsac 2009 wels mudmivad eqneba adgili, qveynis xelisufleba

Sexvdes saTanadod momzadebuli. saerTaSoriso safinanso seqtoris

koniuqturuli cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mxridan saWiro iqneba

mudmivi cvlilebebi da adaptireba. procesebSi mniSvnelovania roli

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisa, romelic institucionalurad unda gaZlierdes

da meti funqcia mieniWos safinanso seqtoris gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT.

qveynis xelisuflebam arsebuli problemebi unda warmoidginos erTianad,

ris safuZvelzec spontanuri RonisZiebebis gatarebidan unda gadaerTos

Tanmimdevruli RonisZiebebis gatarebaze. prioritetebi unda iyos mkafio,

realuri da qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebaze orientirebuli. wminda

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, 2009 wels raime saxis arCevnebis daniSvna da

winasaarCevno RonisZiebebze sabiujeto Tu sxva saxis safinanso resursebis

mimarTva damRupveli iqneba qveynis ekonomikisTvis. amasTan, aucilebelia

donorebidan miRebuli daxmarebebis da kreditebis gegmazomieri xarjva. qveynis

xelisuflebas mudmivad unda axsovdes, rom dagegmili 4,5 mlrd aSS dolari ar

aris mxolod daxmareba da misi didi nawili ramdenime wlis Semdeg ukan unda

iqnas dabrunebuli, Tanac Sesabamisi saprocento ganakveTebis gadaxdiT.

rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad maCvenebels

ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis nakadebi da sabiujeto saxsrebis mudmivi zrda

warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebuli SiSi saqarTvelos mimarT investorebs agvistos

movlenebis Semdeg gauCndaT, rasac Tan daerTo msoflio finansuri krizisi da

amitom isini cdiloben Tavi aaridon sarisko investiciebs. am mxriv

saqarTvelos investiciebis Semcirebis didi safrTxe daemuqra, rac ekonomikuri

zrdis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. Tumca calsaxad imis Tqma rom Cven finansurma

krizisma dagvazarala samarTliani ar iqneba. Cven ara varT imdenad

integrirebulebi msoflioSi, rom recesiam Cvenze Zlieri zegavlena moaxdinos.

msoflioSi dagrovili codnisa da gamocdilebis mixedviT imedia krizisi

didxans ar gagrZeldeba, raTa ufro ar daazaralos aRmavlobis gzaze myofi

saqarTvelos ekonomika.


1. www.civil.ge

2. www.books.google.ge

3. Mankiw N.G. Macroeconomics, NY Worth Publishers, 2003

4. www.geoeconomics.ge 5. nodar xaduri, makroekonomika, Tbilisi 2007 6. www.statistics.ge

7. Blanchard O. Macroeconomics, 2nd

edition, Prentice-Hall. 2000

8. www.economics.ge 9. vladimer papava, postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika,

2005 10. www.nbg.gov.ge

http://www.civil.ge/

http://www.books.google.ge/

http://www.geoeconomics.ge/


http://www.economics.ge/

http://www.nbg.gov.ge/

69

sapensio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi1

zurab ziraqaZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: sruli profesori n. xaduri

sapensio uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebulad mas Semdeg garTulda,

rac ssrk daiSala. Sedegad aramarto airia sistema, aramed daikarga is danazogebi,

romlebic iqna Segrovili Cveni mosaxleobis mier gasul aTwleulebSi.

upirvelesi amocanaa politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba _ ra gzas unda

davadgeT. Zalze mniSvnelovania moqalaqeebs mivceT saSualeba, sapensio asakisaTvis

moemzadon. magaliTad, rig qveyanaSi moqmedebs e.w. samsvetiani sistema, rac

gulisxmobs pirveli: pensiis miRebas Senatanebis safuZvelze, roca momuSaveebi

istumreben pensionerebs _ e.w. `brtyeli~ pensia, anu fiqsirebuli Tanxa _

saxelmwifo pensia. meore: savaldebulo dagrovebis sistema, roca yvela momuSave

kanonis mixedviT valdebulia, Tavisi Semosavlebis garkveuli procenti mimarTos

saxelmwifo Tu kerZo sapensio fondebSi. mesame nebayoflobiTi: pensioners saSualeba

eZleva, daagrovos fuli kerZo sapensio fondSi, romelic Semdeg mis pensias

daemateba. aseTi modelia postsabWour qveynebSi _ baltiispireTSi, ruseTsa da

ukrainaSi.

socialuri politika, romelic dafuZnebulia socialuri daxmarebis an saval-

debulo socialuri dazRvevis sistemaze, warmoadgens resursebis gadanawilebis xe-

lovnur meqanizms, romlis mixedviTac socialur dacvaze pasuxismgeblobas iRebs

saxelmwifo, an individebs aiZulebs sakuTari da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis soci-

alur dacvaze pasuxismgebloba savaldebulo dazRvevis gziT Tavis Tavze aiRon. sa-

valdebulo socialuri dazRvevis gamarTleba xdeba imiT, rom Tu riskis xarisxi di-

dia, adamianis momavali mdgomareoba ar aris damokidebuli mis individualur Zalis-

xmevaze da nebismieri SesaZleblobis mqone pirovneba maRali riskis qveS imyofeba.

socialuri dacva pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT or nawilad:

_ socialuri daxmareba;

_ socialuri dazRveva;

socialuri dazRveva ganixileba, rogorc socialuri dacvis ZiriTadi, xolo

socialuro daxmareba _ damatebiT saSualebad.

msoflio praqtikaSi sapensio sistemis formirebisa da organizebulobis xuTi

ZiriTadi midgoma arsebobs:

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura

saprizo adgili. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT, vinaidan warmodgenili iyo 18 gverdis moculobiT.

70

1. rodesac pensiebis gadaxda xdeba saxelmwifo biujetidan;

2. umuSevrebs pensias uxdian dasaqmebulebi;

3. yofil muSaks pensias uxdis sawarmo;

4. pensiebs uzrunvelyofs sadazRvevo kompania;

5. sapensio uzrunvelyofa warmoebs e.w. sapensio fondebis meSveobiT.

ganawilebiTi sistemis erTi SexedviT myar konstruqcias bzari pirvelad evro-

pis qveynebSi gauCnda. mizezi martivia: demografiuli suraTis Secvla _ Semcirebuli

Sobadoba da sicocxlis saSulo xangrZlivobis gazrda.

nebayoflobiTi sapensio sistemis ZiriTad upiratesobebs warmoadgens:

_ pensiis sididis damokidebuleba dazRveulTa pirad Zalisxmevaze;

_ dazRveulTa aqtiuri roli da arCevnis Tavisufleba;

_ sistemis konkurentuloba;

_ dasaqmebaze negatiuri zegavlenis Semcireba;

_ dagrovili kapitalis zrda.

CileSi ganxorcielebulma ekonomikurma reformebma daamtkica, rom SesaZle-

belia iseTi socialuri dacvis sistemis Seqmna, romelic individebs arCevnis SesaZ-

leblobas miscems (nebayoflobiT, sakuTar Tavze aiRon socialuri pasuxismgebloba).

saqarTveloSi moqmedebs gadanawilebiTi sapensio sqema. es sqema damyarebulia

TaobaTa solidarobis principze, rac niSnavs imas, rom pensionerebs pensiebi gaecemaT

dRes momuSaveTa mier gadaxdili gadasaxadis xarjze.

mTliani sapensio tvirTis saxelmwifos mier tareba arcTu efeqtiania:

pensiebis sidide CamorCeba saarsebo minimums;

dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawili aRuricxavia.

aqtiuri dasaqmebulebis ricxvis Sefardeba pensionerebTan 0,75 Seadgens, rac

arsebuli sapensio sistemis mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas uperspeqtivos xdis.

socialuri gadasaxadi unda gauqmebuliyo, magram ara im formiT, rogorc moxda.

umjobesi iyo momxdariyo misi gardaqmna socialuri dazRvevis anaricxis saxiT,

romlebic akumulirdeboda saxelwifo an kerZo sapensio fondebSi;

dauSvebeli iyo socialuri gadasaxadis saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan gaerTianeba maTi

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebulobis gamo;

pensiebis dafinanseba-gacema uSualod mieba saxelmwifo biujetis valdebulebebs.

gadasaxadi ki zogadad aris piris mier gaweuli investicia, safasuri imisa, rom

saxelmwifom daicvas misi sicocxle, saqmianoba, uflebebi saSianao Tu sagareo

xelyofisagan, magram gadasaxadidan momavali socialuri dacvis garantiis miReba

gaumarTleblia, radgan: saxelmwifo ver gascems imis garantias, rom uaxloes

momavalSi adeqvaturi pensiebi ris xarjze iqneba miRweuli (im fonze roca

saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 25-dan 15%-mde unda Semcirdes);

71

socialuri uzrunvelyofis sapensio sistemebi imdenad susti da funqcia

moklebulia, misi reformis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs.

reformis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos pirvel rigSi misi Teoriuli,

iuridiuli da finansuri dasabuTebis SeqmniT. am masStabis finansuri RonisZiebis

ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela detalis gaTvlis Sedegad.

klasikosi ekonomistebis cnobilma warmomadgenelma J. b. seim Seqmna kanoni, rom-

lis mixedviT qveyanaSi danazogebi da investiciebi erTmaneTis tolia (zogierT

SemTxvevaSi procentuli ganakveTis gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedebis Sedegad), refor-

mis Semdeg kerZo sapensio fondebSi socialuri anaricxis saxiT Sesuli TiToeuli

lari avtomaturad gamoCndeba qveynis ekonomikaSi TiToeuli lari investiciis saxiT.

yovelwliurad saqarTvelos ekonomika miiRebs da aiTvisebs damatebiT kapitals,

samamulo sainvesticio resurs da es kapitali yovelwliurad mzardi iqneba qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da minimum Tundac am investiciiT miRebuli dadebiTi

ekonomikuri efeqtis Sesabamisad.

socialuri uzrunvelyofis da sapensio sistemebi imdenad susti da funqcia

moklebulia, misi reformis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs.

reformis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos pirvel rigSi misi Teoriuli, iuridi-

uli da finansuri dasabuTebis SeqmniT. am masStabis finansuri RonisZiebis ganxorci-

eleba SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela detalis gaTvlis Sedegad.

dRes rom daiwyos es reforma, is Taoba, romelic 10-15 weliwadSi gava pensi-

aze, ukve Rirseul pensias miiRebs, xolo saxelmwifoSi ki dasaqmebulebis mier sapen-

sio fondebSi Setanili Tanxebis xarjebze soliduri kapitali akumulirdeba, rac

qveynis sainvesticio SesaZleblobebs mniSvnelovnad gazrdis. magaliTad, 1998 wels

msgavsi sapensio sistemis danergva moxda yazaxeTSi. am wlebis manZilze am qveynis sa-

pensio fondSi garkveuli kapitali dagrovda. swored am Tanxebis investirebas ax-

denen yazaxi investoroebi dRes saqarTveloSi.

`kerZo sapensio sistemis danergvis Semdgomi SesaZlo nabijebi: kerZo seqtoris

aqtivebis marTvis kompaniebis licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobisaTvis regulirebis

bazis Seqmna da aseve, saanuiteto kompaniebis licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobisaTvis

regulirebis bazis Camoyalibeba~ (devid kalundi britaneli ekonomikis eqsperti).

klasikosi ekonomistebis cnobilma warmomadgenelma J. b. seim Seqmna kanoni,

romlis mixedviT qveyanaSi danazogebi da investiciebi erTmaneTis tolia (zogierT

SemTxvevaSi procentuli ganakveTis gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedebis Sedegad.a), seis

kanonis aramarTebuloba SemdgomSi keinsianurma moZRvrebam daasabuTa, Tumc reformis

Semdeg kerZo sapensio fondebSi socialuri anaricxis saxiT Sesuli TiToeuli lari

avtomaturad gamoCndeba qveynis ekonomikaSi TiToeuli lari investiciis saxiT.

yovelwliurad saqarTvelos ekonomika miiRebs da aiTvisebs damatebiT kapitals, sama-

mulo sainvesticio resurs da es kapitali yovelwliurad mzardi iqneba qveynis eko-

72

nomikis ganviTarebisa da minimum Tundac am investiciiT miRebuli dadebiTi

ekonomikuri efeqtis Sesabamisad.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom kerZo sapensio fondebis mier pensiebis

ZiriTadi nawilis gacema iwyeba reformis gatarebidan 15-20 wlis Semdeg, amitom mo-

salodnelia, rom sapensio fondebi TavianTi mobilizebuli finansuri resursebis did

nawils ganaTavseben grZelvadian sainvesticio proeqtebSi, uSualod mrewvelobaSi,

soflis meurneobaSi, turistul infrastruqturaSi da a.S. es imas niSnavs, rom qvey-

nis ekonomikis momgebiani da prioritetuli dargebi damatebiT iReben investiciebs.

73

reklamis gavlena ludis gayidvebis moculobaze1

bela CaCibaia

baia CaCibaia

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili

Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovreba televizoris, radios, Jurnalis Tu gazeTis

gareSe warmoudgenelia. am CamonaTvals bolo periodSi daemata internetic, romelic

cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. maTi saSualebiT vecnobiT axal ambebs, CvenTvis

saintereso informacias, filmebs da mudmivad Tvalyurs vadevnebT reklamas, romelic

nebismier gadacemas Tan sdevs.

reklamis mimarT adamianTa damokidebuleba SeiZleba orgvarad SevafasoT. erTni

fiqroben, rom reklama aris ubralod lamazi tyuili, romelic mimarTulia adamianTa

Tvalebis asaxvevad da jibeebis dasacarieleblad. sxvaTa azriT reklama saWiro

saqonelze saWiro informaciis miRebis uebari saSualebaa.

dRes msoflio da adgilobriv bazrebze saqonlis gasaReba SeuZlebelia rek-

lamisa da promouSenis gareSe, romlis daxmarebiTac momxmarebels miewodeba infor-

macia, reklamas gaaCnia orgvari funqcia: pirveli - es aris momxmareblis informireba

da meore-momxmareblis motyueba, gabrueba, raTa man rac SeiZleba male SeiZinos

aRniSnuli saqoneli. garda am ori funqciisa ikveTeba reklamis mesame funqciac:

miaCvios momxmarebeli am produqcias da daikavos bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba.

diagrama 1. sareklamo saSualebaTa reitingi2

firmebi TavianTi biznesis formirebis dros Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWeben

reklamas, radgan swored reklama ganapirobebs momxmarebelTa farTo masebisaTvis aRniSnuli

produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis gacnobas da maT mozidvas. msxvil firmebSi arsebobs

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `mikroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura

saprizo adgili. 2 sareklamo saSualebaTa da telearxebis reitingi (diagrama 1 da 2) momzadebulia ,,BCG

Research”-is mier 2007 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT

60%

8%12%

18%

2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

tele_radio bilbordebi quCaSi

beWvdiTi media interneti sxva

74

specialuri ganyofilebebi, romlebic uSualod muSaoben reklamis Seqmnaze da mis

ganTavsebaze yvelaze optimalur media saSualebaSi.

reklama xorcieldeba sxvadasxva arxebiT, maT Soris tele-radio reklamas uWiravs

bazris yvelaze didi wili _ 60%, (ix. Ddiagrama 1) igi yvelaze ufro maRali sandoobis

xarisxiT xaiaTdeba. gansxvavebulia aseve telearxebis reitingi. 2007 wels Catarebuli

kvlevis mixedviT (BCG Research) yvelaze maRalyurebadi arxebis reitingi gadanawilda

Semdegi saxiT (ix. diagrama 1).

diagrama 2. telearxebi4 reitingi

am monacemebis mixedviT liderTa poziciebs inawileben ,,rusTavi 2” da ,,imedi”.

Sesabamisad maTSi reklamis fasebi yvelaze maRalia, saSualod wuTi 1500_2000$.

radioSic moqmedebs analogiuri midgoma, rac ufro maRalreitingulia arxi, miT

ufro maRalia masSi reklamis ganTavsebis fasebi.

reklama Zalian did daaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da igi gavlenas axdens

gayidvebis moculobaze. amitomac, reklamis mniSvnelobis Seswavlisas aucilebelia

SevexoT reklamas Teoriuli aspeqtiTac. naxazze 1 mocemulia reklamis efeqtis gra-

fikuli analizi. sadac naTlad Cans rom amonagebi reklamis gareSe bevrad naklebia

amonagebze reklamis SemTxvevaSi, rac gamowveulia reklamirebul produqciaze

moTxovnis gazrdiT.

imisaTvis, rom gagverkvia Tu rogori damokidebulebaa dRes saqarTveloSi

reklamis mimarT CavatareT anketuri gamokiTxva. kvlevisaTvis avirCieT konkretuli

produqti _ ludi da SevecadeT gamogvekvlia Tu ra gavlenas axdens reklamireba

ludis gayidvebis moculobaze, amasTan miznad davisaxeT gagverkvia rogoraa

ganwyobili mosaxleoba aRniSnuli produqtis mimarT, ras aqcevs yuradRebas misi

SeZenisas da ramdenad axdens reklama gavlenas maT gadawyvetilebaze. Cvens mier

gamokiTxul iqna orasi respondenti, romelTagan umravlesobas Seadgendnen 18-dan 25

wlamde asakis axalgazrdebi (43.5%).

50.20%

30.20%

4.80% 7.80% 7.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

rusTavi 2 imedi I arxi mze sxva

75

naxazi 1. reklamis efeqti

kiTxvaze ,,xarT Tu ara ludis moyvaruli?” Sedegebi gadanawilda Semdegi

saxiT: diax _ 66% (132), ara _ 34% (68) (ix. diagrama 4). kvleviT dadginda, rom

ludis moyvarulTa procentuli maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia, rac SeiZleba imiTac

aixsnas, rom gamokiTxulTa 60% (120) aris mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgeneli,

rogorc cnobilia, ludis moyvarulTa umravlesobas swored mamakacebi Seadgenen.

diagrama 4. ludisadmi damokidebuleba1

imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli dasaxelebis ludi aris yvelaze popularuli, davsviT

kiTxva: romeli dasaxelebis luds moixmarT yvelaze xSirad? Sedegis mixedviT

lideri firma nataxtaria, romelsac upiratesobas aniWebs gamokiTxulTa 32%, Tu

gaviTavaliswinebT imasac rom ,,tride” firma ,,nataxtaris” mier gamoSvebuli ludia,

SegviZlia Tamamad davasvnaT, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba _ 47% upiratesobas

aniWebs firma ,,nataxtaris” mier gamoSvebul luds (ix. diagrama 5).

66%

34%

diax

ara

P0

D1

D0

AC0

P1

MC

AC1

0 0 Q0 Q1

sargebeli

reklamiT (A1)

P

sargebeli

reklamis gareSe

Q

MR0 MR1

76

Ddiagrama 5. favoriti ludebi1

gamokiTxulTa reklamisadmi damokidebulebis gasarkvevad Cvens mier dasmul iqna

SekiTxva: ,,aqcevT Tu ara ludis SeZenisas reklamas yuradRebas”? Sedegebi miviReT

Semdegnairi: 65.5% aqcevs reklamas yuradRebas, xolo 34.5% ar aqcevs (ix. diagrama

6). rogorc vxedavT gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba reklamas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

diagrama 6. reklamisadmi damokidebuleba1

reklamis moyvaruli respondentebis 71.6% upiratesobas aniWebs da ufro endoba

telereklamas, 21% _ radioreklamas, xolo orive maTgani erTnairad misaRebia

6.4%-saTvis (ix. diagrama 7).

diagrama 7. sareklamo saSualebaTa sandoobis xarisxi1

kvlevidanac naTlad Cans, rom telereklama ufro mniSvnelovania da sandoobis

ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.

1 da diagrama 6 momzadebulia Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT

32%

18%14.00% 13%

8%15%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

nataxtari yazbegi hercogi tride lomisi sxva

65.50%

34.50%

diax

ara

71.60%

21%

6.40%

telereklama

radioreklama

orive

77

anketuri gamokiTxvis mixedviT dadginda, Tu romeli firmis tele da radio

reklama moswons ufro momxmarebels. Sedegebis mixedviT rogorc tele, aseve radio

reklamaSi lideria ,,nataxtari”, misi reklama moswons gamokiTxulTa 35%-s, xolo

radioreklama-42%-s.

diagrama 8. firmebis reklamaTa reitingi

gamokiTxulTa 35% ludis biznesis warmatebul sferod gadaqcevis saSualebad

miiCnevs ufro efeqtiani sareklamo kampaniis Catarebas.

diagrama 9. ludis biznesis ganviTarebis gzebi1

aRniSnuli Sedegidan naTlad Cans, rom reklama mniSvnelovania da mas

momxmarebeli did yuradRebas aqcevs.

ismis kiTxva: rogor unda gadanawildes sareklamo biujeti tele da radio

reklamebs Soris? aRniSnulis gasarkvevad Cvens mier zRvruli analizis saSualebiT

Catarda ludis gayidvebis moculobaze tele da radio reklamis gavlenis analizi.

radio reklama calke aRebuli naklebad zrdis gayidvebis moculobas, miuxedavad

amisa, gayidvebis moculobis maqsimizaciis mizniT umjobesia sareklamo kampaniis

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

35%

17%

10%

22.50%

6.50%4%

42%

13%

8%

17.50%

9.50%

4%

telereklamaradioreklama

44%

28.50%35.00%

13.50%

5.50%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

gaaumjobesos xarisxi

Seamciros fasebi gazardos reklamireba

Secvalos dizaini sxva

78

xarjebi gadanawildes tele da radio reklamaze. am SemTxvevaSi tele reklamaze

daxarjuli damatebiTi Tanxis zRvruli efeqtianoba bevrad ufro naklebia, vidre

radio reklamaze daxarjuli imave odenobis Tanxis damatebiTi zRvruli efeqtianoba.

Sedegebma gviCvena, rom yovel erT litr ludze radio reklama zrdis gayidvebis

moculobas 0.0095-iT, xolo telereklama 0.0075–iT. amrigad, tele da radio

reklamis SeTanawyobiT izrdeba gayidvebis moculoba da Sesabamisad firmis mogeba.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT rom:

reklamis ganTavseba mizanSewonilia maRalreitingul sareklamo arxze.

aRniSnuli ganapirobebs mosaxleobis farTo masebis informirebas, rac aisaxeba

gayidvebis moculobis zrdaze.

kvlevebiT dadginda, rom telereklama ufro mniSvnelovania da sandoobis

ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, vidre radioreklama. respondentebis 71.6%

upiratesobas aniWebs da ufro endoba pirvels, 21% _ radioreklamas, xolo orive

maTgani erTnairad misaRebia 6.4%-saTvis

radio reklamis zRvruli efeqtianoba aRemateba telereklamis zRvrul

efeqtianobas, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania tele da radio reklamis

erToblivi gamoyeneba gayidvebis moculobisa da Sesabamisad firmis mogebis zrdis

uzrunvelsayofad.

reklama mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ,,nataxtaris” gayidvebis moculobis

zrdaSi. aRniSnuls adasturebs kvlevis Sedegebi, gamokiTxulTa 65.5% ludis

SeZenisas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs reklamas.

favoriti sareklamo rgolebi ekuTvnis firma ,,nataxtars”, kvlevis Sedegebis

mixedviT rogorc tele, aseve radio reklamaSi lideria ,,nataxtari”, misi

telereklama moswons gamokiTxulTa 35%-s, xolo radioreklama-42%-s.


1. e. xaraiSvili, i. gagniZe, m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili, m. nacvalaZe, mikroekonomika,

Tbilisi 2008.

2. a. qaTamiZe, media saSualebebis bazari da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

saqrTveloSi, Tbilisi 2007.

3. p. leiaSvili, ekonomiqsi, Tbilisi 2007.

4. kotleri, armstrongi, marketingi

5. www.geoeconomics.ge

6. www.media.ge

7. www.parliament.ge

8. www.rustavi2.com

9. www.statistic.ge

10. http://www.amp.aknet.kg/microeconomics/contents.htm

http://www.geoeconomics.ge/

http://www.media.ge/

http://www.parliament.ge/

http://www.rustavi2.com/

http://www.statistic.ge/

http://www.amp.aknet.kg/microeconomics/contents.htm

79

riskebi da dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi1

naTia meliTauri

Tsu bakalavri

Mmecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili

ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebobs riskis mravali gansazRvreba. riski

gulisxmobs iseT situacias, rodesac SeuZlebelia SedegTa winaswar ganWvreta.

riski, umeteswilad, aris albaTuri kategoriis prognozi, romelic SeiZleba

ganisazRvros absoluturi da SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT. pirveli gulisxmobs riskis

gansazRvras danakargebis SesaZlo sididiT, materialur- nivTobriv (fizikur) an

RirebulebiT (fulad) gamoxatulebaSi. xolo meore risks gansazRvravs SesaZlo

danakargTa sididis SefardebiT bazasTan (qonebrivi mdgomareoba, resursebis saerTo

danaxarjebi an mosalodneli Semosavali-mogeba).

ekonomistebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas riski arasasurvelad miaCnia. maT

ar aqvT midrekileba riskisadmi da mis srul likvidacias an Semcirebas cdiloben.

arsebobs riskebis Semcirebis ramdenime gza; maTgan erT-erTia dazRveva.

saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze 2008 wlis mdgomareobiT 13 sadazRvevo

kompania moRvaweobs. arsebuli kompaniebidan erTs, azerbaijanul “standart dazRveva

saqarTvelos”, romelmac licenzia 2007 wels miiRo, bazarze operireba jer kidev

ar dauwyia. sadazRvevo kompaniebs Soris moziduli jamuri premiis maCveneblis

mixedviT, pirvel adgilzea “aldagi-bisiai”. kompaniam 2008 wels 62 mln laris

premia miizida da am maCvenebliT sadazRvevo bazris 22,88%-s akontrolebs. meore

adgilze 47 mln lariT “jipiai holdingia” da mas bazris 17,3% uWiravs, xolo

mesameze 17,1%-iT “imedi el”-ia, romelmac 46,5 mln lari miizida. 2 Cveni kvlevis

sfero qonebrivi riskebis dazRvevaa. igi moicavs: mosavlis dazRvevas, saTburebis

dazRvevas, mecxoveleobis dazRvevas, Sinauri cxovelebis dazRvevas da sxv.

dasaxelebulTagan imitaciuri modelebis Sesaqmnelad SevarCieT mosavlis dazRveva.3

soflis meurneobaSi mosavlis dazRvevis polisiT SeiZleba daizRves, rogorc

erTwliani naTesebi, aseve mravalwliani nargavebi, xexilis baRebi,venaxebi da sxv.

mravalwliani nargavebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia dazRveul iqnas mosalodneli

mosavali da TviTon nargavebi.

msoflioSi aRiarebuli meTodikis mixedviT, riskebis jgufisagan mosavlis

dazRveva uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas da im sayrdens, rac fermerisTvisaa


saprizo adgili. 2 GBC, media holderis eqskluziuri informacia. 3 saqarTveloSi,mosavlis dazRvevis SemTxvevebis simciris gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli saxeobis dazRveva TiTqmis ar xdeba. sadazRvevo bazris lider kompanias- ,,aldagi-bisiais” mosavlis dazRvevis servisi saerTod ar aqvs.

80

aucilebeli sameurneo riskebis samarTavi programis SesamuSaveblad. am meTodikiT

dazRvevis privilegiebi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: azRvevs adamianebis qonebas (aqtivebs);

garantirebuli Semosavlis wyaroa mosavlis zaralis SemTxvevaSi; gulisxmobs

mTavrobis mier subsidirebul premiebs (dazRvevis gadasaxadebs); iyenebs mxolod

individualuri mosavlis maCveneblebs garantiis uzrunvelsayofad; erToblivi

sesxebi aumjobesebs sesxunarianobas; iTvaliswinebs naadrevi da gviani Tesvis

pirobebs; icavs investiciebs da danazogebs; gulisxmobs momaval investiciebs

meurneobisaTvis.

MPCI (mosavlis dazRvevis polisi) gvTavazobs mosavlis garantias, rac efuZneba

individualuri fermeris mier ganxorcielebuli realuri warmoebis (mosavlianobis)

maCveneblebs (APH). 1 dasafari riskebi sxvadasxva tipisaa kulturis saxeobebis

mixedviT, magram, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes iseTi saSiSi riskebisagan dacvas,

rogoricaa: gvalva, wyaldidoba, mwerebi, mcenareTa daavadebebi, qariSxali da sxva

saSiSi bunebrivi movlenebi.

mosavlis dazRvevis pirobebi:

100%

nayofiereba

0% fasis done 100%

rogorc sqemidan Cans, SesaZlebelia mosavlis dazRveva maqsimaluri

RirebulebiT, anu fasebis 100%-iani doniT, roca mosavlis raodenoba

limitirebulia 50%-75% sazRvrebSi, 5%-iani zrdadobiT. katastrofebisagan

dazRveva limitirebulia 50%-mde, Rirebulebis 55%-is pirobebSi.

dazRveva SesaZlebelia mosavlis sxvadasxva saxeobebis mixedviT. magaliTad,

SeiZleba daizRves: nuSi, vaSli, avokado, alubali, citrusebi, bamba, lobio, yurZeni,

qliavi, brinji, mzesumzira, pomidori, kakali, xorbali, qeri, Svria da a.S.

statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze, Cven mier Seswavlil iqna fermerul

meurneobebSi yurZnisa da xorblis saSualo mosavlianoba saqarTveloSi.

gaviangariSeT qveyanaSi, dazRvevis MPCI polisis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rogori

iqneboda sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anazRaurebuli zaralebi mosavlisa da dafarvis

(dazRvevis) sxvadasxva donis pirobebSi. aSS-s magaliTze SevqmeniT yurZnisa da

xorblis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi saqarTveloSi.

xorblis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modeli. nebismieri miwis farTobi,

romelic ganadgurda da aRar momxdara masze xelaxali daTesva (Tu masze xelaxali

daTesva SesaZlebeli iyo dargvis vadis ukanasknel TariRamde mainc), miCneulia

aradazRvevad zonad. aseve, aradazRvevadia: saSemodgomo xorbali, romelic daiTesa

1 www.rma.usda.gov/pubs/rme/fsh_6.html

75/100

65/100

50/51 50/100

81

gvian, daTesvis bolo vadis (31 oqtomberi) Semdeg; xorbali, romelic sxva mosaval-

Tan erTad aris daTesili.

nayofierebis garantia efuZneba xorblis mosavlis saSualo nayofierebis monace-

mebs. dafarvis doneebia: 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%. namdvili sadazRvevo

dafarva ganisazRvreba mTliani farTobiT da ara TiToeul heqtarze.1

xorblis saSualo mosavlianoba wlebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi (t/ha)2

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

xorbali 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.7 1.5

saSualo mosavali (t/ha-ze) 2003-2007 wlebSi iqneba 1.675; 1 tona xorblis

standartuli sabazro fasia 750 lari (xorblis fasi meryeobs wlis sxvadasxva

sezonis mixedviT); bolo wlis mosavalia 1.5 t/ha-ze; dafarvis (dazRvevis) done

aviRoT 75%.

garantiis gansazRvra: saSualo mosavali*dafarvis moculobaze =garantia;

1.675 t/ha*75%=1.256 t/ha. yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosavlianoba 1.256 t/ha-ze

naklebi iqneba, moxdeba sagarantio anazRaureba.

sagarantio anazRaurebis moculobis gamoTvla: garantia_mosavali=warmoebis

zarali (danakargi); 1.256t/ha_1.5t/ha=-0.244t/ha. am SemTxvevaSi, radgan mosavali

metia, vidre garantia, anazRaureba aRar moxdeba. Tu warmoebis zarali iqneboda

dadebiTi ricxvi, igi gadamravldeboda xorblis Rirebulebaze da miviRebdiT

sagarantio anazRaurebas, anu Tanxis im raodenobas, romelsac gascemda sadazRvevo

kompania zaralis asanazRaureblad.

amave meTodiT gaviangariSoT Tanxis is raodenobebi, romelsac polisi ixdis

TiToeul heqtarze, mosavlianobis sxvadasxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. miRebuli

Sedegebi mocemulia 1-l cxrilSi.

cxrili 1

dafarvis moculoba

mosavali 75% 70% 65% 60% 55%

1.5 0 0 0 0 0

1.2 42 0 0 0 0

1.0 192 130 67 4 0

0.8 342 280 217 154 91

0.5 567 505 442 379 316

0 942 880 817 754 691

1 www.agrocropinsurance.com 2 www.statistics.ge

82

MPCI polisiT SesaZlebelia, agreTve, katastrofebisagan dazRveva (CAT). CAT-

is dafarva limitirebulia 50%-mde, maqsimaluri Rirebulebis 55%-is pirobebSi.

zemoT moyvanili cifrebis mixedviT, xorblis mosavlis katastrofebisagan dazRvevis

raodenoba iqneba: 1.675 t/ha*50%=0.82 t/ha; 1.5, 1.2, 1.0 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis

raodenobebis dros araviTari gadaxda ar moxdeba. 0.8 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis dros

sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anazRaurdeba 8.25 lari heqtarze. 0.82_0.80=0.02 (tona

zarali heqtarze); 0.02*412.5=8.25 (lari anazRaureba heqtarze) (750*0.55=412.5,

radgan dafarva maqsimaluri Rirebulebis pirobebSi xdeba). e.i. sadazRvevo kompania,

am SemTxvevaSi, aanazRaurebs 8.25 lars heqtarze.

analogiuri gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom 0.5 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis dros

anazRaurdeba 132 lari heqtarze; 0 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis raodenobis dros

anazRaurdeba 338.25 lari heqtarze.

yurZnis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modeli. imisaTvis, rom vazi eqvemdebare-

bodes dazRvevas, dargvidan minimum 4 weli unda iyos gasuli, xolo, damynobidan _

3 weli. unda dadgindes saSualo mosavlianobis minimumi heqtarze. mevenaxeebs Se-

uZliaT airCion sasurveli jiSis yurZeni da, survilisamebr, daazRvion jiSebis rao-

denoba. savaldebuloa daizRves miwis yvela heqtari, arCeuli TiToeuli jiSisaTvis.

roca venaxebi qiravdeba mosavalze wilis miRebis pirobiT, meijaresac da moijaresac

cal-calke an orives erTad SeuZliaT daazRvion TavianTi wili mTlian mosavalSi.

mosavlianobis garantia eyrdnoba miRebuli da Cabarebuli produqciis saSualo

monacems ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. axalgazrda venaxebisaTvis, an iseTi ve-

naxebisaTvis, romelTaA monacemi Seadgens oTxi wlis Canawerebs, saSualo nayofiereba

dgindeba inspeqciis mier, imave olqSi msgavsi venaxebis mixedviT.

dafarvis maqsimaluri zRvari aris saSualo mosavlianobis 75%. SesaZlebelia,

50%, 55%, 60%, 65% da 70% dafarvis doneebi. garantia erT heqtarze mravldeba

heqtrebis raodenobaze sxvadasxvagvari yurZnis jiSebis blokebis mixedviT. namdvili

sadazRvevo dafarva aris erTeulebis da ara heqtrebis mixedviT.1

yurZnis saSualo mosavlianoba wlebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi (t/ha)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

yurZeni 4.0 3.6 4.9 3.2 4.5 3.9

saSualo mosavlianoba (t/ha-ze) 2003-2007 wlebSi iqneba 4.05; 1 tona yurZnis

sabazro fasia 500 lari (ufro zustad, 1 kg yurZeni Rirs 0.43-0.45 lari); bolo

wlis mosavlainobaa 3.9 t/ha-ze; dazRvevis done aviRoT 75%.

garantia: 4.05*0.75=3.04; yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosavlianoba 3.04t/ha-ze

naklebi iqneba, moxdeba sagarantio anazRaureba.

1 www.agrocropinsurance.com

83

sagarantio anazRaurebis moculoba: 3.04_3.9=-0.86 (t/ha). radgan mosavlis raodenoba

aRemateba sagarantio raodenobas, ar moxdeba aranairi gadaxda.

amave meTodiT gamovTvaloT Tanxis is raodenobebi, romelsac polisi gadaixdis

TiToeul ha-ze, sxvadasxva mosavlianobis pirobebSi. miRebuli Sedegebi mocemulia me-

2 cxrilSi.

cxrili 2

dafarvis moculoba

mosavali 75% 70% 65% 60% 55%

3.5 0 0 0 0 0

2.9 70 0 0 0 0

2.5 270 165 65 0 0

1.9 570 465 365 265 165

0 1520 1415 1315 1215 1115

yurZnis mosavlis katastrofebisagan sazRvevis raodenoba iqneba: 4.05*0.50=2.03

(t/ha); ar moxdeba gadaxda mosavlis Semdegi raodenobebis dros: 3.5, 2.9, 2.5 t/ha-ze.

1.9 t/ha-ze mosavlis raodenobis dros anazRaurdeba 35.75 lari heqtarze;

2.03_1.9=0.13 (tona zarali heqtarze); 0.13*275=35.75 (lari anazRaureba heqtarze);

0 t/ha-ze mosavlis raodenobis dros anazRaurdeba 558.25 lari heqtarze.

Amosavlis aRricxvianobis meTodebi. mosavlianobis kargi maCvenebeli zrdis

mosavlis dazRvevis warmatebulobas. oTxi an meti wlis manZilze sertificirebuli

realuri mosavalwarmoebis maCveneblebi (APH), mosavlis maCveneblebis saSualo

ariTmetikuli (aT wlamde) Seadgens dazRvevis safuZvels. Tu ar arsebobs oTxi

wlis sertificirebuli maCveneblebi, igi Sualeduri mosavliT Canacvldeba, ramac

SesaZloa Seamciros dafarvis moculoba. sadazRvevo garantia swored am maCveneblebs

eyrdnoba. monacemTa baza moicavs minimum oTx da maqsimum aTi wlis mosavlianobis

maCveneblebs da farTobis raodenobebs. Tu ar moipoveba oTxi wlis realuri

mosavlis maCvenebeli, aq Sualeduri mosavali Canacvldeba.

Sualeduri “T” mosavlis moculoba aRebulia 1-3 wlis realur mosavalTan erTad

4 wlis monacemTa bazis Sesaqmnelad. Tu ar arsebobs aRniSnuli monacemebi, viRebT

oTxi “T” mosavlis 65%-s. an: erTi realuri wlis mosavlis maCvenebeli da sami “T”

mosavlis 80%; ori realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi da ori “T” mosavlis 90%;

sami realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi da erTi “T” mosavlis 100%.

Tu ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi ukanaskneli 4 wlis manZilze xorblis

mosavlianobis Sesaxeb, oTxive wlisTvis vigebT “T” Sualedur mosavals. vTqvaT,

cnobilia, rom TiToeuli wlis mosavlianoba ar aRemateba 1.5 tona/heqtars da metia

0.4 tona/heqtarze. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia aviRoT 1.5-isa da 0.4-is saSualos 65%

TiToeuli wlisTvis. es udris 0.13 (0.2*0.65=0.13), e.i. saSualo mosavlianobaa 0.13

84

t/ha. 100%-iani zaralis anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurdeba 75 lari heqtarze

(0.1*750=75).

Tu gvaqvs mxolod ori realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi, danarCeni ori wlis

maCveneblebi Canacvldeba “T” Sualeduri mosavlianobiT. magaliTad, viciT, rom meore

da meoTxe wels xorblis zusti mosavlianobaa 0.8 da 1.2 t/ha, aviRebT am monacemebs

da pirveli da mesame wlis “T” Sualeduri mosavlianobis 90%-s. vTqvaT, dadginda,

rom am wlebSi Sualeduri mosavlianoba aris 0.6 da 1.1 t/ha, maSin saSualo

mosavlianoba iqneba: (0.8+1.2+0.6*0.90+1.1*0.90)/4=0.88 (t/ha). 75%-iani dafarvis

donis da 100%-iani zaralis anazRurebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaureba Seadgens 495 lars

heqtarze.

rac ufro meti realuri mosavlianobis maCveneblebis sertificireba xdeba, miT

maRalia asanazRaurebeli Tanxis raodenoba. me-3 cxrilis mixedviT, erTi wlis

zusti monacemis damatebam asanazRaurebeli Tanxa 75 laridan 495 laramde gazarda.

realuri mosavlianobis maCveneblebis serTificireba da asanazRaurebeli Tanxis

raodenoba:

cxrili 3

maCveneblebis gareSe maCveneblebiT

Ppirveli wlis mosavali 0.13 0.54

meore wlis mosavali 0.13 0.8

mesame wlis mosavali 0.13 0.99

meoTxe wlis mosavali 0.13 1.2

mTliani mosavali 0.52 3.53

saSualo mosavali 0.13 0.88

dafarvis done 75% 0.1 0.66

mosavlis dazRvevis Cven mier ganxiluli meTodika gacilebiT ufro efeqtians

xdis fermeris saqmianobas da aZlevs mas moqnili meurneobis warmoebis saSualebas.

85

qarTuli mineraluri da mtknari wylebis

konkurentunarianoba1

qeTevan jibuti

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm. sruli prof. e.xaraiSvili

saqarTvelos teritoria mdidaria mineraluri wylebis bunebrivi resursebiT, maTi

fizikur-qimiuri maCveneblebis mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT

mineraluri wylebis bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebi: 1. saerTo mineralizacia; 2. ionuri

Semadgenloba; 3. temperatura; 4. airis Semcveloba da sxva.

mtknari miwisqveSa wylebi warmoadgens yvelaze Zvirfas wiaRiseuls da yvelaze

saimedod dacul wyaros. aseTi wylebis raodenobis mxriv saqarTvelo erT-erTi umdidresi

qveyanaa. miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis udides nawils Seadgens–sasmeli wylebi (95%). sasmeli

wylebi farTod, magram araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. maTi

saerTo raodenobis 63.4% modis dasavleT saqarTveloze, 24.1% aRmosavleT saqarTveloze,

xolo 12.5% samxreT saqarTveloze.

bunebrivi resursebis siuxvidan gamomdinare mineraluri da mtknari wylebis

Camomsxmeli sawarmoebis ricxvi sakmod didia. adgilobriv bazarze erTmaneTs konkurencias

uwevs daaxloebiT TxuTmetamde kompania, maTgan aRsaniSnavia: mineraluri wylebis warmoeba

,,GG&MW”, ss ,,wyali margebeli”; samkurnalo-sufris mineraluri wylebis Sps ,,sairme

mineral voters”, Sps ,,sicocxlis wyaro”; sufris wylebis Camomsxmeli Sps ,,koka-kola

boTlers jorjia”; Sps ,,progresi 2000” da a.S.

produqciis mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia ,,GG&MW”, romelic

awarmoebs rogorc mineralur, mineralur-sufris, aseve sufris wylebis Camosxmas.

TiToeuli saxis produqciis warmoebas igi axdens sxvadasxva qarxanaSi. dReisaTvis Qq.

borjomSi 3 Camomsxmeli qarxanaa. #1 qarxanaSi saSualod weliwadSi minis boTlebSi 200

mln boTlis Camosxma xorcieldeba, #2 qarxanaSi - plastmasis 150 mln boTli, xolo #3

qarxanaSi xorcieldeba ,,likanis” Camosxma. amis Sesabamisad borjomis xeobaSi 3

saeqsploatacio WaburRili mdebareobs, romlis nomeri da mdebareoba produqciis etiketzea

miTiTebuli. yoveli WaburRili TviTCamosxmis reJimSi funqcionirebs, e.i. moipoveba wylis

zustad is raodenoba, rac miwis zedapirze mxolod bunebrivi gziT amodis. kompamniis

ZiriTadi produqti aris mineraluri wyali ,,borjomi”, romelsac warmoebis moculobis

mixedviT pirveli adgili ukavia qarTul mineralur wylebs Soris. igi agreTve gamoirCeva

metad originaluri da iSviaTi SemadgenlobiT, mas xSirad adareben viSis (safrangeTis)

mineralur wyals.

meore umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli mineraluri wylebisa qarTul sabazro sivrceSi aris ss

,,wyali margebeli“. igi 1998 wels gamoCnda bazarze erTlitriani plastikisa da


saprizo adgili.

