East Timore Crisis 2006

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2006 East Timorese crisis

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East Timor

This article is part of the series:

Politics and government of

Timor Leste

Constitution President

o Taur Matan Ruak Prime Minister

o Xanana Gusmo 2006 political crisis National Parliament Political parties Elections:

o Presidential:2007,2012o Parliamentary:2007,2012

Districts Subdistricts Sucos Foreign relations

o Foreign Aid to Timor Leste

Other countries
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AtlasPolitics portal

v t e

The 2006 East Timorese crisis began as a conflict between elements of themilitary of East

Timorover discrimination within the military, and expanded to a coup attempt and general

violence throughout the country, centred in the capitalDili. The crisis prompted a militaryintervention by several other countries and led to the resignation of the Prime MinisterMari

Alkatiri.

Contents

1 Background 2 Violence 3 Intervention

o 3.1 Australiao 3.2 Malaysiao 3.3 New Zealando 3.4 Portugalo 3.5 United Nations and other bodies

4 Continuing violenceo 4.1 Council of State meetingo 4.2 Civil unrest in Dilio 4.3 Protests, allegations and investigations

5 Resolutiono 5.1 Change of leadership

6 Consequences 7 Documentary Films 8 References 9 See also

Background

A pretext for the crisis came from the management of a dispute within themilitary of East Timor

(F-FDTL), when soldiers from the western part of the country claimed that they were beingdiscriminated against, in favour of soldiers from the eastern part of the country. The Lorosae

(Tetumfor easterners) formed the largest part ofFalintil, theguerrillaresistance movement
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st_Timor_crisis#United_Nations_and_other_bodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Alkatirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Alkatirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_East_Timor&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politicshttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_East_Timor


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which resisted Indonesian authority, and which in turn, after final independence in 2002, formed

the largest part of F-FDTL.[1]

In contrast the Loromonu (Tetum for westerners) were less

prominent in the resistance, and are less favoured in the present military structure. There has alsobeen tension between the military and the police force, composed of more westerners and even

former members of theIndonesian military.[1]

Location of East Timor.

404 soldiers, out of the regular strength of about 1500, deserted their barracks on 8 February

2006, joined by 177 more on 25 February.[2]

The soldiers were ordered to return in March, but

refused, and were relieved of duty.[3][4]

The soldiers were later joined by some members of thepolice force, and were initially led by Lt.Gasto Salsinha.

[5]

The Foreign Minister,Jos Ramos-Horta, announced early in April that a panel would be

established to hear the complaints of the former soldiers, but added that "They are not going to

be brought back into the army, except on a case-by-case basis when we establish the

responsibilities of each individual in this whole incident".[6]

There were political motivations behind the attacks on soldiers and the government. Thoseinitiating the violence and killings declared loyalty to the then President Xanana Gusmao, whowanted to replace Prime Minister and Fretilin leader Mari Alkatiri.

[7]This is, in fact, what

happened, after Alkatiri's forced resignation, an interim government over 200607 and then

elections in 2007. An Australian television report (Four Corners) was used to force theresignation of Prime Minister Alkatiri

[8][9]

Violence

Part ofa serieson the

History ofEast Timor
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Chronology

Early history

Portuguese colonization

Indonesian occupation

Transition to independence

Contemporary East Timor

Topics

Indonesian invasion

Santa Cruz massacre

Vote for independence

2006 political crisis

Overall timeline

East Timor portal

v
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t e

Map of Dili and immediate surroundings.

On 24 April, the former soldiers and their civilian supporters, mostly unemployed youths,

marched through the streets of the capitalDiliin protest. The initially peaceful march turnedviolent when the soldiers attacked a market run by people from the east of the country.

[6]The

protests continued over the next several days, until on 28 April the former soldiers clashed with

FDTL forces, who fired on the crowd. In the resultant violence, five people were killed, more

than 100 buildings were destroyed and an estimated 21,000 Dili residents fled the city.[3]

On 4 May, MajorAlfredo Reinado, along with 20military policefrom a platoon under hiscommand and four otherriot policedefected and joined the rebel soldiers, taking with them twotrucks full of weapons and ammunition.

