REAL PHYSICS 343

sorts of steam power pumps with the essential parts, cylinder,piston and valves,�compression pumps, vacuum pumps, pumpsfor forcing water for various purposes, pumps for operatinghydraulic elevators. Indeed a steam engine is a pump workinginversely.A visit to the city pumping station will constitute an essential

part of the work and will open the way for a further study ofwater systems, pressures and appliances.

EDUCATION THAT PAYS ITS OWN WAY."Industrial work in the schools of Gary, Ind., made money instead

of costing money during the past year," says Dr. P. P. Claxton,, Unit-ed States Commissioner of Education. "When the school authoritiesin Gary came to sum up the results of the work in the trade courses,they found that the three departments of printing, cabinet work, andpainting, had to their credit a profit of $875.48. This is real value, too;the pupils made articles that were needed in the school; if they hadnot made them in the school shops the authorities would have hadto purchase them in the open market at a total price of seven oreight thousand dollars."The Commissioner then gives the figures for each of the trade

classes in the Gary schools, as reported by G. E. Wulfing, in chargeof the industrial instruction. In the printing department the valueof the work produced was $1,972.92. The salary expense was $1,483.49and supplies cost $314, leaving a net balance in favor of the shop of$175.43. There were 35 in the printing class, so instead of figuringthe per capita cost of the industrial training of these pupils, it waspossible to figure a definite contribution by each pupil to the wealthof the community.

"In the cabinet department," says Dr. Claxton, "the product wasvalued at $3,608.85, and the expense was $3,155.37, leaving a balanceof $453.48 in favor of the carpenters. Similarly, the painting depart-ment of the school showed a "business^ of $1,591.25 and an expense of$1,344.73, or a clear profit of $246.52."Gary^s conspicuous success with industrial training is an interest-

ing indication of the spread of the modern movement for vocationaleducation, which insists that in addition to teaching the recognizedbranches, the school must give instruction in those subjects that are ofmost immediate value to the community which supports it. In Garythe dominant interest is trade education; in rural districts it is largelyagriculture; in the cities it may be stenography, typewriting, and oth-er commercial branches. In any case, it is coming to be felt moreand more that an educational system is incomplete that fails to pro-vide vocational training for its citizens."