86

naxevarlitriani SuSis boTliT. dRes kompania bazarze warmodgenilia Semdegi mineraluri

wylebiT: ,,nabeRlavis“ 0.5 l minis, 0.5 l, 1.0 l PET da wyaros wylis ,,baxmaros” 0.5 PET,

1.5 PET, 5.0 PET, 19.0 PET tevadobis tariT. ,,nabeRlavis” mineraluri wyali naxSirmJava-

hidrokarbonatul-natrium-kalciumiani tipis wylebs miekuTvneba. ,,nabeRlavis” wylis

sabadoebi ganlagebulia Coxatauris raionis sof. nabeRlavSi qarxnis teritoriaze, rac

saSualebas iZleva qarxanaSi wyali TviTdinebiT Sevides. saaqcio sazogadoeba ,,wyali

margebeli” dReisaTvis amuSavebs 2 qarxanas. sawarmoo procesis gaumjobesebisaTvis man 2004

wels SeiZina Camomsxmeli xazi germanuli lideri mwarmoeblisgan ,,krosme-krones”-sagan. aman

saSualeba misca kompanias maqsimalurad aeTvisebina damtkicebuli maragebi da adgilobriv

bazarze momxmarebelTa didi raodenoba moezida. aRniSnulze metyvelebs internet

gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac momxmarebelTa daaxloebiT 56% upiratesobas

swored ,,nabeRlavs” aniWebs.1

warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis mixedviT mesame adgili uWiravs kompania

,,progresi 2000”-s, romelic axorcielebs hidrokarbonatul-kalciumiani, aragazirebuli

wylis ,,raWis wyaroebis” Camosxmas. kompania bazarze warmodgenilia 0.5 l, 1.5 l, 5.0 l PET

boTlebiT, misi mineralizaciaa 0.36-0.44 gr/l da weliwadSi saSualod, adgilobriv bazarze,

1.2 mln boTlis (0.5 l) realizacias axorcielebs.

Sps ,,progresi 2000”-is konkurentad SeiZleba ganvixiloT ,,koka-kola biTlers

jorjia”, romelic awarmoebs aragazirebuli sufris wyals ,,BONAQUA”. misi mineralizacia

ar aRemateba 0.55 gr/l-s da bazarze warmodgenilia 0.5 l da 1.5 l plastmasis tariT. rac

Seexeba samkurnalo-sufris wylis Camosxmas Sps ,,sicocxlis wyaros”, mis mier iwarmoeba

hidrokarbonatuli-kalcium-magniumiani mineraluri wyali ,,flate”, romlis saerTo

mineralizaciaa 1.7-2.7 gr/l. xolo Sps ,,sairme mineral voters”-is mier warmoebuli

gazirebuli mineraluri wyali ,,sairme”-s mineralizaciaa 2.4–5.0 gr/l, da isxmeba 1.0l PET

boTlSi. kompania ZiriTadad orientirebulia adgilobriv bazarze da wliurad daaxloebiT

500000 boTlis realizacias anxorcielebs.

1 gamokiTxva Catarda 20.03-dan 26.03-mde 2008 wels.

gamokiTxulia 1182 momxmarebeli.

რომელ მინერალურ თუ სუფრის წყალს

მიირთმევთ ყველაზე ხშირად?

ბორჯომი

13%

ნაბეღლავი

56%

საირმე

3%

ლიკანი

23%

ბონაქვა

2%

სხვა

3%

ბორჯომი

ნაბეღლავი

საირმე

ლიკანი

ბონაქვა

სხვა

87

sabazro koniuqturis gaTvaliswinebisa da warmoebis bunebriv ekonomikuri pirobebidan

gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros ra saxeobisa da odenobis produqciis warmoebaa

SesaZlebeli qveyanasa da mocemul regionSi. es, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs

konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebas, romelic gankuTvnili iqneba rogorc adgilobrivi,

aseve saerTaSoriso bazrebisaTvis. produqciis xarisxi da saerTaSoriso bazarze misi

konkurentunarianoba gansazRvravs mis saeqsporto potencials. am TvalsazrisiT mineraluri

wylebis warmoebas erT-erTi wamyvani pozicia ukavia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebis mixedviT, 2005 wels ZiriTadi saeqsporto

produqciis aTeulSi Sedioda mineraluri wylebi, romlis Rirebuleba iyo 32.5 mln aSS

dolari. swored am wels dafiqsirda, bolo eqvsi wlis manZilze eqsportirebuli

mineraluri wylebis didi moculoba raodenobriv gamosaxulebaSi. saqarTvelos statistikis

saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebis mixedviT am maCvenebelma 33.0 mln. litrs miaRwia. 1

2006 wlisaTvis kompania ,,GG&MW” 235 mln boTlis warmoebas varaudobda, rac wina welTan

SedarebiT 50%-ian zrdas warmoadgenda. produqciis 80% gadioda eqsportze, xolo 65%

rusuli bazrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ruseTis bazarze arsebuli 700 saxis mineralur wyals

Soris ,,GG&MW” kompaniis mier warmoebul produqcias ,,borjoms“ gayidvebis mixedviT

mesame adgili ekava. igi CamorCeboda mxolod ,,BONAQUA“_sa da ,,AQUA MINERALE“-s. 2005

wels kompania ,,GG&MW” mTlianma amonagebma 120 mln dolari Seadgina. 2006 wlis maisSi

ruseTis mier mineraluri wylebis importis akrZalvam sagrZnoblad Seamcira eqsportis

moculoba.

saqarTvelos statistikis saxemwifo departamentis cnobiT 2005 wels ,,borjomis“

mwarmoebelma saqarTvelos minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam ruseTSi 22.1 mln aSS

dolaris Rirebulebis produqcia Seitana. 2006 wlis pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki _

7.7 mln aSS dolaris Rirebulebis. am akrZalvis Sedegad mineraluri wylebis mwarmoeblebma

sagareo bazris mniSvnelovani nawili dakarges, razec metyvelebs statistikis departamentis

monacemebi ruseTis bazarze akrZaluli produqciis eqsportis Sesaxeb.2

1 saqarTvelos statistikis saxemwifo departamenti. kvartaluri biuleteni. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 39.

2 statistikuri biuleteni #34. sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis mdgomareoba. tendenciebi cifrebSi.

Tbilisi, 2008w, gv. 8.

19675 19305

32481

24048 25354

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

მინერალური წყლების ექპორტი

88

miuxedavad ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebiT warmoqmnili siZneleebisa ,,borjomis“

eqsporti ukrainaSi 50%-iT gaizarda, azerbaijanSi - 60%-iT, aseve gavida axal bazrebze

(CexeTi, bulgareTi, monRoleTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi da a.S.). 2007 wels saqarTvelos minisa

da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam Tavisi produqcia (borjomi, borjomis wayaroebi, likani,

bakuriani) 130 milion boTlamde awarmoa, romlis 80% eqsportirebul iqna. ss ,,wyalma

margebelma” warmoebuli produqtis mxolod 20% gaitana saeqsportod. rac Seexeba raWis

wyaroebs, Coxataursa da sairmis mineralur wylebs, maTi realizacia adgilobriv bazarze

moxda.

meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad Camoisxmeboda daaxloebiT

400–500 milioni (0.5 l) boTli mineraluri wyali, maT Soris 300–350 milioni boTli

,,borjomi”, romlis 30%-s iTvisebda saqarTvelo, xolo danarCenis eqsportireba xorciel-

deboda yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi da sazRvargareT (10-12 mln boTli). 1991 wlidan

warmoiqmna falsifikaciis problema, am periodidan Semcirda mineraluri wylebis Camom-

sxmeli qarxnebis sawarmoo simZlavre da faqtobrivad Sewyda zogierTis miwodeba armarto

ucxoeTis, aramed adgilobriv bazarze. aman xeli Seuwyo falsificirebuli produqciis

warmoebasa da realizacias. negatiur Sedegebze metyvelebs 1990-1995 wlebSi mineraluri

wylebis Camomsxmeli qarxnebis sawarmoo simZlavreebis Semcireba. adgilobrivi sawarmoebi

moumzadeblebi aRmoCdnen sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi muSaobisaTvis. warmoebis Semcirebis

ZiriTadi mizezebi am periodSi iyo minis taris ukmarisoba, energomatareblebis simcire

(igulisxmeba energia da sawvavi), ar xdeboda kooperativebis mier Camosxmuli mineraluri

wylebis raodenobis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba, savaWro obieqtebze produqciis Senaxvis

aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi, sarealizacio bazrebis uqonloba da a.S.

1996 wlidan iwyeba saqarTveloSi mineraluri wylebis warmoebis aRmasvla. 2002 wels

Camoisxa 80.45 mln boTli mineraluri wyali. TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda produqciis

asortimenti. am periodSi aTvisebuli iyo dabali mineralizaciis sasmeli wylebis warmoeba.

2006 wels ki ruseTis bazarze xelovnurad warmoqmnilma barierebma xeli Seuwyo

falsificirebuli produqciis warmoebasa da realizacias. falsifikaciis procesis dawyebis

რუსეთის ბაზარზე აკრძალული ქართული

პროდუქციის ექსპორტი (ათასი ტონა)

15,6

24,221,7

33

21,6

15,1

24,6

3,86,3 6

10,6

1,6 2,7 31,3 1,7 0,7 0,94,2

1,8

10,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

მინერალური წყლები ღვინო ხილი

89

erT-erTi mTavar mizezad 90-ian wlebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT mineralur wyal ,,borjomze”

moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris warmoqmnili disbalansi. dReisTvis ki gansakuTrebulad

mwvaved dgas falsifikaciis problema saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. amJamad ramdenime firma

awarmoebs falsificirebuli produqciis Camosxmas ,,borjomis” etiketiT. realizdeba

rogorc naturaluri mineraluri an ,,borjomis” tipis mineralizebuli wyali. 2006 wels

kompania «Солярис-Аква Плюс»-ma daiwyo mineraluri wyali ,,Багиатти”-is gayidva, romlis

etiketic zustad imeorebda amave bazarze sakmaod cnobili qarTuli mineraluri wylis

,,borjomis“ etikets. misi Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 20 rubls, qarTuli mineraluri wylebis

akrZalvamde ,,borjomis“ Rirebuleba ki 30 rubls Seadgenda. mineraluri wyali ,,Багиатти”-is

etiketis Secvlamde aRniSnuli produqcia isxmeboda ramdenime arc Tu ise didi kompaniebis

mier. etiketis Secvla moxda 2006 wlis aprilSi da gayidvebis moculoba rusul bazarze

100 aTass ar aRemateboda TveSi. meore kompania romelic Seecada daekavebina ,,borjomis”

sabazro sivrce rusul bazarze iyo ,,Русский Боржомъ”, romelmac daiwyo mineraluri wyali

,,Нагутская-26” Camosxma. igi imeorebda ara marto etikets, aramed dasaxelebac TiTqmis igive

hqonda, rac qarTul produqcias. minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam saarbitraJo

sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli saaqcio sazogadoeba ,,Русский Боржомъ"-is winaaRmdeg, raTa

aekrZala saqarTvelos minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniis kuTvnili sasaqonlo niSnis

gamoyeneba, kerZod kombinirebuli saxelwodeba, romelic Sedgeba sityvebiT ,,Боржомский“ da

,,Боржомъ”, aseve TaRebiani Senoba da Sadrevani mwvane mTebis fonze. qarTuli kompaniis

moTxovna iyo am sasaqonlo niSnis mqone produqciis warmoebis SeCereba, savaWro qselidan

amoReba. kompaniis moTxovna sasamarTlom daakmayofila.

2006 wels ruseTis bazris 12.3% ekava qarTul mineralur wyal ,,borjoms” xolo

amave wlis mais-ivnisSi bazridan produqciis sruliad gaqrobiT moqmed kompaniebs gayidvebis

moculoba gaezardaT. magaliTad: ,,Нарзан” 1%-iT gaizarda, ,,Новотерская Целебная", ,,Perrier”

da ,,Архыз” zrdam 1% Seadgina, ,,BonAqua” - 2%, ,,Шишкин лес"-1,3%, ,,Aqua Minerale”-1%. rac

Seexeba ,,Нагутская-26” da ,,Багиатти” analitikuri saagento ,,Бизнес Аналитика”-s monacemebSi,

es produqcia saerTod ar aRmoCnda maTi mcire sabazro wilis gamo, Tumca ,,minisa da

mineraluri wylebis kompania” maT sabazro wils 0.0007%-mde afasebs.

zemoT ganxiluli orive SemTxveva asortimentuli da RirebulebiTi falsifikaciis

naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. vinaidan asortimentili falsifikaciis dros xdeba garegnuli

da Tvisebrivi niSnebiT namdvili produqciis mibaZva. xolo RirebulebiTis dros

falsificirebuli produqti gacilebiT iafia namdvilTan SedarebiT. falsifikaciiT

gamowveuli Sedegebi SeiZleba sakmaod mZime aRmoCndes rogorc momxmareblisaTvis aseve

mwarmoebeli firmisTvis.

falsificirebuli produqti ufro naklebi TviTRirebulebisaa amitom maT saSualeba

eZlevaT daikavon bazris garkveuli nawili. es xels uwyobs arajansaR konkurencias,

naturaluri produqciis mwarmoeblisaTvis warmoiqmneba barierebi, rac aferxebs produqciis

realizacias.

mtknari da mineraluri wylebis warmoeba saqarTveloSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

samewarmeo saqmianobaa, romelic regulirdeba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

saministros mier miwis wiaRiT sargeblobis licenziis gacemiT. licenziaSi miTiTebulia is

pirobebi, romelic xels Seuwyobs SezRuduli bunebrivi simdidris optimalur gamoyenebas.

90

dReisaTvis sabadoebis debetebis sadReRamiso damtkicebuli maragebis bolomde aTviseba jer-

jerobiT ver xerxdeba. es ZiriTadad gamowveulia adgilobrivi bazris simciriT, ucxour

bazrebze xelovnurad warmoqmnili barierebiT, falsifikaciiT da bevri sxva damabrkolebeli

faqtorebiT. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabazro ekonomikis dinamikur

garemoSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mwarmoebeli firmebis konkurentul upiratesobebs da

maT gamoyenebas. konkurentuli upiratesobebi ki Tavis mxriv efuZneba:

mecnierul-teqnikur miRwevebs da maT danergvas warmoebaSi;

saerTaSoriso standartebis serTifikatebis miRebas;

axali sasaqonlo niSnebis da etiketis Seqmnas;

produqciis fasebs (rogorc saSinao aseve saerTaSoriso bazrebze)

warmoebuli produqciis mravalferovnebis gazrdas da a.S.

konkurentul upiratesobaTa ricxvis zrda aucilebelia ara marto adgilobriv bazarze

lideri firmebisaTvis, aramed yvela mwarmoeblisaTvis. es xels Seuwyobs jansaRi

konkurenciis ganviTarebas da saSualebas miscems firmebs Tavisuflad aiTvison ucxouri

bazrebi. sakuTari resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos SeuZlia

mineraluri da mtknari wylebis erT-erTi wamyvani eqsportiori qveyana gaxdes msoflioSi.

91

evropis biznes angelozTa qseli da saqarTvelo1 nino patariZe

lili wverava

salome samxaraZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili

ukanasknel aTwleulebamde àngelozi~ investorebi damoukideblad, faqtobrivad

erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad muSaobdnen. amJamad mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala

_ investorebma daiwyes gaerTianebebis (ZiriTadad asociaciebis) Seqmna. 2 biznes-

angelozTa asociaciebis (gaerTianebebis) Semdegi formebi arsebobs:

1. `TiToeuli TavisTvis~;

2. gaerTianeba demokratiuli wesebiT;

3. èrTi yvelasaTvis, yvela erTisaTvis~.3

pirveli tipis gaerTianeba _ faqtobrivad aris wevr investorTa anu biznes-

angelozTa Sekreba. gaerTianebis wevrTa kreba ixilavs mewarmeTa mier dasafinan-

seblad warmodgenil proeqtebs da axdens maT gadarCevas. mas Semdeg, rac biznes-ange-

lozebi gaecnobian samewarmeo proeqtebs, isini erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iReben

gadawyvetilebas SerCeuli proeqtis dafinansebis Sesaxeb. aseve, damoukideblad

awyoben Sexvedrebs da molaparakebebs mewarmeebTan. am tipis asociaciis xelmZRva-

neloba ar monawileobs mewarmeebis da `biznes-angelozebis~ urTierTobaSi. misi

funqcia aris investiciuri garigebebis moculobebis zrda.

meore tipis gaerTianebas hyavs aRmasrulebeli direqtori, romelic saqmis

warmoebaze agebs pasuxs. mis StatSi SeiZleba iyos daqiravebuli muSakebi. maTTan

erTad aRmasrulebeli direqtori ixilavs mewarmeTa ganacxadebas. xSirad biznes-

angelozebi TviTon sTavazoben gaerTianebis direqcias sasurvel proeqtebs. proeqtis

damfinansebeli investorebi ayalibeben SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas.

gaerTianeba èrTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis,~ muSaobs venCuruli

firmis formatSi. mas StatSi hyavs profesionali menejerebi, romlebic marTaven

biznez-angelozebis kapitals. gaerTianebis menejeris rols xSirad asrulebs misi

komiteti, romelSic gaerTianebis wevrebi Sedian. aRniSnuli komiteti detalurad

ecnoba mewarmeebis biznes gegmebs da maT proeqtebs. am tipis gaerTianebebSi mewar-

meebi awyoben proeqtis prezentacias, xolo dafinansebis sakiTxi kenWisyriT wydeba.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis~ sakaTedro studentur

konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili. 2 S. SaburiSvili, rogor vipovoT `biznes-angelozi~ saqarTveloSi. Jurn. biznesi da kanonmdebloba,

2008, #9, gv. 32-36. 3 У. Д. Мазерлис, Б. Дж. Уотсон, Ф. Фаст, С. А. Гедеон, Эпоха Бизнес-ангелов. Практика работы бизнес-

ангелских сетей, М, «Вершина», 2009.

92

Tu investorTa umravlesobam gadawyvita warmodgenili proeqtis (proeqtebis)

dafinanseba, maSin iqmneba dafinansebis fondi.

biznes-angelozebis formaluri gaerTianebebis garda arseboben araformaluri

gaerTianebebi. maTi Semadgenloba mcirericxovania (6-7 kaci). isini araformalur

viTarebaSi ixilaven sainvesticio garigebebis SemoTavazebas, iReben dafinanseba-arda-

finansebis gadawyvetilebebs da inawileben movaleobebs.1

biznes-angelozebi xSirad sindikatis formiT erTiandebian. es sindikatebi

TiTqos venCurul firmebs waagavs, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro mobiluria. ara

aqvs rTuli da mouqneli mmarTvelobiTi struqtura. rodesac biznes-angelozebi Tvi-

Ton xelmZRvaneloben sindikats, maSin isini venCurul fondebTan SedarebiT nakleb-

xarjiania da samarTavadac martivi. sindikatSi 100 da meti investoric ki Sedis.

masSi, Tavis mxriv, asociaciebi da kavSirebia gaerTianebuli.2

dResdReobiT, mTeli msoflios masStabiT arsebobs angelozTa uamravi

asociacia: 2001-2003 wlebSi 300000-600000-mde àngelozTa” jgufebma Seqmnes

adgilobrivi organizaciebi, 10-dan 150-mde akreditebuli investori dainteresda dam-

wyeb firmebSi investirebiT. àngelozTa” pirveli asociacia Seiqmna inglisSi: –

European Business Angel Association, romelic aerTianebs 27 wevrs; Angel Capital

Association (ACA) - angelozuri kapitalis asociaciaa, romelic daarsda 2004 wels

aSS-sa da kanadis angelozTa sainvesticio jgufebis mier. dRes is aerTianebs 165

angelozTa jgufsa da 22 organizacias.

msoflioSi arsebul àngelozTa~ asociaciebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani da cnobilia evropis komisiis xelSewyobiT 1999 wels dafuZnebuli

evropis binznes _ angelozTa qseli (EBAN) (ix. Naxazi 1). igi warmoadgens biznes-

angelozTa interesebs da damwyebi firmebis dafinansebis wyaroa. amJamad EBAN

aerTianebs 26 qveynis 87 organizacias, warmoadgens daaxloebiT 250 korporaciul

da 10000-ze met individ angelozs mTels evropaSi.3

EBAN-is funqcionireba da urTirTobebi mewarme-subieqtebTan

evropis biznes-angelozTa qselis mTavari miznebia:

sawyisi kapitaliT evropuli biznesis uzrunvelyofa;

kvlevebis Caatareba, faqtebis da tendenciebis analizi;

saukeTeso praqtikis identificireba da gaziareba;

damwyebi sawarmoebisTvis biznes _ angelozTa qselis rolisa da xilvadobis

gazrda;

sawarmoebSi sinergizmisa da qseluri SemTxvevebis ricxvis gazrda;

evropaSi profesiuli zrda-ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;

1 А. Каширин, А. Семенов. В Поисках бизнес-ангела, М, «Вершина», 2008.

2 Б. Хилл., Д. Пауэр., Бизнес-ангелы, М, «Эксмо», 2008.

3 www.eban.org

93

saerTaSoriso biznes-angelozebisa da damwyebi sawarmoebis saqmianobis xelSewyoba.

nax. 1.

dasaxelebuli asociaciis prezidentia entoni klarki, romelic aseve aris

britaneTis biznes _ angelozTa gaerTianebis prezidenti. vice-prezidenti gaxlavT

frangi qalbatoni brijit baumeni, romelic amave dros sakmaod warmatebuli diza-

ineri da moqmedi àngelozia~. mas ekuTvnis Zalian saintereso formula biznes-

angelozebze:

A Business Angel = Heart and Money + Brain

qalbaton brijitis azriT, àngelozi~ warmoudgenelia fulis, gulisa da

tvinis gareSe.1

1 www.eban.org

mewarme

qselTan kontaqti

biznes-winadadebebis

analizi, proeqtis investorisTvis

wardgena

reziumes momzadeba

investorisTvis

investorTan

molaparakebis

momzadebis programa

proeqtis prezentaciis momzadeba

investiciebis miwodeba _

moTxovnis dakavSireba

reziumes da biznes-

winadadebis analizi

investiciuri garigebebi

Tanadafinansebis

programa

biznes-angelozi

qselTan kontaqti

biznes-treningi

investiciuri

prioritetebis

indentifikacia

biznes-angelozTa CarTva

monacemTa bazaSi

biznes-angelozis

monawileoba

prezentaciebSi, forumebSi da a.S.

94

EBAN-is mmarTvelobiTi struqtura 3 sxadasxva rgols moicavs: generaluri

asambleis wevrebi (52 sruluflebiani wevri), direqtorTa sabWo (19 wevri), aRmas-

rulebeli komiteti (6 wevri). asociaciis wevrebi arian: transnacionaluri, naci-

onaluri, regionuli da adgilobrivi biznes _ angelozTa qselebi; damwyebi firmebi;

sxva organizaciebi, romlebic exmarebian damwyeb firmebs; biznes _ angelozTa qselis

federaciebi.

EBAN-Si Semavali qveynebis asociaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis

gansxvavebuli doneebi. am mxriv yvelaze srulyofili sistema aqvs gaerTianebul

samefos, warmodgenils 34 asociaciiTa da asobiT qseliT; aseve kargad ganviTare-

buli sistemebi gaaCnia safrangeTs, germanias, SvedeTs, belgias, fineTs, niderlandebs;

SedarebiT mcire moTamaSeebi arian italia, espaneTi da portugalia; xolo umciresi

bazrebi aqvs saberZneTsa da portugalias.

2006 wlidan moyolebuli EBAN yovel wels atarebs dajildovebis ceremo-

nials. jildoebi gaicema sxvadasxva nominaciaSi. magaliTad, 2008 wels saukeTeso

gundis wodeba moipova Greater London Enterprise (UK); wlis saukeTeso biznes-ange-

lozi gaxda Sotladieli nelson grei, saukeTeso sindikati - SvedeTis venCuruli

kapitalis asociacia; xolo saukeTeso axali iniciativa - The ready for equity, project

(EU). 2008 wels gamarTul `finansuri inovaciis~ forumze ki Tavad EBAN-ma miiRo

jildo wevr àngelozTa~ Soris dadebiTi gamocdilebis gaziarebisaTvis.

EBAN-s mWidro kavSiri aqvs evrogaerTianebis administraciasTan, aseve dia-

logs awarmoebs evropis komisiis warmomadgenlebTan da evroinvestirebis fondTan.

evrokomisiis mier organizebul `finansuri inovaciis” forumze miiRes deklaracia,

romelic cnobs biznes-angelozTa mzard rols da rekomendacias uwevs maT, rogorc

biznesis ganviTarebis adreul etapze saukeTeso, aprobirebul saSualebas.

esDdeklaracia damtkicda evropis ministrTa sabWos mier.

2008 wels EBAN-ma partnioruli SeTanxmeba gaaforma 4 organizaciasTan:

angelozebis kapitalis asociacia (ACA), mecnieruli biznesi, mcire da saSualo

sawarmoebis saerTaSoriso qseli (INSME), menejmentis ganviTarebis upiratesobis

saerTaSoriso qseli (EFMD). asociaciis wevrebisaTvis es partniorebi warmoadgens

mzard SesaZleblobebs, romelTac aqvT unari Sevidnen axal miznobriv auditoriebSi,

moipovon informacia uaxles movlenebze, gaxdnen adgilobriv gaerTianebebis wevrebi

da a.S.

2008 wels EBAN-is sponsorebi iyvnen: PERA - The INOVATION NETWORK,

konsaltinguri kompania teqnologiur ganviTarebasa da industriaSi, romelic

daarsebulia did britaneTSi; ANGELSOFT - amerikuli kompania lideri kompiute-

rul teqnologiebSi; Greater London Interprise (GLE) - komerciuli da konstituci-

onaluri, damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kompania; regionaluri ganviTa-

rebis evropuli asociacia (EURADA), daarsebuli briuselSi.

95

evropis biznes-angelozTa bazrebze SeiniSneba Semdegi tendenciebi: garigebebis

mzardi tendencia, magram individi investorebis mier investirebis klebadi moculoba;

meti mcire zomis investicia; investirebis mzardi done sindikatebSi; biznes-ange-

lozebis mxridan izrdeba paketirebuli garigebebis ricxvi; bazris organizeba.

asociaciaSi Semavali qselebi sxvadasxva gziT zrdian angelozur investi-

ciebze moTxovnas: investirebis programebi, investorTa programebi da sindikatebi.

investirebis programebi iTvaliswinebs sawarmoebis momzadebas investirebisTvis. maga-

liTad, biznes-gegmebis momzadeba, treiningebi, prezentaciebi da a.S. SesaZlebelia

struqturuli programebic. investorTa programebi gulisxmobs maT ganaTlebas ànge-

lozebis~ investiciebis sferoSi: rCevebi, Sexvedrebi arsebul angelozebTan, sagada-

saxado sistemis Seswavla; sindikati – angelozTa jgufi, romlebic erTad afinan-

seben.

evropaSi biznes-angelozTa asociaciebis raodenoba wlidan wlamde izreba. Tu

2000 wels maTi ricxvi mxolod 125 iyo, 2005 wlisTavis ukve 225 asociacia

arsebobda. 2008 wlis monacemebiT ki maTma ricxvma 297-s miaRwia. amave wels

EBAN-ma gaanaliza 170 maTganidan miRebuli informacia da miiRo Semdegi monacemebi:

yvelaze bevri àngelozTa~ qseli arsebobda safrangeTSi (54), did britaneTSi (22),

SotlandiaSi (18); yvelaze meti garigeba daido SotlandiaSi (388), safrangeTsa

(214) da italiaSi (102); yvelaze meti qseluri biznes-angelozia SotlandiaSi

(4991), safrangeTsa (3600) da portugaliaSi (1904), xolo yvelaze meti investicia

ganaxorcieles didi britaneTis (73 071 506 evro), Sotlandiisa (41 304 000 evro)

da safrangeTis (37 000 000 evro) àngelozebma~.1

EBAN-Si Semavali asociaciebis mier mTeli msoflios masStabiT xorcieldeba

uamravi damwyebi firmisa da biznes-ideis dafinanseba. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi EBAN-

is wevri asociaciebi da qselebi aTasobiT firmasa da biznes ideas afinanseben. marTa-

lia, am organizaciebis saqmianobis umravlesoba warumateblad mTavrdeba, magram

arsebobs iseTi firmebic, romlebmac Zalian did warmatebebs miaRwies mTeli msof-

lios masStabiT. magaliTad, Skype, Apple, amazon.com, Google, HP, DELL, The Body

Shop, Alter Eco, Vista Print, innocent da a.S.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos prezidentis samecniero grantebi axalgazrda

mecnierTaTvis proeqtis _ àngelozebis~ roli qarTuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi, rom-

lis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciaa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universiteti, xolo donori _ saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondi _

farglebSi dagegmilia `saqarTvelos biznes-angelozTa asociaciis~ Seqmna. asociaciis

miznebi iqneba:

_ saqarTveloSi perspeqtiuli saqmiani ideebis praqtikuli realizaciis

SesaZleblobebis gazrda;

1 www.eban.org

96

_ saqarTveloSi biznes-angelozebis saqmianobis xelsayreli ekonomikuri da

samarTlebrivi garemos formirebis xelSewyoba;

_ biznes-angelozebis institutis ganviTareba da maTi interesebis dacva;

_ saxelisuflebo organoebSi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebsa da samewar-

meo wreebSi asociaciis wevrebis interesebis warmodgena;

_ biznes-angelozebs Soris sasargeblo kontaqtebis, informaciis gacvla da

gamocdilebis gaziareba;

_ saqarTvelos da ucxoeTis biznes-angelozebs Soris TanamSromlobis

koordinacia;

_ biznes-angelozebis da investiciebis maZieblebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba;

_ biznes-angelozebis konferenciebis, seminarebis, forumebis da bazrobebis

Catareba;

_ biznes-angelozebis sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebis xelSewyoba

da koleqtiuri investirebis formebis ganviTareba;

_ biznes-angelozebisa da mewarmeebis daxmareba inovaciuri proeqtebis

marTvaSi, maTi uzrunvelyofa kvalificiuri sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT da

kadrebiT;

_ perspeqtiuli samewarmeo ideebis moZieba da eqspertiza (SerCeva, winaswari

Seswavla, detaluri Semowmeba, monitoringi);

_ biznes-angelozTa adgilobrivi qselebis Seqmna da ganviTareba;

_ biznes-angelozTa saerTaSoriso qselebSi integrireba.

asociaciis mTavari prioriteti iqneba evropis biznes-angelozTa qselsa da

evropis venCuruli kapitalis asociaciaSi gawevrianeba, rac xels Seuwyobs

saqarTveloSi `saTesle~ investiciebis sferoSi mowinave saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis

gaziarebas, evropul institutebSi integracias, erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorci-

elebasa da maRalteqnologiuri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. asociaciisa da

universitetis bazaze Sesabamisi samagistro programis momzadebiT, agreTve,

treningebis organizebiTa da konsaltingis sxva formebis gamoyenebiT ganxorcieldeba

inovaciuri menejmentis sferoSi specialistTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba. moxdeba

samecniero kvlevaTa evropuli sivrcis standartebTan miaxloeba, rac evrokavSiris

samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli

nawili da saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis modelze gadasvlis

sawindaria.

97

transnacionaluri kompaniebi saqarTvelos

ekonomikaSi1

nika grZeliSvili

SoTa kupataZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asist. prof. d. sixaruliZe

kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba da misi aqtiuri migracia Tanamedrove

msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawilia, am procesSi tnk-ebis roli

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. tnk es aris firma ,romelic akontrolebs aqtivebs,

axdens saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoebas erTze met qveyanaSi. tnk-ebis

sagareo bazarze gasvlis umTavresi saSualeba aris pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi, (pui). aseTi investiciebi aris msoflio ekonomikaSi, rogorc

eqsportiori, aseve importiori qveynis integraciis da maTi konkurentuli

upiratesobebis realizaciis umTavresi saSualeba. P pui-s gavlena ekonomikaze Zalian didia, ekonomikuri zrdis

uzrunvelyofaSi pui-s Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. erT-erTi meTodia

leontievis modeli, romlis mixedviT sabaziso wlis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis

miuxedavad, gardatexis wertili ekonomikaSi ar miiRweva manam, sanam qveyanaSi

ucxouri investiciebis saSualo wliuri tempi ar iqneba daaxloebiT mSp-s 5%,

xolo momdevno wlebSi stabilurad unda xdebodes misi zrda. mniSvnelovania

is faqtic rom gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi gadamwyvetia ara imdenad

importirebuli kapitalis moculoba, ramdenadac misi ganawileba dargebis da

seqtorebis mixedviT. zogadad pui sasargebloa maSin, roca mTliani inves-

ticiebi pui-is zrdis paralelurad izrdeba, da xdeba axali teqnologiebis da

menejeruli unar_Cvevebis aTviseba., Tumca transnacionaluri kapitalis

Tavisufalma gadaadgilebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas erovnuli valutis

stabilurobas da qveynis finansur sistemas, tnk-ebis saqmianobis motivacia SeiZleba 4 tipad warmovadginoT:

1. resursebis maZieblebi

2. bazris maZieblebi

3. efeqtianobis maZieblebi

4. strategiuli aqtivebis maZieblebi

resursebis maZieblebi arian sawarmoebi romlebic ucxoeTSi axdenen

investirebas im mizniT rom miiRon maTTvis gansakuTrebuli resursebi ufro

dabali realuri QRirebulebiT, vidre sakuTar qveyanaSi,

saqarTveloSi pirdapir ucxour investirebas dRemde ZiriTadad swored

resursebis maZieblebi axorcieleben. saqarTveloSi bevri auTvisebeli resursia

da maTi aTviseba adgilobrivi saxsreboT ver xerxdeba, Sesabamisad ucxoel

investorebs eZlevaT saSualeba aiTvison es resursebi da miiRon sargebeli.


konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.

98

bazris maZieblebi arian sawarmoebi, romlebic invetirebas axdenen rome-

lime konkretul qveyanaSi an regionSi, raTa uzrunvelyon saqonlis an mom-

saxurebis miwodeba am qveynis an mezobeli qveynebis bazrebze. Uunda aRiniSnos

rom miuxedavad saqarTvelos bazris mcire moculobisa, saqarTveloSi ucxouri

firmebis erTi nawili swored adgilobriv bazarze moTxovnis dakmayofilebis

mizniT Semovidnen, (jeoseli, gazpromi, lukoili).

efeqtianobis maZieblebi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saSualebiT

kompaniis efeqtianobis amaRleba gulisxmobs resursebis imgvarad ganawilebas

rom moxdes maqsimaluri ukugebis miReba, rac riskebis diversificirebiT

miiRweva. aseTi tnk-ebi saqarTveloSi ar muSaoben.

strategiuli aqtivebis maZieblebi tnk-ebis bolo tipia, da gulisxmobs

mocemuli kompaniis mier ucxouri korporaciis aqtivebis aTvisebas da misi

GgrZelvadiani strategiuli miznebis , gansakuTrebiT ki konkurentunarianobis

SenarCunebas.

saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis udidesi nawili swored inves-

torTa aRniSnul jgufs ekuTvnis, maT Semosvlas ZiriTadad qveynis xelsayreli

geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebs, igi uZvelesi “abreSumis gzis“ erT _

erTi sakvanZo punqtia, msoflio bazrebis damakavSirebeli sazRvao, sarkinigzo,

saavtomobilo, milsadeni marSrutebi saqarTveloSi warmoebuli biznesisaTvis

satransporto xarjebis Semcirebasa da farTo saerTaSoriso kavSirebis

ganviTarebis winapirobaa.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze uamravi tnk da tnb operirebs. Yyvelaze mZlav-

ri tnk-ebi saTbob_energetikul kompleqsSi muSaobs, (“British Petroleum”, “Gazprom”

,,Lukoili” da sxva). magaliTad; baqo_sufsis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaSi monawi-

leobda 12 umsxvilesi tnk. maT Soris - “Exxon”, Amoko, “Lukoili” da sxv. mniSvne-

lovani investiciebi ganxorcielda momsaxurebis sferoSi. Ffexi moikides saer-

TaSoriso kompaniebma_ “Mariot”, “Sheraton”, “silk road grup”. Ggaixsna safirmo

maRaziebi, “Mcdonalds” da tnk-ebis momsaxurebis centrebi. :” Sony”, “nokia”, “ hundai” . “

Toyota” , “ Nissan”. Dda a. S. dafuZndnen germaniis, TurqeTis, israelis, safinanso

organizaciebi.

sabanko seqtorSi Semovida transnacionaluri banki “Republic”. saqarTve-

los telekomunikaciebis provaiderma, “kavkasus onlainma” da aSS–s tnk “tyco

telecommunications” _ ma xeli moaweres kontrakqts zRvis fskerze 1100 km iani

optikur-boWkovani sistemis mSeneblobaze, romelic saqarTvelos Savi zRvis

navsadgurs bulgareTis qalaq varnasTan daakavSirebs, es sistema qarTul baz-

rebs Tanamedrove zRvisqveSa optikur-boWkovani kabeliT pirdapir daakavSirebs

dasavleT evropasTan. mas SesaZlebloba eqneba TiTo wyvili boWkovani kabelis

meSveobiT 6410 gigibaitis sagrZis talRebi gaataros.

TbilisSi univermag “Tbilisis“ adgilas Sendeba komerciuli, gasarTobi

da saqmiani centri “Willbrook platinum Tbilisi plaza”. Aaxal proeqts, romlis Rire-

buleba 100 mln dolaria, tnk “Willbrook Management International“ da arqiteqturisa

da mSeneblobis menejmentSi msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani kompania “Bovis lend

99

lease” axorcieleben. Ees proeqti 85 aTas kvadratul metrs daikavebs da masSi

aTasamde adamiani dasaqmdeba.

2007 wlamde izrdeba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba, rac

ganapiroba bolo periodSi SedarebiT stabilurma viTarebam, da metnaklebad

warmatebulma reformebma.

diagramaze kargad Cans pui-is zrdadi dinamika, samwuxarod Sedegi kargi

ar aris, ar izrdeba eqsporti, ar xdeba Tanamedrove menejeruli unar-Cvevebis

aTviseba, ar inergeba Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, izrdeba

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2000-2008 wlebSi1

Ddiagrama 1

importi, sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti izrdeba, eqsporti imports

daaxloebiT 4 jer CamorCeba, paradoqsulad Cans, izrdeba investiciebi, da

izrdeba sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti.

Ddeficiti ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli:

1. investiciebi ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferoSia, sadac ar iqmneba

maRali damatebiTi Rirebulebis produqcia, anu saeqsporto saqoneli ar iqmneba,

ZiriTadad spekulaciuri kapitali moZraobs da ara produqtiuli.

2. ucxour investiciebsa da adgilobriv investiciebs Soris

konkurenciuli brZola ar mimdinareobs, rac ekonomikuri zrdis

ganmapirobebeli faqtoria;

3. ar aris kargi biznes-garemo rac xels Seuwyobs ufro meti

produqtiuli investiciebis mozidvas.

Cven CavatareT kvleva, gamovikiTxeT 100 respondenti (mecnierebi,

studentebi da biznesmenebi) da SevimuSaveT biznes-garemos riskis saerTo

indeqsis kriteriumebi, (politikuri stabiluroba, ekonomikuri zrda). K

1 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti

100

kvlevis Sedegebi Semdegi saxisaa:

gamokiTxuli respodentebis 43%-s miaCnia, rom qveyana maRali riskiT

xasiaTdeba, rasac umravlesobis azriT politikuri arastabiluroba iwvevs. 25%

Tvlis rom ekonomika moumwifebelia, 27%-is azriT, qveyana Zalze maRali riskiT

xasiaTdeba, xolo 5%-is gagebiT, qveyanaSi naklebad xelsayreli garemoa

inveticiebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

sainvesticio garemos Sefaseba

Ddiagrama 2

pui-s erT-erTi saintereso Tvisebaa Siga investiciebis ,,CaTrevis” didi

SesaZlebloba. mocemuli efeqti moqmedebs Semdegi mimarTulebiT: sasaqonlo

da finansur bazrebze konkurenciis stimulirebisa da mimReb qveyanaSi

teqnikuri efeqtianobis gadidebis saSualebiT. tnk-ebs SeuZliaT Siga

firmebis gaaqtiureba. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aRweven ganviTarebadi

qveynebis adgilobriv bazarze, sadac ukve saqmianobas eweva samamamulo firmebi.

msxvil ganviTarebad qveynebSic ki, Siga bazari, rogorc wesi, ar aris didi da

masze moqmedebs pirobebi, romelic ganapirobebs oligopolis an monopoliis

ganviTarebas. aseT pirobebSi, adgilobriv bazarze ucxouri firmebis SeRwevas,

romlebic floben Tanamedrove teqnologiebs, SeuZlia uzrunvelyos samamulo

firmebis aqtiuroba, ubiZgos maT teqnologiuri efe-qtianobis gadidebisken.

empiriuli analizi adasturebs, rom tnk-ebis SeRwevam rigi qveynis zogierT

dargSi dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina adgilobrivi firmebis mwarmoeblurobaze.

sxva mxriv cnobilia, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi tnk-ebis SeRweva mimRebi qveynis

zogierT dargSi zrdida sabazro koncentracias. Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare tnk-

ebi Cveulebriv moqmedeben im dargebSi, romelTac aqvT koncentraciis maRali done.

garda amisa, maT SeuZliaT gamodevnon SedarebiT mcire an araefeqtiani samamulo

firmebi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, pui-s mniSvnelovani nawili modis mcire

da saSualo sawarmoebis STanTqmaze privatizebis an adgilobrivi kerZo firmebis

gayidvis saSualebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, aris saSiSroeba, rom msxvilma tnk-ebma

Zalzed maRali riski

qveyana maRali riskiT

moumwifebeli ekonomika

SedarebiT naklebad xelsayreli garemo

101

konkurentuli upiratesobisa da agresiuli taqtikis gamoyenebiT gamoiwvios sabazro

koncetraciis gaZliereba da adgilobrivi warmoebis Seviwroeba. ra mdgomareobaa

am mxriv saqarTveloSi? ramdenad didia ucxouri seqtoris investiciuri

potenciali da ra gavlenas axdens pui saerTo sainvesticio aqtiurobaze?

,,CaTrevis” da ,,gamodevnis” efeqtis analizi moiTxovs zogierTi raodenobrivi

maCveneblis gamo-yenebas. amisaTvis CavweroT tolobis ZiriTadi balansi: It=Dt+Ft,

sadac I _ investiciebis erToblivi normaa, D _ Siga investiciebis erToblivi wili

mSp-Si, F _ ucxouri inve-sticiebis wili mSp-Si, t _ dro.

Ppui-s martivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, Siga investiciebis formirebis

TvalTaxedviT, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Siga investiciebis absolituri

elastikurobis koeficienti (E ) ucxourTan mimarTebiT. (ix. cxrili 1).

E = ∆D/∆F (1)

D da F mniSvnelobebSi Zlieri sxvaobis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, rasac

adgili aqvs pui-s mozidvis sawyis stadiaze, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Siga

investiciebis SefardebiTi elastikurobis koeficienti (G) ucxourTan

mimarTebiT. (ix. cxrili 7).

G = (∆D/D) / (∆F/F) (2)

Tu E > 0, maSin ekonomikaSi adgili aqvs ucxouri da Siga investiciebis

multiplikaciur efeqts, rodesac pirveli CarTavs meores da amiT iZleva

saSualebas miT ufro aqtiurad warmarTos kvlavwarmoebis procesi. aseT

efeqts ewodeba ,,CaTrevis efeqti”. Tu E < 0, maSin adgili aqvs erTi saxeobis

investiciebis mier meoreTi gamodevnas, e.i. ,,gamo-devnis efeqts”. im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu ∆F < 0, da ∆D > 0, maSin Siga investiciebi STanTqaven ucxours, xolo ∆F >

0, da ∆D < 0, piriqiT ucxouri investiciebi devnis adgilobrivs. naTelia, rom

,,CaTrevis efeqti” niSnavs maqsimalurad komfortul sainvesticio klimats,

xolo gamodevnis efeqti damaxa- siaTebelia iseTi situaciisaTvis, rodesac

adgili aqvs Siga da ucxour investiciebs Soris konkurencias.

qvemoT motanili cxrilis mixedviT gaangariSebuli maCveneblebi garkveul

warmodgenas gviqmnian saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul pui-is xasiaTze.

investiciebi ZiriTad kapitalSi saqarTveloSi 2000-2006 wlebSi (mln

larebSi)1

cxrili 1

wlebi 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi 259,8 227,3 367,0 728,0 958,2 814,1

2030,7

Sida investiciebi 1318,6 1645,5 525 1559,7 1739,4 2447,3 1493,5

mTliani investiciebi 1578,4

1872,8 1892,0 2287,7 2697,6 3261,4 3524,2

1 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti

102

ucxouri da Siga investiciebis elastikurobis maCvenebeli

saqarTveloSi 1996-2006 wlebSi

cxrili 2

rogorc meore cxrilidan Cans, gamodevnis efeqti wlebis Sesabamisad

aWarbebs CaTrevis efeqts. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo politika mimarTuli

unda iyos imaze, rom qveyanaSi Seiqmnas maqsimalurad konkurentuli da

komfortuli garemo sufTa transnacionaluri kapitalisTvis da moxdes qeynis

mier im dadebiTi faqtorebis gamoyeneba, romelic Tan sdevs aRniSnuli saxis

kapitalis moZraobas. swored is dadebiTi faqtorebi uzrunvelyofen qveynis

ekonomikis grZelvadian zrdas.