[10]After joining the soldiers, Reinado made his base in

the town ofAileuin the hills south-west of Dili.[11]

There he and the military police guarded the

road leading into the mountains.[5]

In the evening of 5 May, the former soldiers under Salsinha's leadership drafted a declarationcalling for PresidentXanana Gusmoto sack the Prime MinisterMari Alkatiriand abolish the

FDTL within 48 hours.[5]

When Gusmo contacted Salsinha earlier that day in an attempt to

prevent the issuing of the declaration, Salsinha told him that it was "too late".[5]

The rebel soldiers remained in the hills above the capital, where they engaged in sporadic combat

with FDTL forces over the next several weeks.[3]Violent gangs also roamed the streets of Dili,

burning down houses and torching cars.[12]

The civilians who fled Dili camped in tent citiesnearby or in churches on the outskirts of the capital. One Catholicconventalone was providing

Red Crossassistance to up to 7000 people.[12]

On 8 May a police officer was killed as a crowd of 1000 surrounded a government complex, the

office of a regional state secretary, in a town outside Dili.[13]

On 9 May, Prime MinisterMari

Alkatiridescribed the violence since 28 April as a coup, with "the aim of blocking the
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democratic institutions, preventing them to function in a way that the only solution would be for

national parliament to be dissolved by the President... which would provoke the fall of the

Government."[13]

However on 10 May Alkatiri announced that government officials had heldnegotiations with the rebel soldiers, in which it was agreed that the rebel soldiers would be paid a

subsidy equal to their former military wage to assist their families.[14]

The United Nations peacekeeping forces left East Timor on 20 May 2005, and the remaining

administrative staff and police at theUnited Nations Office in Timor Leste(UNOTIL) were

scheduled to leave on 20 May 2006, but on 11 May their deadline was extended at least untilJune.

[15]The decision came alongside Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta's request to the UN'sHigh

Commissioner for Human Rightsto investigate allegations of human rights violations by the East

Timorese police forces, as alleged byHuman Rights Watchand theUnited States Department of

State.[14][16]

On 12 May,Prime Minister of AustraliaJohn Howardannounced that although therehad not been any formal requests for assistance from theGovernment of East Timor, Australian

forces were standing by in readiness to provide assistance, with the amphibious transport ships

HMASKanimblaandHMASManooramoving to northern waters in preparation.[17]

The violence escalated late in May, as one FDTL soldier was killed and five wounded in a

skirmish on 23 May.[18]

Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta sent out an official request for militaryassistance on 24 May, to the governments of Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Portugal.

[11]

On 25 May, as the first international forces were arriving, some renegade soldiers were moving

into Dili and engaging in heavy combat with FDTL and police forces, with up to 20 people

believed to have been killed.[19]

Intervention

Main article:Operation Astute

Operation Astute is the name of the international military response to the crisis. Led by theAustralian Defence Force, and commanded by BrigadierMichael Slaterof theAustralian 3rd

Brigade, the operation involves forces from four countries.

Australia

Australian Defence Forces.
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The Prime Minister of AustraliaJohn Howardannounced on 24 May that Australian forces

would be deployed to East Timor, with the composition of the force and the terms of engagement

to be negotiated over the next few days.[11]

Australia initially offered between 1,000 and 1,300infantry, threeRoyal Australian Navyships (HMASManooraandHMASKanimblaalready

stationed nearby, andHMAS Tobruk) along with other support capabilities.[11]

On the afternoon of 25 May, fourBlack Hawkhelicopters and aC-130 Herculestransport plane

landed at Dili airport with the first wave of Australian forces.[19]

By 26 May it was expected that

all Australian forces would have arrived in East Timor by 27 May, a full day earlier thanexpected.