Ddrois intervali Eelastikurobis

absoluturi koeficienti

Eelastikurobis

SefardebiTi koeficienti

1996-1997 -0.195 -0.19

1997-1998 0.206 0.09

1998-1999 -0.865 -0.24

1999-2000 -0.343 -0.4

2001-2002 -0.85 -0.08

2002-2003 0.96 0.07

2003-2004 0.78 0.09

2005-2006 -0.78 -0.06

103

globaluri finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo1

nino oqruaSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili

bolo dros gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda msoflio ekonomikuri da

finansuri krizisis Tema. gamoiTqva mravali mosazreba misi gamomwvevi mizezebisa da

daZlevis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. mecnierTa erTi nawili yvelafris saTaved amerikis

finansuri seqtoris gadaWarbebul zrdas asaxelebs. msoflio finansuri krizisis

pirveli niSnebi 2006-2007 wlebSi gamoCnda. warmoiSva moxmarebis bumi, romelmac

sakvebi produqtebis, navTobis da nedleulis fasi arnaxul niSnulebamde awia. amas

moyva fasebis swrafi vardna, Semcirda navTobis, mravali sawarmoo mniSvnelobis

nedleulisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebi. sakredito da sabanko sistemis

gadatvirtvis gamo warmoiSva ipoTekuri krizisi, romelmac Seanela ekonomikuri

ganviTareba. jerjerobiT saxelmwifoTa da finansur dawesebulebaTa CareviT

situacia regulirdeba, Tumca zemoqmedeba yovelTvis ver iqneba warmatebuli,

mosalodnelia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mkveTri Seferxeba da finansuri bazrebis

gakotreba.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ciklurobasTan erTad mimdinare krizisis gamomwvev

mizezad saxeldeba amerikis safinanso-sabanko sistemis kraxi. aSS-Si 2000-2004

wlebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisas sabanko sistemaSi Warbad dagrovda finansuri

resursebi. saxelmwifo da bankebi uxvad gascemdnen egreTwodebul iaf sesxebs, raTa

ekonomikuri zrdisTvis SeewyoT xeli da gaejerebinaT bazari iafi fuliT. amis

Sedegad warmoiSva e.w. finansuri buSti. mravalma kreditorma Sewyvita kreditebis

dafarva. faqtobrivad moaxloebuli krizisis cikli gaRrmavda. warmoSobilma

inflaciam, kreditebisTvis aucilebeli kapitalis ZiriTadi wyaro _ moqalaqeebi,

gadaxdisuunaro gaxada.

bolo wlis manZilze sagrZnoblad daeca saerTaSoriso indeqsebis maCveneblebi.

indeqsebis kleba axasiaTebs rogorc finansur kriziss, aseve recesias. amitom

warmoiSoba dapirspireba: recesia ar iZleva saSualebas refinansirebis ganakveTi

gaizardos, (cnobisTvis federaluri sarezervo sistemis refinansirebis ganakveTi

aris 2%) 2 , xolo zrdadi inflacia moiTxovs refinansirebis wilis gazrdas.

situacia stagflaciis xasiaTs iRebda. arsebobs safrTxe realuri seqtorisTvisac-

kreditebi da dafinanseba mcirdeba, mcirdeba ndobac da sul ufro naklebi saSualeba

rCeba kerZo biznesis dasafinanseblad.


konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili. 2 gazeTi “komersanti”, № 183(4000), 09.10.2008

104

krizisi umTavresad Seexo amerikis finansur institutebs. xuTi wamyvani

sainvesticio banki Tavisi pirvandeli formiT aRar arsebobs: Bear Stearns gaiyida,

Lehman Brothers gakotrda, Merrill Lynch gaiyida, Goldman Sachs da Morgan Stanley-m

ki Sewyvites sainvesticio saqmianoba maRal riskebTan da dafinansebis saWiroebidan

gamomdinare. krizisis dasaZlevad da qveynis umTavresi bankebis gakotrebisgan

dasacavad aSS mTavrobam sarezervo fondidan 250 miliardi dolari gamoyo1. agreTve

gakeTda gancxadeba, rom aSS-s mTavroba Seisyidda strategiulad mniSvnelovani

bankebis aqciebs. Tumca ekonomistTa umetesoba Tvlis rom aseTi saxis erTjeradi

daxmarebebi ar iZleva realur safuZvels finansuri krizisidan gamosasvlelad.

krizisi agreTve ganapiroba gauwonasworebelma finansurma politikam.

aRmavlobis wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneboda finansuri nakadebis zrda, finansuri

garigebebis mzardi tempi ar asaxavda ekonomikis realuri seqtorebis zrdas.

faqtobrivad garigebebi ideboda ise, rom haeri da iluzia iyideboda. krizisis

pirvelma dartymebma 2008 wlis zafxulSi iCina Tavi. daiwyo inflaciuri procesebi,

romelic dolaridan gadaedo masTan mWidrod dakavSirebul savaluto da ekonomikur

sistemebsac. fasebi mkveTrad avarda, Semdeg ki dacema daiwyo.

navTobis gaZvirebam gazarda sxva produqciis fasic (magaliTad, kvebis produqtebis,

radgan maTi transportirebis xarjebi gaizarda) Semcirda avtomobilebis Sesyidvebi.

mravali sawarmo Semcirda an sruliad daixura. sawarmoo procesis Seferxebam

resursebze moTxovna Seamcira, Sesabamisad Semcirda samompoveblo saqmianobac.

udidesma navTobmompoveblebma gadawyvites navTobis mopovebis Semcireba, raTa fasebis

niSnuli garkveul zRvarze SeenarCunebinaT. magaliTisTvis wlis dasawyisSi erTi

bareli navTobis fasi aWarbebda 100$-s, 11 ivliss 147,27$, xolo 24 oqtombers erTi

bareli navTobis fasi 61$-mde daeca.

sawarmoo da sabanko sferoebis krizisma mravali momuSavis gaTavisufleba

gamoiwvia. daixura sawarmoebi da mcire filialebi, kompaniebma xarjebis

Sesamcireblad momuSaveTa gaTavisufleba daiwyes. aman kidev ufro Seamcira bankebis

aqtivebi, agreTve Semcirda saxelmwifos Semosavali gadasaxadebidan. umuSevrobam aSS-

Si 6 procentamde aiwia, Tumca varaudoben, rom es maCvenebeli momavalSi kidev

aiwevs. Aman Tavis mxriv gaauaresa mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba, erToblivma

moTxovnam kidev ufro dabla daiwia da warmoebis moculobac mis kvaldakval

Semcirda.

amerikaSi dawyebuli krizisi maleve gadaedo evropas, romelsac mWidro

finansuri da ekonomikri urTierTibebi qonda aSS-sTan. globaluri msoflios

pirobebSi, rodesac arsebobs saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi da finansuri institutebi,

erT adgilas dawyebuli tendencia sakmaod swrafad vrceldeba. dolaris kursis

dacemam ganapiroba masTan dakavSirebuli valutebis kursis vardnac. mravali qveynis

1 www.k2kapital.com

105

bankebs gaaCnda sagareo kreditebi, romlebic saerTo jamSi sakmaod did maCvenebels

Seadgendnen. krizisis gamo bankebis realuri aqtivebi Semcirda da isini am sagareo

kreditebis aragadaxdisunarianebi gaxdnen. evropis wamyvani bankebi gakotrebis piras

aRmoCndnen. zogierTi qveynis mTavrobam strategiuli mniSvnelobis bankebis

gadasarCenad maTi garantad dadgoma ikisra. Tumca zogi bankis sagareo vali am

qveynis biujetsac ki aWarbebda, magaliTad, islandiis sami wamyvani bankis (Kaupthing,

Glitnir da Landsbanki) sagareo vali 106 miliard dolars Seadgenda, roca mTliani Siga

produqtis moculoba 14 miliardia.1

krizisis masStaburobis gamo wamyvani qveynebis mmarTvelma organoebma

SeTanxmebul moqmedebebs mimarTes, gadawyda saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba. am

RonisZiebaze mxolod iaponiis centralurma bankma ganacxada uari. didi rvianis

Sexvedrebze miRebul iqna gadawyvetilebebi, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba yvela

Zalasa da resusrs ixmarda strategiuli mniSvnelobis finansuri institutebis

kraxis Tavidan asacileblad. gadawyda agreTve, rom krizisidan gamosvlis dromde

saxelmwifoebi daudgebodnen garantad bankebis mier mozidul kreditebs, kreditebi

aRebul unda iqnes 5 wliani vadiT. sistemuri mniSvnelobis bankebis kapitalis

Sesavsebad ki saxelmwifoebs miecaT ufleba SeesyidaT bankebis privilegirebuli

aqciebi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi biujetidan gamoeyoT daxmareba.

krizisis gamo evropaSi ekonomika 0,2%-iT daeca. finansurma krizisma realur

seqtorsac miayena dartyma. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda avtomwarmoeblebis industria

da samSeneblo sfero. amerikasa da evropaSi Semcirda msubuqi avtomobilebis gayid-

vaTa moculoba, wamyvanma firmebma Seamcires warmoeba, daxures Svilobili sawarmoebi

da filialebi, raTa gakotrebisgan gadarCeniliyvnen. samSeneblo sferoSi ki bolo 5

wlis manZilze mSeneblobaTa gaormagebuli tempi daeca. samSeneblo kopaniebi veRar

iRebdnen kreditebs bankebidan da gayidvaTa moculobac sagrZnoblad Semcirda.2

saqarTveloSi msoflio krizisiT gamowveuli mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaau-

aresa agvistoSi ganviTarebulma samxedro moqmedebebma. am movlenam didi zarali mia-

yena qveynis ekonomikas da mosaxleobas. mraval regionSi ganadgurda infrastruq-

tura, mosaxleobis nawili daiRupa, didi nawili ki iZulebuli gaxda gadasaxlebu-

liyo. sazRvargareT saxelmwifos mouwia gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis gaReba saomar

moqmedebebze, dazianebuli infrastruqturis aRdgenaze, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli

mosaxleobis daxmarebaze da a.S. omma daazarala soflis meurneoba, turistuli biz-

nesi, samSeneblo da sadazRveo biznesi, agreTve warmoebis mravali dargi. saxelmwi-

fos daawva gazrdili socialuri danaxarjebi, amave dros Semcirda gadasaxadebidan

miRebuli Semosavali. eqspertTa SefasebiT mTliani fiskaluri deficiti 2008 wels

804 mln dolars Seadgenda. sagadasaxdelo balansisMmimdinare angariSis deficiti

1 www.wikipedia.org

2 www.eib.org

106

bolo 3 wlis manZilze 2jer gaizarda, rac samomxmareblo bumiT da importis

zrdiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tumca garRveva ar xdeboda, radgan ucxouri investici-

ebiT xdeboda deficitis dafarva. gvistos movlenebis Semdgom ucxouri investiciebi

Semcirda, magram Semcirda importis moculobac, ase rom deficiti isev imave maCve-

nebelze darCa. Tumca grZelvadian periodSi mosalodnelia sagadasaxdelo balansis

gauareseba Semcirebuli ucxouri dafinansebis gamo, romelic 2004-2007 wlebSi mSp-

s 22,5%-s Seadgenda.

pirdapir danakargebTan erTad saxelmwifoSi gauaresda sainvesticio garemo.

saomari moqmedebebis gamo mosaxleobam didi odenobiT gaitana bankebidan danazogebi,

ramac sabanko seqtors gamoacala ZiriTadi samoqmedo iaraRi. fuladi saSualebebis

deficitis gamo bankebma Sewyvites kreditebis gacema, ramac Tavis mxriv Seanela

ekonomikuri procesebi da muSaoba im firmebis, romlebic sabanko kreditebze iyvnen

damokidebulni, maT Soris samSeneblo biznesi, romelic ZiriTadad bankidan aRebuli

kreditebiT axorcielebda Tavis saqmianobas. inflaciis gamo Semcirda mosaxleobis

msyidvelobiTunarianoba, ramac Seamcira erToblivi moTxovna da samSeneblo kom-

paniebis gayidvebi, Semcirda Semosavali da amave dros gaizarda gaZvirebuli masalis

SesaZenad gaweuli danaxarjebi1.

qveynis arastabiluri politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo Semcirda

ucxoelTa ndoba, ramac Seamcira turistuli nakadebi da am dargidan miRebuli Semo-

savali. daiklo ucxoel investorTa ndobam, Semcirda rogorc pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi, agreTve sabanko kreditebi, ramac kerZo kapitalis nakadebi sagZnoblad

Sekveca. gadaido rigi samomavlo proeqtebi, magaliTad, foTSi navTobgadamamuSavebeli

qarxnis mSenebloba.

Semcirda mTliani Siga produqtis zrdis tempebi. wina wlebis ganmavobaSi mSp-s

zrda 10%-s Seadgenda, wlis dasawyisSi navaraudevi wliuri 9%-iani mateba saomari

moqmedebebis gamo 9%-dan 3.5%-mde Semcirda 1 . danaklisis dafarva garkveulwilad

SeiZleba ucxouri daxmarebebis xarjze moxdes, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam, bolo

periodSi, saqarTvelos 4.5 miliardi dolaris odenobis daxmareba gamouyo, magram

Tu saxsrebi grZelvadian miznebSi ar iqna daxarjuli, es erTjeradi daxmareba ver

aanazRaurebs ekonomikuri da safinansi sferos danakargebs. krizisidan gamosvlisTvis

mizanSewonili iqneba ekonomikis realuri seqtoris zrda, warmoebis reabilitacia da

axali sawarmoebis amoqmedeba. iafi kreditebis politikaze produqtiuli iqneba

saprocento ganakvetis subsidirebis programa. sabanko sferoSi resursebis mosazidad

saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas garantiebis sistema, romelic daicavs meanabreebs da

ucxoel investorebs, romelTa saSualebebi bankebis ZiriTad aqtivebs warmoadgens.

Tavis mxriv, sabanko sferom unda gaafarTovos sasesxo-sakredito operaciebi, raTa

ekonomikurma subieqtebma SeZlon saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da Semosavlis miReba,

rac bankisTvis sesxebis dabrunebis winapiroba iqneba.

107

2008 wlis bolos da 2009 wlis dasawyisSi gatarda rigi antikrizisuli

RonisZiebebi _ gamoiyo erTjeradi daxmarebebi sabanko sferosa da biznesis kerZo

seqtorisaTvis. wlis dasawyisSi SemuSavda saxelmwifo antikrizisuli programis

farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli stimulirebis gegma. mis farglebSi gamoiyo 2 miliard

2 milioniani daxmarebis paketi, romelic socialur programebsa da ekonomikis

ganviTarebas unda moxmareboda 1 . regionebs aqtiurad unda mieRoT monawileoba saku-

Tari biujetis marTvaSi. gamoyofili daxmarebis udidesi nawili, miliard 600

milioni unda moxmareboda socialur programebs, xolo 250 milioni uSualod

ekonomikis stimulirebas. xelisuflebis gancxadebiT mocemuli programis da kri-

zisis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos umTavresi amocanaa samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, adgi-

lobrivi firmebisa da mewarmeebis stimulireba da ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa.

samwuxarod mocemuli antikrizisuli programa umeteswilad erTjeradi

daxmarebis saxes ufro atarebs, vidre ekonomikis realurad mastimulirebeli

RonisZiebisa. gzebis mSeneblobaze da infrastruqturis aRdgenaze dasaqmebuli xalxi

araa sakmarisi biznes-aqtivobis uzrunvelsayofad da mosaxleobis keTildReobis

asamaRleblad grZelvadian periodSi. aucilebelia imis gaazreba, rom saqarTveloSi

kriziss msoflio krizisisgan gansxvavebuli winapirobebi da maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, da

saWiroa maTi gaanalizeba da mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba. mxolod amis Semdgom iqneba

SesaZlebeli krizisiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba da momavali ganviTarebis

uzrunvelyofa.

1 www.presa.ge

108

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia1

TaTuli duSuaSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: prof. r. gvelesiani

rogor unda miaRwios qveyanam warmatebas mewarmeobis sferoSi? rogor miaRwies

mas msoflios sxadasxa qveynis sxvadasxva sawarmoebma? msoflioSi arsebobs uamravi

ucnobi, didi warmatebis mqone sawarmo, romlebic yuradRebis miRma darCnen. es aris

msoflio masStabiT saukeTeso mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis sfero, ùcnob

liderTa~, igive `farul CempionTa samyaro~. maTi wili msoflio bazarze 70-90%-s

Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kvlav ucnobni arian, Cven mudam maTi nawarmiTa

da servisiT varT garemoculni.

ram ganapiroba am sawarmoebis warmateba?

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis umaRlesi rangis warmomadgenlebi gabneulia

warmoebisa da momsaxurebis yvela dargSi. msoflio bazris liderTa mesamedze meti

(37%) manqanaTmSeneblobaze modis. isini gansakuTrebiT kargad arian warmodgenilni

agreTve eleqtromrewvelobaSi, liTondamuSavebasa da qimiaSi.

originalobis, xarisxisa da profesionalizmis gansakuTrebuli SerwymiT mcire da

saSualo mewarmeni msoflio bazrisaken gzas ukvalaven TavianT saqonelsa da

momsaxurebas. magram amasTanave `faruli Cempionebi~ araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

ugulvebelyofen momxmarebels. qveynis Sida bazarze TavianTi maRalspecializebuli

miwodebiT isini inarCuneben saSualod 44%-is Sesabamis wils, maTi udidesi

konkurenti ki, piriqiT, am sididis mxolod naxevars aRwevs.

iqneb warmatebis mizezi mewarmeobis profilia?

msoflio donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi TavianTi arsebobis 80 wels

iTvlian da upiratesad ojaxur sakuTrebas warmoadgenen. nebismier farul Cempions

gaaCnia daaxloebiT aTi sazRvargareTuli filiali, rogorc msoflio bazarze

mkveTri orientirebis sarkiseburi asaxva.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, rogorc msoflio bazris liderebi, emyarebian

ufro imas, rac amarTlebs, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavs eqperimentebis ufleba miscen.

amis damadasturebelia is, rom maTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ori mesamedi imyofeba

`sasicocxlo ciklis~ simwifis fazaSi, mxolod 30% danergvis an zrdis fazaSi.

amasTan, isini araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ugulebelyofen inovaciebs.

maT warmatebas mewarmeobis politika xom mar gansazRvravs?

1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna èkonomikuri politikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da

daimsaxura saprizo adgili.

109

`super sawarmoebis~ warmatebebi sxvadasxva faqtorebis mizandasaxuli

urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. maT Soris arsebiTia:

sakuTari saqonlisa da momsaxurebisaTvis msoflio bazris marTvis miRweva, misi

dapyroba;

ZiriTad kompetenciebze koncentracia, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis

specializacia gafarToebis nacvlad;

nawarmze mudmivi zrunva, uaxloesi miRwevebis warmoebis procesSi danergvisa da

gamoyenebis ganuwyvetloba;

momxmarebelTan rac SeiZleba meti siaxlove, raTa maTi survilebisa da problemebis

gadawyvetis kompetenciis gaTvaliswineba dagegmvis fazaSi iyos SesaZlebeli;

mewarmeobis kulturaze orientireba, rac TanamSromelTa motivirebas axdens. marTvis

am stilis sazRauria TanamSromlebis avadmyofobis dabali done, naklebi denadoba da

didi SemoqmedebiTunarianoba.1

ratom darCnen msoflios donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi specialuri presisa

da mecnierTa yuradRebis gareSe? amis mizezad SegviZlia miviCnioT is, rom maTi

produqcia xSirad uxilavi da SeumCnevelia, radgan sxva saxis nawarmis damzadebis

process emsaxureba an saboloo produqtSi iferfleba an kidev mis komponentad

iqceva. kidev erT mizezad SegviZlia davasaxelod Tavad mewarmeTa survili ucnobad

darCenisa. da mainc vin arian msoflio donis liderebi, romelnic `farul

Cempionebad~ gvevlinebian? esenia:

`brita~ (`Brita~). saojaxo meurneobis wylis filtris bazari `britas~ mier

Seiqmna. is, rogorc am saqmis pioneri, gamudmebiT ibrZoda Tavisi wamyvani poziciebis

dasacavad. misi msoflio bazris wili amJamad 85%-ia.

`STili~ (`Stihl~). `STilis~ Zraviani xerxebi mTel msoflioSi gamoiyeneba. igi

metad inovaciuri sawarmoa. `STilis~ msoflio bazris wili misi uZlieresi

konkurentebis wilze daaxloebiT orjer metia.

`haribo~ (`Haribo~). `haribos~ `rezinis daTuniebi~ evropasa da aSS-Si erTnairad

popularulia. man, rogorc am tkbileulis mwarmoebelma, SeZlo dasavlur samyaroSi

msoflio bazris aSkarad upiratesi poziciis mopoveba.

`gerietsi~ (`Gerriets~). es sawarmo amzadebs Teatris fardebsa da scenis

mowyobilobebs. is aris scenis didi fardebis erTaderTi mwarmoebeli mTel

msoflioSi. ase rom, is msoflio bazris 100%-s flobs.

1 revaz gvelesiani. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis watrmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999

gv. 7

110

`faruli Cempionebis~ umetesoba TavianTi wilis safuZvelze bazris

`mmarTvelad~ gvevlineba. maT umetesobas wamyvani poziciebi mravali wlis manZilze

uWiravs. isini axerxeben ara mxolod bazris soliduri wilis dakavebas, aramed mis

SenarCunebasac. aSkarad gamokveTili bazris wilis ukan imaleba ufro Rrma ram-

fsiqologiuri xelmZRvaneloba, romelsac aqvs pretenzia daamkvidros dargebis

standarti, gansazRvros marTvis wesebi da moaxdinos maTi modifikacia, e.i. pretenzia

imisa, rom iyos saukeTeso an #1. `faruli Cempionebi~ miznis dasaxvisa da

strategiis formulirebisas sxvadasxva meTodebs iyeneben. erT-erTi aseTia-

`dagegmvis strategia~. is naTel da kargad Camoyalibebul miznebs saxavs, rac

emyareba formalur kontrols, raTa maTi Sesruleba uzrunvelyos. `farul

CempionebTan~, didi sawarmoebisgan gansxvavebiT, dagegmvisa da misi

ganxorcielebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli erTi da igive pirovnebaa, romelic fsevdozusti

cifrebiTa da aramyari grZelvadiani prognozebiT Tavs ar iwuxebs. Tuki gegmebi ar

realizdeba ise, rogorc navaraudevi iyo, maSin pasuxismgebeli piri mas strategias

Seusabamebs. es meTodi `TviTganviTarebad strategiad~ aris cnobili. rac Seexeba

`samewarmeo strategias~, individs, romelic organizacias akontrolebs, SeuZlia

misi momavlis ganWvreta mTlianad sawarmoze gadaitanos da radganac mgegmavi imave

dros realizatoric aris, mas SeuZlia TandaTanobiT reagireba moaxdinos

moqmedebaTa Sedegebze. Seasabamisobis unarianoba ganasxvavebs `samewarmeo strategias~

`dagegmili strategiisagan~. pirveli tovebs sivrces moqnilobisaTvis - zustad

aRwerili miznebis sakompensaciod.

`super sawarmoebi~ gansazRvraven TavianT bazrebs `viwrod~ da ara `farTod~ da

axdenen maT maRalspecializebul damuSavebas. maT mier bazris gansazRvra Semdegi

TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba:

gaiTvaliswineba rogorc momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebi, aseve saqonlis,

momsaxurebisa da teqnologiebis perspeqtivebi;

`faruli Cempionebi~ TavianT bazrebs kargad icnoben, rac maT specializaciasa da

bazarTan siaxloves gansazRvravs;

mravali `super sawarmo~ TviTon qmnis bazris super niSebs. zogierTebi ki aviTareben

erTaderTi saxis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelic gansazRvravs maT sakuTar

bazaars;

bazris asortimenti ufro `Rrmaa~, vidre `farTo~, rac qmnis specializaciis iseT

xarisxsa da srulyofas, romelsac konkurentebi Znelad Tu miaRweven;

`super sawarmoebi~ msoflio bazris liderebi gaxdnen, imitom rom maT aqvT

pirdapiri kontaqtebi TavianT momxmareblebTan filialebis meSveobiT. momxmarebelTan

siaxlove ganisazRvreba ori ganzomilebiT: `saqoneli da momsaxureba~ da

ìnteraqcia~. did sawarmoebTan SedarebiT `faruli Cempionebi~ upiratesobiT

sargebloben ìnteraqciis~, xolo mcire sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi `saqonlisa da

111

momsaxurebis~ TvalsazrisiT. maTi mTavari argumentia faseuloba da ara fasi. isini

orientirebulni arian saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da ara fasze.

erTaderTi gza xangrZlivi mtkice warmatebisaken aris ganuwyveteli inovacia.

igi `farul CempionTa~ damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa. TiTqmis yvela

maTganma maiaRwia msoflio bazarze pirvelobas, radgan isini odesRac, teqnologiis

arsebiTi aspeqtebisaTvis an saxeobebisaTvis TavianT bazarze biznesi rom waremarTaT,

pionerebi iyvnen. xSirad bazrebi winaswar ar arsebobda da pirvelad mxolod maTi

inovaciiT Seiqmna.

`faruli Cempionebi~ TavianTi inovaciuri saqmianobiT aSkarad gansxvavdebian

didi sawarmoebisagan. isini ar arian calmxrivad orientirebuli: arc mxolod

teqnologiaze da arc mxolod bazarze. teqnologia da bazari ki ar upirispirdebian,

erTmaneTs aramed erTmaneTs avseben, amitom maTi, rogorc `Tanabaruflebiani~

mamoZravebeli Zalebis integrireba unda moxdes. sawarmom `resursebze damyarebuli

(`Signidan gareT~) strategiis~ Sesaxeb moZRvreba unda Seusabamos `bazris

SesaZleblobebis (`garedan SigniT~) strategias~. Mxolod maSin, roca Sinagani

kompetenciebi da garegani SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs esadageba, sawarmos SeuZlia

Tavisi sruli potencialis gamovlena.1

`lideri sawarmoebi~ Zlieri da mkacri konkurentebi arian. konkurenciis

upiratesoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc konkurentebTan SedarebiT ufro racionaluri,

upiratesobis mqone saqmianoba, romelmac 3 piroba unda daakmayofilos:

momxmareblisaTvis mniSvnelovani unda iyos;

maT mier aRqmuli unda iqnas;

xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdebodes.

Tuki, magaliTad, produqciis SefuTva momxmareblebisaTvis umniSvneloa, maSin is,

bunebrivia, ar gamodgeba konkurenciis upiratesobis misaRwevad. Tu nawarms

SedarebiT xangrZlivi `sicocxlisunarianoba~ gaaCnia, magram momxmarebeli am sikeTes

ar icnobs an ver aRiqvams, maSin es konkurenciis upiratesobad ar CaiTvleba. roca

sawarmo fass amcirebs ise, rom mas xarjebis mxriv upiratesoba ar gaaCnia, amas

SeiZleba maSinve mohyves konkurencia da fasebis TvalsazrisiT upiratesobis

xangrZlivad SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

`farul CempionTa~ konkurenciis upiratesobebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad

CamovayaliboT:

àrsebobis principi~ iarsebeb mxolod konkurenciis upiratesobiT. es principi

`farul Cempionebs~ kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli;

`mowinaaRmdegis cnobis principi~ konkurentebze dakvirveba iseTive mniSvnelovania,

rogorc momxmareblebze dakvirveba. saWiroa konkurenciis kargi codna, Tumca

`faruli Cempionebi~ uaryofen `mibaZvis xafangs~;

2 revaz gvelesiani. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999

112

`SesaZleblobebis principi~ konkurenciis yoveli parametri iZleva konkurenciis

upiratesobis SeasaZleblobas. upiratesobas SeiZleba mivaRwioT ara mxolod

`ZiriTadi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis~ an `servisis~ parametrebSi, aramed, agreTve

`programuli uzrunvelyofis~ parametrebSic;

`konsistenciis principi~ saqoneli da momsaxureba mniSvnelobas unda Seesabamebodes;

àRqmis principi~ konkurenciis upiratesobad mxolod isini iTvleba, romlebsac

momxmareblebi aRiqvamen.

`farul Cempionebs~ gaaCniaT Zalian Zlieri da amave dros Taviseburi mewarmeobis

kultura. am kulturis aRiareba aris TanamSromelTa sawarmosTan identifikaciisa

da motivaciis safuZveli, rac amcirebs avadmyofobisa da denadobis wils.

mewarmeobis kultura, saqonlis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis gawevis gaumjobesebazea

orientirebuli da Seurigebelia zarmacebis mimarT.

msoflio donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelobis stili SeiZleba an

iqneb unda iyos kidec ambivalenturi: avtoritaruli ZiriTad faseulobebSi, xolo

monawileobiTi procesebsa da ganoxorcielebis detalebSi. marTva aris ara àn-an~-is,

aramed `rogorc-aseve~-s arCeva.

rogori mdgomareobaa qarTul mcire da saSualo mewarmeobaSi?

oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008 wels saSualo zomis

sawarmoebze modioda sawarmoTa saerTo brunvis TiTqmis 8%, anu 3.5 procentuli

punqtiT naklebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT. imave periodSi saSualo zomis sawarmoTa

wili produqciis gamoSvebaSi Semcirda 2.7 procentuli punqtiT da 8.5% Seadgina.

oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008 wels saSualo biznesSi

dasaqmebulTa mTlianma raodenobam 60909 piri Seadgina, romelTagan 49.3% qalia,

xolo 50.7% mamakaci. dasaqmebulTagan daqiravebulia 59782 piri. saSualo zomis

sawarmoebSi saSualo Tviurma xelfasma – 371.9 lari Seadgina.

rac Seexeba, mcire sawarmoebs, oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008

wels mcire zomis sawarmoebze modioda sawarmoTa saerTo brunvis 8.2%, anu 5.4

procentuli punqtiT naklebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT. imave periodSi mcire zomis

sawarmoTa wilma 8.3% Seadgina.

2008 wels mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa mTlianma raodenobam 69979 piri

Seadgina, romelTagan 41.8% qalia, xolo 58.2% mamakaci. dasaqmebulTagan

daqiravebulia 55150 piri. mcire zomis sawarmoebSi saSualo Tviurma xelfasma –

285.7 lari Seadgina.

ratom ver aRweven damwyebi sawarmoebi warmatebas? amis Taobaze gamoyofen Svid

mizezs:

1. dafinansebis simcire (68,6%);

113

damaarseblebi xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben TavianT moklevadian moTxovnas

kapitalze. problemebi Cndeba maSinac, rodesac momxmareblebis mier gadaxdis procesi

Wianurdeba. saSiSia Zalze maRali fasic firmis Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi.

2. informaciis deficiti (61%);

xSirad damaarseblebma Zalze cota ician sabazro procesebis Sesaxeb. isini

zedmetad afaseben moTxovnas TavianT nawarmze an momsaxurebaze, naklebad -

konkurencias.

3. kvalifikaciis nakli (48%);

profesiuli kvalifikaciis deficiti ise igrZnoba rogorc arasdros, amitom

kidev ufro uaresi mdgomareobaa mewarmeobisa da komerciis codnis mxriv, maSin roca

dargobrivi gamocdileba warmatebis miRwevis sawindaria.

4. dagegmvis xarvezebi (30,1%);

an dagegmvaa defeqturi an kargia, magram ar sruldeba.

5. ojaxuri problemebi (29,9%);

roca meuRles ar surs sawyis fazaSi arsebul familarul datvirTvas didxans

Seurigdes.

6. sawarmos Sedegebis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba (20,9%);

aq sawarmos mier realizebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba Zalze

mcirea maRal investiciebTan an mudmiv xarjebTan SedarebiT.

7. garegani zegavlena (15,4%).

es iseTi mizezebia, romelTa arc gaTvaliswineba SeiZleba da arc maTze

zemoqmedeba. magaliTad; cvlilebebi momxmarebelTa qcevaSi, Semcirebuli

msyidvelobiTunarianoba potenciur momxmarebelTa jgufSi, ZviradRirebuli manqanebis

mxriv zarali teqnikuri progresis Sedegad, satransporto, teqnikuri an finansuri

Sedegebi Secvlili komunaluri dagegmvis gamo.

damoukidebeli, warmatebuli mewarmeobisaken, swori, Tanmimdevruli

orientirebisaTvis saWiroa, gaviTvaliswinoT `farul CempionTa~ warmatebis

strategia, miviRoT safuZvliani informacia da eqspertebma gaakeTon konsultacia

yvelafris Sesaxeb, rac ki SeiZleba win gvelodes.


MOLITOR, Bruno, Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Aulf., Muenchen 2001

MUSSEL, Gerhard, PAETZOLD, Juergan, Grundfragen der Wirtschaftspolitik, 4., erw. U. aktualisierte Aulf., Muanchen 2003

Walter A. S. Koch, Chiristian Czogalla, Grundlagen der Wirtschaftspolitik, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2004.

EVERS, Marc, Die institutionelle Ausgestaltung von Wirtschaftsordnungen. Eine dogmengeschichtliche Unterschung im

Lichte des Ordoliberalismus und der Neuen Institutionenoekonomik, Berlin 2003.

SCHNEIDER, Friedrich, ENSTE, Doinik, Schattenwirschaft und Schwarzarbeit. Umfrag, Ursachen, Wirkungen und

wirtschaftspolitische Empfehlungen, Muenchen, Wien 2000.

WENIG, Alois, Globalisierung und die Zukunft der sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Volkswirtschaftliche Schirften, Bd. 506,

Berlin 2000

revas gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili, ekonomikuri politika, wigni I, Tb., 2008

revaz gvelesiani, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis watrmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999

114

inflacia: arsi, mizezebi, Sedegebi1

mariam gogiaSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: prof. j. janjRava

erT-erTi mwvave problema, romelic ekonomikaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, aris

inflacia. sityva ìnflacia~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da `gabervas~ niSnavs. inflacia

ekonomikaSi fasTa saerTo donis zrdaa, sabazro msyidvelobiTunarianobis donesTan

mimarTebaSi. Sesabamisad, inflacia ise moiazreba, rogorc fulis gaufasureba.

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti, rom fasebis yovelgvari zrda ar iwvevs inflacias;

sxvadasxva faqtorebis gavleniT fasebi zogierT saqonelze SeiZleba yovelTvis

izrdebodes da amavdroulad sxva saqonelze mcirdebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi fasebis

saerTo done SeiZleba ucvleli darCes, an Semcirdes kidec. inflacias adgili aqvs

maSin, rodesac fuli ufasurdeba, e.i. rodesac erTi da igive TanxiT sul ufro

naklebi saqonlis SeZena da momsaxurebis anazRaureba SeiZleba.AinflaciasTan

dakavSirebuli terminebia: disinflacia, inflaciis donis Semcireba, anu efeqti,

romelic amcirebs inflaciur zewolas; deflacia_fasTa saerTo donis vardna,

hiperinflacia_swrafi inflacia, wonasworobisken tendenciis gareSe.

fridmenisa da sxva ekonomistebis ganmartebiT, inflaciis zrdis tempi da

fuladi masa erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fasebis done

swrafad izrdeba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi; magaliTad, Tu inflaciis donem

TveSi Seadgina 1%, (12% wlis ganmavlobaSi), igulisxmeba, rom fasebis done am Tvis,

(wlis) ganmavlobaSi ubralod 1%-iT gaizarda. SesaZloa, es iyos fasebis erTjeradi

cvlileba da mas hqondes droebiTi xasiaTi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac inflacia 1%-

ze metia TveSi, (12%_ze meti weliwadis ganmavlobaSi), ekonomistebi saubars iwyeben

inflaciis maRali donis Sesaxeb.

aqedan gamomdinare, milton fridmeniseuli inflaciis ganmarteba SeiZleba

CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: fasebis donis zrda monetaruli movlenaa mxolod maSin,

Tu is xdeba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. Tu inflaciis amgvar ganmartebas

daveTanxmebiT MmaSin inflaciis mizezi aris fuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom inflacia ar aris mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis

zrda; is ufro farTo cnebaa da gulisxmobs mTliani ekonomikis masStabiT fasebis

yovlismomcvel zrdas.

inflacia ganviTarebis sam etaps gadis:

pirvel etapze fulis emisiis tempi win uswrebs fulis gaufasurebis temps. am

dros saxelmwifo mimoqcevaSi uSvebs zedmet fuls. iwyeba inflacia, Tumca fasebi

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna èkonomikis principebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da


115

imdenad ar aris gazrdili, rom gamoCndes inflaciis niSnebi, anu pirvel etapze

inflacia farulad mimdinareobs.

meore etapze fulis gaufasurebis tempi win uswrebs fulis emisis temps.

mimoqcevaSi arsebuli zedmeti fuli ukve iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom inflacia

farulidan Ria mdgomareobaSi gadadis da iwyeba fasebis zrda.

mesame etapisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia masStaburi inflacia.

ganviTarebis tempebis garda, arsebobs:

1. lokaluri infalcia. e.i. rodesac inflacia calkeul qveyanaSi xdeba;

2. msoflio inflacia. e.i. rodesac inflacia yvela qveyanas moicavs, mTels

msoflioSi mimdinareobs;

3. “WenebiTi” inflacia. e.i. fasebis zrda saocrad swrafia da amasTanave

naxtomiseburi;

4. “mcocavi” inflacia, e.i. fasebi nela, magram ganuwyvetliv izrdeba;

5. “importuli” infalacia. e.i. inflacia, romelic qveyanaSi sxva

saxelmwifoebis zegavleniTaa gamowveuli;

6. Sinagani faqtorebiT gamowveuli inflacia;

mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom fulis masa arsebiTad moqmedebs

ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareobaze, ris gamoc is dadebiT an uaryofiT zegavlenas

axdens mosaxleobis keTildReobaze.

inflacia gansxvavebul zegavlenas axdens sxvadasxva socialur fenebze. yvelaze

mZimed igi Rarib fenebsa da fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis jgufebs awveba. am adamianebis

realuri Semosavali mkveTrad mcirdeba fasebis zrdisa da fulis gaufasurebis gamo.

mTavroba cdilobs Tavidan aicilos mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da daakmayofilos

maTi moTxovnebi. am yvelafris misaRwevad saxelmwifo mimoqcevaSi uSvebs met fuls.

es ufro amwvavebs inflacias, aufasurebs fuls, zrdis fasebs. ase warmoiqmneba e.w.

“inflaciuri spirali”. mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis raodenoba da xelfasis

paraleluri zrda kidev ufro aZlierebs da aRrmavebs inflacias.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis zedmeti raodenoba

seriozul gavlenas axdens ara marto socialur fenebze, aramed erovnuli

ekonomikis ZiriTadi miznebis ganxorcielebazec. dasaqmebis done, fasebis

stabiluroba, ekonomikuri zrda_es sakiTxebi pirdapir Tu iribad dakavSirebulia

inflaciasTan da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis zedmet raodenobasTan. aqedan

gamomdinare, ukve naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom uSlis xels fuladi masis arabunebrivi

zrda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikiT gansazRvruli miznebis miRwevas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom inflacia uaryofiTad moqmedebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze;

ucxoeli investorebi eridebian iseT qveynebSi fulis investirebas, romlebSic

inflaciis done maRalia.

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inflacia aZlierebs disproporciebs ekonomikaSi, anu saqonlis fasebis

araTanabari zrdis Sedegad erT dargSi warmoeba farTovdeba da mcirdeba meoreSi.

magaliTad, inflacia impulss aZlevs samxedro mrewvelobis gafarToebas da aferxebs

samoqalaqo dargebis ganviTarebas .

inflacia savaluto krizisis erT-erTi mTavari gamomwvevi faqtoria. igi qmnis

valutis oficialur da sabazro kurss Soris Seusabamobas, uaryofiTad moqmedebs

msoflio fasebsa da firmebis konkurentunarianobaze.

inflacias garkveuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs sakredito urTierTobaSi. msesxebeli

valdebulia vali misi nominaluri Rirebulebis mixedviT daubrunos gamsesxebels.

gaufasureba aq mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. amis gamo, msesxebeli mTlianad an

nawilobriv kargavs sakredito Semosavlebs im mxrivac, rom xdeba kreditis SekumSva,

vinaidan am dros bankebs realurad ufro naklebi ubrundeba, bankis sakuTari

saxsrebi mcirdeba, ris gamoc igi cdilobs sargeblis ganakveTis gadidebas.

imis gasagebad Tu rogor viTardeba da ra Sedegebi mohyveba inflacias,

ganvixiloT ori konkretuli magaliTi:

1. hiperinflacia germaniaSi 1921-1923 wlebSi.

1921 wels pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis aRdgenis aucileblobam

gamoiwvia germaniis saxelmwifo xarjebis mniSvnelovani zrda. mTavrobas saxelmwifo

biujetis Sevseba SeeZlo ramdenime gziT: a) gadasaxadebis gazrdiT. im droindeli

mdgomareobiT es ver moxerxdeboda, radganac omgadavlili mosaxleoba siRaribis

zRvarze idga. b) imis gamo rom, germaniisadmi mTels msoflios ndoba hqonda

dakarguli, mTavroba verc sxva qveynebisgan isesxebda fuls biujetis Sesavsebad.

rCeboda erTaderTi gamosavali-fulis beWvda. mTavroba afinansebda Tavis xarjebs

axlad dabeWdili naRdi fulis saSualebiT. 1921 wlis bolos daiwyo fuladi masis

gamalebuli zrda, rasac Tan mohyva inflaciis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad: 1921 wlis

ianvarSi, gazeTi 0,3 marka Rirda, 2 weliwadze naklebi xnis Semdeg ki es ricxvi 70

mln. markamde gaizarda. inflaciis aseT gansakuTrebul swraf zrdas hiperinflacia

ewodeba.

1923 wels saxelmwifo biujetTan dakavSirebiT viTareba kidev ufro daiZaba.

wlis dasawyisSi safrangeTi daeufla germaniis erT-erT provincias. regionSi

safrangeTis moqmedebebs sayovelTao gaficva mohyva. germaniis mTavrobam gadawyvita,

gaficulebs fuliT daxmareboda; Sedegad amisa saxelmwifo xarjebma kritikul

zRvars miaRwia da mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda kidev ufro swrafi tempebiT ebeWda

fuli. 1923 wels fuladi masis afeTqebis Sedegad fasebis donem mkveTrad aiwia,

inflaciis tempebma milion procents gadaaWarba. ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am inflaciis

mizezi? ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis mier provinciis dapyroba, mTavrobis mier

gaficulebis fuliT mxardaWera da germaniis Selaxuli reputacia.

117

2. gardamavali periodis dros mimdinare inflacia saqarTveloSi (gamomwvevi mizezebi

da Sedegebi)

90-ian wlebSi biujetis deficiti damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo

saqarTvelosTvis. saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 0.2 %- dan 5 %-mde meryeobda.

ekonomikuri krizisis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi moTxovnis zrdis pirobebSi

warmoebis deficiti iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom biujetis deficiti, Tu igi fulis emisias

iwvevs, zrdis fulis miwodebas, rasac saboloo jamSi inflaciamde mivyavarT.

imisTvis rom gavaanalizoT Tu ra gavlenas axdenda biujetis deficiti

inflaciaze, saWiroa, SeviswavloT biujetis deficitis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi.

biujetis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi iyo erovnuli bankis pirdapiri sesxi

mTavrobaze, finansTa saministros mier gamoSvebuli saxazino valdebulebebi da

ucxouri sesxebi.

garkveuli xarjebis dasafinanseblad saxelmwifo mimarTavda erovnul banks

pirdapiri sesxis misaRebad. faqtiurad es iyo fulis beWvda, romelic pirdapir

zrdida fulis masasa da fulis miwodebas. magaliTisaTvis, 1999 wels saqarTvelos

mTavrobam 187 milioni lari sesxi miiRo erovnuli bankidan da Sesabamisad amave

moculobis xarjebi daafinansa. rac Seexeba ucxour sesxebs, romlebsac mTavroba

sesxulobda, maTac garkveuli inflaciuri zewola hqondaT. sabolood, am

yvelafris Sedegad qveyanaSi warmoiqmna inflaciuri procesebi, romlebsac Tan mohyva

umuSevroba, fasebis zrda, mosaxleobis mTavrobisadmi ukmayofileba da kidev mravali

sxva negatiuri movlena.

2006 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo kanoni romlis mixedviTac aikrZala

erovnuli bankis mxridan biujetis deficitis dafinanseba. aRniSnuli

umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, vinaidan amiT gauqmda

biujetis dafinansebis inflaciuri wyaro.

saqarTveloSi antiinflaciuri politikis ZiriTad mizans, Cveni azriT, unda

Seadgendes ara nebismier fasad inflaciis SeCereba, aramed kerZo da saxelmwifo

ZalisxmeviT inflaciuri procesebis marTva, erovnuli warmoebis zrdisa da qveynis

ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare.

ekonomikur literaturasa da praqtikaSi arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac mcire

masStabebis inflacia zrdis msyidvelobiTunarian moTxovnas da xels uwyobs

ekonomikur zrdas (e.w. mundel turbin efeqti, romelic warmoadgens

damokidebulebas inflaciasa da moTxovnis zrdas Soris ). saqarTvelos pirobebSi

aRniSnuli modelis gamoyeneba did riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan mas sWirdeba

Sesabamisi stabiluri makroekonomikuri garemo, Sida samamulo warmoebaze

dafuZnebuli da saeqsporto potencialis mqone seqtorebis ganviTarebuli

ekonomikuri struqtura; aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom inflaciur procesebTan

118

mimarTebaSi eqsperimentebis Catarebam SeiZleba qveyana katastrofamde miiyvanos,

amitom igi mimdinare etapze Teoriulad da praqtikulad unda gamoiricxos.

ekonomikuri zrdisken mimarTuli antiinflaciuri politika saWiroebs

politikur, ekonomikur da socialur RonisZiebaTa etapobriv gatarebas am mizniT

mizanSewonilia antiinflaciuri politikis ganmsazRvreli Semdegi ZiriTadi

RonisZiebebi:

1. inflaciis finansuri faqtorebis regulireba. antiinflaciur moqmedebaSi

mTavari adgili ukavia biujetis gajansaRebas; saWiroa iseTi ekonomikuri da

administraciuli reformebis gatareba, romlebic biujets waadgeba.

2. inflaciis fuladi faqtorebis regulireba. antiinflaciurma politikam

wina planze unda wamoswios bankis funqcionireba, mis mier gamoSvebuli fulis

odenoba.

3. sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa. antiinflaciuri politika unda

efuZnebodes iseTi sakanonmdeblo sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofs bazris

funqcionirebas da gaakontrolebs bankis mier saxelmwifoze gacemuli sesxebis

odenobas.

4. dawyebuli ekonomikuri reformebis dasruleba gansakuTrebiT ki sabanko,

sagadasaxado, sabiujeto sferoSi.

119

inflaciis statistika da makroekonomikuri

tendenciebi saqarTveloSi1

mixeil dvaliSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. mindoraSvili

inflaciisa da mSp – is urTierTkavSiris analizi. cnobilia, rom inflaciasa da

mTlian Sida produqts (mSp) Soris arsebobs garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba.

kerZod, inflaciis erTi procentiT Semcirebas Tan axlavs qveyanaSi warmoebuli mSp

mniSvnelovanwilad Semcireba.

cxrili 1. mSp -is moculoba da dinamika (mimdinare fasebSi, mln. lari)

wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

mSp 8 564.1 9 824.3 11 620.9 13 789.9 16 993.8 19 069.6

rogorc cxrilidan 1 Cans, saqarTveloSi, mTliani Siga produqti 2003 – 2008

wlebSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda da, Sesabamisad, 2008 wels miaRwia maqsimalur

mniSvnelobas – 19 069.6 mln lars. aRniSnul periodSi, permanentulad izrdeboda

wliuri inflaciis maCvenebelic. magram 2008 wlis bolosTvis wliuri inflaciis

sidide 2007 wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT Semcirda 11 % - idan 5.5 % -

mde. samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis tempebis Semcireba, ra Tqma unda, dadebiTi

movlenaa. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom inflaciis tempebis Semcireba sasurvelia

ganxorcieldes etapobrivad, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, da ara erTbaSad. radganac

wliuri inflaciis maCvenebeli 2008 wlisaTvis Semcirda 5,5 procentiT, SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom amave wels mTliani Siga produqtis moculoba mniSvnelovnad unda

Semcirebuliyo, wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. es ki sakmaod Zlier

zians miayenebda saqarTvelos ekonomikas.

cxrilSi 1 warmodgenili monacemebis mixedviT, 2008 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos

mTlianma Siga produqtma Seadgina 19 069.6 mln lari. saqarTvelos statistikis

departamentis mier dReisTvis warmodgenili monacemebis Tanaxmad SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom mTliani Siga produqti(mimdinare fasebSi) 2008 wlisaTvis 2007 wlis

analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT araTu Semcirda, rogorc unda momxdariyo, aramed

gaizarda 12.21 % - iT.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo

adgili.

120

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom statistikis departamentis mier

gamoqveynebuli monacemebis garkveuli raodenoba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. zemoT

warmodgenili analizidan Cans, rom realurad, dReisTvis, inflaciis tempebi

saqarTveloSi gacilebiT maRalia, oficialuri statistikis mier warmodgenil

monacemebTan SedarebiT.

ganvixiloT Tu rogori damokidebulebaa saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviur xelfas-

sa da inflacias Soris. 2003-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri

nominaluri xelfasis maCvenebeli mudmivad izrdeboda. aRniSnuli naTlad Cans

cxrilidan 2. kerZod, 2007 wlisaTvis saSualo Tviuri xelfasi 2003 wlis

analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT gaizarda 140.1 lariT da Seadgina 241.6 lari.

aRniSnuli SeiZleba gaxdes qveyanaSi inflaciuri procesebis garTulebis

mizezi. saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrda gamoiwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis gazrdas da

Tu qveyanaSi ar iqneba warmoebuli mTliani Siga produqti Sesabamisi moculobiT

fasebis saerTo done gaizrdeba.

da piriqiT, rodesac dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrdis tempebi

SesabamisobaSia, wlis manZilze, amave qveyanaSi, warmoebuli mTliani Siga produqtis

zrdis tempTan, maSin samomxmareblo fasebi mniSvnelovnad ar gaizrdeba. amas

ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrdiT ganpirobebuli

erToblivi moTxovnis zrdas daakmayofilebs, qveyanaSi, wlis manZilze, warmoebuli

mTliani Siga produqtis zrdiT gamowveuli erToblivi miwodebis zrda.

cxrili 2. saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2003-2008 wlebSi

wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

saSualo Tviuri

xelfasi (larebSi) 101.5 116.4 149.3 190.2 241.6 -

inflaciisa da umuSevrobis urTierTkavSiri. am or makroekonomikur maCvenebels

Soris, gansakuTrebiT drois moklevadian periodSi, arsebobs ukuproporciuli

damokidebuleba. sainteresoa sruldeba Tu ara saqarTveloSi zogadad ekonomikaSi

miRebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris.

cxrili 3. wliuri inflacia da umuSevrobis done

wlebi 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

inflacia(X)

(%) 7,1 3,6 19,2 4 4,7 5,6 4,8 5,7 8,2 9,2 9,2 10

umuSevr. (Y)

(%) 7,6 14,5 13,8 10,3 11,1 12,6 11,5 12,6 13,8 13,6 13,3 -

121

cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebis wyviladi regresuli analizidan miviReT,

rom, saqarTveloSi inflaciis 1 %- iT Semcirebas (gazrdas) Tan mohyveba

umuSevrobis donis 0.14 % -iT Semcireba(gazrda). es damokidebulebas ase gamoisaxeba.

Y = 11.2109 + 0.14 X (1)

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi zemoT xsenebul or maCvenebels Soris

ekonomikaSi sazogadod miRebuli kanonzomiereba irRveva. miT umetes, rodesac

SevamowmeT mocemuli modelis saimedooba miviReT, rom is ver asaxavs marTebul

damokidebulebas 1997-2007 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi arsebul inflaciasa da

umuSevrobas Soris.

saqarTveloSi, aRniSnul wlebSi, arsebuli inflaciisa da umuSevrobis

analizis Sedegad ver moxerxda Segvedgina wyviluri regresuli modeli, romelic

gamosaxavda raime saxis, miT umetes, ukuproporciul damokidebulebas am or

umniSvnelovanes makroekonomikur maCvenebels Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian

Znelia, saqarTveloSi marTebuli, efeqtiani, makroekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba.

is rom, 1997-2007 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi arsebuli inflaciisa da umuSevrobis

donis monacemebis ekonometrikuli analiziT ver miviReT raime saxis, miT umetes

ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba aRniSnul makroekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris,

SeiZleba miuTiTebdes maT mcdarobaze.

aqedan gamomdinare, kidev ufro myardeba qarTul sazogadoebaSi farTod

gavrcelebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dReisTvis inflaciis tempebi gacilebiT

maRalia, saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis mier gamoqveynebul oficialur

monacemebTan SedarebiT.

cxrili 4. inflaciis tempi (saS. wl. wina wlis saS. wliurT.) da saS. Tviuri

nomin. xelfasi

wlebi 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

inflaciis tempi

(saS. wliuri

wina wlis saS.

wliurTan)

4 4.7 5.6 4.8 5.7 8.2 9.2 9.2 10

saS. Tviuri nomin.

xelfasi,

gadasaxadebis gareSe

72.5 82.6 99.1 101.5 116.4 149.3 190.2 - -

saqarTveloSi arsebuli saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasisa da wliuri

inflaciis korelaciuri kavSiris analizidan irkveva, rom maT Soris arsebobs

mWidro urTierTkavSiri. kerZod, miviReT, rom aRniSnul makroekonomikur

maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis koeficienti udris 0.97 –s.

aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisas Zalian mniSvnelovania

aRniSnuli urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswineba.

122

wina cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebis korelaciuri analizidan miviReT, rom

mniSvnelovani cvlileba saSualo Tviur nominalur xelfasSi gamoiwvevs inflaciis

mkveTrad Secvlas.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saSualo Tviur nominalur xelfassa da wliur inflacias

Soris ekonomikaSi sazogadod miRebul damokidebulebas, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom

saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasis mniSvnelovani gazrda

gamoiwvevs qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo wliuri inflaciis mkveTrad gazrdas.


1) monacemebi saSualo Tviuri xelfasis Sesaxeb – ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi

sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri; Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

tendenciebi;

2) yvela sxva raodenobrivi maCvenebeli - saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

statistikis departamenti, www.statistics.ge

123

saqarTvelosa da msoflios mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis prognozebi1

Salva giorgaZe

Tsu bakalavriati

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. xmalaZe

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozireba, eTnodemografiuli ruqebis

Sedgena, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi parametria globaluri da regionaluri

ekonomikuri, politikuri da ekologiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad. msoflio

mosaxleobis prognozis bolo variantiT, dedamiwis mosaxleoba 2008-2050 wlebSi

gaizrdeba 2,647 miliardiT da miaRwevs 9,352 miliards. qvemoT gTavazobT

cxrils, sadac warmodgenilia is ZiriTadi qveynebi, romlebic am maCveneblis

cvlilebas ganapirobeben. gaeros demografTa mier Catarebuli ukanaskneli

reviiziis monacemebiT Semdegia:

2008 2025 2050 %

msoflio sul 6.705 8.000 9.352 139.5 %

afrika 0.967 1.358 1.932 199.8 %

amerika 0.915 1.080 1.258 137.5 %

azia 4.052 4.793 5.427 133.9 %

evropa 0.736 0.726 0.685 93.1 %

avstarlia da

okeaneTi

0.35 0.042 0.049 140.0 %

rogorc xedavT, prognozis mixedviT, evropis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba

Semcirdeba, TumcaRa, ufro rom CavuRrmavdeT aRniSnul sakiTxs, evropul

qveyanaTa sakmaod did jgufSi mosaxleoba araTu Semcireba, aramed misi

matebacaa mosalodneli: evropis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis SemcirebaSi

umTavresi wili ruseTsa da ukrainaze modis. yofili ssrk_is qveynebs Tu

gamovyobT, clasaxad aRebuli evropa demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmao

stabilurobiT gamoirCeva.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos erTi metad saintereso momenti, romelic dRevan-

deli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. kerZod, arsebobs garkveuli

disproporcia qveyanaTa garkveul jgufsa da sxva danarCen msoflios Soris,

rac gulisxmobs am qveyanaTa jgufSi dasaxlebuli mosaxleobis ricxovnobasa

da maT mier dakavebul teritorias Soris araproporciul ganawilebas.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna èkonomikuri statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da

daimsaxura saprizo adgili

124

qveyanaTa jgufSi _ aSS, evropa, kanada, avstralia da okeaneTi, sadac

dasaxlebulia msoflios mTliani mosaxleobis 15%, ukavia dedamiwis

teritoriis daaxloebiT 28.2%, es disproporcia 2050 wlis saprognozo

monacemebiT kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba da rogorc ukve avRniSneT, dedamiwis

mTliani teritoriis 28.2%_ze icxovrebs mosaxleobis 12.9%, danarCen msoflios

mosaxleobas, romelic Seadgens 87.1%_s ergeba dedamiwis 71%. xazi unda gaesvas

im faqts, rom aRniSnuli disproporcia SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes globaluri

teritoriuli konfliqtebis Casaxvisa da gamwvavebis mizezi.

aqve unda gaesvas xazi ruseTis mosaxleobis simWidrovesTan dakavSirebul

saintereso monacemebs. kerZod, dedamiwis teritoriis 12.6%_is mqone qveyanaa,

sadac dasaxlebulia 1.52% msoflo mosaxleobis. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2050

wlis prognoziT kidev ufro Semcirdeba da gaxdeba 1.18%. aRniSnuli

disproporcia yvelaze mwvavea msoflioSi.

rac Seexeba samxeTi kavkasiis demografiul suraTs, igi Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba:

cxrili 2. samxreTi kavkasiis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 1913-2050 ww

(mln adamiani)

saqarTvelo azerbaijani somxeTi

1913 2.6 2.3 1.0

1959 4.0 3.7 1.7

1966 4.5 4.6 2.2

1979 5.0 6.0 3.0

2008 4.6 8.7 3.1

2025 4.2 9.7 3.3

2050 3.3 11.6 3.3

istorias Tvals Tu gadavavlebT, saqarTvelo 1913 wlidan dominirebul

pozicias ikavebda samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tumca aRniSnuli poziciis Sesusteba 1966

wlidan daiwyo da 2008wels saqarTvelom gadmoinacvla meore adgilze,

azerbaijanis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis sagZnobi matebis fonze. mosaxleobis

ricxovnobaze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli aramarto demografiuli, aramden

samxedro da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebac. am TvalsazrisiT XXI saukunis pirveli

naxevari saqarTvelos kargs arafers uqadis. ricxovnobiT is uTanabrdeba

somxeTs, romlis ricxov-noba gaizrdeba 2050wlisaTvis 3_jer, xolo

azerbaijanis mosaxleoba 2050 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos da somxeTis erTad

aRebul mosaxleobas 1.8_jer gadaaWarbebs.

saqarTvelos demografiuli prognozi aseT suraTs iZleva. (ix. cxrili 3).

Cveni mTavari amocana gaxldaT mogvewodebina gamafrTxilebeli prognozi,

125

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ucvleli reJimis SenarCunebiT da gvenaxa is suraTi,

rac Cvens qveyanas elis im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is ZiriTadi demografiuli

maCveneblebi ar Seicvleba, rac dResdReisobiT damaxasiaTebelia Cveni

qveynisTvis.

cxrili 3. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozi 2007-2027 wlebSi

asaki mosaxleoba

2007 wels

(aTasi)

2012 2017 2022 2027

0-4 244.4 200.2 188.2 201.0 162.0

5-9 232.8 242.8 198.9 187.0 199.7

10-14 253.3 229.3 241.2 195.9 184.1

15-19 284.1 249.4 225.8 239.7 192.8

20-24 296.1 279.3 245.5 222.5 239.1

25-29 284.5 290.4 174.5 241.7 219.1

30-34 262.4 287.1 284.9 269.8 237.9

35-39 251.4 255.2 271.9 279.5 265.3

40-44 255.6 242.8 248.3 265.8 274.3

45-49 262.5 244.3 234.6 241.5 259.8

50-54 231.2 246.8 233.6 226.7 234.9

55-59 198.1 212.8 232.1 223.4 219.1

60-64 188.2 177.0 196.2 218.5 213.7

65-69 189.5 162.0 158.6 181.1 205.7

70-74 170.7 154.0 140.1 142.5 167.3

75-79 128.7 123.9 126.4 121.9 128.4

80-84 72.8 79.9 91.8 104.7 106.5

85 32.9 35.0 51.3 69.3 87.5

sul 3839.2 3703.2 3643.9 3632.6 3596.2

126

siRaribe uaxlesi periodis saqarTveloSi1

irakli makalaTia

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. b. gabiZaSvili

siRaribe SefardebiTi da amave dros metad rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri

kategoriaa. saukunis win saqarTveloSi soflis glexkaci Tavs Raribad ar miiCnevda

Tu mas wlis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis gamosakvebad saWiro sursaTi da cotaodeni

tansacmeli hqonda. SemdgomSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebas mohyva moTxovnilebis

ganuxreli zrda, adamianebs aRar akmayofilebdaT miRweuli cxovrebis done, maT

daiwyes materialuri mdgomareobisa da sulieri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze fiqri.

adamianma jer unda Wamos, svas, Caicvas, daixuros da Semdeg SeeZleba mas

ideologiaze fiqri. dRevandel dRes teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da moTxovnilebaTa

zrdis fonze cxovrebis doniT mosaxleobam ukan daiwia. siRaribis maCveneblebi

aisaxeba ara marto adamianTa kvebaSi, Cacma_daxurvasa da sxva materialur yofaSi,

aramed jandacvaSi, ganaTlebaSi, kulturul da sxva socialur moTxovnilebebSi.

adamianis cxovrebis done gansxvavebuli iyo yovelTvis, nebismieri

sazogadoebis pirobebSi, adamianis sxvadasxva fenebis mixedviT. jer kidev Zvel

saberZneTSi iyo gavrcelebuli devizi: ,,adamianis keTildReoba_umaRlesi mizani.”

nebismier sazogadoebaSi adamianTa sxvadasxva fenebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba obieqturi ekonomikuri mdgomareobiTac aixsneba.

politikuri ekonomiis mTavari principis _ ra vawarmooT, mTavar safuZvels

warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli resursebis SezRuduloba. arasakmarisi

resursebi socializmamde arsebul yvela ekonomikur formaciaSi romelime kerZo

piris xelSi iyo, amitom es kerZo pirebi yovelTvis TavianT sasargeblod

awarmoebdnen ama Tu im saxis materialur dovlaTsa da momsaxurebas. es faqti

warmoSobda sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ekonomikur uTanasworobas da dResac ki didia

gansxvaveba ganviTarebuli, socialurad orientirebuli qveynebis mdidarTa da

RaribTa ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.

mosaxleobis cxovrebis done erT-erTi mniSvnelovani socialuri kategoriaa,

romelic gulisxmobs mosaxleobis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebis donesa da xarisxs. amitom is moicavs mosaxleobis Semosavlebs,

danaxarjebs, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis sistemas da sapensio uzrunvelyofas.

mecnierebi gamoyofen mosaxleobis cxovrebis oTx dones: 1) SeZlebuli cxovrebis

done, 2) normaluri cxovrebis done, 3) siRaribe da 4) siRatake.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo

adgili.

127

rogorc g. Tarxan-mouravi aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi, am ukanaskneli

aTwleulis manZilze siRaribis cnebis Sesaxeb sami gansxvavebuli midgoma gamoirCeva:

pirveli midgomiT siRaribis cnebaSi igulisxmeba cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobaTa

ukmarisoba, rac TavisTavad ukavSirdeba usaxsrobasa da materialuri wyaroebis

naklebobas. es ganmarteba dafuZnebulia obieqtur faqtorebze da ugulvebelyofs

subieqturi faqtorebis gavlenas siRaribeze. amitom meore midgomis momxreebi

siRaribed miiCneven mxolod adamianis subieqtur ganwyobas, miaCnia Tu ara mas Tavi

Raribad. es midgomac calmxrivi da arasrulyofilia imdenad, ramdenadac maRali

Semosavlis mqone adamiansac SeiZleba gaaCndes ukmayofilebis grZnoba da Tavs

Raribad Tvlides. ufro srulyofilia mesame midgoma, romlis mixedviTac siRaribis

qveS ara marto materialuri, aramed sulieri faqtorebis erToblioba igulisxmeba.

materialurs cxadia sasursaTo da arasasursaTo samomxmareblo Rirebulebani

gansaRvraven, xolo suliers _ momsaxureba. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

siRaribe aris Semosavlebis (fuladi da arafuladi) ukmarisoba adamianis

fiziologiuri da sulieri arseboba-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro minimalurad

aucilebel materialur da sulier RirebulebaTa da momsaxurebis moxmarebisaTvis.

am ganmartebaSi asaxulia adamianis rogorc fiziologiuri (sursaTi,

tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, sacxovrebeli da sxv.), ise fsiqologiuri (imedi, Tanadgoma,

siyvaruli, SiSi da sxv.) da socialuri (usafrTxoeba, Ppativiscema, wesrigi da sxv.)

moTxovnilebani. Aqedan, cxadia, Tu qveyanaSi sufevs usamarTloba, ukanonoba, SiSis

sindromi, adamianebi ver igrZnoben Tavs daculad da yovelgvari materialuri qoneba

fuWia adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisaTvis. msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad

iTvleba pirovneba, romelsac dReSi Semosavali 2 aSS dolarze, xolo Ratakad _ Tu

erT aSS dolarze naklebi aqvs.

siRaribis statistikuri maCveneblebia: siRaribis done, siRrme da simwvave.

siRaribis done ewodeba Raribi mosaxleobis xvedriT wonas mosaxleobis mTel

ricxovnobaSi da gamoiTvleba formuliT k =n

q, sadac q – Raribebis ricxovnobaa, n-

mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba.

siRaribis absolutur zRvrad gamokvlevebiT miCneulia saarsebo minimumi. am

ukanasknelSi ki gulisxmoben Sromisunariani asakis (15-dan 65 wlamde) mamakacis

saarsebo minimums. siRaribis maCveneblebis gasaangariSeblad gamokvlevebSi

gamoyenebulia, agreTve medianuri moxmarebis 60% da medianuri moxmarebis 40%,

romlebsac uwodeben siRaribis fardobiT zRvrebs. medianuri moxmareba ki moxmarebis

is sididea, romlis qvemoT anu mosaxleobis qvemo naxevari (50%) masze ufro

naklebs moixmars, xolo meore naxevari anu zemo naxevari (50%) masze mets.

128

siRaribis done zogadi maCvenebelia da ver axasiaTebs saarsebo minimumidan anu

siraribis zRvridan RaribTa daSorebis manZils, amitom statistika angariSobs meore

maCvenebels, romelsac ewodeba siRaribis siRrme.

siRaribis siRrme axasiaTebs saarsebo minimumidan Raribi mosaxleobis saSualo

Semosavlis daSorebis manZils da gamoiTvleba formuliT: P =nz

yzq

i

i

1

)(

,

sadac Z – saarsebo minimumia-siraribis zRvaria mocemul periodSi; y – Raribi

mosaxleobis i- uri wevris Semosavlis sidide, n – mosaxleobis ricxovnoba mocemul

qveyanaSi; nz – mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zrvris donis saerTo momarebaa.

siRaribis siRrmis maCvenebelic ver iZleva siRaribis srulyofil suraTs,

radgan gamokvlevis miRma rCeba TviT RaribTa Soris cxovrebis donis gansxvavebuli

suraTi, imdenad ramdenadac Raribebis erTi nawili axlosaa saarsebo minimumTan da

uaxloes periodSi qveynis ekonomikis winsvlasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gadascildes

am zRvars da saSualo mcxovrebTa zonaSi moxvdes, amavdroulad Raribebis meore

nawili SeiZleba axlos iyos Ratakebisa da saerTod arafris mqone macxovrebelTa

zonasTan. am zonasTan daaxloebis manZilis gasazomad, msoflio statistikur

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoRebulia mesame maCvenebeli, romelsac siRaribis simwvave

ewodeba da gamoiTvleba formuliT: P =

2

1

1

q

i

i

z

yz

n

2005 wels gamocemul statistikur weliwdeulSi naCvenebia, rom vardebis

revoluciis Semdgomi periodis mxolod pirvel wels siRaribis done saqarTveloSi

2.5 %-iT Semcirda. es monacemi niSnavs, rom siRaribis daZlevis samoqmedo gegma

warmatebiT amoqmedda. magram igive analizi cxadyofs, rom RaribTa qveda fenaSi

(medianuri moxmarebis 60 da 40 procentis mimarT) siRaribe vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaizarda kidec, rogorc donis, siRrmis, ise

simwvavis mixedviT.

siRaribis miRma saqarTveloSi 1997 wels cxovrobda 46,2%, 2000 wels-

51,8%, 2003 wels_ 54,5%, xolo 2004 wels _ 52,0%.1 Aqedan, cxadia, rom vardebis

revoluciis ASemdgomi periodis saqarTveloSi pirvelive wels siRaribis done 2,5

%-iT Semcirda. imave 2004 wlis manZilze siRaribis donis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis mier 2006 wels

gamocemul statistikis weliwdeulSi siRaribis donis Sesaxeb gaCnda axali cifrebi,

romlebic gviCveneben, rom 2004 wlis pirvelive kvartalSi siRaribis donem Seadgina

32,8% 2 , xolo 2004 wlisaTvis 35,7%, anu daaxloebiT orjer naklebi, vidre es

naCvenebi iyo 2005 wels gamocemul statistikur weliwdeulSi.

1 ix. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. statistikuri krebuli, Tb. 2005 gv. 152

2 ix. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2006. gv.70

129

bunebrivia, rom daismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi siRaribis donis

orjer Semcireba?

2004 wlis siRaribis absoluturi zRvari erTi Sromisunariani asakis

mamakacze gaangariSebiT 151,7 laridan 84,3 laramde Semcirda. 1 xolo orjer

Semcirebul saarsebo minimumTan mosaxleobis faqtobrivi Semosavlebis Sedarebam ki

gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi siRaribis orjer Semcireba.

saarsebo minimumi gamoiTvleba samomxmareblo kalaTis damatebiT gadasaxadebsa

da Senatanebze. samomxmareblo kalaTa(minimumi) = sasursaTo kalaTa(minimumi) +

arasasursaTo moxmareba + gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebuleba. sasursaTo kalaTa

ewodeba kvebis produqtebis im nakrebs, rac fiziologiuri normebis, maTi

kaloriulobisa da sabazro fasebis mixedviT, minimalurad mainc saWiroa adamianis

fizikuri arseboba ganviTarebisa da sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad.

sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebis gamoTvla xdeba moxmarebis fiziologiuri

normebis gadamravlebiT sabazro fasebze. saarsebo minimumis gamoTvlisas

mxedvelobaSi miiReba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba da is faqti, rom saarsebo

minimumi erTi Sromisunariani asakis mamakacze gaangariSibiT TiTqmis orjer Semcirda.

SeuZlebelia momxdariyo ise, rom ar Semcirebuliyo kvebis produqtebis moxmarebis

fiziologiuri normebi.

dReis.Tvis saqarTveloSi minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis rekomendebuli

Semadgenloba Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis Seadgens 2300,0 kkalorias dRiuri

moxmarebisaTvis.

Tuki dinamikaSi ganvixilavT Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo fulad xarjebs

saSualod TveSi, SevamCnevT, rom sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebi sagrZnoblad

maRali xvedri woniTaa warmodgenili, xolo ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze

fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona minimaluria. sxva xarjebis xvedri wilis TiTqmis

ucvlelobis pirobebSi, sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona

samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi mcirdeba da procentulad Seadgens: 2004 wels _

53.6%-s, 2005 wels _ 50.4%, 2006 wels _ 50.6%, 2007 wels _ 48,3%, es

monacemebi imis maniSnebelia, rom mosaxleobis cxovrebis done umjobesdeba. axla

vnaxoT, Tu rogor icvleba sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona

mTlian xarjebSi. es monacemebi procentulad Semdegi saxisaa: 2004 weli _ 34.7%,

2005 wels _ 35.0%, 2006 wels _ 35.4%, 2007 wels _ 35.1%. im fonze, roca

siRaribis done mcirdeba, Seusabamobaa is faqti, rom sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi

xarjebis xvedri wona mTlian xarjebSi TiTqmis uvlelia.

Tuki gadavxedavT arasamomxmareblo fulad xarjebs, SevniSnavT, rom qonebis

SeZenaze fuladi danaxarjebi mcirdeba da Seadgens: 2004 wels _ 7,5 mln lars

1 ix. saqarTvelos Sina meurneobebi 2003-2004 ww, statistikuri krebuli, 2005w. gv. 150 da saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis kvartaluri biuleteni, Tb. 2008, gv. 80.

130

2005 wels _ 7,7 mln lars 2006 wels _ 6.0 mln lars 2007 wels_4,4 mln laris.

xolo maTi xvedri wona mTlian danaxarjebSi TiTqmis 0-s utoldeba, rac

mosaxleobis arasaxarbielo finansur mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs. cxril 2-Si

mocemuli Sinameurneobebis mTliani Semosavlebi (fuladi da arafuladi) erT sulze

gaangariSebiT imaze metyvelebs, rom saSualod vardebis revoluciis Semdeg

SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi erT sulze aWarbebs saarsebo minimums, magram vnaxoT,

ras warmoadgens es Tanxebi 1996 wlis ucvlel fasebSi gadayvaniT, deflatoris

gamoyenebiT, rac udris 2,0-s. 2007 wels SinameurneobaTa saSualo Semosavlebi erT

sulze gaangariSebiT Seadgens 115,2 : 2,0 = 57,6 lars, xolo saarsebo minimumi 105,0

: 2,0 = 52,5 lars. laris dolarze gacvlis dRevandeli kursiT, saqarTveloSi

SinameurneobaTa saSualo suladobrivi Semosavali Seadgens 57,6 : 1,65 = 34,9 aSS

dolars, xolo saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi 52,5 : 1,65 = 31,8 aSS

dolars. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad iTvleba

pirovneba, romelsac dReSi Semosavali 2 aSS dolarze, xolo Ratakad _ erT aSS

dolarze naklebi aqvs, maSin saqarTveloSi yvela Sinameurneoba SemosavlebiT

siRatakis zRvarzea, xolo saarsebo minimumi _ Ratakuri,

cxrili 1. siRaribis maCveneblebi1

siRaribis

maCveneblebi

wlebi

siRaribis done siRaribis siRrme siRaribis simwvave

medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is

mimarT

medianuri

moxmarebis 40%-is

mimarT

medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is

mimarT

medianuri

moxmarebis 40%-is

mimarT

medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is

mimarT

medianuri

moxmarebis 40%-is

mimarT

2004 24.6 10.9 8.1 3.4 4.0 1.7

2005 24.1 10.1 7.6 3.1 3.6 1.5

2006 23.3 9.4 7.2 2.8 3.3 1.3

2007 21.3 9.2 6.9 2.7 3.2 1.3

saqarTveloSi masobrivi siRaribis ganviTarebas safuZvlad udevs ekonomikis

memkvidreobiT miRebuli CamorCeniloba gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan. meore

mTavari mizezi aris Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT 90-ian wlebSi

ekonomikis maRali tempebiT dacema, rac ganapiroba erTiani ekonomikuri sistemis

moSlam, mokavSire qveynebTan kavSir-urTierTobis Sewyvetam da sxva mravalma

subieqturma faqtorma: samoqalaqo omma, arasworma monetarulma da fiskalurma

131

politikam, korufciis arnaxuli tempebiT ganviTarebam da sxva faqtorebma. Yovelive

aman saqarTvelo miiyvana masobriv siRaribemde da saerTo krizisis ganviTarebamde.

cxrili 2. SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi erT sulze da saSualo

momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi (lari):2

maCveneblebi

wlebi

SinameurneobaTa

Semosavlebi erT sulze

(lari)

saSualo momxmareblis

saarsebo minimumi (lari)

Sromis unariani

mamakacis saarsebo

minimumi (lari)

2004

2005

2006

2007

84.7

92.3

102.7

115.2

74.7

84.9

94.4

105.0

84.3

95.8

106.5

118.6

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravalsaukunovani istoriis, uZvelesi, maRali

kulturis, agreTve mdidari bunebriv-klimaturi da xelsayreli geopolitikuri

mdebareobis mqone qveynebidan iSviaTobas warmoadgens saqarTvelo, Tumca gamorCeulia

siRaribis maRali doniT. Cvens qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari sanedleulo bazis

maRalefeqtiani gamoyenebiT ara marto sakuTari moTxovnilebani daikmayofilos,

aramed awarmoos da miawodos msoflio bazars maRalxarisxovani Rvino, Cai,

citrusebi, xili, bostneuli, mineraluri wyali, marganeci, feradi liTonebi, saSeni

masalebi, agreTve Tvalwarmtaci bunebiT SeuZlia msoflio turistuli mogzaurobaTa

centri gaxdes.

sabolood imeds gamovTqvamT, rom sabazro ekonomika adre Tu gvian gonivruli

samTavrobo ekonomikuri politikis gatarebiT srulyofilad gamoiyenebs saqarTvelos

mdidar bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs, agreTve xelsayrel geopolitikur mdebareobas,

ganaviTarebs qveynis ekonomikas da mecnieruli kvlevebi warimarTeba ara siRaribis,

aramed upiratesad xalxTa simdidris Sesaswavlad.


1. b. gabiZaSvili, z.kirvaliZe _ siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, Tb., 2003 w.

2. g. Tarxan-mouravi _ siRaribe gardamaval sazogadoebaSi, saqarTvelo, Tb., 1998 w.

3. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. statistikuri krebuli. Tb. 2005 w.

4. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, Tb. 2006 w.

5. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros

statistikis departamentis kvartaluri biuleteni, Tbilisi, 2008.

132

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis donis faqtobrivi analizi 1

gvanca dgebuaZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. T. Sengelia

saqarTveloSi msoflios sxva qveynebis msgavsad mimdinare periodSi finansur-

ekonomikuri krizisia. aseT viTarebaSi qveynisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia

arsebuli samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba da axlis Seqma. arsebobs mosazreba, rom am

situaciaSi mniSvnelovania mcire biznesis masobrivi formireba da ganviTareba.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi istoria ar gaaCnia,

marTalia, XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis iyo biznesis warmoebis niSnebi,(viTardeboda

xelosnoba, vaWroba, mevenaxeoba) magram qveynis bolSekikur mmarTvelobaze

daqvemdebarebam erTianad CaaxSo yvelanairi perspeqtiva, vinaidan sabWoTa kavSirSi

mewarmeoba miuRebeli saqmianoba gaxldaT, mewarmeebi represiebis obieqtebi xdebodnen.

1991-1994 wlebSi marTalia, qveyanam damoukidebloba moipova, magram samoqalaqo

dapirispirebebma da destabilizaciam SeuZlebeli gaxada biznesis warmoeba. 1995

wlidan nel-nela, kus nabijebiT qveyanaSi biznes garemos Camoyalibeba daiwyo, Tumca

korufciis manqanam da energo krizisma gamoricxa misi Semdgomi ganviTareba.

situacia Seicvala 2003 wlidan, axali mTavrobis pirobebSi qveyanaSi SesaZle-

beli gaxda jansaRi biznes garemos Camoyalibeba, gatarda reformebi da arsebuli

kanonmdeblobisa da sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi gamartivebulia, mcire biznesis

wamowyeba da warmeoba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, wesiT, saqarTveloSi mcire

biznesi swrafi tempiT unda viTardebodes.

miuxedavad am faqtisa, qyeyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba aradamakmayo-

filebelia, saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesSi dasaqmebulia mTlian dasaq-

mebulTa 25%, massin rodesac inglisSi igive maCvenebeli 49%-s Seadgens, xolo

germaniaSi- 80%-s. ra aris amis mizezi?

rasakvirvelia, es kompleqsuri problemaa da erT mizezs ar micavs, magram me

gadavwyviete yuradReba, erT-erT maTganze gamemaxvilebina. vinaidan am dargis ganviTa-

reba metwilad sazogadoebis iniciativazea damokidebuli, logikuria, problema swo-

red aq veZioT. arsebobs mosazreba, rom sazogadoebis umetesi nawili ufrTxis saku-

Tari saqmis wamowyebas, maT urCevniaT, monawileoba miiRon sxvisi produqtis war-

moebaSi, vidre sakuTari riskis fasad akeTon biznesi. amboben, rom es jer kidev sab-

WoTa kavSiris gamoZaxilia, vinaidan, kerZo mewarme didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ofici-

alurad sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebel pirad iTvleboda, am xelovnurma stereotipma,

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna ` biznesis administrirebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da

daimsaxura saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa 69-e sauniversiteto konferenciaze II adgili.

133

daaSora sazogadoebis farTo masebi biznes garemos, konkretulad ki daaknina maTi

riskis sferoSi moqmedebis unarCvevebi. Sedegad, sazogadoeba gaxda ufro damokide-

buli sxvaTa Sromis nayofierebaze, Sesabamisad, saWiro aRar iyo damoukidebeli

SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis pirobebSi, sakuTari qonebis fasad produqtis an momsaxu-

rebis Seqmnis aucilebloba, anu riskze wasvla. sazogadoebaSi damkvidrda cru

warmodgena realur cxovrebaze. bevri miiCnevs, rom Cveni qveynis mosaxloebas kvlav

mcdari Sexeduelba aqvs biznesze da ar Seucvnia misi WeSmariti xibli, amitom moqa-

laqeebi mxolod maSin iwyeben mewarmeobas, roca Semosavlis sxva wyaro ar gaaCniaT.

am problemis ukeT Sesaswavlad me Cavatare gamokiTxva-mokvleva. Cems mier, gamo-

ikiTxa mcire biznesiT dakavebuli 145 mewarme, romlebic ewevian sxvadasxva saqonli-

sa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, TioToeulma maTganma Seavso Cems mier specialurad

momzadebuli kiTxvari.

gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 27% biznes saqmianobas ramdenime Tvea eweva (0-dan 1

wlamde), naxevari, anu 50% ,samewarmeo saqmanobiT dakavebulia 1-dan 5-wlamde vadiT

da mxolod 23% gamokiTxulebisa marTavs sakuTar sawarmos 5-welze meti droiT.

(ixileT diagrama #1)

1. 0-dan 1 wlamde

2. 1-dan 5 wlamde

3. 5 da meti weli

diagrama #1

Seswavlili sawarmoebis 67%-Si dasaqmebulia 1-dan 5 kacamde, 23%-Si

msaxurobs 5-dan 10-mde moqalaqe da firmaTa mxolod 10%-Si gvxvdeba 10-ze meti

muSa. (ixileT diagrama #2)

0

20

40

60

12

3

Series1

134

1. 1-dan 5 kacamde

2. 5-dan 10 kacamde

3. 10-ze meti kaci

diagrama#2

rogorc aRmoCnda Cems mier gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 73%-sTvis es saqmianoba

Semosavlis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgens da mxolos 27%-s aqvs sxva finansuri

saxsrebis moZiebis SesaZlebloba (ixileT diagrama #3).

aris Tu ara es saqmianoba Tqveni Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaro?

1. diax

2. ara

diagrama #3

me vTxove mewarmeebs SeefasebinaT maTi sawarmos efeqturoba da Semdegi suraTi

miviRe (ixileT diagrama#4).

1

2

3

0

20

40

60

80

1 2

Series1

0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Series1

135

1.gamorCeuli;

2.Zalian maRali;

3. maRali;

4.normaluri;

5.misaRebi;

6.damakmayofilebeli;

7.aradamakmayofilebeli;

8.uimedo situacia.

diagrama #4

CemTvis Zalian saintereso iyo imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba

mwamroeblis ganaTleba mis saqmianobas. Cem mier gamokveluli sawarmoebis mixedviT

aseTi suraTi miviRe (ixileT diagrama #5).

1.sruliad Seusabamo;

2.sruliad Sesabamisi;

3.nawilobriv Sesabamisi.

diagrama #5

e.i mewarmeebis 23% miiCnevs rom maTi ganaTleba absoluturad Seesabameba maT

saqmaonobas(anu isini ekonomistebi arian) 44%-ma mipasuxa,rom isini srulebiT ar

Seesabamebian maTsave saqmonobas da gamokiTxulTa 33% fiqrobs, rom maTi ganaTleba

nawilobriv Seesabameba sawarmos mmarTvelis funqcias.

Zalze saintereso tendenciis maCvenebelia mewarmeebis pozicia maTi saqmianobis

gafarToebis perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebiT. gamokiTxulTa 78% saerTod ar gegmavs

warmoebis raime formiT gafarToebas, mewarmeTa 16% gegmavs warmoebis moculobis

zrdas, Tumca ar icis ra gziT miaRwevs amas da mxolos 6% mewarmeebisa gegmavs

saqmoanobis gafarToebas ukve gawerili gegmiT (ixileT diagrama #6).

144%

223%

333%

136

1.dagegmilia (gawerili gegmiT)

2. gegmav

3. ar gegmavs

diagrama #6

sabolood, zemoT aRwerili kvleva cxadyofs, rom mwarmoebelTa absoluturi

umravlesobis saqmianoba emyareba primitiul logikas_ `mTavaria gavasaRo~.. maTTvis

mTavar mizans warmoadgens arsebuli produqciis gasaReba da mogebis miReba, Semdgom

aRar fiqroben mogebis nawilis kvlavwarmoebaSi gaSvebaze da winaswar ar gegmaven

sawarmos funqcionirebas. amis naTeli dasturi isaa, rom gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis

67% miiCnevs, rom dagegmva maTi sawarmosTvis ar aris saWiro.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaSi monawile mewarmeebi ver erkvevian maT mier gaweuli

xarjebis procentul maCveneblebSi, anu isini ar axdenen maTi saqmianobis analizs.

aseT monacemebs erT daskvnamde mivyavarT, mwarmoebelTa absoluturi umravlesoba ar

aris bolomde garkveuli maTi sawarmos SesaZleblobebSi da maTi gaTvlebi emyareba

moklevadian periods.

Cveni mxridan logikuri iqneba mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gzebis moZieba im

qveynidan, romelic am mxriv yvelaze warmatebulia, es udavod, amerikis Seertebuli

Statebia, romelic gvevlineba kidec mcire biznesis warmoebis fuZemdeblad.

amerikis SeerTebul Statebi funqcianorebs organizacia „mcire biznesis

administracia” romelic amerikis kongresma 1953 wels daaarsa. mis xelmZRvanels

niSnavs qveynis prezidenti da amtkicebs senati. mTel qveyanaSi funqcionirebs am

organizaciis 1000-mde filiali sadac 50-mde saxis programa funqcionirebs.erT-erT

mTavar saqmianobad iTvleba sainformacio mxardaWera da gadamzadeba.sxvadasxva

filialebSi mimdinareobs treiningebi da konsultaciebi, romlebic aerTianeben 10

000-ze met yofil da axlad daarsebul sawarmos.aseve arsebobs individualuri

midgomis konsultaciis da daxmarebis programebi.am organizaciis funqcionirebis

mTavari mizani mewarmeebis mewarmeobiTi potencialis amaRlebaa, vinaidan gamocdile-

bis ar arsebobis da sxvadasxva problemis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo aSS-Si yovel-

wliurad axladgaxsnili sawarmoebis 85% kotrdeba.

1

2

3

137

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs patar-patara sakonsultacio

jgufebi, (`mcire biznesis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis centri~, èvropis

rekonstuqciisa da ganviTarebis banki~, `saqarTvelos sawarmoTa xelSewyobis proeq-

ti~, `saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis daxmarebis fondi~, `Ria sazogadoeba saqarTve-

los fondi~ da sxva) isini ar atareben masStabur xasiaTs da mcire mewarmeebi

umravles SemTxvevaSi ar arian informirebulni maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, amitom, Cemi

azriT, idealuri iqneboda Tu CvenTanac Seiqmneboda amerikuli organizaciis msgavsi

saxelmwifo organo, romelic masiurad gauwevda propagandas mcire biznesis war-

moebas, mosaxleobas daanaxvebda Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi biznesis warmeobis

WeSmarit xibls da xelmisawvdomi iqneboda nebismieri msurvelisTvis, gauwevda maT

informaciul mxardaWeras, Cautarebda treiningebs, konsultaciebs, izrunebda maTi

kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze. Sedegad moqalaqeebi informirebulebi, momzadebulebi,

gaazrebulad wamoiwyebdnen sakuTar mcire bizness da Sesabamisad maTi saqmianoba

gacilebiT produqtiuli da efeqturi iqneboda.

mniSvnelovania, am organizaciam itvirTos analitikuri koreqtirebis funqcia

arsebuli kanonmdeblobis daxvewis rekomendaciebis gawevis mizniT, rac gulisxmobs

msoflios saukeTeso praqtikis moZiebas da maT morgebas qarTul realobaze,ara

principiT copy and paste aramed adaptirebuli modeliT da sqemebiT.