[20]

The deployment to East Timor coincided with the withdrawal of about 260 of the 400 Australiansoldiers deployed to the Solomon Islands. The 140 remaining would be supported by New

Zealand and Fijian forces.[11]

However, Defence MinisterBrendan Nelsonsaid that the

deployment to East Timor would not overextend theDefence Force, saying that "we have much

more in our back pocket".[19]

Malaysia

Malaysia responded by deploying Malaysian troops, initially consisted of 219 armyparatroopers

and commandos. The soldiers were drawn from the 10th Brigade Paratroopers based inCamp

Terendak,Melaka(Malaysia), and a unit of the army special force from Mersing Camp,Johor(Malaysia), headed by ColIsmeth Nayan Ismail. These formed part of the group of 275 military

and 200 police personnel who have been put on alert for possible deployment.[21]

Malaysia had

planned to send in a total of 500 personnel earlier.[22]

By 23 June, there were already 333

Malaysian personnel from both the police and military forces stationed in Dili.[23]

TwoRoyal Malaysian NavyvesselsKDMahawangsaandKD Sri Indera Saktiferried theequipment of the Malaysian troops, including armoured carriers, to Dili, arriving on 3 June.[24]

The troops had been taught the basic Tetum language, the spoken language of the locals, to

introduce themselves as peacekeepers.

Upon arrival, Malaysian forces secured embassies, port, power stations, oil depot and hospitals

in East Timor. The diplomat enclaves' security is being given utmost priority.[25]

Earlier, East

Timorese PresidentXanana Gusmohad requested Malaysia guard the East Timor-Indonesiaborder to prevent civilians from fleeing the country.

[26]Malaysia, however, refused to do so.

[27]

By mid-June, Malaysia announced a plan to send 250 police officers to East Timor.[28]

The

Malaysian policehad previously trained the local police force four years ago.

[23]

According toRadio Televisyen Malaysia, the 250-strong police force would leave for East Timor at the end of

June.[29]

New Zealand

On 25 May 2006,Prime Minister of New ZealandHelen Clarkrequested more information as toexactly what support East Timor would require from New Zealand, before committing any
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ikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-ABC_send_troops-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Tobruk_%28L_50%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_%28L_51%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Manoora_%28L_52%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-ABC_send_troops-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard


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forces. She said that "It's very important not to walk into what is a factional dispute in some

respects and be seen to be taking sides," and "It's also important to be mindful that theSecurity

Councilis having consultations as we speak."[30]

On 26 May, New Zealand deployed 42 troops, with a second contingent of 120 troops leaving

Christchurchon 27 May, en route toTownsville, Queensland before being sent to East Timor.Prime Minister Clark said that the forces would be deployed where needed by the Australian

command.[31]

Portugal

The Portuguese Foreign MinisterFreitas do Amaralannounced an initial deployment of 120

Republican Guardson 24 May.[11]

They joined a group of eight high level officers from theSpecial Operations Group of the Portuguese National Police. The Portuguese Air Force

evacuated more than 600 Portuguese citizens residing in Timor.

ThePresident of the Republic,Cavaco Silva, as well as Prime MinisterJos Scrates, called foran end to the violence. In a meeting with the Foreign Ministers of theEuropean Union, the

Foreign Ministerfurther called for members of the EU to denounce the violent acts of the rebels.

United Nations and other bodies

On 25 May, UNOTIL opened a refugee camp outside Dili expected to house up to 1000

people.[30]

However, on 27 May as the violence escalated, the UN announced that they planned

to withdraw the majority of their staff from the country.[32]

The chief executive ofWorld VisionAustralia, ReverendTim Costello, announced on 27 May

that he would travel to Dili to assess the situation, in order to help displaced civilians. He alsoexpressed concern over reports that one World Vision worker had been killed.

[32]

Continuing violence

Internal displaced people by district

Despite hopes that the presence of international troops would quell the unrest, violence continuedthroughout Dili and other parts of East Timor.

On 27 May, gangs from different parts of the country fought in the streets of Dili, destroying carsand houses and fighting with knives,machetesand slingshots leaving at least 3 East Timorese
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hacked to death.[32]

Dili residents continued to flee the city, with some seeking refuge at the

Australian embassy and some going to the airport. A UN official expressed concerns that the

regionally based conflict in the military was igniting wider regional conflict in the civilianpopulation, saying "It's basically payback time between the different groups."

[32]A Catholic

priest similarly described the street violence as "...east against west, soldiers against soldiers,

police against soldiers, everyone against everyone... It's total madness."