138

fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi1

lana sulakaZe

salome vaSakiZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. g. erqomaiSvili

saqarTveloSi fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi nela, magram stabilurad

viTardeba. amJamad mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis bazarze sami komunikaciuri

organizacia funqcionirebs: `jeoseli”, `magTi” da `bilaini”. maTgan `jeoseli” da

`magTi” ori umsxvilesi mobiluri satelefono operatori kompaniaa. `magTis”

organizaciis abonentebi Seadgenen 1900000_s, xolo `jeoselis” _ 2000000

momxmarebels, rac ganapirobebs maT mier bazris monopolizebas. mesame moTamaSe _

`bilaini” bazarze 2005 wels gamoCnda da 280000 abonentiT qarTuli fiWuri

kavSirgabmulobis bazarze aminds jerjerobiT ver cvlis.

warmovadginoT “magTis’, “jeoselisa” da “bilainis” xvedriTi wona bazarze (ix.

diagrama 1)

Ddiagrama 1. `magTis~, `jeoselisa~ da `bilainis~ xvedriTi wona bazarze.

aqedan naTlad Cans `magTisa” da `jeoselis” TiTqmis Tanabari konkurencia.

jeoseli (Geocell) 1996 wlis seqtembridan Cndeba saqarTveloSi, rogorc pirveli

GSM operatori.

jeoselma 1997 wlis 15 marts ganaxorciela pirveli mobiluri zari da mas

Semdeg ganagrZobs warmatebul funqcionirebas saqarTvelos komunikaciur bazarze. man

1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `biznesis administrirebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da


0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

magti jeocell beline

Series1

139

pirvelma danerga saqarTvelos bazarze inovaciuri servisebis umravlesoba. is gaxda

aRiarebuli kompania da 11 wlis manZilze mravali prizi da sigeli miiRo sxvadasxva

damsaxurebisTvis.

kompania daarsebis dRidanve zrunavs Tavisi abonentebisTvis maqsimaluri

komfortis Seqmnaze da mudam cdilobs, srulyofilebamde daxvewos sakuTari

momsaxureba.

jeosels didi wvlili Seaqvs qveynis ekonomikis aRmavlobis saqmeSi, rogorc

erT-erTi msxvili gadamxdeli. kompania droulad ixdis gadasaxadebs saqarTvelos

biujetSi da xels uwyobs mis Sevsebas. dRemde kompaniam ukve ganaxorciela 315

milionis investiciebi, xolo samomavlod igegmeba am cifris 465 milion laramde

gazrda. am moqmedebebiT kompania xels uwyobs moqalaqeebis dasaqmebas da Sesabamisad

qveynis ganviTarebas. is qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs da dasaqmebuli yavs 4000-ze

meti adamiani.

jeoselis strategiis erT-erTi sagulisxmo mimarTulebaa uangaro

qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba. kulturis, ganaTlebisa da sportis mxardaWera –

jeoselis savizito baraTia. kompanias Tavisi arsebobis manZilze asobiT

gaxmaurebuli socialuri proeqti ganuxorcielebia, rac misTvis erTgvar reklamasac

warmoadgens

mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis kompania Sps “magTikomi” daarsda 1996 wlis

TebervalSi, xolo komerciuli saqmianoba daiwyo 1997 wlis seqtembridan. D

dReisTvis magTikomis mflobelebi arian amerikuli kompaniebi International Telcell

Celular LLC da Telcell Wireless LLC.

2006 wlis zafxulSi kompania, GSM-momsaxurebis srul speqtrTan erTad,

pirvelad saqarTveloSi uzrunvelyofs mesame Taobis servisebis momsaxurebas:

maRalsiCqariani interneti, videozari da mobiluri televizia.

2008 wels magTikomi gacda mobiluri kavSiris farglebs, CDMA-450

standertis qseli gamarTa da axali brendis – magTi fiqsis saSualebiT,

saqarTvelos mosaxleobas fiqsirebuli, usadeno satelefono kavSiri da internet

momsaxureba SesTavaza.

rac Seexeba magTikomis meore brends: “bals”. misi gaSveba moxda 2005 wlis

18 ivliss. baliT sargeblobs Zalian bevri adamiani, radgan am brendma moipova didi

popularoba sazogadoebaSi. bali aris gankuTvnili yvelanairi adamianisTvis, rogorc

axalgazrdebisTvis aseve saqmiani xalxisTvis. bals gaaCnia Tanamedrove servisi da

aris yvelaze xelmisawvdomi.

`magTikomis~ sakontrolo paketis mflobelia kompania `selfordi~, romelmac

aqciebi amerikuli `metromediisgan~ 2007 wels SeiZina. mas hyavs 1 700 000_ze meti

abonenti da is faravs saqarTvelos teritoriis 97%_ze mets. amJamad saqarTvelos

140

masStabiT funqcionirebs `magTis~ 43 ofisi. 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi `magTikomma~ sa-

qarTvelos ekonomikaSi daaxloebiT 46 185 000 lari Seitana.

magTis erT-erTi warmatebuli partniori kompaniaa saqarTvelos banki. maT aqvT

erToblivi produqti gamoSvebuli – Magti Card. am baraTis saSualebiT

momxmarebels SeuZlia mudmivad isargeblos uprocento kreditiT.

wels magTikomma abonentebs siaxle momsaxurebis ofisebis mxrivac SesTavaza,

rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom momxmareblebs ukve kompaniis moZravi ofisebi emsaxu-

rebaT. oTxi srulfasovani ofisi `borblebze~ mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, regu-

larulad moZraobs im dasaxlebul punqtebSi, sadac kompanias momsaxurebis staci-

onaluri ofisi araaqvs. aseTi ofisi am dReebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-

tis maRliv korpussac moevlina.

paralelurad, magTikomi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi abonentebs aqtiurad sTava-

zobda sxvadasxva aqciebsa da ganaxlebul servisebs. gansakuTrebiT saintereso wina-

dadebebi SesTavaza kompaniam sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebs. kerZod ki, Seiqmna klu-

bebi masmediis warmomadgenlebisTvis, medikosebisTvis, jariskacebisa da Zalovani

struqturebis TanamSromlebisTvis, fermerebisa da agraruli sferos warmomadgenle-

bisTvis. yvela am profesiis abonents saSualeba aqvs klubSi gawevrianebis SemTxveva-

Si momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT isargeblos.

2008 wlis 15 dekembris monacemebiT, magTikoms arsebobis manZilze qveynis

ekonomikaSi 700 milioni lari aqvs Setanili. rogorc kompaniaSi acxadeben, am

maCveneblebiT 2002 wlidan magTikomi ucvleli lideria.

saqarTvelosa da evropaSi magTikomma pirvelma danerga Push-to-Talk

teqnologia (2004), xolo 2006 wlis ivnisidan – mesame Taobis servisebi. kompaniam

2008 wlis noemberSi daasrula saxelmwifo struqturebisTvis erTiani

sakomunikacio qselis Seqmnaze muSaoba da masSi sxvadasxva uwyebisa da saministros

400-ze meti obieqti CarTo.

bilaini axlad Seqmnili inovaciuri kompaniaa, romelic miznad isaxavs

momxmareblis survilebis maRali xarisxiT dakmayofilebas. igi iyo pirveli,

romelmac bazarze danerga yvelaze dabali satarifo gegmebi.

bilainma saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTanave gadadga sakmaod gambedavi da erTi

SexedviT axladSeqmnili kompaniisTvis wamgebiani nabiji, rac gamoixata imaSi, rom man

momxmareblis mosazidad bazars SesTavaza warmoudgenlad dabali 2 TeTriani tarifi

Siga qselSi sasaubrod.

2008 wels bilainma abonentebs ramdenime axali momsaxureba SesTavaza, maT

Soris, xmovani fosta-`Cemi melodia”, romelic standartuli zumeris nacvlad

abonentis mier arCeuli melodiis Canacvlebas gulisxmobs.

bilaini dafarvis zonebs zrdis da is ukve saqarTvelos yvela regions

moicavs. amJamad kompaniis signali raWaSic vrceldeba. ukanaskneli Tveebis

141

ganmavlobaSi bilainma ramdenime aTeuli axali sabazo sadguri gauSva. regionebis

aTvisebasTan erTad aqtiurad mimdinareobs signalis xarisxis gaumjobesebac. rogorc

bilainSi acxadeben, kompania am periodisTvis saqarTvelos 90%-s faravs da 10

regionSia warmodgenili.

aRniSnuli organizaciebidan jeoselma da magTikomma TiTqmis erTdroulad

daiwyes bazarze damkvidreba, xolo bilaini jer-jerobiT axlad Seqmnili

organizaciaa da is Zlier konkurentad ver gvevlineba. bilainma saqarTvelos bazarze

damkvidreba moaxerxa dabali tarifebiT, magram aman Tavdapirvelad uaryofiTad

imoqmeda mis finansur mdgomareobaze. `jeoseli” da `magTi” lideri kompaniebi arian.

satarifo gegma orives daaxloebiT msgavsi aqvT da amiT erTmaneTs uweven Tanabari

SesaZleblobis konkurencias. es faqti dadebiTad moqmedebs momxmareblis

interesebze, radgan konkurenciis gamo tarifebi mcirdeba da xelmisawvdomi xdeba

yvela adamianisTvis.

jeoselsa da magTikoms bilainisagan gansxvavebiT mravali inovaciuri servisi

aqvT danergili. magTikoms ufro meti filiali aqvs saqarTvelos teritoriaze,

vidre danarCenebs, mxolod mcirediT CamorCeba jeoseli.

bilainis erT-erTi upiratesobaa dabali tarifebi saerTaSoriso zarebze

sxvadasxva qveynebSi, rogoricaa ukraina da ruseTi. aseve is aZlevs Tavis

momxmareblebs imis saSualebas, rom dabal fasebSi gaagzavnon MMS.

ganxiluli kompaniebis dafarvis zona saqarTveloSi aseTia (ix. Ddiagrama 2)

Ddiagrama 2. `magTis~, `jeoselisa~ da `bilainis~ dafarvis zona saqarTveloSi

2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma mniSvnelovani ziani

miayena qarTul bizness. miuxedavad amisa qarTuli fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis bazars

funqcionireba ar Seuwyvetia, piriqiT man mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa

dazaralebulTa dasaxmareblad. magaliTisaTvis: agvistos tragikul movlenebTan

99%

95%

90%

dafarvis zona

magti geocell beeline

142

dakavSirebiT “jeoseli” aqtiurad CaerTo iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa daxmarebis

procesSi. kompaniam patronaJi gamoacxada Tbilisis 103_e sajaro skolaSi

ganTavsebul devnilebze da isini uzrunvelyo sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT.

garda amisa, SemoRebul iqna specialuri tarifi, romlis farglebSic yvela devnili

wuTSi 9 TeTrad saubrobs. aseve კომპანია ”მაგთიკომმა” ამ მიზნით სპეციალური

ნომერი 200399 აამოქმედა. აღნიშნულ ნომერზე დარეკვა შეუძლიათ ”მაგთისა”

და”ბალის” აბონენტებს, ზარის ღირებულება 1 ლარია, დაგროვილ თანხას კი

კომპანია დევნილთა დახმარების ფონდში გადარიცხავს. am ori kompaniisgan

gansxvavebiT “bilains” araviTari saqvelmoqmedo aqcia ar ganuxorcielebia. amasTanave,

saomari moqmedebebis dros kompania “bilaini” sruliad ver uzrunvelyofda

momxmarebelTa komunikacias.

saqarTvelos fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis bazris Seswavlis safuZvelze SegviZ-

lia ganvsazRvroT, rom sworad Sedgenilma marketingulma strategiam, qvelmoqmedebam

da momxmarebelze gaTvlilma aqciebma uzrunvelyo am samidan ori kompaniis warmateba

bazarze. Tavdapirvelad SeTavazebulma dabalma tarifma mniSvnelovnad daazarala

`bilaini~. garda amisa, igi bazarze axali Semosulia, amitomac ver uwevs Tanabar

konkurencias `magTisa~ da `jeoselis~ brendebs.

Aamgvarad, miuxedavad ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisisa, sxva dargebisgan

gansxvavebiT, fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi warmatebiT

funqcionirebs.

143

globaluri finansuri krizisi da misi gavlena

saqarTvelos finansur sistemaze1

irakli xubua

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xeml: asoc. prof. lela baxtaZe

globaluri finansuri krizisi jerjerobiT msoflioSi yvelaze aqtualur

Temad rCeba. msoflio finansuri krizisi 2007 wlis zafxulSi aSS-is ipoTekuri

dakreditebis bazarze dawyebuli krizisis Sedegia. aRniSnuli ganapiroba aSS-Si 2001

wlis 11 seqtembers momxdarma saSinelma teraqtma. tempdakarguli ekonomikis

stimulirebisaTvis FED-is (aSS-s centraluri banki) mier zRvarsgadasulma

monetarulma eqspansiam, rasac logikurad ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi saprocento

ganakveTebis Semcireba mohyva. kerZod, mTavari saprocento ganakveTi (sadiskonto

ganakveTi) 2001 wels arsebuli 3.5%-dan 2003 wlisaTvis 1%-mde daeca da ase

metismetad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda. amas daemata bankebisa da sakredito

organizaciebis mier momxmarebelTa ricxvis gazrdis mizniT, msesxeblebisTvis

standartuli moTxovnebis gamartiveba _ msesxeblebs Tanamonawileoba ar

moeTxovebodaT. Sedegad sesxi misces gadaxdisuunaro Ffenas, mxolod im varaudiT,

rom qoneba, romelsac isini sesxiT iZendnen stabilurad gaZvirdeboda. bankebi,

romlebic amgvar kreditebs gamoyofdnen, male Tavadac dasWirdebodaT fuli, ris

gamoc aRniSnuli sesxebis ufro msxvili bankebisaTvis “miyidvas” axdendnen. es

ukansknelni ki uSvebdnen obligaciebs, romlebic am ipoTekuri kreditebiT iyo

uzrunvelyofili. cxadia, obligaciebs ericxebodaT procenti da mohqondaT

sargebeli TavianTi mflobelebisaTvis. amasTan, isini spekulaciis saganic xdebodnen.

2006 wels ipoTekuri kreditiT uzrunvelyofil obligaciebs soliduri

mogeba mohqondaT mesakuTreebisaTvis _ wliurad 9-11%-is odenobiT. amitom bankebis

umravlesoba siamovnebiT abandebda saxsrebs aRniSnul aqtivebSi. Aamrigad, Seiqmna

finansuri piramida, romlis safuZvels warmoadgenda uZravi qoneba. sinamdvileSi ki,

aSS-Si fasebi uZrav qonebaze 20%-iT Semcirda, rasac daemata navTobsa da sursaTze

fasebis zrda. Sedegad sul ufro met msesxebels gauWirda kreditis momsaxureba,

ramac aSS-s bankebis gakotreba gamowvia. es krizisi, ra Tqma unda, gadaedo

amerikasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul evropas, saidanac is danarCen msoflioSi

gavrcelda.

evropaSi pirvelad didi britaneTis sabanko bazari dazaralda. mas Semdeg, rac

inglisis centralurma bankma didi britaneTis sididiT mexuTe ipoTekur banks

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `finansebis, sabako saqmisa da dazRvevis ~ sakaTedro studentur


144

Northern-Rock likvidobis SesanarCuneblad Tanxa gamouyo, meanabreebma CaTvales

rom banks gakotreba emuqreboda da TiTqmis 2 mlrd girvanqa-sterlingi moxsnes

angariSidan. amis gamo banks seriozuli finansuri problemebi Seeqmna, evropis

safinanso bazarze ki aJiotaJi daiwyo _ msxvili bankebis aqciaTa fasi daeca.

zogierTi eqsperti krizisis mizezad farTod gavrcelebul derivativebs,

kerZod e.w. “sakredito defoltur svops” asaxelebs. Tumca, Cveni azriT, aRniSuli

svopis “kraxi” msesxebelTa mxridan valdebulebebis masobrivad Seusruleblobam

ganapiroba, rasac, erTi mxriv, navTobsa da sursaTze fasebis zrda iwvevda, ris

Sedegadac msesxeblebs gaezardaT mimdinare xarjebi da ver SeZles sesxebis

momsaxureba. meore mxriv, ki, fasebi uZrav qonebaze romlis garantiiTac bankebi

sesxebs gascemdnen, imdenad daeca, rom igi ZiriTad Tanxasac ver aanazRaurebda. am

ori faqtoris mizezs ki warmoadgenda iafi fuli. amasTan pirvelad swored im

bankebis aqciebze Semcirda fasebi, romlebic ipoTekuri kreditiT uzrunvelyofil

obligaciebs gamoscemdnen. realur ekonomikaze krizisis Sedegebi 2008 wlis

oqtombeSi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gauaresebaSi gamoixata. kerZod, aSS-Si

umuSevrobam 6.5%-s miaRwia, rac yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia ukanaskneli 14 wlis

ganmavlobaSi. umuSevrobis donem evrozonis qveynebSi 7.7% Seadgina. umuSevrobis

yvelaze maRalma donem espaneTSi _ 12,8% miaRwia, rac Tavis mxriv, krizisis Sedegad

samSeneblo industriaSi zrdis tempebis mniSvnelovanma vardnam da turistebis

raodenobis klebam ganapiroba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom CineTSi daaxloebiT 4-5%-iT

Semcirda mTliani Siga produqtis zrdis tempi.

krizisis Sedegad, 2007 wlis seqtembidan dRemde, amerikis FED-ma saprocento

ganakveTi 3-jer daswia, garda amisa, gaamartiva dakreditebis programa. amerikul

bankebs likvidobis problemis dasaZlevad, finansuri resursebis mozidva rom

SesZlebodaT, aSS-s mTavrobam investorebs qveynis bankebis aqciaTa 33%-is Sesyidvis

ufleba misca, rac adre akrZaluli iyo. amasTan, ukve imave wlis dekemberidan FED-

ma amerikul bankebs saSualeba misca misagan aeRoT sesxi vinaobis gaumJRavneblad. am

mxriv kidev ufro Sors wavida evropis centraluri banki, romelmac 2008 wlis 18

ianvars 348,6 mlrd dolaris sesxi gasca sabazroze gacilebiT ufro dabali

saprocento ganakveTiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 2008 wlis 3 oqtombers, aSS-is

kongresSi gamarTuli sxdoma, romelzec senatma, ukve yofili finansTa ministris,

henri polsonis mier ekonomikuri stabilurobis mizniT SemuSavebuli antikrizisuli

gegma daamtkica, romlis gansaxorcieleblad 700 mlrd dolari gamoiyo, amasTan

depozitebze sadazRvevo limiti droebiT 100 aTasidan 250 aTasamde gaizarda

(evrokavSirSi ki-20 aTasidan 50 aTas evromde). depozitebis federalur sadazRvevo

kompanias ufleba mieca, SeuzRudavad esargebla finansTa saministros fondebiT.

amoqmedda 150 mlrd dolaris moculobis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, romliTac

sargebloben mcire biznesis warmomadgenlebi, erT da met Sviliani ojaxebi da

145

ukanasknel periodSi stiqiuri ubedurebiT dazaralebulni. am gegmis yvelaze

mniSvnelovan punqts warmoadgenda is, rom unda momxdariyo bankebis

rekapitalizacia wilSi Sesvlis gziT. saxeldobr, bankebis mier gamoSvebul

privilegirebul aqciebs saxelmwifo SeiZenda. aseve oqtomberSi safrangeTSi

gamarTul samitze, evrozonis liderebma miiRes CarCo xelSekruleba, romlis

Sesabamisad evropis calkeuli qveyana sakuTar bankebSi privilegirebuli aqciebis

SesyidviT ganaxorcielebda investiciebs. maT aseve SeuerTda didi britaneTic.

inglisis centralurma bankma 50 mlrd girvanqa sterlingi gamoyo privilegirebuli

aqciebis SesaZenad. germaniis mTavrobam bankebis da sxva finansuri institutebis

stabilizaciis mizniT 500 mlrd evro gamoyo. unda aRiniSnos, CineTis saxalxo

respublikis xelisuflebis mier miRebuli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis paketi.

kerZod, ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili iqneba 586 mlrd dolari

stiqiuri ubedurebis dros dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis, mcire Semosavliani

moqalaqeebisTvis saxlebis asaSeneblad, satransporto qselis ganviTarebisa da

inovaciuri teqnologiis danergvisaTvis. amasTan mTavroba sawarmoebisaTvis

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebas apirebs, rac daaxloebiT 17.5 mlrd dolars

dazogavs.

2009 wlis ianvarSi aSS-is axalma prezidentma warmoadgina antikrizisuli

gegma, riTac gadsaxadebi 500 dolariT Seumcirdeba amerikis im moqalaqeebs, romelTa

Semosavalic weliwadSi 200 aTas dolars ar aRemateba. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT

isargebleben agreTve is kompaniebi, romlebic damatebiT personals daasaqmeben. xolo

im kompaniebs, romlebmac 2008 wels zarali ganicades, SesaZlebloba eqnebaT,

krediti 5 wlis winandeli finansuri monacemebis Sesabamisad aiRon. am gegmis

mixedviT im bankebisa da finansuri organizaciebis top-menejerebis xelfasi ar unda

aRematebodes 500 aTas dolars, romlebic daxmarebas saxelmwifo xazinidan

Rebuloben. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia 2009 wlis 20 aprils londonSi gamarTuli

samiti, sadac G20(”didi oceulis“) qveynebis liderebma SeTanxmebas miaRwies, rom

ssf miiRebs 1,1 trln aSS dolars krizisis dasaZlevad. gamoqveyndeba im qveynebis

sia, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileobaze uars amboben

da maT mimarT mkacri sanqciebi gatardeba; gamoiyofa 250 mlrd dolari

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis stimulirebisaTvis; mkacrad gakontroldeba da regulirebis

gareSe ar darCeba finansuri bazris arc erTi elementi; gaizrdeba Rarib qveynebze

daxmareba, romlebic krizisis Sedegad gansakuTrebiT dazaraldnen da jamSi 2010

wlamde, krizisis dasaZlevad 5 trilioni aSS dolari gamoiyofa.

sayuradReboa, rom ZiriTadad adgili hqonda gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da

saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdas, anu xorcieldeboda erToblivi moTxonis stimulireba,

Tumca jerjerobiT man Sedegi ver gamoiRo. rasac adasturebs msoflio indeqsTa

dinamika, magaliTad, 2008 wlis 1 oqtombridan 2009 wlis 15 maisamde Dow Jones

146

Industrial indeqsi 24%-iT Semcirda da 8206.7 dolari Seadgina. analogiurad

Semcirda S&P 500 indeqsi da 882.9 dolars gautolda; 19%-iT Semcirda Nasdaq

Composite da 1680,1 dolari Seadgina.

Tanamedrove finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikac daazarala. rac

ganpirobebuli iyo Semdegi garemoebebiT: jer erTi, Cveni qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ucxouri investiciebi, meore, samomxmareblo

bazris 80% importirebuli saqonliT aris gajerebuli, mesame, mosaxleobis

udidesi nawili arsebobs swored danarCeni msofliodan miRebuli transfertebis

xarjze da meoTxe, qveyanaSi arsebuli komerciuli bankebi sakredito resursad

ZiriTadad msoflio finansuri bazrebidan mozidul saxsrebs iyeneben. Qqveynis

ekonomikaze Zalze negatiurad imoqmeda agvistos omma, ris Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad

Semcirda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (grafiki 1). kerZod, igi 2008 wlis III

kvartalSi wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 69.3%-iT, xolo IV

kvartalSi ki, 73%-iT Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad iklo ucxoeTidan miRebulma

transfertebis odenobam (grafiki 2), rasac mohyva laris kursis dacema dolarTan

mimarTebaSi (grafiki 3).

msoflio krizisis gamo, bankebs sesxebi 1,5%-2%-iT gauZvirdaT, rasac 2008

wlis gazafxulidan sabanko bazarze kreditis gaZvireba mohyva

(grafiki 4). miuxedavad sesxebis gaZvirebisa, ekonomikis dakrediteba, agvistos omamde

ar Semcirebula(grafiki 5). agvistos 5-dRiani omis Semdeg mosaxleobam masobrivad

daiwyo bankebidan depozitebis gatana. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebiT,

147

agvistoSi depozitebi 389.6 mln. lariT (grafiki 6), bankebis mTliani aqtivebi ki

700 mln. lariT Semcirda, rasac logikurad gacemuli sesxebis moculobis kleba

mohyva.

Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare imata urC gadamxdelTa ricxvmac. bankebi

didi odenobiT gacemul sesxebs veRar ibrunebdnen. Kkredit-infos “Sav siaSi”

Sesul (msesxeblebi 30-dRiani vadagadacilebiT) pirTa raodenoba 2008 wlis 1

ianvridan 2008 wlis 15 agvistomde 130%-iT gaizarda da 80 aTas adamiani

Seadgina(grafiki 7).

zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabanko

sistemam gauZlo aRniSnul forsmaJorul situaciebs da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebis

sabanko sistemebTan SedarebiT SesaSuri mdgradoba gamoavlina. raSic Tavisi wvlili

Seitana seb-is mier sarezervo moTxovnebis 13%-dan 5%-mde Semcirebam, aseve seb-ma

bankebs finansuri mxardaWeris mizniT 150 mln laris sakredito resursi ga-

mouyo 13%-iani ganakveTiT, eqvsi Tvis vadiT. garda amisa, seb-ma refinansirebisaTvis

damatebiT 150 mln lari gamouyo, 10%-iani

ganakveTiT (amJamad 6%-ia). agreTve

finansuri monitoringis saagentom likvi-

dobis koeficienti 30%-da 20%-mde Seamci-

ra, ramac bankebs damatebiT 700 mln lari

gamouTavisufla.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom glo-

baluri finansuri krizisis Sedegad mTels

msoflioSi Seicvala ekonomikis marTvis Ta-

obaze Sexeduleba. kerZod, momavalSi mosa-

lodnelia ekonomikis marTvaSi xelisufle-

bis rolis gaZliereba, razec metyvelebs is faqti, rom londonis samitze erT-erTi

ZiriTadi sakiTxi, razec G20 qveynebi SeTanxmdnen, iyo is, rom finansuri bazris arc

erTi elementi ar iqneba datovebuli kontrolisa da regulirebis gareSe.

148

sigaretis brendebis marketinguli

kvleva qarTul bazarze1

qeTevan adeiSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. m. veSaguri

dRevandel swrafad cvalebad samyaroSi warmateba mxolod im kompaniebs eliT, romle-

bic brendiT suldgmuloben, radgan brendi aris TviT kompania. 10 wlis win kompaniebs

mxolod TavianTi produqtebi ainteresebdaT, dRes ukve aqcenti keTdeba brendze. produq-

tebi bazrebze Cndeba da qreba, brendi ki rCeba, is maradiulia.

brendi ufro metia, vidre ubralo saxeli da simbolo. es aris momxmareblis mier

produqtisa da misi daniSnulebis aRqma, misdami damokidebuleba – yvelaferi, rasac

momxmareblisTvis produqti da momsaxureba warmoadgens. brendi arsebobs momxmareblis

gonebaSi, ase rom Zlieri brendis namdvili faseuloba aris misi Zala, moipovos

momxmareblis yuradReba da SemdgomSi loialoba. brendis popularobisa da cnobadobis

dadgenis saukeTeso saSualebaa momxmarebelTan urTierToba. mniSvlenovania maTi brendisadmi

ganwyobis marTva, rasac aRiarebs nebismieri kompania mis mier gacxadebul misiaSi.

kvlevis obieqtad avirCieT sigaretis bazari. miuxedavad socialuri tendenciebisa,

romlebic mimarTulia mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvenlovani Semcirebisken, qarTveli

mosaxleobis mesamedze meti am sasaqonlo kategoriis erTguli momxmarebelia. kvlevis

Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs garkveuli paralelebi gavavloT internacionalursa da

qarTul brendebs Soris, ganvsazRvroT erT-erTis upiratesobis mizezebi da mis magaliTze

SevTavazoT warumatebel, an nakleb popularul brendebs alternatiuli gamosavali

bazarze Rirseuli adgilis mopovebisTvis.

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT Tambaqos warmoeba-

importiT 37 firmaa dakavebuli. maTgan 13 adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli kompaniaa, xolo 24

importiori. amasTan qarTul bazarze wamyvani kompaniebia Tavmoyrili. msoflio bazris

lideri sami transnacionaluri kompania Phillip Morris-i, British American Tobacco da JT

International- i. maTTan erTad, adgilobriv bazarze ori msxvili mwarmoebelia: “saqarTvelos

Tambaqos warmoeba” da “ojT”.

dResdReobiT qarTuli bazari gajerebulia ucxouri warmoebis produqciiT. sigaretis

mwarmoebeli ucxouri kompaniebi sakuTari produqciis stimulirebisa da bazarze adgilis

damkvidreba-SenarCunebis mizniT udides yuradRebas aqceven brendingis koncefcias.

Cvens mizans warmoadgenda sigaretis qarTul bazarze brendebis marketinguli kvleva,

maTi cnobadobis donis Sefaseba momxmarebelTa cnobierebaSi da imis Cveneba, Tu ramdenad

didi mniSvneloba aqvs kargad Camoyalibebuli brendis pozicias bazarze kompaniis

warmatebisTvis. kvlevis meTods warmoadgenda anketireba. kiTxvari gaTvlili iyo aranakleb

18 wlis mwevel an yofil mwevelTa kategoriaze.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `marketingis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.

149

gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebis umetesoba mzadaa meti

gadaixados sasurveli brendis sigaretSi. mamakacebi, qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmisawvdom

fasze akeTeben aqcents.

mamakacebma 3 yvelaze cnobil brendad daasaxeles: KENT; WINSTON; CAMEL; xolo,

qalebSi ki yvelaze cnobadi aRmoCnda Semdegi brendebi: PARLIAMENT; KENT; MARLBORO;

diagrama #1. brendebis cnobadoba

unda aRiniSnos, rom dResdReobiT qarTuli sigaretebidan yvelaze popularulia

PIRVELI. davalebaze, daesaxelebinaT sigaretis romelime qarTuli brendi, respondentTa

76%-ma PIRVELI- s mianiWa upiratesoba. 12 – 12% ergoT COMET-s da MTKVARI-s.

kiTxvaze “romel sigarets eweviT an eweodiT”, mamakacTa umetesobam miuTiTa Semdegi

brendebi : KENT; CAMEL; WINSTON . mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma ki upiratesoba

mianiWes Semdeg sigaretebs: PARLIAMENT; CARELIA SLIMS; WINSTON. gamokiTxulTa umetesoba

zemoT xsenebul brendebs upiratesobas aniWebs Semdegi mizezebis gamo: xelmisawvdomi fasi

– 15%; maRali xarisxi – 44%; ubralod miveCvie – 35%; da sxva mizezebi – 6%.

aRsaniSnavia, rom respondentTa mxolod 18% aqcevs yuradRebas jandacvis saministros

gafrTxilebas, amasTan gamokiTxulTa 16%-ma ukve SeZlo mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba.

resnpondentebs aseve unda mieTiTebinaT sigaretis is brendebi, romlebic ufro metad

moergeba Semdeg gansazRvrebebs:

qarTveli momxmareblisTvis inovaciur da farTo asortimentis mqone brendad dasaxelda

KENT. ZviradRirebul sigaretebSi liderobs PARLIAMENT, xolo sxvebTan SedarebiT iafebSi

– PIRVELI. originaluri dizainiT aRiarebul iqna kvlav KENT. WINSTON miCneul iqna

sigaretis iseT brendad, romelic saqarTveloSi yvelgan SeiZleba Segvxvdes. sainteresoa

isic, rom respondentTa umetesobam qalebis sigaretad aRiara MM.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

KENT

WINSTON

PARLIAMENT

MARLBORO

CAMEL

L&M

DAVIDOFF

MM

CARELIA SLIMS

PIRVELI

GAULOISES

PALL MALL

SOBRANIE

qalebi mamakacebi

150

# inovaciur

i brendi

farTo

asortiment

i

sxvebTan

SedarebiT

Zviri

sxvebTan

Sedarebi

T iafi

originalu

ri dizaini

yvelgan

gvxdeba

Qqalis

sigare

ti

1 KENT KENT PARLIAMENT PIRVELI KENT WINSTON MM

2

CAMEL CAMEL DAVIDOFF WINSTO

N

CARELIA

SLIMS

MARLBOR

O

CARELI

A

SLIMS

3 WINSTON WINSTON SOBRANIE L&M DAVIDOFF L&M VOGUE

4 GAULOISES MARLBORO MARLBORO COMET CAMEL CAMEL ESSE

5 MARLBOR

O GAULOISES KENT CAMEL WEST PIRVELI

PARLIA

MENT

cxrili @#1. sigaretis brendebis diferencireba sxvadasxva parametrebis mixedviT

kvlevis erT-erT miznad davisaxeT gamogverkvia, Tu romeli wyaroebidan iRebs

sazogadoeba informacias sigaretis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis, axali brendebis da saerTod

sigaretis bazarze arsebuli siaxleebis Sesaxeb. gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom sigaretis

brendebis Sesaxeb informaciis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens bilbordebi (32%) da nacnobebi

(27%).

diagrama #2. sainformacio wyaroebi

bolo droindeli socialuri tendenciebis gamo, SeizRuda sigaretis propaganda

rogorc satelevizio, ise sxva sareklamo saSualebebiT, Tumca gamokiTxulTa 16%-s mainc

axsovs satelevizio reklamebi.

sainteresod miviCnieT imis garkveva, Tu sigaretis romeli brendis reklamebi aRibeWda

momxmarebelTa gonebaSi. kiTxvaze - “ra gaxsovT Tqvens mier nanaxi sigaretis bolo

reklamidan?” - momxmarebelTa umetesobam daafiqsira Semdegi pasuxebi:

MARLBORO – energiuli kovboebi da cxenebi;

COMET – latarea: manqanis gaTamaSeba;

GAULOISES – lurji ferebi da franguli sityvebi: “ Liberte Toujours…”

CARELIA SLIMS – lamazi gogona momxibvleli tuCebiT;

PIRVELI – gaTamaSeba: avtomanqana “niva”.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sigaretis yovel reklamas Tan sdevs jandacvis saministros

gafrTxileba, rom is janmrTelobisTvis mavnebelia, man mainc Seasrula Tavisi misia da

momxmarebelTa umetesobas Seuqmna dadebiTi ganwyoba brendis mimarT (56%).

marTalia PIRVELI qarTul bazarze cnobadi brendia, magram sazogadoebis garkveuli

nawili mas mainc ar endoba. qarTuli warmoebidan ASTRA iTvleba yvelaze arasasurvel

27%

16%

14%

32%

11%

nacnobebi televizori

interneti bilbordebi

sxva wyaro

151

sigaretad, romlis SeZenaze uars acxadebs gamokiTxulTa 46%. Semdeg modis MTKVARI

(24%), COMET (16%) da PIRVELI (14%).

ucxour brendebTan mimarTebaSi sandoobis xarisxis gasarkvevad Catarda analogiuri

gamokiTxva. gamovlinda, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba negatiuradaa ganwyobili Semdegi

brendebisadmi: L&M; VICEROY; CHESTERFIELD; LUCKY STRIKE; MARLBORO; GAULOISES.

brendebis mimarT undobloba aixsneba mravali mizeziT: dabali fasi, usiamovno gemo,

cudi filtri da a.S. respondentebis 40% Tavis negatiur damokidebulebas xsnis

sigaretis usiamovno gemoTi, 20–20%-s uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Camouyalibda dabali

fasisa (e.i. dabali xarisxis) da cudi filtris gamo. gamokiTxulTa 12% undoblobas

acxadebs sigaretis markis arapopularobis gamo. danarCeni 8% ki asaxelebs sxva mizezebs.

sainteresod gveCvena im aspeqtebis gamovlena, rac ganapirobebs qarTveli momxmareblebis

negatiur damokidebulebas erovnuli brendebis mimarT. kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom

qarTveli momxmarebeli umeteswilad ukmayofiloa erovnuli warmoebis sigaretis

xarisxiT(41%). respondentTa 29% qarTul sigaretze uars acxadebs usiamovno gemos gamo,

14% iwunebs sigaretis dizainsa da SefuTvas, 12% aRniSnavs filtris uxarisxobas, xolo

darCenili 4% miuTiTebs qarTuli brendis aracnobadobaze.

diagrama #3. mizezebi, ris gamoc uars acxadebT qarTul sigaretze

CvenTvis aseve saintereso iyo sazogadoebis azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad

SeiZleba gaxdes qarTuli brendi konkurentunariani ucxour brendebTan mimarTebaSi.

gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas, kerZod 68 %-s, ar sjera qarTuli brendis aseTi

perspeqtivis. danarCeni 32% ki optimisturad uyurebs am sakiTxs. es respondentebi

miiCneven, rom amisaTvis saWiroa: mondomeba; teqnologiebis gaumjobeseba; xarisxis

gaumjobeseba; dizainis, SefuTvis daxvewa; fasis aweva; gayidvebis stimulireba;

ukanasknel 15 weliwadSi Tambaqos nedleulisa da produqciis warmoeba saqarTveloSi

katastrofulad Semcirda: kerZod, nedleulis warmoeba 23 000 tonidan 1000 tonamde,

xolo produqciisa – 16 mlrd Reri sigaretidan 2-3 mlrd Reramde. aseve Semcirda

Tambaqos nawarmis asortimenti. mniSvnelovnad gauaresda nedleulisa da, aqedan gamomdinare,

produqciis xarisxi, rac, bunebrivia, aisaxa momxmarebelTa ricxvze. Tu adre saqarTveloSi

ZiriTadad adgilobrivi warmoebis sigarets eweodnen, axla mwevelTa 75% importul

sigarets moixmars. am mizeziT qveynidan yovelwliurad 100 mln aSS dolari gaedineba, rac

mniSvnelovani danakargia Cveni isedac mwiri biujetisTvis. 1

miuxedavad amisa, unda gvaxsovdes, rom saqarTvelos aqvs yvela aucilebeli resursi da

piroba Zlieri, konkurentunariani brendis Seqmna-ganviTarebisTvis. amaze metyvelebs 1 . gazeTi ,,24 saaTi”, 12 marti, 2008

xarisxi

41%filtri

12%

dizaini

14%aracnobadoba

4%

usiamovno gemo

29%

152

qarTuli meTambaqoeobis istoria, misi warsulis gamocdileba da is potenciali, romelic

jer kidev ar daukargavs mas. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia qarTuli sigaretis Zlieri brend-

imijis Seqmna. amasTan, saWiroa garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana marketingul strategiaSi,

ramdenadac swori arCevani ganapirobebs stabilur warmatebas bazarze. gamokiTxvam cxadyo,

rom qarTuli sigaretis mwarmoebel kompaniebSi stimulirebis uamravi saSualebidan

ZiriTad aqcents latareaze akeTeben. faqtiurad ar arsebobs sareklamo slogani, romelic

gadmoscemda brendis filosofias da unikalurobas. sigaretis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi

firmebi ver sTavazoben siaxles momxmarebels. igrZnoba inovaciebis nakleboba da

asortimentis simwire, rac Tavis mxriv ubiZgebs pretenziul momxmarebels arCevani

gaakeTos ucxouri sigaretis brendebze. Tambaqos dabal xarisxTan erTad momxmareblebs ar

akmayofilebs sigaretis kolofis erTferovani SefuTva da dauxvewavi dizaini.

qarTulma sigaretma ndoba dakarga momxmareblis TvalSi, ramac ganapiroba is, rom

mwevelebi upiratesobas aniWeben ucxour brendebs, miuxedavad maTi aradamakmayofilebeli

xarisxisa. amas emateba ucxouri brendebis cnobadobis maRali done. aSkaraa isic, rom

qarTuli sigaretis fasi sakmaod dabalia ucxouri brendebis fasebTan mimarTebaSi, es

garkveulwilad qmnis iaffasiani da uxarisxo saqonlis STabeWdilebas. amitom saWiroa

fasis dawesebisas sifrTxilis gamoCena. Cveni azriT aucilebelia:

a) Seiqmnas maRali faseulobis mqone brendi Semosavliani segmentisaTvis, maRali fasiT

da farTo asortimentiT;

b) Seiqmnas dabali TviTRirebulebisa da xelmisawvdomi fasis pirobebSi

damakmayofilebeli xarisxis mqone brendi, romelic gaTvlili iqneba sazogadoebis saSualo

Semosavlebis mqone segmentze. Tumca SedarebiT dabali fasi ar unda gulisxmobdes dabal

xarisxs.

momxmareblis dajereba qarTuli sigaretis brendis da saerTod nebismieri brendis

upiratesobaSi advili ar aris. es moiTxovs Tavdauzogav, mizanmimarTul Sromas da

pozitiur rwmenas, romelic moeTxoveba ara marto kompaniis xelmZRvanels an

marketologTa jgufs, aramed kompaniaSi dasaqmebul TiToeul individs. Tu kompaniis

personali savsea enTuziazmiT, maSin maT ZaluZT es ganwyoba momxmarebelsac gadasdon. Tuki

TanamSromlebs ar swamT sakuTari brendis upiratesobis, maSin Znelia viqonioT

momxmareblis mxardaWeris imedi am sakiTxSi.

da bolos, Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia qarTuli sigaretis brend-imijis gaZliereba

ucxouri brendebis donemde, risTvisac aucilebelia xarisxis marTvis gaumjobeseba da, ra

Tqma unda, marketinguli RonisZiebebis gatareba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs uwyvet,

mizanmimarTul saqmianobas sigaretis momxmarebelTan axlo urTierTobis Camoyalibebis

mizniT. rac, saboloo jamSi vlindeba sazogadoebis loialur damokidebulebaSi kompaniis

da am kompaniis brendebis mimarT. es aris is, razec orientirebulia nebismieri Tanamedrove

kompania, romelsac surs miaRwios strategiuli upiratesoba bazarze.

153

momsaxurebis marketingis axali mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi1

giorgi abulaZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. C. jaSi

XXI saukuneSi momsaxureobis marketingi Zalian popularuli gaxda. produqtis

warmoebasTan SedarebiT, momsaxurebis winswrebma ganviTarebam momsaxurebis marketingis bevri axali

mimarTulebebi warmoaCina.

sadazRveo biznesi erT_erTi warmatebuli biznesia momsaxurebis sferoSi. saqarTveloSi

sadaRvevo biznesi SedarebiT naklebad aris ganviTarebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sadazRvevo biznesis momxmarebelTa ricxvma bolo

periodSi sagrZnoblad imata, momsaxurebis marketinguli TvalsazrisiT is mainc samomxmareblo

klasis pasiuri moTxovnis produqtTa siaSia. amis mizezi albaT is gaxlavT rom misi ganviTareba

xdeba metad dinamiuri tempiT, magram ara farTo masStabiT. Mmosaxleobas jer kidev ar aqvs

gacnobierebuli da aTvisebuli sadazRvevo momsaxurebis sikeTe da misi mniSvneloba.

dReisTvis sqarTveloSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi momxmarebels sTavazoben

momsaxurebas dazRvevis TiTqmis yvela saxeobaSi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda

daintereseba dazRvevis iseTi produqtebiT, rogoricaa qonebis dazRveva, samedicino dazRveva da

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva.

saqarTveloSi sadazRvevo saqmoanoba Sesabamisi sadazRvevo kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba.

iseve rogorc yvela sferoSi, sadazRvevo biznesSic umaRlesi maregulirebeli kanoni saqarTvelos

konstituciaa, amas mosdevs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi. magram garda amisa

sadazRvevo biznesi oTxi ZiriTadi kanoniT regulirdeba. esenia:

1. saqarTvelos kanoni dazRvevis Sesaxeb;

2. saqarTvelos kanoni arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb;

3. saqarTvelos kanoni samedicino dazRvevis Sesaxeb;

4. saqarTvelos kanoni parlamentis wevris sicocxlisa da

janmrTelobis savaldebulo dazRvevis Sesaxeb.

sadazRvevo saqmnianobis subieqtebi arian damzRvevi, mzRveveli da dazRveuli.

damzRvevi aris piri, romelmac mzRvevelTan dado dazRvevis xelSekruleba. damzRvevi

SeiZleba iyos rogorc iuridiuli, ise fizikuri piri.

mzRveveli aris iuridiuli piri, romelsac kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

miRebuli aqvs dazRvevis Sesabamisi saxeobis ganxorcielebis licenzia.

dazRveuli aris piri, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba dazRveva. damzRvevi

SeiZleba imavdroulad iyo dazRveuli, Tu dazRvevis xelSekrulebiT sxva

ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

mzRvevels SeuZlia ganaxorcielos sadazRvevo saqmianoba dazRvevis

agentisa da sadazRvevo brokeris meSveobiT.

dazRvevis agenti aris iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic moqmedebs

mzRvevelis davalebiT da saxeliT, misTvis mzRvevelis mier miniWebuli

uflebamosilebis farglebSi.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `marketingis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili

154

sadazRvevo brokeri aris iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic licenziis Sesabamisad

axorcielebs dazRvevis sferoSi saSuamavlo saqmianobas,

rogorc Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeobas. sadazRvevo brokeris urTierToba mzRvevelTan da

damzRvevTan ganisazRvreba maT Soris

dadebuli xelSekrulebiT.

marketinguli kvleva Catarda rogorc sadazRvevo kompaniebSi, ise sazogadoebaSic, kvlevis

mizani iyo dagvedgina ramdenad popularuliaAaRniSnuli produqti qarTul sazogadoebaSi da

ramdenad momgebiania igi rogorc biznesi.

sadazRvevo kompaniebis umravlesoba rogorc iuridiul, ise fizikur pirebs emsaxureba.

mxolod erTi kompania _ AIG saqarTvelo aris 100%-iT orientirebuli iuridiul pirebze. qarTu

jgufis monacemebis mixedviT ki iuridiul pirebze momxmarebelTa saerTo raodenobis 95% modis.

TiTqmis Tanabaria kompaniebis mixedviT iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis raodenobis procentuli

gadanawileba.

sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier SeTavazebuli produqtebi mravalferovania. isini momxmarebels

ZiriTadad Semdeg produqtebs sTavazoben: sicocxlis dazRvevas, janmrTelobis dazRvevas, qonebis

dazRvevas, avtomanqanebis dazRvevas, pasuximgeblobis dazRvevas, tvirtebis dazRvevas, finansuri

riskebis dazRvevas, sapensio dazRvevas. kompaniebis mier gayiduli produqtebis raodenobis mxriv

yvelaze didi moTxovna janmrTelobis dazRvevaze modis. aseve popularobiT sargeblobs

avtomanqanebis da pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva.

diagrama # 1 diagrama # 2

kompaniebisTvis momgebianobis TvalsazrisiT suraTi odnav icvleba produqtze arsebul

moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. maRali moTxovnis Sesabamisad yvelaze Semosavliani janmrTelobis

dazRvevaa. yvelaze naklebad Semosavliani produqti ki kompaniebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevaa.

(diagrama#2).

sadazRvevo bazarze wilebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb yvelaze naTel suraTs kompaniebis bunva da

miRebuli Semosavlebi gvaZlevs. kompaniebis umravlesoba Tavis finansur mdgomareobas ar malavs.

gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebiT saSualo wliuri Semosavlis sididis mixedviT `bi si ai

_ aldagi~ liderobs. sadazRvevo bazris sruli analizisaTvis da sadazRvevo produqtebze

moTxovnis Sesafaseblad Catarda mosaxleobis gamokiTxva, romelTa dayofa moxda or kategoriad

studebtebi (18_25 weli) da ara studentebi (25_78weli), saerTo jamSi gamoikiTxa 200

respodenti. aRniSnulma gamokiTxvam miaxloebiTi suraTi mogvca sadazRvevo bazarze arsebuli

moTxovnis Sesaxeb. miRebuli Sedegebi saqarTveloSi dabal sadazRvevo aqtivobaze metyvelebs.

17%

28%

21%

19%

9%6%

sicocxlis dazRveva

janmrTelobis dazRveva

avtomaanqanis dazRveva

qonebis azRveva

pasuxismgebloba

sapensio

19%

28%

21%

21%

3%8%

sicocxlis dazRveva



qonebis azRveva

pasuxismgebloba

sapensio

155

studentTa mxolod 12% aRmoCnda dazRveuli xolo danarCeni respondentebSic mxolod 20% iyo

aqtivoba.

diagrama # 3.

sadazRvevo kompanoebis wili bazarze

sxvadasxva iyo is mizezebic ramac ganapiroba mosaxleobis sadazrvevo momsaxurebiT

daintereseba: a) janmrTelobis momsaxureba Zviria-76%; b)sadazRvevo paketi iafi jdeba-16%;

g)nawils saxelmwifo ixdis-6%; d)sxv.-2%.

gamokiTxulTa mier dasaxelebuli iqna 4 popularuli sadazRvevo kompania:

diagrama # 4. 4 popularuli sadazRvevo kampania

diagrama #5.

yvelaze meti popularobiT sargeblobs janmrTelobis dazRveva. danarCen adgilebs

inawileben sicocxlis, avtomanqanis da qonebis dazRveva. erT-erTma gamokiTxulma aseve aRniSna, rom

49%

34%

3%8% 2%

aldagi-bi si ai

ji pi ai holdingi

qarTu

saxalxo dazRveva

ai si jgufi

55%

11%25%

8%1%

aldagi bi si ai

irao ji pi ai

miedi Lel

sxva

79%

21%

0%

piradi qonebis pasuxismgeblobis

156

is sargeblobs umuSevrobis dazRveviT. aRmoCnda, rom pasuxismgeblobis dazRveviT arc erTi

gamokiTxuli ar sargeblobs

diagrama #6.

dazRvevis sxvadasxva saxeobis xvedriTi wona

kvlevis dros yuradReba gamaxvilda aseve gamokiTxulTa im nawilze, romlebis ar

sargebloben sadazRvevo momsaxurebiT.

diagrama #7

ratom ara xarT dazRveuli?

diagrama #8 dazRvevis ar mqone pirebis moTxovna

sadazRvevo produqtebze

8%

67%

17%

4%0%4%

sicocxlis dazRveva



qonebis dazRveva

pasuxismgebloba

umuSevrobis dazRveva

54%

4%

23%

8%3%

ar davin-teresebulvar

fulis uazrodxarjvaa

Zviria vflob naklebinformacias

sxva

157

dazRvevis armqone pirebsac ki dazRvevis moTxovnileba da survili gaaCniaT, ramdenime

maTgani apirebs mimarTos sadazRvevo kompaniebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dazRvevis armqone moqalaqeebs

Sorisac yvelaze didi moTxovniT janmrTelobis dazRveva sargeblobs. procentuli maCveneblebis

mixedviT mniSvnelovnad CamorCebian danarCeni produqtebi. pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis survili arc

erT gamokiTxuls ar gamouTqvams (diagrama #8). aRsaniSnavia, rom dazRvevis ar mqone

gamokiTxulTa 17% saerTod ar apirebs dazRvevas.

sadazveo bizness aqvs imis potenciali, rom man saqarTveloSi daikavos pirveli adgili

legalur biznesebs Soris misi maqsimalurad ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia bazris yvela

segmentze SeRweva, damkvidreba da SenarCuneba, iseve rogorc dResdReobiT es sabanko sistemam

moaxdina. mniSvnelovania yvela sazogadoebriv fenas, yvela asakis moqalaqes misTvis Sesaferisi

momsaxureba SevTavazoT. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia saqarTvelos bazarze arsebuli produqciis

ganaxleba, inovaciuri momsaxurebis SeTavazeba moqnili fasiT.

magaliTad samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevaTa Soris, zogierTi maTganis arseboba

mosaxleobam ar icis, zogierTi ki, magaliTad, produqciis xarisxze pasuxismgebloba, saerTod ar

aris damkvidrebuli. bevria iseTi produqtebi romlebic sakmaod warmatebulia, sxva ganviTarebad

Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi, da maTi morgeba SeiZleba qarTul realobaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kompaniebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom uamravi faqtori arsebobs, rac

sadazRvevo biznesis ganviTarebas aferxebs saqarTveloSi: sakanonmdeblo baza; savaldebulo

dazRvevis ararseboba; sadazRvevo kulturis arqona; arajansaRi konkurencia; mosaxleobis dabali

Semosavlebi; qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; dabegvris meqanizmi.


1. http://www. bcng.ge/ ___ ბიზნესსაკონსულტაციო ქსელი - საქართველო

2. http://www.economists.ge/ ___ saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistta asociacia

3. http://www.statistics.ge/ ___ saqarTvelos statistika

4. http://www.moh.gov.ge ___ saqarTvelos Sromis,janmrTelobisa da

socialuri dacvis saministro

1. gari armstrongi; filip kotleri

2. informacia mowodebuli iqna saqarTveloSi moqmedi sadazRvevo kompaniebisgan

7%

59%

9%

8%

14%

sicocxlis dazRveva



qonebis dazRveva

pasuxismgebloba


http://www.economists.ge/


http://www.moh.gov.ge/

158

sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis strategia1 nino gemazaSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asist. prof. Gg. qeSelaSvili

globalizaciis procesi Seuqcevadad mimdinareobs. qarTulma saxelmwifom

mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos erovnuli interesebis dacvaSi, win aRudges

globalizaciis uaryofiT gamovlinebebs, raTa msoflio sameurneo kavSirebSi erovnuli

ekonomikis CarTvisas miiRos sargebeli, rac saqarTvelos TiToeuli moqalaqis

keTildReobaSi aisaxeba. Mmsoflio sameurneo sistemaSi momgebiani integrirebisaTvis

saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas ganviTarebis institutebi, romlebic mxars dauWeren

investiciebs axal inovaciur proeqtebSi, stimuls miscemen inovaciur aqtivobas, xels

Suwyoben progresul – teqnologiur Zvrebs, romlebic gaaerTianeben finansur, SromiT da

informaciul resursebs ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze.

E ekonomikuri sistemis efeqtianoba ukavSirdeba mis ganviTarebas. investiciebis

mozidvis amocanis gadaWra ara marto aqtualuri, aramed sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

ìnvesticiebi~ xSir SemTxvevaSi aRiqmeba rogorc kapitalis dabandeba. Uucxour ekonomikur

literaturaSi investiciebi–es aris fulis dabandeba Semosavlis, anda socialuri

efeqtianobis misaRebad, es aris fuladi saxsrebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, qoneba, romelTac

aqvT fuladi Rirebuleba, maTi samewarmeo, anda sxva saxis saqmianobis obieqtebSi Cadebis

qonebrivi ufleba mogebis, anda sxva sasargeblo Sedegis miRebis mizniT.

dRevandeli saqarTvelos geopolitikurma mdebareobam ganapiroba misi satranzito

qveyanad Camoyalibeba. Aamis magaliTia ` didi abreSumis gzisa~ da `transekas~ proeqtebi.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis sawarmoo potencialis zrdas da am

mimarTulebiT jansaRi sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnas. 40-ze met saxelmwifosTan, maT

Soris aSS, CineTi, germania, italia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi da a.S. ZalaSi Sevida

SeTanxmeba investiciebis ganxorcielebisa da urTierTdacvis Sesaxeb. investiciebis

moculoba izrdeba arasaxelmwifo dafinansebis wyaros xarjze, Sesabamisad mcirdeba

saxelmwifo investiciebis wili, SeiniSneba ucxouri investiciebis zrdis tendencia.

2004-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulma pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

moculobam Sesabamisad 499,1; 449,5; 1190,4; 2014,8 da 1293,7 mln aSS. dolari Seadgina.

aRniSnulidan Cans, rom 2008 wels saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

moculoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Aamis mizezi iyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri

movlenebi (agvistos omi), rasac adasturebs Ppirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 2008

wlis kvartaluri monacemebi: I kvartali – 493.77 mln aSS dolari, II – 560.03 mln aSS

dolari, III – 62.37 mln aSS dolari, IV – 87.53 mln aSS dolari.

2008 wlis Semodgomaze yazaxurma kompaniam `yazmunaigazma” baTumSi 1 miliardi aSS

dolaris Rirebulebis proeqtis dawyeba SeaCera. 2006 wels gaformebuli xelSekrulebis

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `menejmentis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.

159

Tanaxmad, `yazmunaigazs” baTumSi evropuli standartebis Sesabamisi navTobgadamamuSavebeli

qarxana unda aeSenebina. proeqtis SeCerebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro

agresiis ganxorcielebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili.

dReisTvis saqarTvelos xelisufleba qveynis teritoriaze didi energetikuli

proeqtis _ `nabukos” ganxorcielebis imeds kvlav inarCunebs. am imedis safuZvels isic

iZleva, rom azerbaijanuli mxaris gancxadebiT maT ar daukargavT interesi `nabukos”

proeqtis mimarT. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma sainvesticio mimzidvelobis

gasazrdelad 750 mln aSS dolaris odenobis krediti gamoyo. saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mimarT interesi ramdenime msxvilma

investorma ganacxada. maT Soris `rak investment autoritim”, romelic foTis portis

aqciebis 51 % - is mflobelia da romelic saqarTveloSi 2 miliardi aSS dolaris

sainvesticio proeqtebs axorcielebs.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben

saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebi da donori qveynebi. ruseTis samxedro agresiis

Semdeg saqarTveloSi axali investiciebi gamoCnda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kompania

`doheni grupis” saxiT. es kompania infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da mSeneblobis

investirebas ganaxorcielebs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebulma

pirdapirma investiciebma 2006-2008 wlebSi Sesabamisad 8,7; 14,3; da 22, 2 mln aSS

Ddolari Seadgina.

investiciebis didi nawilia Cadebuli sawarmoTa rekonstruqciasa da teqnikur

gadaiaraRebaSi iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa eleqtroenergetika, gadammuSavebeli mrewveloba,

transporti da kavSirgabmuloba. energetikis sferoSi investorebis daxmarebiT

xorcieldeba proeqtebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs eleqtrosadgurebis sareabilitacio

samuSaoebis Catarebas. kavSirgabmulobis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma samuSaoebma

uzrunvelyo mudmivi da Seuferxebeli kavSiri rogorc sazRvargareT, ise saqarTvelos

raionul centrebTan.

donor organizaciebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania jandacvis msoflio

organizacia, msoflio banki, evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo, aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis

saagento, amerikis saerTaSoriso janmrTelobis kavSiri, didi britaneTis saerTaSoriso

ganviTarebis departamenti, SvedeTis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis saagento,

kanadis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis saagento, eqimebi sazRvrebs gareSe, Ria

sazogadoebis instituti, germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia, germaniis

rekonstruqciis sakredito banki, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti, migraciis

saerTaSoriso organizacia.

dReisaTvis msoflio bankis sakredito portfeli saqarTveloSi 15 sainvesticio da

1 sabiujeto proeqts iTvlis, romelTa dafinansebisaTvis mTlianad 286,8 mln dolaris

odenobis 21 krediti da grantia gamoyofili.

msoflio bankis saerTaSoriso korporaciis angariSi saqarTvelos #1

reformatorad afasebs, Tumca saerTo monacemebiT biznesis warmoebis simartivis mixedviT,

saqarTvelo 37 - e adgilzea.

160

2007 wlis seqtemberSi, IFC–ma saqarTveloSi 23 proeqtis ganviTarebisaTvis

daaxloebiT 258 mln aSS dolari gamoyo. IFC – is garda, energetikul sferoSi erT-erTi

umsxvilesi investoria BP, romelic saqarTveloSi 1996 wlidan saqmianobs da mis mier ara

erTi mniSvnelovani proeqti iqna dafinansebuli (baqo_sufsis milsadeni,

baqo_Tbilisi_jeihanis navTobsadeni, samxreT kavkasiuri milsadeni da sxva).

ucxouri da adgilobrivi investiciebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba jandacvis,

ganaTlebis, bunebis dacvis proeqtebi, sastumroebis, turizmisa da vaWrobis obieqtebis

mSenebloba, romelTa dasruleba xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas. Tumca

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganxorcielebisas arsebobs imis realuri saSiSroeba,

rom saqarTvelos erovnuli aqtivebis mflobeli gaxdes romelime ucxo saxelmwifo, rac

erTi mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba am procesis arss da, meore mxriv, qmnis saqarTveloze

dainteresebuli qveynis mxridan garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobas.

saqarTveloSi ruseTis sainvesticio aqtiuroba jer kidev 2003 wlis zafxulSi

gamoikveTa, rodesac gakotrebuli aSS kompaniis èi i es silq roud~-is aqciebi `rao ees~-

ma Seisyida. s/s `madneulis~, Sps `kvarcitis~ da `trans jorjian resoursiz~-is

privatizebis dros msurvelebs Soris iyo qarTuli ìndustria da energia kompleqsi~,

avstraliuri, britanuli, kanaduri, Sveicaruli, avstriuli kompaniebi, Tumca tenderSi

rusuli holdingis `promiSlennie investoris~ mier dafuZnebulma kompania `stenton

equitiz~-ma gaimarjva, romelmac 35,1 mln. dolari gadaixada. igi `promiSlennie

investoris~ Svilobili kompaniaa, Ee.i., cxadia, rom `madneulis~-s aqciebis realuri

mflobeli `promiSlennie investori~ gaxda. Mmisi aqciebis mflobeli ki ruseTis saTbob-

energetikis yofili ministri sergei generalovia.

U zemo aRniSnulidan cxadi xdeba, rom ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis dros

iqmneba SesaZlebloba ucxo saxelmwifoebis kontrolirebadi kompaniebis, an fondebis mier

moxdes saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtebis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis

SeZena, rac ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni Qqveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas. sainteresoa am sferoSi

evrokavSiris gamocdileba. evrokavSirma 2007 wlis energosistemis reformis gegmaSi

moiTxova energokompaniebisagan sawarmoo da sadistribucio arxebis gancalkeveba da

ucxour kompaniebs garkveuli limiti dauwesa evrokavSiris energo bazarze. amiT man Tavi

daicva ucxo saxelmwifoTa zegavlenisagan. aseve kanadis mTavrobam 2007 wlis ivlisSi

daafuZna specialuri sabWo, romelsac daevala sainvesticio aqtis gadasinjva im

TvalsazrisiT, rom SemuSavebuliyo arakomerciuli miznebis mqone ucxouri sawarmoebis

aRkveTis RonisZiebani erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvisaTvis.

aRniSnuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSic sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebani miRebul unda iqnes saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan koordinaciiT. aseTi

obieqtebis nusxa unda ganisazRvros kanonSi `sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da

garantiebis Sesaxeb~ Sesabamisi Sesworebebis Semdeg Ada dawesdes SezRudvebi.

Cveni azriT, zemoaRniSnuli SezRudvebis daweseba aranair safrTxes ar Seuqmnis

Tavisufali biznes-garemos ganviTarebas da ar gaauaresebs saqarTvelos sainvesticio

klimats. cvlilebebi mniSvnelovania qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis amocanebis

161

gadasawyvetad. maTi kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva ki xels Seuwyobs arakeTilmosurne

saxelmwifoTa zegavlenisagan dacvas.

rogor moaxerxebs qarTuli saxelmwifo, rom Seqmnas ganviTarebis institutebi,

romlebic mxars dauWeren investiciebs axal inovaciur proeqtebSi, stimuls miscems

inovaciur aqtivobas ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze?

albaT am sferoebis waxalisebisaTvis man unda gamoiyenos investiciebis mozidvis

sabazro meqanizmebi. investirebis meqanizmebi moqmedebs mxolod maSin, Tu

gaTvaliswinebulia am procesSi sabanko struqturebis monawileoba, rac axdens fuladi

resursebis mobilizacias da aregulirebs maT moZraobas samecniero _ teqnikuri da

inovaciuri programebis gamoyenebis mixedviT. sabanko struqturebi axdenen uzarmazari

saxsrebis akumulirebas finansuri da sainvesticio institutebis Seqmnis gziT. bankebis

monawileoba am sferoSi qmnis damatebiT stimulebs sainvesticio proeqtebisaTvis. arcerTi

finansuri instituti ise kargad ar uzrunvelyofs sainvesticio resursebis moZraobis

marTvasa da kontrols, rogorc amas bankebi axorcieleben.

2007 wlis seqtemberSi bank `respublikasa” da saerTaSoriso safinanso

organizaciis mier xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac `respublikas~ gamoeyo

20 milioni aSS dolaris odenobis 5 wliani krediti mcire da saSualo biznesis

dasafinanseblad.

E evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki erT-erTi umsxvilesi investoria

saqarTvelos kerZo seqtorSi. mis mier dRemde ganxorcielebulia 81 sainvesticio proeqti

energetikaSi, transportSi, agrobiznessa da sabanko seqtorebSi. 2008 wlis bolos

Eevropis reskonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banksa da bank `respublikas” Soris xeli

moewera energokreditis proeqts, romlis biujetic 5 mln dolars Seadgens da

gaTvaliswinebulia fizikur da iuridiul pirebze sesxebis gacema. cxadia, saerTaSoriso

safinanso institutebi exmarebian Cvens qveyanas, magram aqcenti unda keTdebodes samamulo

warmoebis, inteleqtualuri warmoebis ganviTarebasa da misi konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebazec.

radgan sainvesticio proeqtis finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, aucilebelia

sainvesticio gadawyvetilebis optimizacia. ramdenime alteranatiuli proeqtis SemTxvevaSi

mniSvnelovania swori arCevanis gakeTeba, rac efuZneba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebul

kriteriumebs.

sainvesticio strategia ki proeqtis samomavlo saqmianobis grZelvadiani miznebis

sistemaa, romelsac gansazRvravs misi ganviTarebis zogadi amocanebi da sainvesticio

ideologia, agreTve, maTi miRwevebis yvelaze ufro efeqtiani gzebis SerCeva. sainvesticio

strategiis SemuSaveba moicavs sainvesticio saqmianobis miznebis dasaxvas, misi

prioritetuli mimarTulebebisa da formebis gansazRvras, axdens sainvesticio resursebis

struqturis formirebas, ganawilebis optimizaciasa da sainvesticio politikis

SemuSavebas. sainvesticio strategiis SemuSavebis procesi sawarmos strategiis

umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. misi elementebia: misia, ganviTarebis zogadi

strategiuli miznebi, funqciuri strategiebi da resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis

meTodebi. amasTan, sainvesticio strategia garkveul TanadaqvemdebarebaSia proeqtis

162

strategiuli arCevanis sxva elementebTan. sainvesticio proeqtis Camoyalibebisas pirvel

rigSi unda SevimuSaoT da davgegmoT marketinguli stimulirebis sakiTxebi: investoris

darwmuneba mocemuli proeqtis efeqtianobaSi, saqonlis gasaRebis stimulirebaSi,

realizaciis saSualebebSi, distribuciaSi, `warmatebis formulasa~ da SemosavlebSi.

SemuSavebuli strategiisa da marketinguli stimulirebis gansazRvris Semdgom

aucilebelia proeqtis riskebis gansazRvra, maTi marTva ki proeqtis sicocxlisunarianobis

ganmsazRvrelia.

siaxles ar warmoadgens, rom `likani” Cveni drois erT-erTi warmatebuli brendia.

igi mineraluri wylebis qarTul bazarze 2007 wels gamoCnda, dReisaTvis sabazro wilis

mixedviT, mas erT-erTi wamyvani pozicia ukavia. udavoa, rom `likanis” warmateba kompania

`borjomis” marTebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegia. produqtis koncefciis Seqmnis pirvel

etapze, `likanis” menejerma saTanado dro dauTmo mineraluri wylis qarTveli

momxmareblis Rirebulebebis kvlevasa da èisiTis” daxmarebiT naTeli warmodgena Seeqmna

momxmarebelTa faseulobebsa da cxovrebis postulatebze. kvlevebma daadastura, rom

saxeli `likani” momxmarebelSi dadebiT reaqcias iwvevda, rac mineraluri wylis

bunebriobasa da mis sasargeblo Tvisebebze miuTiTebda. gayidvebis tempma ki yovelgvar

molodins gadaaWarba: realizaciis faqtiuri maCvenebeli dagegmilze orjer meti aRmoCnda.

`likanis”, rogorc brendis, warmateba kompaniis warmomadgenelTa, dizainerTa da

mkvlevarTa gunduri muSaobis Sedegi da axali produqtis ganviTarebisadmi

profesionaluri midgomis naTeli magaliTia.

amrigad, Cven SevacadeT Camogveyalibebina sainvesticio proeqtebis TviTmenejmenti,

gagvesazRvra strategiuli mizani, Segvefasebina strategia, gagveTvaliswinebina

marketinguli miqsi, riskis faqtorebi, risTvisac warmovadgineT erTi warmatebuli

proeqti _ qarTuli brendi `likani”. `likanma~ swori dagegmviTa da marketinguli

stimulirebis saSualebebiT gansacvifrebel warmatebas miaRwia. aqac…yvelaferi ideiT

daiwyo...

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

1. v. papava, `qarTuli oqro~, gaz. `24 saaTi~, 12 oqtomberi, 2007.

2. Canada:Foreign State-Owned Investors Spark ,,National Securty’’ Concerns 23 Oktober

2007./www.mondaq.com/.

3.www.statistics.ge

4.www.economy.gov.ge

5.www.republic.ge

6.www.bpgeorgia.ge

163

testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli

produqti `TEGAPRO~ 1

zviad siWinava

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. d. siWinava

testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli produqtebis Seqmnaze muSaoben

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis profesionali specialistebi. erTi SexedviT, es Tema TiTqos

araa gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti. magram, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT aseTi proeqtebis

Seqmnisa da danergvis, rogorc moralur, ise ekonomikur mxares davrwmundebiT, rom es

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa. dRes am mxriv erT-erTi novatoruli proeqtia Cvens mier

warmodgenili testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programa TEGAPRO, romelic srulyofils

xdis saswavlo process da studentebs swavlisa da meti sibejiTisken ganawyobs.

proeqtis programuli uzrunvelyofisTvis arCeulia obieqt-orientirebuli

programirebis ena Delphi. aRniSnuli ena sakmaod mZlavria. mas iyenebs kompania Microsoft-i

Tavisi programuli produqtebis SesamuSaveblad.

testuri gamocdebis programa TEGAPRO Seiqmna 2005 wels. igi waredgina

saqarTvelos ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnul centrs saqpatents~, romelmac

aRniSnul proeqtze gasca saavtoro ufleba #2126. programuli produqti TEGAPRO

saqpatentSi registrirebulia saxeliT `ziko~.

testuri gamocdebis programa TEGAPRO danergilia da warmatebiT muSaobs rogorc

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, ise sxva

universitetebSic. programas gaaCnia dacviTi meqanizmebi, romlebic gamoricxavs

dainteresebuli piris eSmakur mcdelobas, raTa ar Seitanos garkveuli koreqtivebi

programis muSaobaSi. qvemoT ganvixilavT programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s

SesaZleblobebsa da upiratesobas sxva msgavs programul produqtebTan SedarebiT da misi

danergvis ekonomikur efeqtianobas.

programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s (TE-testuri, GA-gamocdebis, PRO-programa)

gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia, nebismier saganSi, rogorc Sualeduri, ise sasesio testuri

gamocdebis Catareba.

programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s SesaZleblobebidan SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi:

programul produqt TEGAPRO-Si SeuzRudavia SekiTxvebisa da TiToeul testze

savaraudo pasuxebis raodenoba;

programuli produqti TEGAPRO Ria sistemaa, anu saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZlebelia programuli cvlilebebis Setana, e. i. adaptirebadia nebismier disciplinasTan

mimarTebaSi;

1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur

konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa 69-e samecniero konferenciaze III adgili.

164

gaaCnia dReisTvis miRebuli da aprobirebuli testuri gamocdebis standartebze

gadasvlis SesaZlebloba;

moxsnilia subieqturi faqtorebi, anu programuli produqti TEGAPRO gamoricxavs,

e. w. fsiqologiur zewolas gamomcdelis (leqtoris) mxridan. es ki students aZlevs

saSualebas, maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari codna;

am sistemiT Sualeduri Semowmebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba studentTa

Sefasebebis avtomaturi damaxsovreba specialur monacemTa bazaSi da gamocdis Sedegebis

mixedviT saboloo uwyisis formireba;

gamoricxavs ucxo piris gasvlas gamocdaze romelime studentis magivrad. amisaTvis

sasurvelia winaswar Seiqmnas studentTa piradi nomrebisa da maTi fotosuraTebis

monacemTa baza;

programa saSualebas iZleva moxdes niSnebis avtomaturi gadatana studentTa

erTian sauniversiteto bazaSi;

programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s saSualebiT SesaZlebelia, gamocdebis

damTavrebisTanave, uwyisebis Sedgena calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT;

programul produqt TEGAPRO-dan SesaZlebelia Sedgenili uwyisebis gatana EXCEL-Si

Semdgomi damuSavebisaTvis (sxvadasxva saxis statistikuri maCveneblebis misaRebad).

gamocdebis Catarebis sxva tradiciul meTodebTan SedarebiT programuli produqtis

TEGAPRO-s upiratesobebs Soris SegviZlia gamovyoT:

obieqturoba;

gamoricxavs korufcias;

gamoricxavs `Spargalkebis~ gamoyenebas (TEGAPRO-Si gamoyenebulia SemTxveviTi

ricxvis generatori, romelic testebis bazidan garkveuli albaTobiT irCevs testebs.

aseve adgilebs ucvlis arCeuli testis savaraudo pasuxebs);

xels uwyobs (ganapirobebs) codnis miRebis aucileblobas da Sesabamisad

uzrunvelyofs studentebis swavlebis donis amaRlebas;

studentebisaTvis gamocdis Sedegebis operatiulad gacnoba (studentebi niSnebs

igeben gamocdis damTavrebisTanave da ara 4-5 dRis Semdeg);

pretenziebis ar arseboba (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda. magaliTad, 700 studentidan

Semovida mxolod 1 pretenzia). weriTi saxiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebisas ki

pretenziebis raodenoba, saSualod, 10-15%-ia. zogierT SemTxvevSi ki 50%-sac aRwevs.

sakancelario saqonlis ekonomia;

adamianuri resursebis gamoTavisufleba: naSromebis gasworebisagan, niSnebis bazaSi

Setanisgan, gamocdaze meTvalyureebis raodenobis Semcireba da sxva.

programuli produqti TEGAPRO srulyofili sistemaa. misi interfeisi Sedgeba

Semdegi Rilakebisgan: `daxmareba~, `dawyeba~, `testis Setana~, `niSnebi~ da `gamosvla~.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke:

`daxmarebis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ganTavsebulia momxmareblisTvis saWiro yvela

informacia programis Sesaxeb;

165

`testis Setanis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva sagnebis

testebis Setanis, testirebis drois dayenebis da sxva mravali funqcia;

`niSnebis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ganTavsebulia studentis mier miRebuli niSnis

moZebnisTvis saWiro velebi, Zebnis Rilaki, jgufis uwyisis Sedgenis Rilaki, romelsac

Tavis mxriv gavyavarT Sesabamis dialogur fanjaraSi, studentis Sesaxeb bazaSi arsebuli

monacemebis amobeWdvis Rilaki da gamosvlis Rilaki;

`gamosvlis~ Rilaki uzrunvelyofs programidan gamosvlas.

`dawyebis~ Rilakze daWeriT SevdivarT dialogur fanjaraSi ànketa~, sadac

studentma unda Seitanos Sesabamisi anketuri monacemebi. anketis dialogur fanjaras

gaaCnia Rilakebi: `gamosvla~ da .`Semdeg~. studenti anketis Sevsebis Semdeg aWers Rilaks

.`Semdeg~, ris Sedegadac gamodis misalmebis dialoguri fanjara. misalmebis dialogur

fanjaras gaaCnia Rilaki .`gamocdis dawyeba~. am Rilakze daWeriT programa gadadis

sagamocdo testebis dialogur fanjaraze.

sagamocdo testebis dialogur fanjaraze ganTavsebulia: testis kiTxvisa da savaraudo

pasuxebis velebi; marcxena zeda kuTxeSi ganTavsebulia studentis suraTi, saxeli gvari da

11-niSna piradi nomeri; Rilakebi `damTavreba~, `wina~ (wina testze gadasasvlelad) da

`Semdeg~ (Semdeg testze gadasasvlelad); sagamocdo testebis raodenobis Sesabamisi TeTri

kvadratebi, romelTa daWeriT students SeuZlia swrafad gadavides nebismier testze;

taimeri, romelic aRricxavs testirebis dros.

rodesac studenti daamTavrebs testirebas igi aWers Rilaks `damTavreba~. ris

Sedegadac gamova dialoguri fanjara, sadac kompiuteri ekiTxeba `ginda gamosvla?~.

studenti aWers Rilakze OK da gamova studentis mier dagrovili qulebis Setyobinebis

dialoguri fanjara. am fanjris gamoCenis momentidan monitoris ekrani `SeSdeba~ ramdenime

wuTiT, rac gamoricxavs, arasasurveli qulebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, studentis mier

testirebis xelmeored Catarebas.

Tu studenti ver Caetia testirebisTvis gankuTvnil droSi, maSin programa iblokeba da

students ar SeuZlia testirebis gagrZeleba. mas SeuZlia mxolod testirebis Sewyveta

RilakiT `damTavreba~.

garda aRwerilisa warmodgenil programul produqt TEGAPRO-s gaaCnia uamravi

SesaZleblobebi, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.

axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra ekonomikuri efeqti gaaCnia Cvens mier SemoTavazebul programul

produqts.

moviyvanoT programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s ekonomikuri efeqtianobis dasabuTeba

Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis magaliTze.

programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-Tvis aucilebeli da sakmarisia Tanamedrove

kompiuteruli klasebis arseboba.

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gaangariSeba gavakeToT or nawilad: pirveli _ SevadginoT

tradiciuli meTodiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebis xarjTaRricxva da meore _

kompiuteruli wesiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebis xarjTaRricxva.

xarjTaRricxvaSi fuladi saxsrebis ekonomia, zogadad, SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi

formuliT

166

Cek= C0- C1, (1)

sadac Cek _ fuladi saxsrebis ekonomiaa, romelic miiReba erT sagamocdo disciplinaSi

weriTi testuri gamocdebisa da kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebaze

gaweuli danaxarjebis sxvaobiT.

(1) formulaSi C0 _ weriTi saxiT testuri gamocdebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli fuladi

danaxarjebia;

C1 _ kompiuteruli wesiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebisas saWiro fuladi danaxarjebia.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi C0 Seicavs Semdegs: qseroqsis xarjebs (175 l), weriTi saxiT

warmodgenili namuSevrebis gasworebisTvis saWiro xelfasis sidides (700 l), testuri

gamocdebis mimdinareobis organizaciaze gaweul danaxarjebs (525 l) da uwyisebidan

studentTa monacemebis SetanisTvis mdivan-menejeris xelfasis sidides (11,0 l). sul _

C0=1411 lars.

C1 Seicavs Semdegs: damkvirveblebis xelfass (120 l) da kompiuteris eqspluataciis

xarjs (21,6 l). sul _ C1=141,6 lars.

Tu (1) formulaSi CavsvamT miRebul monacemebs, maSin

Cek=1411-141,6=1269,4 l

Tu aviRebT, rom studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 8 sagans, maSin wliuri

ekonomia 700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-

8 X 1269,4=10155,2 l

Tu 10155,2 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 40620,8 l.

Tu studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 10 sagans, maSin wliuri ekonomia

700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-

10 X 1269,4=12694 l

Tu 12694 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 50776 l.

Tu studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 12 sagans, maSin wliuri ekonomia

700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-

12 X 1269,4=15232,8 l

Tu 15232,8 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 60931,2 l.

samive SemTxvevaSi miRebul Tanxas unda gamoakldes programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s

Rirebuleba.

amrigad, warmodgenili proeqtis Seqmnisa da danergvis Sedegad miRebuli, rogorc

moraluri, ise ekonomikuri efeqti mniSvnelovania. garda amisa, naTlad Cans, testuri

gamocdebis Casatarebeli programa TEGAPRO-s inovaciuroba. misi danergva saswavlo

procesis xarisxis amaRlebis erT-erT saSualebadac gvevlineba.

167

informaciuli sazogadoebis ekonomikis

ganviTarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi1

nikoloz cxadaia

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. enver lagvilava

axali ekonomikis (New Economy), rogorc axali tipis ekonomikuri sistemis warmoSoba

xorcieldeba qseluri teqnologiebis saSualebiT erTiani informaciul-sakomunikacio sivrcis

formirebis intensiur procesSi.

ukanasknel periodSi termini ,,axali ekonomika~ samecniero literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT

xSirad ixmareba da ZiriTadad ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. pirvel rigSi axali ekonomikis qveS

igulisxmeba ekonomikis is nawili, romelic Sedgeba iseTi maRalteqnologiuri dargebisagan,

rogoricaa-kompiuterebis warmoeba, sakomunikacio sistemebis Seqmna, programuli uzrunvelyofa,

bioteqnologia da sxva. am gagebiT, axali ekonomika ganisazRvreba, rogorc maRalteqnologiuri

elementebiT gamorCeuli dargebis erToblioba. meore mniSvnelobiT àxali ekonomika~ gulisxmobs

maRali teqnologiebis makroekonomikur parametrebze zegavlenas. igi ZiriTadad swored am

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, radgan ukeT gamoxatavs Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebis

Taviseburebebs.

axal ekonomikas zogjer uwodeben virtualur ekonomikas (Virtual Economy), raTa xazi gausvan

Zveli, tradiciuli ekonomikisagan mis gansxvavebas. virtualuri ekonomika warmoadgens

gansakuTrebul ekonomikur garemos, romelSic SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli biznesis (Sesabamisad,

eleqtronuli komerciisa da vaWrobis) warmarTva interaqtiuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze.

aseve gamoiyeneba termini codnis ekonomika (Economy of Knowledge). codnis ekonomika

fokusirdeba codnis, rogorc ekonomikis procesebze zemoqmedi fenomenis menejmentsa da warmoebaze.

xSirad gamoiyeneba da gulisxmobs codnis teqnologiebis (codnis inJineria da codnis menejmenti)

gamoyenebas ekonomikuri sargeblis sawarmoeblad.

ekonomistTa nawili axali ekonomikuri movlenebis ganxilvisas gvTavazobs gamoTqmas `qseluri

ekonomika~ (Network Economy). aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia, radgan maRalteqnologiuri dargebi

swored qseluri sikeTis warmoebiT arian dakavebuli. qseli Seicavs unikalur Tvisebebs da

gansazRvravs axali ekonomikis Taviseburebebs.

àxali ekonomikis~ bevri mkvlevari miuTiTebs Tavis naSromSi inovaciis umniSvnelovanes

fenomenze ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis da acxadebs, rom “axali ekonomika” arsebiTad inovaciuri

ekonomikaa.

m. kastelsi gamoyofs axali ekonomikis xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels:

1. mwarmoebluroba, roca sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da teqnikis

miRwevebis gamoyenebaze, aseve informaciisa da menejmentis xarisxze;

2. momxmareblebisa da mwarmoeblebis yuradRebis gadatana materialuri warmoebidan

informaciul saqmianobaze;

3. sawarmoo procesis organizaciis Zireuli transformacia;

1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur


168

4. ekonomikis globaluri xasiaTi, rodesac kapitali, warmoeba, menejmenti, bazari, Sroma,

informacia da teqnologiebi organizebulia nacionaluri sazRvrebisagan damoukideblad;

5. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis revoluciuri xasiaTi, rac TandaTanobiT gardaqmnis

Tanamedrove msoflios materialur safuZvlebs;

aseve mniSvnelovania zogadad Tanamedrove ekonomistebis mier aRiarebuli debulebebi:

_ mimdinare cvlilebebis globaluri xasiaTi;

_ operireba abstraqtuli, araxelSesaxebi sikeTeebiT: ideebiT, informaciiT da

urTierTdamokidebulebebiT;

_ axali ekonomikis calkeuli segmentebis mWidro urTierTkavSiri da urTierTqmedeba;

teqnologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, cnobili ekonomistis d. tapskotis mier

mocemuli Zveli da axali teqnologiebis niSan-TvisebaTa Sedareba-sistematizacia. igi axali

ekonomikis mTavar ganmasxvavebel Tvisebad aRiqvams axali informaciuli teqnologiebis

inteleqtualizaciisa da qselur orientaciasTan dakavSirebul parametrebs da gamoyofs 10

ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel cvlilebas teqnologiebSi (ix. cxrili 1)

cxrili 1.

niSani Zveli teqnologiebi axali teqnologiebi

1. signali analogiuri cifruli

2. procesorebi tradiciuli,

naxevargamtarebze

mikroprocesorebi

3 gamoTvliTi

kompleqsi

didi egm-is bazaze klient-serveris arqiteqtura

4. gamtarunarianoba baRis biliki informaciuli magistrali

5. mowyobiloba SeRwevis mowyobiloba

inteleqtis gareSe

informaciuli sayofacxovrebo

aparatura

6. informaciis

warmodgenis formati

monacemebi, teqsti,

bgera, gamosaxuleba

multimedia

7. sistemebi specializirebuli Ria

8. qselebi arainteleqtualuri inteleqtualuri

9. programis

SemuSaveba

xelobis doneze obieqt-orientirebuli programireba

10. interfeisi momxmareblis grafikuli

interfeisi (GUI)

mravalmomxmarebliani sistema(MUD)

multimediuri interfeisi(MUI)

axal ekonomikaze gardamavali etapi, informaciuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xarjze Tavis

TavSi moicavs axali wesebis dakanonebas, sadac iseT terminebi rogoricaa nou-hau da eqspertis

codna iseTive mniSvnelovani resursi iqneba rogoric industriul ekonomikaSia sxvadasxva

nedleuli. axali wesebi unda daiweros firmebisa da sawarmoebis doneze, rac gulisxmobs codnis

menejmentis daxvewas.

axali ekonomika, SeiZleba iTqvas warmoadgens, rogorc postindustriuli ekonomikis

ganviTarebis etapebs:

_ warmoebis faqtorTa struqturebis cvlileba maTSi informatizaciis gamoyofiT;

_ obieqtis struqturasa da sakuTrebis formebs Soris Tanafardobis (damokidebulebis) cvlileba;

169

_ axali socialuri fenebisa da socialuri struqturebis formireba da a.S.

informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad izrdeba mwarmoebluroba, rasac

mivyavarT mogebis matebamde, magram mxolod moklevadian periodSi. grZelvadian periodSi ki

mogeba mcirdeba monopoliur bazarze mZafri konkurenciis gamo.

mcirdeba informaciis fasi, radgan TviTon inovaciis procesi iZleva SesaZleblobas,

rom informacia damuSavdes gacilebiT swrafad da iafad. es procesi SesaZlebelia

grafikulad warmovadginoT “erToblivi moTxovna – erToblivi miwodebis” modelis

gamoyenebiT:

P –informaciis fasia;

LAS – erToblivi miwodebis

xangrZlivvadiani mrudia;

AD – erToblivi moTxovnaa;

Y – gamoSvebis moculobaa;

informaciis fasis Semcireba am grafikze aisaxeba

erToblivi miwodebis mrudis (LAS) gadaadgilebiT

marjvniv. e.i. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gamo

informaciis fasi daeca P1 dan P2-mde, xolo gamoSvebis moculoba gaizarda Y1-dan Y2-mde.

qseluri sikeTe gamoirCeva imiT, rom maTi kvlavwarmoeba (warmoqmna) SeiZleba

praqtikulad nulovani, zRvruli danaxarjebiT da isini qmnian qselur gare efeqtebs 1

momxmareblisaTvis. amis Sedegad ki bazris ZiriTadi parametrebi _ moTxovna da miwodeba

aratradiciulad icvleba. tradiciuli ekonomikuri Teoria efuZneba Semdeg mtkicebas:

miwodeba mcirdeba, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba da miwodebis mruds gaaCnia

dadebiTi daxriloba. xolo moTxovna izrdeba, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi mcirdeba da

moTxovnis mruds gaaCnia uaryofiTi daxriloba. qseluri sikeTis SemTxvevaSi ki yvelaferi

piriqiTaa: miwodebis mrudi uaryofiTi daxrilobisaa, radgan zRvruli danaxarjebi

miiswrafvis 0-sken drois mniSvnelovan periodSi. moTxovnis mrudi ki dadebiTi

daxrilobisaa, radgan zRvruli sargeblianoba izrdeba qseluri sikeTis momxmarebelTa

raodenobis zrdis Sesabamisad. Tu ki es procesi miiRebs dinamikur xasiaTs, moTxovnisa da

miwodebis mrudebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs sul ufro da ufro naklebi fasis gaswvriv.

arsebobs uamravi sirTule informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT miRebuli Sedegebis

swor SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. Zlier izrdeba Sualeduri moxmarebis wili finansur,

sakonsultacio, sareklamo da sxva momsaxurebis sferoebSi. Tanamedrove aRricxvianobis

praqtika ki amas ar iTvaliswinebs, radgan Sedegis Sefaseba xdeboda sabolo produqtis

mixedviT.

informaciuli teqnologiebis sferoSi adgili aqvs ZiriTadi fondebis gaufasurebas.

amis Sedegad erovnuli Semosavlis namati xdeba erTobliv Siga produqtis namatze naklebi.

miuxedavad amisa, mwarmoebluroba mainc izrdeba, Tanac sakmaod swrafad. es exeba ara

mxolod kompiuteris warmoebasTan dakavSirebul seqtorebs, aramed ekonomikas mTlianad.

1 gare efeqtis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelsac mivyavarT saqonlis sargeblianobis zrdisaken erTi

individisaTvis, igive saqonlis momxmarebeli sxva individebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad.