[32]

The media were targeted for the first time when an AFP car, with two reporters and one

photographer inside, also containing an AP photographer was attacked after one easterner forcedhis way into the vehicle and another jumped on the roof while attempting to escape a pursuing

mob of westerners.[33]

Australian troops were attacked as they endeavoured to keep the gangs apart, while they helped

civilians escape to safety through back alleys. The Australians did not return fire, instead

discouraging the gangs by advancing towards them and "shouting orders and threats".[34]

The

rescued civilians were then rushed to the UN compound nearby.[35]

The Major commanding the

troops said that the gangs were using mobile phones to coordinate their attacks, but that theattacks would likely cease as more international troops arrived and completely secured the

city.[34]

On 29 May, Brigadier Slater met with military and civilian leaders in East Timor, and had

secured the return of FDTL soldiers to their barracks.[36]

Australian Defence MinisterBrendanNelsonalso said that the East Timorese authorities should expand the rules of engagement of the

international forces, to give them police powers in order to combat the gangs, saying that "It's

clear there needs to be political leadership as far as the policing is concerned ... what we need is a

policing strategy across Dili."[36]

Also on 29 May, Australian Prime MinisterJohn Howardrejected criticisms that Australian troops had not secured Dili quickly enough, saying that the

crisis was possibly more dangerous than the violence following independence from Indonesia in1999, and that "We cannot have a situation around the world and particularly in our region whereAustralia is told to respect the independence of a country and that it's a bully boy if it seeks to

express a view or to intervene, but when something goes wrong Australia is then criticised for

not having, quote, intervened earlier."[37]

Council of State meeting

Throughout 29 and 30 May, President Xanana Gusmo held crisis talks with the Council ofState, an advisory body composed of community leaders.

[38]The Council, which has the ability

to authorise the President to dismiss theNational Parliament, was the first meeting between

Gusmo and Prime Minister Alkatiri since the escalation of violence in the previous week.

[39]

The meeting was also attended by Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta (leading to speculation thatRamos-Horta might be appointed as a temporary Prime Minister if Alkatiri were to be sacked),

the Bishop of Dili, theUNOTILrepresentative Sukehiro Hasegawa andUnited Nations

Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan's personal representativeIan Martin, who was previously the UNrepresentative to East Timor in the leadup to the independence referendum in 1999.

[39]Gusmo

emerged from the meeting in the afternoon of 29 May to urge crowds gathered outside,

composed of supporters of Gusmo and Ramos-Horta and opponents of Alkatiri, to put down
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crisis#cite_note-Age_frustrated-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-Age_chaos-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-Age_rescue-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-Age_chaos-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-Channelnewsasia_Violence_Explodes-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-ABC_total_madness-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-ABC_total_madness-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis#cite_note-ABC_total_madness-32


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their weapons and return home, saying "If you trust me, west and east, embrace each other in

your home, be calm and help each other to stay calm".[39][40]

Late on 30 May, after the Council meeting and following an emergency meeting with his

cabinet, Gusmo announced that he was declaring a state of emergency to last for 30 days,

during which time Gusmo, asCommander-in-Chief, would have sole command of both themilitary and the police forces, and would personally coordinate with the international forces, and

in order to combat the gang violence both internal and international forces would have increased

policing powers.[38]

There had been some speculation that the Council would advise Gusmo todissolve the Parliament and sack Prime Minister Alkatiri,

[41]however under the emergency

arrangements Alkatiri would remain in office, albeit with reduced authority.[38]

Gusmo said that

he was taking personal responsibility of both the military and police in order to "prevent violence

and avoid further fatalities".[42]

Gusmo said that the decision to assume control was taken in"close collaboration" with Alkatiri, despite some members of the government, including Foreign

Minister Ramos-Horta, attributing some of the blame for the crisis directly to Alkatiri.[42][43]

On 1 June, Gusmo visited a refugee camp near the United Nations headquarters, telling people"The best thing you can do is go back to your homes", and urging them not to take security

matters into their own hands. On the same day, Interior MinisterRogerio Lobatoand DefenceMinisterRoque Rodriguezresigned, Lobato blaming the crisis on opponents to the government

resorting to violence rather than political means.[44]

Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta subsequently

took over the Defence ministry, while Malaysian Foreign MinisterSyed Hamid Albarurged

Ramos-Horta to act strongly in his new capacity, in the interests of achieving political stability,while emphasising that the United Nations should be prepared to resume greater role.