170

informaciul sazogadoebaSi warmoebuli saqonlis Rirebulebis struqturaSi didia

inteleqtualur Sromaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili, anu igi aris mecnierebatevadi

saqoneli. informaciul sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT industriuli sazogadoebisa, Warbobs

inteleqtualuri saqonlis warmoeba da moxmareba.

eqspertTa gaTvlebiT uaxloes momavalSi inteleqtulauri saqonlis warmoeba

gacilebiT gadaaWarbebs materialurs. informaciul ekonomikaSi maRal donezea

ganviTarebuli qseluri ekonomika, qseluri biznesi da eleqtronuli komercia.

informaciuli sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis egidiT Catarda msoflio samiti or fazad - 2003 wels JenevaSi da 2005

wels tunisSi, sadac ganxiluli iyo informaciuli sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi. masSi monawileobda mravali qveyana maT Soris aSS, aseve evropis

gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. 2003 wels

JenevaSi Catarebuli samitis mier miRebuli rezoluciiT Seiqmna specialuri fondi

msoflio informaciuli sazogadoebis infrastruqturis Sesaqmnelad.

TiToeuli qveynis mier gadaricxuli Tanxis raodenobam saboloo jamSi daaxloebiT

eqvsi milioni dolari Seadgina.

meore faza ki Catarda 2005 wlis noemberSi tunisSi, sadac gamoyofili Tanxa 4.5

milion dolars aRemateboda.

yvelaze mTavari iyo is, rom am samitis Sedagad Camoyalibda Sesabamisi infrastruq-

turis SemqnisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebis gegma, romlis ZiriTadi punqtebi Semdegnairad

Camoyalibda:

mTavrobisa da kerZo seqtoris roli informaciul-telesakomunikacio teqnologiebis

(itt) ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi;

informaciuli da satelekomunikacio infrastruqtura;

informaciisa da codnis xelmisawvdomoba;

itt-s gamoyenebis daculoba da usafrTxoeba;

Sesabamisi garemos Seqmna;

itt-s gamoyenebis da ganviTarebis sferoebi:-

eleqtronuli mTavroba, biznesi, swavleba, jandacva, dasaqmeba, garemo, soflis meurneoba.

eleqtronuli mecniereba, media, informaciuli sazogadoebis eTikuri normebi,

saerTaSoriso da regionaluri kooperacia.

dResdReobiT erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi informaciuli teqnologiebis

gamoyenebis mxriv erT-erT mowinave adgilzea singapuri. amisaTvis Seqmnilia sainformacio-

sakomunikacio ganviTarebis departamenti (ssgd).

mniSvnelovania avstraliaSi mimdinare procesebi am sferosTan mimarTebaSi. samxreTi

avstraliis mTavrobam miiRo specialuri dokumneti, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar

samoqmedo gegmas, romlis mTavari funqciaa upasuxos da marTos is sainformacio da

sakomunkacio cvlilebebi romleTa winaSec dadga msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki samxreTi

avstraliis mosaxleoba.

171

dReisTvis ama Tu im qveynis konkurentunarianoba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu

rogor iyenebs es qveyana internet-teqnologiebs, rogori tempiT mimdinareobs tradiciuli

ekonomikidan axal ekonomikaze gadasvla, Zvel da axal ekonomikas Soris ramdenad

warmatebulia urTierTkavSiri da a.S. erTi ram cxadia, rom saqarTvelo ver ganviTardeba

msoflio ekonomikisgan izlirebulad. amitom aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelom aqtiurad

miiRos monawileoba mimdinare progresul procesebSi.

saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, arsebuli ekonomi-

kuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemuSavdes teqnologiurad prioritetuli, miznobrivi

programebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebisa da Sesabamisi sis-

temebis danergvis, gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebisaken. amisTvis saWiroa mTavrobaSi Seiqmnas

specialuri organo, romelic dakavebuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebis industri-

asTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT, raTa moaxdinos aRniSnul programaSi CarTul organi-

zaciaTa da uwyebaTa muSaobis koordinireba, maTi saqmianobis efeqtianad warmarTvis mizniT.

saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT

gavaanalizoT misi ganviTarebis sami SesaZlo modeli.

pirveli modeli – es aris e. w. induri modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs ofSoruli

programirebis ganviTarebas. dReisTvis ofSoruli programirebis centrebi funqcioni-

reben ara mxolod indoeTSi, aramed singapurSi, braziliaSi, irlandiaSi da sxva qveynebSi.

Tumca swored indoeTSi moxda ekonomikis calkeuli segmentis formireba specialuri

infrastruqturiTa da samTavrobo regulirebis sistemasTan erTad. ofSoruli

programirebis biznesi efuZneba programuli samuSaoebis calkeuli saxeebis moTxovnebs da

ganviTarebul qveynebSi inJiner-muSakebis ukmarisobas. saqarTvelosaTvis induri meTodi

misaRebia Semdegi mizezebis gamo: gafarTovdeba bazari, amoqmeddeba sainJinro kadrebi,

saqarTvelo gamoiyenebs sxva qveynebis gamocdilebas da a.S. problema mxolod isaa, rom es

biznesi Zlieradaa damokidebuli msoflio bazris ciklurobaze da ar arsebobs

mmarTvelobiTi gamocdileba.

meore modeli – es aris modeli, romelsac iyeneben skandinaviuri qveynebi da israe-

li. is dafuZnebulia mza gadawyvetilebebis eqsportze da sagareo bazris produqtebze.

aseTi modeli liderobis SesaZleblobas iZleva. garda amisa, SesaZlebeli xdeba qveynis

inteleqtualuri potencialis ufro efeqtianad gamoyeneba. am modelis problemebi msgavsia

wina modelisa, magram emateba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani problema. es problema exeba

firmebSi marketingis organizaciis aucileblobas.

mesame modeli – bazris ganviTarebis erovnuli modelia da iTvaliswinebs saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Seqmnas Siga bazris Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am modelis ZiriTadi

upiratesoba isaa, rom misi damnergavebi kargad iqnebian gaTviTcnobierebulni adgilobriv

specifikasa da niuansebSi. problema isaa, rom mocemuli modelis SesaZlo realizacia

SezRuduli iqneba Siga bazriT.

romeli modelia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro perspeqtiuli, jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia.

saboloo angariSiT, axali ekonomika gvaZlevs axal ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs da

gvTavazobs ekonomikuri zrdis ukeTes xarisxs.

172

saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, arsebuli ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavdes teqnologiurad prioritetuli miznobrivi prog-

ramebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebisa da Sesabamisi sistemebis

danergvis, gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebisaken.


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da biznesi” #3, 2008. gv.89-100.

2. Кастельс М. Информационная эпоха: экономика, обшество и культура. Под ред. О.И. Шкаратова. М.,

«ГУ ВШЭ» , 2000.

3. Тапскотт Д. Электронно-цифравое обшество. К., «INT-press». М., «Рулф-бук», 1999. gv.121.

4. Dolfsma W. and Soete L. - Understanding the Dynamics of A Knowledge Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing,

Inc. 136 West Street, Suite 202, Northampton, Massachusetts 01060, USA - 2006.

5. Webster F. - Theories of The Information Society. Routledge, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon

OX14 4RN - third edition 2006.

http://www.informationeconomy.sa.gov.au/policy/ieagenda

http://www.ida.gov.sg/home/index.aspx

http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html

http://www.informationeconomy.sa.gov.au/policy/ieagenda

http://www.ida.gov.sg/home/index.aspx

http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html

173

internet-tqnologiebi da sagadasxado sistema1

nino CarTolani

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: sruli. prof. m. maRraZe

saxelmwifos siZlieres ZiriTadad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoSi arsbuli

sagadasaxado sistema, misi sistemuroba da moqniloba. radgan gadasaxadebi-es aris

saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis ZiriTadi wyaro, saxelmwifo biujeti ki aris qveynis

ekonomikis umTavresi elementi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens gadsaxadebis

sworad gaangariSebisa da saxelmwifo biujetSi maTi drouli gadaricxvis efeqtiani

organizacia.

bolo dros SeimCneva tendencia, eleqtronuli komerciis moculobis zrdis, rac

gamowveulia teqnologiuri progresiT, globaluri qseliT internetis gavcelebis

masStabebiT. magaliTad, 2009 wlis daswyisisaTvis internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobam

msoflioSi erT miliards miaRwia. mxolod B2B segmentze on-line reJimSi 2003 wels ga-

yidvebis moculobam Seadgina 1 trln dolari 2 . eleqtronuli komerciis moculobis

zrda dRis wesrigSi ayenebs sakiTxs, Tu rogor moxdes internet-teqnologiebis

pirobebSi gayidul saqonelze da momsaxurebaze gadasaxadebis daweseba da amoReba.

am problemis gadaWra Zalze mniSvnelovani xdeba eleqtronuli vaWrobis moculoobis

zrdidan gamomdinare, radagan saxelmwifom SeiZleba dakargos soliduri sabiujeto

Semosavali.

kompaniis computer Inteligence monacemebiT 2007 wlisaTvis on-line Sesyidva ganaxor-

ciela 2,7 mln adamianma. rodesac materialuri saxiT warmodgenili saqonlis SeZena

warmoebs eleqtronuli maRaziis meSveobiT da myidvelis rolSi gamodis sxva

saxelmwifos iuridiululi an fizikuri piri, maSin SeZenil saqonelze sabaJo

gadasaxadis amoReba xdeba Cveulebrivi wesiT, vinaidan saqonelma fizikurad unda

gadmokveTos saxelmwifos administraciuli sazRvari (saxmeleTo, sazRvao, sahaero)H,

romelic dRes arsebuli sagadasxado kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba. proplemebi

warmoiqmneba maSin, roca eleqtronuli vaWrobis ganxorcieleba warmoebs cifruli

saxiT warmodgenili saqonliT (programuli uzrunvelyofa, wignebis eleqtronuli

versiebi da sxva ). am SemTxvevaSi Znelia daadgino rogorc myidvelis, aseve

gamyidvelis fizikuri adgilsamyofeli. Ees gamowveulia imis gamo, rom gamydvelis

serveri, romelzedac moTavsebulia mis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba mdebareobdes

sxva saxelmwifoSi, sadac SesaZlebelia saerTod ar moqmedebdes kanoni eleqtronuli

komerciis Sesaxeb an Tu arsebobs igi SeZleba gansxvavebuli iyos im qveynis

sagadasaxado kanonisagan, sadac realurad imyofeba saqonlis gamyidveli. saWiro

xdeba im principebis modifikacia, romlebic moqmedeben off-line ekonomikaSi. DdReisaTvis

msoflioSi naklebad aris Seswavlili eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi gadasaxa-

debis sididis gansazRvrisa da amoRebis sakiTxebi. sagadasaxdo elastikuroba

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur


2 Информатизация бизнеса: А. М. Карминского, М. Финансы икредити, с.429.

174

eleqtronul vaWrobaSi sakmaod maRalia. amisTvis gamoiyeneba, fasebis SefardebiTi

maCveneblebi off-line da on-line ekonomikis seqtorebisaTvis1.

λ= Ps(1+t)/PI sadac λ-aris SefardebiTi fasis maCvenebeli, t –aris gayidul saqonlze

gadasaxadi, Ps- aris sacalo maRaziaSi saqonlis fasi, PPI-aris saqonlis fasi on-line

seqtorSi. rac ufro maRalia, λ-is maCvenebeli, miT meti momxmarebeli cdilobs

SeiZinos saqoneli on-line teqnoloogiiT e.i. Tu izrdeba λ, izrdeba saqonlis warmoeba

da gayidva on-line seqtorSi da piriqiT. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom saWiroa on-line da off-

line seqtorebSi sagadasaxado wesebis daaxloveba. magram off-line seqtorSi gamoyenebuli

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gamoyeneba on-line seqtorrisaTvis Seamcirebs internetiT

saqonlis myidvelTa raodenobas, rac xels SeuSlis eleqtronuli komerciis

ganviTarebas. meore garemoeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Cveulebrivi sagadasaxado

kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebas eleqtronul garigebebSi is aris, rom garTulebulia

gadasaxadebis amoReba. es ukanaskneli gamowveulia qseluri garigebis kontrolis

siZneliT da momxmareblis dacilebiT realuri saqonlidan. am SemTxvevaSi dabali

gadasaxadi an misi ar arseboba gamoiwvevs saqonlis qselis meSveobiT SeZenis

survilis amaRlebas ara mato saqrTveloSi, aramed MmTel msoflioSic. dReisaTvis

msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic rogorc Teoriuli, ise

praqtikuli gamoyenebis asapeqtSi ar arsebobs eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi

sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba. amitom eleqtronuli komerciisaTvis dReisaTvis

gamoiyeneba off-line seqtorSi gamoyenebuli sagadasaxado regulirebis principebi. jer-

jerobiT amave principebis gamoyenebas uWers mxars saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado asoci-

acia (International Fiscal Association-IFA). paraleluradDaRniSnuli saerTaSoriso savaWro

organizacia awarmoebs kvlevas eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi sagadasaxado

problemebis gadaWris mimarTulebiT.

virtualuri seqtoris sagadasaxado dabegvris sakiTxi mravali problemis

gadawyvetasTan aris dakavSirebuli: a) gamyidvelma SeiZleba ar icodes myidvelis

statusi. Saxeldobr, myidveli aris rezidenti Tu ararezidenti, iuridiuli, Tu

fizikuri piri; b) Zalian rTulia daadgino saqonlis realizaciis adgili da aqedan

gamomdinare ganisazRvros gadsaxadis sidide. zogjer imis garkvevac rTulia

momxmarebels miewoda saqoneli Tu, magaliTad, cifruli formiT programuli uz-

runvelyofa, wignis eleqtronuli versia da sxv.) am dros SeiZleba moqmedebdes sxva-

dasxva gadasaxadi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mimarT; d) Tu myidveli uars ambobs

saqonlis miRebaze Znelia aRiareba imisa, Sedga Tu ara internetiT gamyidvelsa da

myidvels Soris garigeba. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba aRmocendes sagadasaxado

problemebi; e) zogjer kompania, Tu mis saxelmwifoSo moqmedebs maRali gadasaxadebi

gadasaxadis nawilis Tavis aridebis mizniT sakuTar serveris ganTavsebas axdens sxva

saxellmwifoSi. perspeqtivaSi eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi transaqciis,

virtualobisa da saqonlis cifruli formiT gayidviT saxelmwifom SeiZleba dakar-

gos sagadasaxado Semosavlebis, didi nawili. am SemTxvevaSi gaZnelebulia gadasa-

xadis gadamxdeli subieqtis gansazRvra, DdReisTvis fuladi eleqtronuli nakadebis

zusti aRricxva da auditoruli Semowmeba. Sesabamisad gadauWrel problemas war-

moadgens. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gaangariSeba da amoReba. v. tanci aRniSnuli prob-

1 Стрелец И. А. Сетевая экономика. М., Эксмо, 2006. с.152.

175

lemis gadawyvetis mizniT SromaSi _ èsaWiroeba Tu ara msoflio Tanasazogadoebas

saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado organizacia~ gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado

organizaciis Seqmnas.

eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis dabegvris dros

saWiroa cal-calkee iqnes ganxiluli qveynis SigniT materialuri saqonliT ganxor-

cielebuli vaWroba da calke iqnas cifruli saxiT warmodgenili saqonlis rea-

lizaciis sakiTxi da aqedan gamomdinare gadasaxadebis gaanagariSebisa da amoRebis

sakiTxebi. kidev ufro rTuldeba problema roca eleqtronuli komerciis ganxor-

cieleba warmoebs saxelmwifoebs Soris.

Cvens qveyanaSi eleqtronuli vaWroba sawyis etapzea. cotaa saqarTveloSi in-

ternet savaWro firmebi. arsebobs mxolod saCuqrebiTa da RviniT movaWre firmebi.

arsebuli inernet – vitrinebi ver asruleben maT daniSnulebas (cudia dizaini, ar

arseboba uwyveti kavSiri momxmarebelTan, isini mxoloT portalis rolSi gamodian,

ver anxorcieleben marketingul kvlevas.

internetiT saqonlis gayidvis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is ,rom internetiT

SeiZleba gayido nebismieri saqoneli, an miiRo SesaZlo nebismieri momsaxureba.

angariSsworeba internetis meSveobii garkveul risks Secavs. bevr SemTxvevaSi myid-

vels fulis gadaxdamde surs fizikurad Seexos saqonels, daaTvalieros igi.

samrewvelo produqciis SeZenisas myidvels urCevnia unaRdo angariSsworeba. unaRdo

distanciur vaWrobas Cvelebriv sacalo qselSi saqonliT vaWrobasTan SedarebiT

gaCnia bevri upiratesobebi. eleqtronuli gadxdisaTvis rekomendrebulia mTeli rigi

alternatiuli variantebi. vinaidan dReisTvis plastikuri baraTebis gamoyenebiT

internetiT saqonlis SeZena kargad aris Seswalili, amitom aSS-Si da sxva civilize-

bul qveynebSi magnituri sabanko sakredito baraTi warmoadgens eleqtronuli

gadxdis erTaderT saSualebas, rogorc kerZo ise iuridiuli pierebisaTvis. es gan-

pirobebulia imiTac, rom maRal donezea uzrunvelyofoli plastikuri baraTebiT

ganxorcielebuli angariSsworebis usafrTxoeba. Cvens qveyanaSic daiwyo ganviTareba

plastikuri baraTebiT unaRdo anagariSsworebam.

ras aZlevs sawarmos eleqtronuli komerciis danergva?

1. informacia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vrceldeba swrafad. F Tqven

RebulobT damatebiT sakomunikacio arxs yoveldRiurad, 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

ufro xelmisawvdomi xdebiT klientisaTvis ;

2. Cqardeba sawrmos SigniT informaciis moZraoba, farTovdeba dokumentebis

gaformebis kontrolis SesaZleblobebi;

3. klientisaTvis interneti iZleva axali servisis SesaZleblobebs. magaliTad,

Talyuri adevnos dakeTis Sesrulebas;

4. vinaidan iterneti wamoadgens teqnologiur garss amdenad igi saSualebas iZleva

Sevkribod informacia klientebis Sesaxeb. Ggarda arniSnulisa igi sawarmos

saSualebs aZlevs damatebiTi danaxarjebis gawevis gareSe gamoiyenos

markentinguli instrumentarebi- gamokiTxvebi, Setyobinebebi, gaakoTos personalis

ekonomia

5. SeiZleba ekonomia gakeTdes savaWro darbazebis daqiravebaze.

sanam firma daiwyebs eleqtronuli vaWrobis danergvas da gaiRebs am miznisTvis

saTanado xarjebs, aucilebelia pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:

pirvel rigSi unda dasabuTdes aris Tu ara aucilebeli Tqvens firmaSi eleq-

tronuli komerciis danergva, anu unda moaxdinoT moTxovnilebis identificireba: ra

176

biznes eweviT, saWiroa Tu ara interneti potenciuri momxmareblebis mosazidad, ra

situaciaa bazarze? am kiTxvebze dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva rogor

gakeTdes es yvelaferi da ra TanmimdevrobiT: daproeqtebisaTvis unda daiweros

davaleba, Sedges sistemuri proeqti, danergvis gegma, Seiqmnas sawamos specialistebis

samuSao jgufi, garedan ayvanil iqnes konsultanti, erToblivad SemuSavdes doku-

menti. Bbazarze unda SeirCes damproeqtebeli oeganizacia, xosting-provaideri. unda

gairkves vin moemsaxureba saits, vin moaxdens internetis saSualebiT Tqveni biznesis

warmoebas. agreTve saWiro gaxdeba moiwvioT specialistebi internet-saitTan samuSaod

an moaxdinoT arsebuli kadrebis gadamzadeba. agreTve saWiro gaxdeba cvlilebebis

Setana saStato ganrigSi.

samarTav obieqtebTan, anu gadasaxadbis gadamxdelebTan (iuridiul da fizikur

pirebTan) raionul sagadasaxado inspeqciebis doneze urTierTmoqmedeben sagadasaxado

samsaxuris TanamSromlebi. isini axorcieleben Semdeg funqciebs: sagadasaxado

kanonis dacvis kontroli; gadasaxadebis sworad daricxvisa da biujetSi droulad

Setanis kontroli; gadamxdelebis mier buRaltruli angariSgebebis sworad Sedgenisa

da droulad wardgenis kontroli; sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sworad Sesrulebisa

da realizaciisaTvis saaRmsruleblo, safinanso da sakredito organoebTan urTierT-

moqmedeba. sagadasaxado kanondarRvevisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri

sanqciebis dadgena da maTi sworad gamoyeneba; saqalaqo da raionul safinanso orga-

noebSi faqtiurad Semosuli gdasaxadebis Tanxis Sesaxeb cnobebis Sedgena da

analizi; sagadasaxado organoebis mier zemdgom organoebSi, angariSgebebis formebis

wardgena da analizi.

zemoT CamoTvlili yvela funqciebis gasaxorcieleblad saxelmwifo sagadasaxado

organoebSi danergilia an danergvis procesSia avtomatizebuli sainformacio siste-

ma ~gadasaxadi~. avtomatizebuli sainformacio sistema `gadasaxadi~ warmoadgens saga-

dasaxado organoebis marTvis organizaciul formas, dafuZnebuls Tanamedrove

informaciuli teqnologiebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebaze. igi saSualebas iZleva

gafarTovdes gadasawyveti amocanebis wre, amaRldes miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasa-

buTebuloba, analizuroba da drouloba, Semcirdes sagadasaxado organoebis TanamS-

romlebis mier Sesasrulebeli araSemoqmedebiTi samuSaoebis moculoba.

sagadasaxado sistemis TiToeul doneze, gamomdinare Sesrulebuli funqci-

ebidan, iqmnebian sxvadasxva funqciuri qvesistemebi: tipiuri angariSgebiTi formebis

momzadebis; sakontrolo saqmianobis; meTodologiuri; sarevizio, samarTleblivi da

saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqciis analizuri saqmianobis.

sagadasaxado samsaxuris dabali donisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi qvesis-

temebi: sawarmos registraciis; kameraluri Semowmebis; normatiul-samarTleblivi

dokumentebis warmoebis; Sigasauwyebo amocanebis. sawarmos registraciis qvesistemis

funqciaa gdasaxadebis gadmxTelTa sruli da drouli aRricxava. am QqvesistemaSi

dafiqsirebulia yvela iuridiuli da fizikuri piris Sesaxeb informacia. nebismieri

sawarmos registraciis an xelmeored registraciis Sesaxeb yvela dokumenti dafiq-

sirebuli da Setanili unda iqnes saxelmwifo reestrSi. es monacemebi saWiroa

sxvadasxva momxmareblisaTvis, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqciis TanamSromlebi-

saTvis. sagadasaxado organoebi am informacias iyeneben, rogorc bazas TiToeuli

gadamxdelis Sesaxeb. amitom es informacia SemdgomSi sxvadasxva qvesistemebis mier

gamoyenebis mizniT Setanil unda iqnes monacemTa bazaSi. magaliTad, kameraluri

Semowmebis an sawarmos piradi baraTebis waroebisaTvis.

177

informaciis damuSaveba iwyeba iuridiuli samasaxuris mier gadasaxadis gadamxd-

elTa aRricxviTa da registraciiT. Ees samsaxuri Tavis saqmianobaSi sargeblobs

normatiul-samarTleblivi infomaciiT da Rebulobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebidan

aucilebel dokumentebs, romelTa safuZvelzec iqmneba monacemTa baza. gadasaxadis

gadamxdels eniWeba unikaluri saregistaracio nomeri. aseTi saxiT iqmneba gadam-

xdelis ~eleqtronuli saqaRalde.~ aRniSnuli informacia gamoiyeneba avtomatizebuli

sainformacio sistemis _ `gadasaxadi~-is yvela ZiriTadi qvesistemis mier. pirvel

rigSi aseTi informacia esaWiroeba kameraluri Semowmebis qvesistemas. gadasaxadebis

gadamxdeli agrovebs Semdeg dokumentebs: sawarmos balanss, mogeba-zralis angariS-

gebas, qonebis gdasaxadisa da sxva angariSgebebs. aRniSnuli dokumentebi

dagenilvadebSi gadaecema raionul sagadasaxado organoebs.

Kkameraluri Semowmeba mdgomareobs sabuRaltro angariSgebebis, gadasaxadebis

sworad gaangariSebisa da angariSgebiTi formebis sworad gaformebis dadgenaSi. Aam

mizniT gadamxTelebis mier warmodgenili dokumentebidan monacemebi sagadasaxado

TanamSromlis mier Seitaneba kompiuterSi, warmoebs èleqtronuli saqaRaldis~

Sevseba axali informciiT, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba sxvadasxva

periodisaTvis Tvalyuri vadevnoT sawarmos finansur-sameurneo saqmianobas. Kkompiu-

teruli teqnologiis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva davakvirdeT sawarmos

ganviTarebas, mis mier sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis dacvas, gamovavlinoT kanonmdeb-

lobis darRvevis SemTxvevebi, dadgindes biujetSi gadasaricxi Tanxa, Sedges im

sawarmoTa CamonaTvali romlebSiac unda Catardes dokumenturi Semowmeba. saboloo

jamSi am qvesistemaSi formirebuli informacia aris safuZveli sxva qvesistemebSi

informaciis dasamuSaveblad. pirvel rigSi es exeba dokumentur Semowmebas.

dokumentur Semowmebas dadgenili grafikis mixedviT axdens sagadasaxado inspeqciis

samsaxuri. Ddokumenturi Semowmebis mizania gamovlenili iqnas sabuRaltro aRricxvis

warmoebis wesebis, gadasxadebis arasworad gaangariSebisa da biujetSi sagadasaxado

Tanxebis Setanis vadebis darRvevebi. Semowmeba xdeba sawarmoSi, adgilze misvliT.

igi iTvaliswinebs yvela saWiro dokumentis daTvalierebas. Semowmebis Sedegad dgeba

aqti romelSiac dafiqsirdeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevis yvela

SemTxveva. darRvevebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, darRvevis saxidan gamomdinare warmoebs

jarimisa da sauravis daricxva. Ddokumenturi Semowmebis qvesistemaSi formirebuli

Sedegebi gamoiyneba sawarmos piradi baraTebis warmoebisaTvis, romlis mizania

gadasaxadebis saxeebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli iqnes saxelmwifo biujetSi Setanili

Tanxis raodenoba. TiToeuli sawamo gadamxdelis mixedviT daricxuli gadasaxadis

Tanxis Sesaxeb Semodis dokumentebi da kameruli Semowmebis qvesistemidan Semodis

informacia gadmxdelis mier bankSi biujetis angariSze Caricxuli Tanxis Sesaxeb.

gadasaxadebis saxeebis mixedvioT daricxuli da gadaxdili Tanxebis Sedareba

saSualebas iZleva dadgindes gadaxra (narCeni gadasxdeli Tanxa ,an Tanxa romelic

zedmatad iqna gadxdili). Tu zedmeti Tanxa iqna gadxdili, maSin sawarmos es Tanxa

CaeTvleba momaval TveSi. Aam operaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba sawarmo gadamxdelis

mier sagadasaxado organosaTvis werilobiTi mimarTvis safuZvelze.

sagadasaxado sistemis informatizaciam unda uzrunvelyos sagadasaxado samsaxu-

ris operatiuli muSaoba, sagadasaxado kanonebis sruli dacva, gadasaxadebis Semo-

savali Tanxebis zusti da drouli aRricxva, gadasaxadebis Semosavalebis prognozi,

sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba.

178

DdReisaTvis, sazRvagareTis qveynebSi saxelmwifos bevri funqciis ganxorcieleba

warmoebs onlain reJimSi, maTSoris gadasxdebis gaanagiSebTan da amoRebasTan

dakavSirebuli. amas xels uwyobs saxelmwifo organoebi. mag., aSS-isa da kanadis

saxelmwifo sanmasxurebi garantias aZleven gadamxdelebs ori kviris ganmavlobaSi

daubrunon zedmetad gadaxdili Tanxa imaT, vinc saTanado dokumentebs waradgenen

eleqtronuli formiT. didi britaneTis samTavrobo organooebi garkveul SeRavaTebs

aZleven im iuridiul da fizikur pirebs, romlebic saSemosalo gadasaxadebTan

dakavSirebiT sabuTebs waradgenen eleqtronuli formiT. globalur ekonomikur sazo-

gadoebaSi, romelic yalibdeba informaciuli teqnologiebis safuZvelze, problemuri

xdeba efeqturi dabegvris ganxorcieleba. am mizniT saWiroa ganxorcieldes eleq-

tronuli komerciisa da eleqtronuli fulis mudmivi monitoringi, dawesdes speci-

aluri gadasxadi sazRvargareT ganxorcielebul tranzaqciebze.

im firmebsa da organizaciebs, romlebic sabuRaltro aRricvas awarmoeben kompiute-

ruli programebis saSualebiT SesaZlebloba aqvT ditsanciurad, qselis saSualebiT,

eleqtronuli fostiT moaxdinon gadasaxdebis gaangariSebasTan da biujetSi Tanxis

gadaricxvasTan dakavSirebuli informaciisa gadacema Sesabamis sagadasxado organo-

ebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs sagadasxado organoebis muSaobas. raionul

sagadasxdo organoebs aRar mouwevT gadasaxadis gadmxdelebidan Semosuli infor-

maciis Sesabamis monacemTa bazaSi xeliT Setana. sagadasxado organoebs SeeZlebaT

sagadasaxado kanonSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb informacia qselis saSualebiT

operatiulad miawodon warmoeba-dawesebulebebs.

179

buRaltruli balansis analizuri mniSvneloba1

nano samyuraSvili

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe

buRaltruli balansi asaxavs sawarmos qonebas da romeli wyaroebidanaa formirebuli.

ekonomikur literaturaSi buRaltrul balanss aseve ganmartaven rogorc sawarmos ekonomikuri

resursebisa da mTliani kapitalis mdgomareobis ganzogadebas mocemuli TariRisaTvis fulad sazom

erTeulSi.

buRaltruli balansis momzadeba xdeba mogeba-zaralis angariSgebis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca

ukve ganxorcielebulia Semosavlebisa da xarjebis gadaxurvis operaciebi da cnobili gaxdeba

gaunawilebeli mogebis saboloo naSTi. Pperiodis bolos, buRaltruli balansis Sedgenamde,

mewarmem SeiZleba moaxdinos aqtivebis gadafaseba. magaliTad, sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebi

balansSi aisaxeba umciresi Rirebulebis principiT, grZelvadiani aqtivebi ki gadafasebuli

RirebulebiT. moTxovnebis moculoba mcirdeba saeWvo moTxovnebis koreqtirebis angariSis kreditis

naSTiT, dagrovili cveTa gamoiqviTeba ZiriTadi saSualebebisa da aramaterialuri aqtivebis

Rirebulebidan da a.S. sazRvargareTis praqtikaSi CamoTvili koreqtirebebis Semdeg dgeba

koreqtirebuli sacdeli balansi, ris safuZvelzec Sedgeba angariSgeba

balansSi aqtivebi da maTi formirebis wyaroebi ormxrivobis principis safuZvelze aisaxeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, buRaltruli balansi Semdeg tolobas eyrdnoba:

aqtivebi = valdebulebebi + sakuTari kapitali

aqtivebi aris sawarmos gankargulebaSi arsebuli materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebi,

romlebic warsulSi ganxorcielebuli sameurneo movlenebis Sedegs warmoadgens da maTgan sawarmo

momavalSi ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebas moelis.

valdebuleba sawarmos mimdinare periodis movaleobaa, romelic warsulSi momxdari sameurneo

movlenis Sedegia da misi Sesruleba gulisxmobs ekonomikur sargebelSi ganivTebuli resurebis

gasvlas. valdebulebebi aqtivebis msgavsad iyofa grZelvadian da moklevadian valdebulebebad.

sakuTari kapitali aris valdebulebebis dafarvis Semdeg sawarmos gankargulebaSi darCenili

aqciebis nawili. sakuTari kapitali warmoadgens damfuZnebelTa mier investirebul fulad da

materialur saxsrebs da Sedgeba: saaqcio kapitalis, saemisio kapitalis, gaunawilebeli mogebisa da

gadafasebis rezervisagan.

sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi tipis sawarmoTa buRaltruli balansi erTmaneTisgan sakuTari

kapitalis struqturiT gansxvavdeba.

saaqcio sazogadoebaSi aqtivebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroebia: saaqcio kapitali, romelic

Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli aqciebis saxiT SeiZleba arsebobdes, gadavadebuli dividendebis

mqone aqciebi, mogeba, saemisio kapitali, rezervi da valdebulebebi.

amxanagobis tipis sawarmoebSi sakuTari kapitali partniorTa kapitalis saxiT arsebobs,

romelic moicavs: 1) partniorTa ZiriTadi angariSis, romelic gamoiyeneba iseTvi cvlilebebis

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `buRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da


180

dros rogoricaa axali partnioris miReba an romelimes gasvla da aqtivebis gadafaseba. 2)

partniorTa mimdinare angariS, romelic partniorebsa da sawarmos Soris mudmivi operaciebis

arsaricxavad gamoiyeneba. amxanagobis balansSi mogebis maCvenebeli saerTod naCvenebi araa, vinaidan

igi srulad nawildeba partniorebs Soris.

individualuri sawarmos balansSi sakuTari kapitalis gasaangariSeblad individualuri

kapitalis sawyis naSTs emateba wliuri wminda mogeba da wlis ganmavlobaSi biznesSi Cadebuli

kapitali, akldeba biznesidan amoRebuli kapitali.

aseve gansxvavebulia mogebaze araorientirebuli firmebis buRaltruli balansis struqtura,

sadac sakuTari kapitalis muxls saerTo fondi anu dagrovili fondi ewodeba.

buRaltruli balansis analizi iwyeba misi vertikaluri da horizontaluri analiziT,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom balansSi informacia wlis dasawyissa da bolosTvisaa

mocemulia, rac Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva.

buRaltruli balansi analizuri TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens firmis gadaxdisunarianobis sarkes.

masSi mocemuli informaciiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, ramdenad gadaxdisunariania sawarmo. masSi

mocemuli infomaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba sxvadasxva saintereseo koeficientebis gamoTvla,

romlebic firmis (kompaniis) finansuri mdgomareobis ama Tu im mxares axasiaTeben.

Cven SeviswavleT erT-erTi cnobili brendis kompania “Coca-Cola enterproses”-is bualtruli

balansi. mocemuli kompania mdebareobs aSSSi jorjias StatSi Windy Ridge Parkway-ze. es gaxlavT

“Coca-Cola”- s saTao ofisi, romelic Coca-Cola-s warmoebis garda gascems licenziebs sxvadasxva

qveynebSi mocemuli gamagrilebeli sasmelis Camosxmasa da gayidvaze anu aris franCaizori kompania.

TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, “Coca-Cola enterproses”- aqtivebisa da pasivebis struqturuli suraTi

SeiZleba diagramebis meSveobiT warmovadginoT.

2008w.

diagrama 1 diagrama 2

buRaltruli balansis monacemebiT ganisazRvreba sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebis sidide, romelic

mimdinare aqtivebisa da mimdinare valdebulebebs Soris sxvaobis tolia. igi gviCvenebs maragebis im

wils romelic sakuTari saxsrebiTaa SeZenili.

20,8

46,5

32,7

valdebulebebis struqtura

1.kreditoruli davalianeba-20,82.grZelvadiani sesxi-46,53.sxva valdebulebebi-32,9

16,4

5,8

4,62,6

70,6

aqtivebis struqtura

moTxovnebi-

16,4

2.maragebi-5,8

3.fuli da

fulis

qevivalenteb

i-4,6

181

Coca-Cola enterprises”-s sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi tolia:

sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2006 = 3691 – 3818 = - 127

sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2007 = 4092 – 5343 = - 1251

sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2008 = 4583 - 5074 = - 491

SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom mocemul sawarmoSi samive wels maragebis SeZena xdeboda ara sakuTari

saxsrebis xarjze, aramed valdebulebebis, rac uaryofiTi faqtia.

firmis gadaxdisunarianobis daxasiaTebisaTvis balansis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiTvalos

likvidurobis koeficientebi, romelic gviCvenebs mocemuli momentisaTvis arsebuli fuladi

TanxebiT mimdinare valdebulebebis ra nawilis dafarvaa SesaZlebeli. arsebobs swrafi,

absoluturi da saerTo likvidurobis koeficientebi.

swrafi likvidurobis koeficienti = fuladi Tanxebi + moklevadiani moTxovnebi

mimdinare valdebuleba

absoluturi likvidurobis koeficienti = fuladi Tanxebi

mimdinare valdebulebebi

saerTo likvidurobis koeficienti = mimdinare aqtivebi

mimdinare valdebulebebi

warmovadginoT likvidurobis koeficientebis dinamika wlebis mixedviT:

koeficientebi 2007 2008

2006 koefic. 2006% koefic. 2006%

swrafi likvidurobis 0,655 0,512 78,2 0,645 98,5

absoluturi

likvidurobis 0,048 0,032 66,7 0,142 295,8

saerTo likvidurobis 0,967 0,766 79,2 0,903 93,3

Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom mocemuli firmis gadaxdisunarianoba

Zalze dabalia, rac gamowveulia mimdinare aqtivebis simciriT da mimdinare valdebulebebis sakmaod

didi maCvenebliT.

kompaniis kreditunarioanobis Sesamowmeblad gamovTvaloT alTmanis mier SemuSavebuli indeqsi (z),

romelsac Semdegi saxe aqvs:

z = 3,3k + 1,0k + 0,6k + 1,4k + 1,2k

k1 = mogeba %-is da gadasaxadis gadaxdamde / mTeli aqtivebi;

k2 = amonagebi realizaciidan / mTeli aqtivebi;

k3 = sakuTari kapitali (sabazro fasiT) / moziduli kapitali;

k4 = dagrovili gaunawilebeli mogeba / mTeli aqtivebi;

wlebi

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

z

182

k5 =sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi / mTeli aqtivebi;

statistikuri SerCeviTi meTodis safuZvelze e.alTmanma daadgina, rom kreditunarianobis

kritikuli sazRvaria 2,675. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT prognozi momavali 2-3 wlis

ganmavlobaSi sawarmos elodeba Tu ara gakotreba. Tu ki z<2,675, maSin sawarmos finansuri

safrTxe elodeba. xolo, roca z>2,675 sawarmos uaxloes momavalSi safrTxe ar elodeba.

Catarebuli analizis ASedegebidan irkveva, rom kompanias 2006 wlidan gaaCnia krizisuli

mdgomareoba da momdevno wlebSi ar ganuxorcielebia antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi. z dasaSveb

normaze naklebi aRmoCnda, anu firma dgas finansuri problemebis winaSe. Cveni balansis Catarebuli

analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom “Coca-Cola enterprises”-Si msgavsi mdgomareoba

Semdegma mizezebma gamoiwva:

vadagadacilebuli kreditoruli davalianebebis didi raodenoba;

moklevadiani sesxebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyeneba grZelvadiani aqtivebis dafinansebisaTvis;

likvidurobis saerTo koeficientis mudmivi dabali done;

sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebis permanentuli ukmarisoba;

nasesxebi saxsrebis zrda dafinansebis wyaroebSi;

saintereso iqneboda analogiuri analizis Catareba qarTul kompaniebzec, magram iqidan

gamomdinare rom saqarTveloSi araa daculi finansuri angariSgebis sajarooba da kopmaniebi TavianT

saitebze ar aTavseben finansur Sedegebs, rTulia dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli

kompaniebis finansuri mdgomareobis gansazRvra da msgavsi analizebis Catareba.

2006

(1485/23225) 19804/23225 3586/18699 940/23225 (127/23225) -0,5

2007

1470/24046 20936/24046 4162/18357 1527/24046 (1251/24046) 1,236

2008 (6314/15589) 21807/15589 2998/15620 (3029/15589) (491/15589) -0,131

183

sasaqonlo maragebis TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis

meTodebis gavlena mogebis maCvenebelze1

Tamriko facia

giorgi fanjikiZe

Tsu bakalavrebi

mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe

savaWro kompaniebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili sasaqonlo sasaqonlo maragebis

TviTRirebulebis gansazRvras. misi gamoTvla SedarebiT martivia, vidre sawyobidan gacemuli anu

realizebuli saqonlis. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi xSiria fasebis ryeva, Sesabamisad icvleba sasaqonlo

maragebis TviTRirebuleba. saqonlis TviTRirebulebaSi CairTveba mxolod iseTi xarjebi, romlebic

uSualodaa dakavSirebuli aqtivebis SeZenasTan da romelTa gareSec isini ver iqnen moyvanili muSa

mdgomareobaSi. aucilebelia daxarjuli maragebis xSiri Sefaseba. dadgenilia TviTRirebulebis

Sefasebis Semdegi meTodebi: saSualo Sewonili TviTRirebulebis, individualuri TviTRirebulebis

meTodi, FIFO, LIFO, NIFO, normatiuli

saSualo Sewonili meTodi:

masalebis yoveli SeZenis dros gamoiangariSeba saSualo Sewonili Rirebuleba. es procesi

emyareba maragebis wina periodis ganmavlobaSi darCenil erTeulTa raodenobas da mTlian

Rirebulebas. igi gamoiTvleba Rirebulebis SefardebiT raodenobasTan:

naSTis Rirebulebas + SeZenilis saqonli Rirebuleba

naSTis raodenobas + SeZenilis saqonlis raodenoba

es meTodi gaiangariSeba materialuri faseulobebis TiToeuli elementisaTvis cal-calke.

saSualo fasis gaangariSeba unda mimdinareobdes periodulad an ganuwyvetliv.

individualuri TviTRirebulebis meTodi

es meTodi gamoiyeneba specialuri daniSnulebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gasaangariSeblad,

romlebic ar arian urTierTSemcvelni. es meTodi misaRebia ZviradRirebuli da individualurad

gansxvavebuli produqciis erTeulis Sesafaseblad. am meTodis gamoyenebis dros mizanSewonilia

individualuri baraTebis warmoeba, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier momentSi dadgindes maragis

Rirebuleba. mxolod am meTodis gamoyenebis dros Tanxvdeba maragis Rirebulebis moZraoba mis

fizikur moZraobas.

FIFO

TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis miznebisaTvis fifo meTodi efuZneba daSvebas, rom pirvel rigSi

gaiyideba maragSi pirvelad Semosuli sagnebi amitom maragis xarjva fasdeba maTi SeZenis

TanmimdevrobiT vidre ar iqneba daxarjuli pirvelad miRebuli maragebi. naSTad darCeba is, rac

yvelaze bolos iyo SeZenili an warmoebuli. Sesabamisad Sesafasebeli maragis TviTRirebuleba

dadgindeba Tavdapirvelad miRebuli maragebis erTeulTa fasebiT.

LIFO. es meTodi eyrdnoba koncefcias, rom pirvelad ixarjeba is sasaqonlo maragebi,

romlebic bolos iqna SeZenili an warmoebuli, amitom am faseulobebis gacema xdeba bolos

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `buRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da


184

SeZenili masalebis fasiT, xolo naSTad darCenili maragi Sefasdeba yvelaze adre SeZenili

masalebis fasiT.

inflaciis periodSi maragSi axlad Semosul saqonels ufro meti TviTRirebuleba eqneba,

vidre adre Semosul saqonels. amitom, Tu SevusabamebT adre Semosuli saqonlis TviTRirebulebis

gayidvidan amonagebs, fifo meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gayiduli saqonlis TviTRirebuleba

ufro naklebi iqneba, xolo maragis saboloo naSTis TviTRirebuleba da mogeba ufro meti, vidre

LIFO meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

LIFO meTodis gamoyeneba rekomendirebuli ar aris buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso

standartebis mixedviT, Tumca nebadarTulia bass-2-iT. amis mizezia is, rom LIFO ar iZleva maragis

faqtobriv TviTRirebulebasTan sakmaod miaxloebul Sefasebas.

Teoriulad, TviTRirebulebisa da amonagebis Sesabamisoba unda moxdes yoveli gayidvisas.

praqtikaSi mosalodnelia garkveuli modificireba ganicados am Teoriam.

NIFO. es meTodi moiTxovs, rom sawyobidan gacemuli masalebi Sefasdes momavalSi SesaZeni

masalebis mosalodneli fasiT. gansxvavebis dabalanseba xdeba maragis koreqtirebis angariSidan.

roca maragebis saboloo naSTi dadgindeba Cven SegviZlia davadginoT gadaxra masalebis

RirebulebebSi rac gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:

(sawyisi naSTis Rirebulebas + SeZenis Rirebulebebi) – (saboloo naSTis Rirebulebas +

gacemis Rirebulebebi).

normatiuli. am meTodis dros sawarmoSi dadgenilia masalebis normatiuli fasi. sawyobidan

gacemuli masalebis da naSTad darCenili masalebis Sefaseba xdeba normatiuli RirebulebiT.

faqtiur da normatiul Rirebulebas Soris gansxvaveba gadaxrebis angariSze grovdeba. aRricxvis

saerTaSoriso standartebiT rekomendirebulia saSualo Sewonili, FIFO da normatiuli meTodebis

gamoyeneba.

Sesabamisad meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviyvanoT magaliTebi am sam meTodze:

ganvixiloT Sokoladis realizatori firma, romelsac sawyobSi Semoaqvs sxadasxva

dasaxelebis nawarmi:

saSualo Sewonili meTodi:

TariRi

operacia

erTeulTa

raodenoba

erTeulis fasi (lari) maragis Rirebuleba

(lari)

01.02 sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0

05.02 miReba 1500 2.75 4125

10.02 miReba 500 3.05 2440

15.02 gacema (2000) (4125+2440)/(1500+800)=2.9 (5800)

d a r C a 300 765

16.02 SeZena 500 3.35 1675

22.02 miReba (450) (765+1675)/(300+500)=3.05 (1372)

28.02 saboloo naSTi 350 3.05 1068

normatiuli

TariRi

operacia

erTeulTa

raodenoba

erTeulis

fasi (lari)

maragis

Rirebuleba (lari)

01.02 sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0

05.02 miReba 1500 2.75 4125

185

10.02 miReba 500 3.05 2440

15.02 gacema (2000) 3.25 (6500)

d a r C a 300 65

16.02 SeZena 500 3.35 1675

22.02 miReba (450) 3.25 (1463)

28.02 saboloo naSTi 350 3.05 277

meTodi FIFO

TariRi

raodenoba

erTeulis fasi

Rirebuleba

naSTi: 01.02

SeZena: 05.02

10.02

16.02

____________

sul SeZena

gacema: 15.02

0

1500

800

500

_____________

2800

2000

0

2.75

3.05

3.35

______________

_

1500*2.75+500*3.05

0

4125

2440

1675

______________

8240

5650

22.02

450

300*3.05+150*3.35

1417.5

186

_____________________________________________________________________

sul gacema: 2450 _ 7067.5

naSTi: 350 350*3.35=1172.5

daxarjuli da naSTad darCenili masalebis Sefasebis ganxiluli meTodebi

gavlenas axdenen mogebis maCvenebelze. Tu masalebis saboloo naSTi izrdeba, maSin

daxarjuli masalebis raodenoba mcirdeba da maSasadame mogeba gaizrdeba. piriqiT: Tu

masalebis saboloo naSTi Semcirdeba, maSin danaxarjebi gaizrdeba da Sesabamisad, mogeba

Semcirdeba. amrigad, masalebis saboloo naSTebis zrda mogebas zrdis da naSTebis Semcireba

mogebas amcirebs.

maragebis Sefasebis meTodebi cvlis mogebas. sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis mier

SerCeuli meTodi gamoyenebul unda iqnas periodis ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, aRricxvis

saerTaSoriso standartebiT.


1. mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva – izolda WilaZe, Tbilisi 2008

2. buRaltruli aRricxva – a.xorava, n. kvataSiZe, n. sreseli, z. gogriWiani,

Tbilisi 2008

www.economy.ge

www.statistics.ge

FIFO

normatiuli

saSualo Sewonili

meTodi:

Semosavali realizaciidan 10 000 10 000 10 000

saqonlis sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0

Sesyidvebi 8240 8240 8240

saboloo naSTi 1172.5 1068 277

relizebuli saqonlis T/R 7067.5 7172 7963

mogeba realizaciidan 2932.5 2828 2037

http://www.economy.ge/


187

turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi1

Tamaz deviZe

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asist-prof. mzia baramiZe

saerTaSoriso gamofenebi da bazrobebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aseT RonisZiebebze Tavs iyris sxvadasxva qvey-

nebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis farTo asortimenti da momxmarebels

saSualeba aqvs adgilzeve gaecnos sxvadasxva SemoTavazebebs, awarmoos mola-

parakebebi, miiRos kvalificiuri konsultacia.

gamofenebsa da bazrobebs gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba turistul

biznesSi. specializebuli turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi 30 welze metia rac

imarTeba da maTi ricxvi yovelwliurad izrdeba. marto evropaSi yovelwliurad

2000-ze meti saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofena-bazroba ewyoba.

turistuli gamofena-bazrobebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi savaWro-sareklamo ko-

munikaciis ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs. sagamofeno RonisZiebebSi monawileoba saSua-

lebas aZlevs sxvadasxva turistul sawarmoebs droulad moaxdnon ekonomikuri,

organizaciuli, teqnikuri informaciis gavrceleba miznobrivi auditoriis farTo

speqtrze. es procesi warmoadgens erTian kompleqss iseTi mniSvnelovani elemente-

bisa rogorebicaa: reklama, propaganda piari, piradi gayidva.

turistuli firmis monawileobis procesi sagamofeno RonisZiebebSi pirobiTad

SeiZleba davyoT 6 etapad. es etapebia:

1) principuli gadawyvetilebis miReba sagamofeno saqmianobaSi monawilebis miRebis

Sesaxeb;

2) gamofenaSi firmis miznebis gansazRvra;

3) konkretuli gamofenis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba miznebis miRwevisaTvis;

4) mosamzadebeli periodi;

5) muSaoba gamofenis mimdinareobis procesSi;

6) sagamofeno RonisZiebaSi monawileobis Sedegis analizi.

Oorganizaciuli aspeqtiT mniSvnelovania prospeqti, romelSic monawileTa sruli

sia da maT Sesaxeb mokle informaciaa ganTavsebuli. is mraval kiTxvaze iZleva

pasuxs.

gamofenis dasrulebis Semdeg saWiroa Sejamebul iqnas firmis gamofenaSi

monawileobis Sedegebi. Ggamofenis Sedegebi SeiZleba davyoT or nawilad 1) organi-

zaciuli da 2) komerciuli, maTi gaanalizeba mizanSewonilia moxdes gamofenis

damTavrebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, gamofena “cocxlobs” daxurvidan

ramdenime Tvis Semdegac. amitom saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas momavali

organizaciuli da komerciuli Sedegebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT

dakvnebi investiciebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna Tsu `turizmis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze, daikava saprizo

adgili.

188

sagamofeno RonisZiebeSi monawileobis miReba firmebs sxvadasxva formiTa da

meTodiT SeuZliaT. firma SeiZleba gamofena-bazrobebze warmodgenil iqnas, rogorc

damoukidebeli eqsponenti an rogorc jgufis wevri. gamocdilebam cxadyo rom

firmisTvis ufro xelsayreli da momgebiania gamofena-bazrobebSi monawileoba

koleqtiuri formiT. amis magaliTia erovnuli stendi. aseTi stendebi maqsimalurad

izidaven damTvaliereblebs.

gamofena-bazrobebisTvis mniSvnelovania sagamofeno stendis mowyoba. sagamofeno

stendi _ es aris firmis saxe. stendma didi vizualuri efeqti unda moaxdinos

damTvalierebelze. sagamofeno RonisZiebaSi monawileobis pirvelad miRebis

SemTxvevaSi an Tu firma SezRudulia drosa da finansebSi, mas SeuZlia airCias mza

moduli, e.w. stendis ConCxi romelic gamofenis organizatoris mier aris agebuli.

mTeli sagamofeno eqspozicia pirobiTad iyofa ramdenime zonad: ZiriTadi, samuSao

da damxmare.

stendi formdeba calkeuli sareklamo elementebis daxmarebiT, rogoricaa

warwerebi, sasaqonlo niSnebi, telefonis nomrebi, monitorebze morbenali

striqonebi da a.S.

stendis momsaxure personalis raodenoba damokidebulia stendis sidideze.

stendistebi unda iyvnen megobruli, taqtiani, diplomatiuri; damTvaliereblebs unda

egebebodnen RimiliT, mTeli RonisZiebis ganmavlobaSi imyofebodnen saubrisaTvis

mzadyofnaSi, unda SeZlon firmis yvela momsaxurebaze ganmartebebis micema.

msoflios yvelaze umsxviles turistul gamofena-bazrobebs warmoadgens

berlinis gamofena-bazroba_ITB-berlin; londonis_WTM (world tourism Market); madri-

dis_ITUR; milanis BIT-borsa internazionale del turismo (daaxl. 0.5 milioni stumari), ve-

nis (daaxl. 0.5 milioni stumari), Sarl le rues (daaxl. 400 000 stumari) da a.S.

gamofena-bazrobebi xSirad Tematuri principiT mimdinareobs-ekologiuri

turizmis, mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebis, siRaribis daZlevis sakiTxebis. bazro-

bis mimdinareobis paralelurad imarTeba prezentaciebi, seminarebi, forumebi,

mrgvali magidebi.

kavkasiis erT-erT mTavar turistul movlenas warmoadgens Tbilisis

saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba - CTF-Coucasus Tourism fair, romelic yoveli wlis

aprilSi sagamofeno centr èqspo-jorjiaSi imarTeba. 2009 wels RonisZieba

gaimarTa turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis, Tbilisis meriis, saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros da daculi teritoriebis saagentos

mxardaWeriT.

gamofenaze erovnul administraciebTan erTad warmodgenili iyo azerbaijanis,

somxeTis, TurqeTis turoperatorebi, saerTaSoriso aviaxazebi - Austrian Airlines,

Luftansa.

gamofenis mimdinareobis farglebSi gaimarTa seminarebi, sadac monawileebma

wamoadgines moxsenebebi Temebze - àxali turistuli atraqciebi saqarTveloSi”;

`turizmis brendingi saxelmwifo da regionul doneze~; `qalaqis mimzidvelobaTa

marketingi~. gamofenas dadebiT mxareebTan erTad gaaCnda mTeli rigi naklovanebebi:

ar iyo srulad warmodgenili saqarTvelos regionebi, dabali iyo stendistTa

moimzadebis done da a.S.

189

2009 wels saqarTvelo monawileoba miiRo msoflios mniSvnelovan sagamofeno

RonisZiebebSi.

ITB-berlin-ze warmodgenili iyo 187 qveynis 11 098 kompania. gamofenas estumra

178 971 vizitori. saqarTvelos saxeliT 60 kv. metris stendze. turizmisa da

kurortebis departamentTan da Tbilisis meriasTan erTad warmodgenili iyo 8

qarTuli kompania. qarTuli stendis stumrebs saSualeba hqondaT gaesinjaT qarTuli

Rvino. gamofenis farglebSi 13 marts gaimarTa preskonferencia, sadac saqarTvelos

turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis ufrosis moadgilem beqa jayelma germaniaSi

saqarTvelos sagangebo da sruluflebian elCTan baton levan duCaZesTan erTad

moaxdina saqarTvelos rogorc turistuli qveynis prezentacia adgilobriv bazarze.

preskonferencias eswreboda 50-mde akreditebuli Jurnalisti, madridis

saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba FFITUR-s yovelwliurad daaxloibiT 250 000

stumari hyavs. 2000 wels gamofenam 20 wlis iubile aRniSna. Catarda forumi,

prezentaciebi.

2009 wels FITUR-warmodgenili iyo 170 qveynis 12 312 turizmis sferos

profesionali. gamofenas stumrobda 85 283 vizitori. FFITUR-ze warmodgenili iyo

saqarTveloc 24 kv. metr stendze. qarTuli stendi gaformebuli iyo folkloruli

elementebiT: ansabl `Svidkacas” sakoncerto programiT.

yovelwliurad noembris Sua ricxvebSi turistuli industriis da msoflio

sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva londoni. aq am dros msoflios erT-erTi

umsxvilesi turistuli gamofena_bazroba WTM (world tourism Market) tardeba.

londonis turistul gamofena bazrobas eqsponatTa da monawileTa raodenobis

zrdis tendencia axasiaTebs.

2009 wels gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo 203 qveynis 46 945 turizmis

specialisti. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo saqarTveloc. gamofenaze saqarTvelos

mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos popularizacia didi britaneTis bazarze.

WTM msoflios erT-erTi umnioSvnelovanesi turistuli gamofena-bazrobaa da

saqarTvelos monawileoba am RonisZiebaSi mniSvnelovania qveynis turistuli imijis

ganmtkicebisa da evropul bazarze poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT.

milanis saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba BIT-borsa internazionale del turismo msoflios

umsxviles sagamofeno RonisZiebaTa xuTeulSi Sedis. gansxvavebiT 2008 wlisa

saqarvelom kvlav miiRo am gamofenaSi monawileoba. qarTuli stendi warmodgenili

iyo 32 kv. metr farTobze. bevrma italielma aRniSna, rom agvistos omma xeli

SeuSala saqarTveloSi CamosvlaSi.

iseve rogorc bevr sxva gamofena-bazrobaze qarTuli sagamofeno stendi didi

interesiT sargeblobda parizis saerTaSoriso gamofena bazroba MAP-le monde a paris-

ze. qarTuli stendis stumrebi gansakuTrebul interess amJRavnebdnen agro da

saTavgadasavlo turebze.

2009 wels saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso turis-

trul gamofena-bazroba - AITF-ze, romelzec kompaniebi 28 qveynidan iyo warmod-

genili. qarTuli stendi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobda. gansakuTrebuli

interesi gamoiwvia saqarTvelos sazRvao, samTo-saTxilamuro da saqalaqo turebma.

190

mimdinare wlis 12 Tebervlidan 15 Tebervlis CaTvliT stambulSi gaimarTa rigiT

me-13 ÈMITT~-xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofena-bazroba.

gamofenaze saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamenti warmodgenili iyo

vizitoris saxiT. RonisZiebis mimdinareobis procesSi Catarda gamokiTxva, romlis

mizanic iyo daedgina Tu ra miaCniaT ucxoelebs xelisSemSlel faqtorebad

saqarTveloSi vizitis dros.

2009 wels saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo helsinkis saerTaSoriso gamofena-

bazrobaSi `MATKA”. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis ufrosis miovaleobis

Semsrulebelma beqa jayelma gamarTa preskonferencia saqarTvelos turistuli

potencialis Sesaxeb. gamofenis mimdinareobis periopdSi didi interesiT

sargeblobda qarTuli sagamofeno stendi.

wels saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo Telavivis saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba

IMTM-ze. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis mixed-

viT israeli bazari erT-erTi mzardia da aq dagegmil RonisZiebebSi monawileobis

miReba saqarTvelosTvis strategiulad momgebiania.

rogorc FITUR-ze, aqac qarTuli stendi folkloruli elementebiT iyo

gaformebuli, mReroda ansabli `Svidkaca~. qarTul stends ewvia israelis turizmis

ministri.

qarTuli stendis mimarT didi iyo interesi rigis saerTaSoriso turistul

gamofena-bazroba “BALTTOUR-2009”-zec. es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamofenaa

baltiispireTis qveynebSi. “BALTTOUR 2009”-ze saqarTvelo oTxi stendiT iyo

warmodgenili. gamoiTqva didi survilebi qarTul tur-operatorebTan

TanamSromlobaze.

bolos unda aRvniSno rom mimdinare msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma mniSvnelovnad

Seamcira msoflios turistul gamofena-bazrobebis masStabebi. es tendencia

pirvelad 2008 wlis noemberSi londonis saerTaSoriso turistul gamofena-

bazrobaze SeiniSna. es RonisZieba wlebis manZilze masStabis zrdis tempiT

xasiaTdeboda. gasul wels ki monawileTa da vizitorTa raodenobam mniSvnelovnad

daiklo. ase moxda msoflios yvela mniSvnelovan gamofenaze. bunebrivia, krizisma

gavlena moaxdina qarTul turizmze Tumca krizisze meti ziani ruseT-saqarTvelos

2008 wlis omma mogvitana. am faqtma saqarTvelos rogorc usafrTxo qveynis imiji

Zalian Searyia.


1) Дурович А.П Маркетинг в туризме. Минск 2006

2) Александрова А.Ю. Международный туризм. Москва 2003

3) Котлер Ф. Меикенс Д.Ж. Маркетинг. Гостеприимство. Туризм. Москва 2008

4) `marketingis aqtualuri sakiTxebi” (samecniero Sromebis krebuli) Tsu. gamoSveba VI 2005

5) www.dotr.gov.ge

6) www.internet.ge

7) www.nplg.gov.ge

http://www.dotr.gov.ge/

http://www.internet.ge/

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/

191

internet-teqnologiebi turizmSi1 giorgi burduli

Tsu bakalavri

mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m. melaZe

interneti, romelic arc Tu didi xnis win Semovida Cvens cxovrebaSi,

ukve Cveni yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. dRevandel dRes

interneti msoflioSi yvelaze Zlier informaciul-teqnologiur sistemad

gvevlineba. igi gamoiyeneba adamianTa saqmianobis mraval sferoSi.

saerTaSoriso kompiuteruli qseli interneti imdenad mizanswafulad

viTardeba, rom misi momxmareblebis da informaciuli resursebis ricxvi

praqtikulad ormagdeba. am bumma gavlena iqonia turistul bizneszec. mxolod

1996 wlidan internetSi gamoCndnen aTasobiT damoukidebeli ganyofilebebi –

turistuli saagentoebi, sastumroebi da turistuli momxaxurebis dajavSnis

aTobiT sistema. eqspertebis azriT 2010 wlisaTvis internetiT gaiyideba $ 300

miliardi turistuli momsaxureba. amitom turistuli saagentoebis interesSi

namdvilad ar Sedis internetis ugulebelyofa.

internetis gamoyenebis plusebi turizmis sferoSi sul ufro da ufro

gamokveTili xdeba. eleqtronuli fostis, da sxva sistemebis saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro swrafi da efeqtiani kavSiri adamianebsa da firmebs

Soris. amasTan erTad komunikaciebis droc SeuzRudavia – 24 saaTi dReSi, 7

dRe kviraSi.

evropis mravalma turistulma saagentom Seamcira Tavisi reklamebis

raodenoba presasa da televiziaSi da ZiriTadi aqcenti internetze gadaitana.

bevri turistuli centri da kompania aTavsebs internetSi did informaciul

masivebs teqstebiT, fotoebiT da aseve filmebiT, romelic momxmarebels

saSualebas aZleven gaecnon turistul resursebs, ganrigebs, marSrutebs,

informacias sastumroebis Sesaxeb, gaagzavnon moTxovna an dajavSnon

turistuli momsaxureba da gadaixadon maTi safasuri internetis saSualebiT.

popularuli saZiebo sistemebi Yahoo da Google warmoadgenen msoflioSi

saukeTeso saZiebo sistemebs. yvela metnaklebad cnobilma gamofenebma ukve

gaxsnen TavianTi internet-gverdebi, sadac mocemulia statistika, monawileobis

miRebis pirobebi, akreditaciebi da sxv.

internet resursebi onlainSi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxiT:

_ saerTo daniSnulebis saitebi, sadac aris turistuli ganxrebi,

_ specializirebuli turistuli saitebi da portalebi,

_ saerTaSoriso dajavSnis sistemebi,

_ turoperatorebis saitebi,

_ turistuli saagentoebis saitebi,

_ sastumroebis saitebi,

_ mogzaurebis piradi saitebi,

globaluri kompiuteruli qselis momxmarebelTa SesaZleblobebia:

_ giganturi informaciuli sivrcis xelmisawvdomoba, romelic Seicavs

adamianTa saqmianobis yvela struqturas;

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `turizmis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo

adgili.

192

_ swrafi da efeqtuianikavSiri sxvadasxva masalebTan, cnobarebTan,

enciklopediebTan da sxv;

_ iafi da mosaxerxebeli komunikaciis sistemebis xelmisawvdomoba;

_ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis formirebis da realizaciis axali

SesaZleblobebi;

_ marketingisa da reklamis axali mosaxerxebeli strategia;

_ eleqtronuli prezentaciebis SesaZlebloba;

_ monawileobis SesaZlebloba eleqtronul gamofenebze, vaWrobebze da sxva;

_ momsaxurebisa da dajavSnis mosaxerxebeli saZiebo sistema;

_ gasarTobi funqcia;

_ kapitalis transferi;

_ virtualuri ofisis sistema;

_ muSaoba operatiul reJimSi;

zemoT CamoTvlili SesaZleblobebis umetesoba gamoiyeneba turistul

sferoSi. turistuli saagentoebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs globaluri

qselis Semdegi SesaZleblobebi:

_ komunikaciebi da efeqtiani kavSiri;

_ reklama da turistuli produqtis ganviTareba;

_ marketinguli kvlevebi;

_ firmebisa da maTi produqtis eleqtronuli prezentacia;

_ eleqtronuli, saeTaSoriso da regionuli turistuli gamofenebis

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba;

_ dajavSnis sistemis gamoyeneba;

_ turis damoukidebeli formireba da turistuli mosawvevis SeZenis

SesaZlebloba;

_ turistuli produqtis eleqtronuli cxrilebis gamoyeneba qveynebis da

mimarTulebebis mixedviT;

_ amindis prognozis, qveynis Sesaxeb informaciis da misi mimarTulebiT

marSrutebis mimosvlis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebis SesaZlebloba;

_ sastumroebis fasebis da sxva turistuli momsaxurebebis tarifebis Sesaxeb

informaciis mopovebis SesaZlebloba;

_ virtualuri ofisis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba da sxv.

internet-momxmareblebis raodenoba msoflioSi regionebis mixedviT

mocemulia cxrilSi 1. mosaxleobis internetizaciiT liderobs CrdiloeTi

amerika, avstralia da evropa. aziis mosaxleobis didi raodenobis gamo ki

msoflios internet-momxmareblebis yvelaze didi raodenoba _ 37,6% cxovrobs

aziaSi.

internet-momxmareblebis raodenoba msoflioSi regionebis mixedviT 2008

wlisTvis

msoflio regionebi mosaxleoba

msofl

ios

mosaxl

eoba

(%)

internet-

momxmareble

bi

interneti

T mocva

(%)

interneti

T mocva

msof. (%)

momx.

zrda

(2000-

2008)

afrika 955206348 14.3 % 51022400 5.3 % 3.6 % 1030.2 %

azia 3776181949 56.6 % 529701704 14.0 % 37.6 % 363.4 %

evropa 800401065 12.0 % 382005271 47.7 % 27.1 % 263.5 %

http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm



193

axlo

aRmosavleTi 19709443 3.0 % 41939200 21.3 % 3.0 % 1176.8 %

Crd. amerika 337167248 5.1 % 246402574 73.1 % 17.5 % 127.9 %

samxreT amerika 576091673 8.6 % 137300309 23.8 % 9.8 % 659.9 %

avstralia/okeane

Ti 33981562 0.5 % 19353462 57.0 % 1.4 % 154.0 %

mTliani

msoflio 6676120288 100 % 1407724920 21.1 % 100.0 % 290.0 %

cxrilSi 2 mocemulia 2008 wlis monacemebiT msoflios 10 mTavari qveyana

internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobis mixedviT, romlis mixedviTac liderobs

aSS, CineTi da iaponia.

cxrili 2. msoflios 10 mTavari qveyana internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobis

mixedviT 2008 wlisTvis

# qveyana internet-

momxmarebeli

internetiT

mocva (%)

internetiT

mocva

msoflio(%)

1 a.S.S 210575287 69.7 % 18.0 %

2 CineTi 162000000 12.3 % 13.8 %

3 iaponia 86300000 67.1 % 7.4 %

4 germania 50426117 61.1 % 4.3 %

5 indoeTi 42000000 3.7 % 3.6 %

6 brazilia 39140000 21.0 % 3.3 %

7 didi britaneTi 37600000 62.3 % 3.2 %

8 samxreT korea 34120000 66.5 % 2.9 %

9 safrangeTi 32925953 53.7 % 2.8 %

10 italia 31481928 52.9 % 2.7 %

cnobili faqtia, rom turistuli momsaxurebis pirdapiri reklamireba

saerTaSoriso informaciis saSualebebis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT klebulobs.

erTis mxriv internet-samyaroSi warmatebuli CarTva yovelTvis miRwevadi araa

da zog SemTxvevaSi danaxarji SeiZleba meti iyos mogebaze. aris firmebi,

romlebmac uamravi dro da Tanxebi daxarjes saitis SesaniSnavi dizainis

Sesaqmnelad, magram amiT mogeba ver naxes.

turistuli saitis ZiriTad moTxovnilebad, ra Tqma unda, gvevlineba

operatiuloba. rodesac momxmarebeli internetiT gadawyvets sagzuris moZiebas,

is arafers elodeba, garda abzacebs turizmze da dasvenebaze, gamoqveynebuls

eleqtronuli saxiT. aseTi abzacebi kargia turistul portalebSi, romlebic

iTvlebian mTavar wertilebad turis moZiebaSi. turistuli portalidan

turistuli saagentos saitze gadasvlisas, momxmarebeli uflebamosilia

moipovos ufro meti aqtualuri informacia.

turistuli momsaxurebis reklamis Seqmna sasurvelia turistuli

saagentos SeqmnisTanave. internetiT reklamis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxe iyo da



http://www.internetworldstats.com/am/us.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/cn.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/jp.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/de.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/in.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/sa/br.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htm#uk

http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/kr.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/fr.htm

http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/it.htm

194

aris sareklamo baneri. banerebis standartuli gafarToeba aris 468X60 da

100X100 wertilebi.

sareklamo baneri SesaZlebelia ganTavsdes aramarto konkretul tu-

ristul saitebze, aramed sareklamo banerebis qselSic, romlebic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs uamrav sxvadasxva saxis saitebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sareklamo baneris

fasic gacilebiT naklebia.

rogorc cnobilia, turistul saitebze aramarto sareklamo banerebis

ganTavsebaa SesaZlebeli, aramed saswrafo informaciis turebis Sesaxeb. amasTan

erTad momxmarebels SeuZlia miuTiTos kriteriumebi da maqsimalurad airCios

konkretuli turebis gafiltvris SesaZlebloba. survilis mixedviT ki momxma-

rebels SeuZlia turistul saagentos gaugzavnos informacia turiT misi dain-

teresebis Sesaxeb.

arsebobs ramdenime xerxi, imisaTvis rom gamorCeuli viyoT konkurente-

bisagan. aucilebelia turis saTauri rac SeiZleba mimzidveli iyos, radgan tu-

ris saTauri da fasi es is pirveli cnebebia rasac momxmarebeli pirvel rigSi

uyurebs. araa aucilebeli saTaurebSi daiweros konkretuli informacia, meore

rigSi yuradReba unda mieqces, Tu rogor xarisxdeba SemoTavazeba. bevr por-

talze yvelaze maRla naCvenebia SemoTavazebebi, romlebic arc Tu didi xnis

win Seicvala. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia saitze xSiri Sesvla da infor-

maciis ganaxleba.

turistuli portalebi, gansxvavebiT Jurnalebisagan, SezRudulebi ar

arian da nebismier dros SeuZliaT miawodon momxmarebels originaluri rklama

internetSi reklamis SesaZleblobebi ar Semoifargleba mxolod

turistuli saitebiT. turistuli saagentoebisaTvis internetiT reklamis kidev

erT saSualebad iTvleba saZiebo sistemebi.

bolos sagulisxmoa aRvniSnoT, rom dRevandel dRes turizmis reklama

internetis saSualebiT Zalze efeqtiania.. saWiroa mxolod avirCioT kargi

strategia da gaviTvaliswinoT is faqtori, rom turistuli da Tundac

nebismieri reklama internetiT aris kompleqsuri procedura da ara erTjeradi

aqcia.

dResdReobiT turoperatorebi aqtiurad aviTareben online – dajavSnis

sistemas. amgvari sistemebi saSualebas gvaZleven avirCioT saWiro turi da

daijavSnos is realur reJimSi. amisaTvis saWiroa mxolod turistis

monacemebis Seyvana da Semdeg ok Rilakis daWera. online – dajavSnis sistemebi

saSualebas gvaZleven, rom:

_ ganvaxorcieloT momentaluri dajavSna;

_ vakontroloT SekveTebi;

_ realuri drois reJimSi vakontroloT adgilebis raodenoba, gayidvebis

SeCereba da a.S. ;

_ ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi gavigoT TviTmfrinavis gafrenis dro,

aeroporti da sxv. ;

_ gamoviTvaloT damatebiTi momsaxurebis gadasaxadi;

_ davzogoT turistuli saagentos menejeris dro.

rodesac turoperatorisgan miviRebT dasturs, saagento valdebulia

umokles vadebSi gadauxados turoperators turis safasuri da miawodos

turisaTvis aucilebeli yvela dokumenti. aseTi sistemebi TiTqmis msoflios

yvela wamyvani turoperatoris saitzea ganTavsebuli.

195

erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli qarTuli turistuli saitia

www.davisvenot.ge. misi ganaxleba yoveldRiurad xdeba da moicavs operatiul da

katalogizirebul informacias turizmis Sesaxeb. ganTavsebulia informacia

qarTuli turebis Sesaxeb. aseve SesaZlebelia qarTuli kurortebis Sesaxeb

informaciis mopoveba. ganxraSi mocemulia damsvenebelTa istoriebi,

turistebis STabeWdilebebi, rCevebi da sxva sadac SeiZleba CvenTvis saWiro

informaciis mopoveba.

saitebi www.geres.ge, www.qartuli.com, www.interes.ge ZiriTadad saZiebo

xasiaTisaa. ganxrebSi `turizmi~ Cven SegviZlia movipovoT saWiro informacia

turizmis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi.

turizmi dRes aris globaluri kompiuterizirebuli biznesi, sadac

monawileobas iReben umsxvilesi aviakompaniebi, sastumroTa qselebi da mTeli

msoflios turistuli korporaciebi. Tanamedrove turproduqti xdeba ufro

elastikuri da individualuri, ufro mimzidveli da moxmarebisaTvis

xelmisawvdomi.

kompiuteri da interneti dResdReobiT gvevlineba uaxles informaciul

teqnologiad, xolo turizmi da informacia xom ganuyofeli cnebebia:

gadawyvetilebis miReba gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb swored informaciis safuZvelze

xdeba. TviT turi gayidvis momentSi – esec informaciaa. amitom internetis

ganviTareba turizmis sferoSi erT-erTi prioritetuli amocanaa. saerTaSoriso

qselis daxmarebiT, Tanamedrove turistuli kompaniebi, Tavdajerebulad da

warmatebiT muSaoben.

axal teqnologiebs (internets) SeuZliaT Zirfesvianad Secvalon turis-

tuli saagentoebis muSaoba. interneti ar cvlis agents, piriqiT, mis muSaobas

ufro efeqtians xdis. internetiT aseve Zalze mosaxerxebelia turistul

sferoSi partniorebis moZieba, rac nebismieri biznesisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSv-

nelobisaa.

turizmis sferoc, iseve rogorc globaluri qseli, mzardi industriebia,

amitom maTi kavSiri mxolod da mxolod mogebas moitans. interneti xom

uswrafesi gzaa nebismieri informaciis mosapoveblad, rasac turizmis sferoSi

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.


1. Marketing Tourism Destinations Online: Strategies for Information Age, WTO, Madrid, 1999

2. Гаджиева А.А - Использование информационных технологий в туризме

3. Сухорукова Н. - Влияние Интернета на развитие гостеприимства

4. Гуляев В. Г. Нолидж, М. - Организация туристской деятельности.

5. Гуляев В. Г. Мультимедийные технологии в туризме. Туризм. Практика, проблемы, перспективы

6. www.travel.net

7. www.cnnhotels.com

8. www.tourism.com

http://www.davisvenot.ge/

http://www.geres.ge/

http://www.qartuli.com/

http://www.interes.ge/

http://www.travel.net/

http://www.cnnhotels.com/

http://www.tourism.com/

196

umuSevroba saqarTveloSi da misi

daZlevis gzebi1

nino gogoberiZe

Tsu bakalavri mec-xelm: asoc. prof. n. paiWaZe

dRevandeli ekonomikuri viTarebis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis

bazari uaRresad rTuli da araorganizebulia, rac ganpirobebulia mimdinare

struqturuli cvlilebebiT, gardamavali periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sirTu-

leebiTa da misi saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmis arasrulfasovnebiT. marTa-

lia, registrirebulTa ricxvi realurad ver asaxavs umuSevrTa raodenobas da,

aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis dones, magram garkveul warmodgenas mainc iZ -

leva umuSevrobis mizezebis Sesaxeb.

umuSevroba qveyanaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi problemaa. oficialuri sta-

tistikuri monacemebiT, qveyanaSi daaxloebiT qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 280 aTasi

adamiani samsaxuris gareSea darCenili. es pirobiTi cifrebia, realurad ki umu-

SevarTa ricxvi gacilebiT didia, radgan soflad kerZo meurneobaSi TviTdasaqme-

bulebi da bazrobebze movaWreebi statistikis uwyebas dasaqmebulebad hyavs

aRricxuli.

cxrili 1. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi 2001-2005 wlebSi

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba

aTasi kaci 2113.3 2104.2 2050.8 2041.0 2023.9

dasaqmebuli /aTasi kaci 1877.7 1839.2 1814.9 1783.3 1744.6

umuSevai /aTasi kaci 235.6 265.0 235.9 257.6 279.3

umuSevrobis done procenti 11.1 12.6 11.5 12.6 13.8

rogorc cxrilidan 1. Cans 2005 wels aRricxuli umuSevarTa ricxvi

2001 wlidan SedarebiT gaizarda 2,7 procentuli punqtiT.

2006 wels bevri ram gakeTda samuSao adgilebis gaCenisa da dasaq -

mebisaTvis, aRniSnul wels qveyanaSi dafuZnda ramdenime axali kom pania.

2006 wels daarsebul kompaniebidan aRsaniSnavia `tkbili qveyana~ sawar-

mom umokles droSi SeZlo saqarTvelos bazarze gamorCeuli adgilis damkvidre-

1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `menejmentis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo

adgili.

197

ba, misi warmateba ganapiroba aramarto maRalkvalificiurma personalma, aramed

uaxlesma teqnologiebmac. `dReisaTvis sawarmoSi `tkbili qveyana” 400-mde ada-

miania dasaqmebuli. momavalSi warmoebis gafarToebas vapirebT da Sesabamisad ki -

dev meti samuSao adgili gaCndeba~, - dasZina sawarmos warmomadgenelma daviT

Cxenkelma.

2005 wels, axali ekonomikuri pilitikis farglebSi, amuSavda dasaqmebis

umniSvnelovanesi programa. Sedegad, _ samuSao adgilebze profesiuli momzade-

bis saxelmwifo programis farglebSi profesiuli momzadeba gaiara 42000

adamianze metma, rac 2006 wels dasaqmebulTa 2,4% Seadgina programam gamoiRo

dadebiTi Sedegi, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo aTasze meti adamianis kvalifikaciis

amaRlebas da maT droebiT dasaqmebas. xolo meore mxriv, rac ufro mniSvne -

lovania programis Sedegad Seiqmna axali grZelvadiani samuSao adgilebi.

winaswari SefasebiT 10 aTasamde programis monawilem miiRo grZelvadiani

samsaxuri. yovelive aman ki ganapiroba 2006 wlis umuSevrTa ricxvis Semcireba.

2006 wels umuSevrobis donem saqarTveloSi 13,6% Seadgina, rac 0,2%-iT

naklebia, vidre 2005 wels. informacias imis Sesaxeb sainformacio saagento

àxali ambebi _ saqarTvelo~ statistikis departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT

avrcelebs. gavrcelebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2006 wels qveyanaSi umuSevarTa

ricxvma 274,5 adamiani Seadgina, rac 4,8 aTasiT naklebia, vidre 2005 wels.

2006 wels daqiravebulTa ricxvi 603,9 aTas kacs Seadgenda, xolo

TviTdasaqmebulTa _ 1 milion 141,6 aTas kacs.

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis `mkacri~ meTodologiiT gaangariSe-

buli umuSevroba 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi wina wlis an alogiur periodTan

SedarebiT 1,5 %-iT Semcirda da 6 TveSi saSualod 13,6 % Seadgina. 2008 wlis

meore naxevarSi es maCvenebeli 1,1 %-iT naklebi iyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis

maCvenebelze, rac SeiZleba sezonuri dasaqmebis SasaZleblobebis amsaxveli iyos.

cxrili 2. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi 2007-2008 wlebSi

sul 15 wlis

da

ufrosi

asakis

mosaxleoba

umuSevroba umuSevrobis done araaqtiuri

mosaxleoba15-20 wlis

asakSi

sul umuS.done(%) Sromisunariani

asakis

mosaxleoba

Sromisunariani

asakis zemoT

mosaxleoba

sul dasaqmebuli

SinameurneobaSi

2007 3350.8 261.0 13.3 15.8 1.5 924.8 252.9

Q1 3397.4 305.6 15.3 19.2 2.9 948.7 265.5

Q2 3389.4 308.3 14.9 18.8 0.8 968.8 244.0

Q3 3345.6 294.7 14.4 17.9 1.4 947.6 233.9

198

Q4 3270.9 297.4 14.6 18.9 0.9 875.7 249.2

2008

Q1 3062.6 268.5 14.1 18.6 0.9 955.9 280.3

Q2 3094.5 268.9 13.0 17.6 2.1 846.2 232.1

msoflio bankis egidiT Catarebul saWiroebaTa Sefasebis angariSis

Tanaxmad, romelic briuselSi oqtomberSi gamarTul donorTa konferenciisTvis

momzadda, umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi moklevadian periodSi 100,000-iT

gaizrdeba da 350,000-s miaRwevs, rac amave dokumentis Tanaxmad, mTeli

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis erT-mexuTeds warmoedgens.

amave angariSis Tanaxmad, winaswari Sefasebebi cxadyofs, rom umuSevrobis

done gaizrdeba 2007 wels arsebuli 13.3%-dan 15.1%-mde 2010 wlisTvis, xolo

siRaribis done gaizrdeba arsebuli 23,6%-dan 25,9%-me momdevno ori wlis

manZilze.

angariSis Tanaxmad, agvistos omma da globalurma finansebma krizisma

gansakuTrebuli dartyma miayena mSeneblobis, uZravi qonebis, sacalo vaWrobisa

da turistul seqtorebs. omis Sedegebi da 15 seqtembers dawyebuli msoflio

ekonomikuri krizisi saqarTvelos ekonomikazec seriozul zegavlenas axdens.

marto bankebSi ramdenime aTas adamians karisken miuTiTes. rTuli viTarebaa sxva

kompaniebSic. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi bolo wlebis rekords aumjobesebs.

`saqarTvelos bankma~ erTbaSad 830 adamiani datova samsaxuris gareSe.

rogorc `saqarTvelos bankis~ xelmZRvaneloba acxadebs Statebi Semcirda

arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis gamo . vidre `saqarTvelos banki~ informacias

sajaros gaxdida, TanamSromelTa Semcirebebi sabanko seqtorSi didi xnis

dawyebuli iyo. magaliTad, `saxalxo bankma~ umuSevrad datova 300 adamiani.

`Ti bi si~-m igive `perspeqtiva~ dausaxa 1000 TanamSromels. daaxloebiT

500 kacs karisken miuTiTa `taoprivatmankma~. mokled sabanko seqtorebidan,

samSeneblo sferosTan erTad, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis lideri Seiqmna.

saSualod TbilisSi 40-50 aTasi muSa xeli, romlebic, pirdapir aris

dakavSirebuli samSeneblo procesebTan, arqiteqtori, mZRoli, kalatozi, muSa,

amwe aris gaCerebuli. saerTo jamSi am TanamSromelTa ojaxis wevrebis CaTvliT

Semosavlis gareSe darCa daaxloebiT 180 aTasi adamiani.

saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis arsebuli donidan gamomdinare SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom qveyanaSi qronikuli umuSevrobaa.

amJamad, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo,

ekonomikuri dacemis Sedegad gamowveuli umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis

199

efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT misi gamomwvevi

mizezebis daZlevas.

msoflio finansuri krizisisa da agvistoSi gadatanili omis Semdeg, mTav-

robas opozicia da qarTveli eqspertebi saqarTveloSi arsebul rTul eko -

nomikur mdgomareobas erTxmad adastureben. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi movle-

nebis ufro pozitiur ganviTarebas elian da miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi

kerZo seqtorSi momuSaveTa Semcirebebis procesi ukve daiwyo, 2009 wlis

biujetSi mTavrobis mxridan Cadebuli infrastruqturuli proeqtebi damatebiTi

samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis alternativad ganixileba. rogorc prezidenti acxa -

debs 2009 wels mTavrobis prioriteti `samuSao adgilebis gadarCena da Senar-

Cunebaa~.

rogorc cnobilia, 2009 wlis biujetiT dafinansebuli infrastruqtu-

ruli proeqtebi Zalian bevr adamians daasaqmebs. biujetSi gzebis mS eneblobaze

500 mln. larze metia gaTvaliswinebuli. es aris uamravi ada mianisTvis dasaqme-

bis erT-erTi wyaro. ase rom, 2009 wlis biujetSi gzebis mSeneblobaze gaTva-

liswineuli 5 mln. lari umuSevari adamianebis ricxvs Seamcirebs.

msoflio banki apirebs saqarTvelos gamouyos damatebiTi dafinanseba `si-

Raribis daZlevis daxmarebis programis~ (PRSO) proeqtis farglebSi, romel-

Sic umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia umuSevrobis Semcirebas.

finansuri mxardaWera, romelic wamova donori qeynebidan saqarTvelos-

Tvis, gaivlis sabanko seqtors. daaxloebiT 900 mln. dolaramde ganawildeba

sabanko seqtorebze. am daxmarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: soflis meurneobis,

gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis, mcire biznesisa da ipoTekuri bazris mxardaWera

da satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba. am mimarTulebebis daxmareba

ganapirobebs maT ganviTarebas, rac Tavis mxriv Seqmnis damatebiT samuSao

adgilebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, donori qveynebidan finansuri mxardaWera saqarTvelo-

saTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. igi erT-erTi gzaa umuSevarTa ricxvis Sesamcireb-

lad. rogorc ukve avRniSne, igi daexmareba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas.

dReisaTvis, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Sromis mwarmoebloba uaRresad

dabalia. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis didi nawili faqtobrivad

umuSevrebi arian. amitom am daxmarebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, m isi meSveobiT

Seiqmneba realuri samuSao adgilebi.

2009 wlidan daiwyo axali saprezidento programa `saqarTvelo siRaribis

gareSe~, romelSic Semdgom ganxorcielda cvlilebebi da aseTi saxe miiRo: `sa-

muSao adgilebis gadarCena da SenarCuneba~. dagegmilia 200 000 samuSao adgi-

200

lis Seqmna ucxouri investiciebis daxmarebiT. 2012 wlisTvis varaudoben umu-

Sevrobis mkveTr Semcirebas.

ukve damtkicebul programaSi naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelo daubrundeba di -

namikuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzas da 50%-ini gegma warmatebulad ganxor-

cieldeba, axal programaSi ukve xazgasmulia, rom `msoflio finansuri krizisi-

sagan dacvis strategiam~ saqarTvelos ekonomika 50%_iani gegmis Sesrulebis

gzaze unda daabrunos.

saqarTveloSi amJamad umuSevrobis done sakmaod maRalia. saxelmw ifo sta-

tistikis mier umuSevarTa aRricxvis xarisxi aradamakmayofilebelia, xSirad

umuSevroba ar aRiricxeba an faqtobrivad umuSevrebi CaTvlili arian momuSave-

ebad, gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobaSi. aRricxul umuSevarTa done 2005 wels

2001 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 2,7%-uli punqtiT, xolo 2008 wels wina

wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT 1,5 %-uli punqtiT Semcirda da 6 TveSi

saSualod 13,6 %-uli punqti Seadgina. 2008 wlis meore kvartalSi es maCve-

nebeli 1,1 %-uli punqtiT naklebi iyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.

umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

1) movizidoT iseTi tipis investiciebi, romlebic gazrdis samuSao

adgilebs, aseTi Sedegebis motana ki mxolod eqsportze orientire buli

warmoebis waxalisebas SeuZlia;

2) SevimuSavoT investiciebis waxalisebis specialuri sistema, romelic

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebTan erTad, saxelmwifos mier specialuri funqciis

ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs;

3) dagegmilia 200 000 saSualo adgilis Seqmna ucxouri investorebis

daxmarebiT;

4) biujetSi gzebis mSeneblobisTvis gamoyofilia 500 mln. larze meti,

rac uamravi adamianisaTvis dasaqmebis erTerTi wyaro gaxdeba;

5) dagegmilia msoflio bankis daxmarebiT, soflebsa da parata qalaqebSi,

specialuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba da treningebia Catareba, raTa adamianebma

winaswar Seiswavlon xeloba da Semdeg SeZlon miiRon monawileoba ama Tu im

saqmianobaSi;

6) gansazRvrulia soflis meurneobis, gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis,

mcire biznesis da ipoTekuri bazris mxardaWera da satransporto infrastruq-

turis ganviTareba;

7) gadasaxedia umuSevrobis statusi da umuSevrobis aRricxvis problema;

8) saWiroa dawesdes individualur mewarmeTa SeRavaTebi;

9) saxelmwifom unda izrunos bazris dacvaze.

201


1. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli

sakonsultacio centri, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tenderebi, 2008

2. Toria m., carciZe m., umuSevrobis problemebi da misi daZlevis gzebi, Tb.,

1998.

3. paiWaZe n., personalis marTva Tb., 2003

4. paiWaZe n., Sromis ekonomika, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2000


6. www.worldbank.ge


http://www.worldbank.ge/

Documents

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo ......riso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~. fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis, Jurnalis redaqtorisa