[45]

Civil unrest in Dili

Security Hot Zones and Hot Spots in Dili,24 October 2006

On the night of 31 May, gangs in the capital Dili burned down a market and several houses in

arson attacks.[46]
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On 2 June, a large crowd of about 1000 people who had waited in vain for several hours for food

handouts raided a government warehouse in Dili, taking computer equipment, furniture and other

supplies in order to trade them for food.[47]

Australian soldiers present at the warehouse wereunable to prevent the looting due to a lack of police powers, and although they summoned

Portuguese police, the warehouse was practically empty.[48]

On the same day a crowd of 500 to

600 people protested outside Government House again calling for the resignation of PrimeMinister Alkatiri. A group of East Timorese police who arrived to confront the demonstrationwere stopped and searched by Australian troops, who confiscated their only weapons, several

cans ofpepper spray, as part of a policy of removing all weapons from the streets.[48]

Meanwhile, also on 2 June, the commander of the Australian forces Brigadier Slater met with

rebel leader Major Reinhado, at his base inAileuabove Dili. Reinhado reiterated his calls for

Prime Minister Alkatiri to resign, but Alkatiri rejected the calls, instead saying that all "irregularforces" ought to hand in their weapons.

[49]In interviews, Slater said that he did not ask Reinhado

to surrender or participate in negotiations because the situation was not ready for discussions, as

not all groups were ready to participate. Slater said that some of the violence seemed

coordinated, and that he had been cooperating with the military, the police, the government, andReinhado in an attempt to find those planning the violence.[50]

On the night of 2 and 3 June, looting and gang violence destroyed another dozen houses in Dili,

and forced the temporary closure of the main road between Dili and the airport to the west of the

city, where the international forces were based, although Australian and Malaysian forces

quickly secured the road.[50]

Over the next few days, violence continued to occur in the suburb of Comoro, the area to the

west of the city centre around the road to the airport (also known as Comoro Airfield) wheremany groups from both the east and the west of the country lived nearby. On 5 June, rival gangs,

with over a hundred members each, clashed in the streets armed with spears, machetes andslingshots, before being separated by Australian troops.[51]

However at the same time in thecentre of Dili, the unrest had all but ended, with commercial areas re-opening and some of the

damaged buildings and shops being repaired.[51]

Protests, allegations and investigations

On 6 June, a convoy of anti-Alkatiri protestors from the west of the country drove to Dili,

through the western suburb of Comoro and to theNational Parliamentand government buildingsin the heart of the city. The convoy consisted of at least thirty trucks, along with buses and

motorbikes, and were accompanied by Malaysian and Australian forces inarmoured personnel

carriersand anAustralian ArmyBlack Hawk helicopter.

[52]

However, there was little or noviolence accompanying the convoy, aside from some stones thrown as the convoy passedthrough Comoro, indicative of the level of support for the protest, which one reporter described

as "a very impressive show of people power".[52]

In a deal brokered by Foreign Minister Ramos-

Horta to ensure a peaceful protest, the convoy consisting of up to 2,500 people gathered inTibaroutside the Malaysian checkpoint to the west of the airport, where they surrendered any weapons

before proceeding through Dili.[53]
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The crowd chanted for the resignation of Prime Minister Alkatiri, while also expressing support

for President Gusmo. Gusmo later addressed the crowd from atop a car outside his office,

saying "Let me bring peace to East Timor and then we will resolve others matters."[54]

He wassaid to be in tears at times, and said "The priority now is to stop people burning, and guns

shooting."[55]

The convoy completed a loop around the inner city, before peacefully dispersing

again.

[52]

On 7 June, Alkatiri agreed to a United Nations investigation into allegations that he was

responsible for several incidents in April and May which sparked the crisis.UNOTILrepresentativeSukehiro Hasegawa, having met separately with Alkatiri and rebel leaders

includingTarak Palasinyarand Reinhado, said that Alkatiri was "agreeable to the investigations

to be carried out... He's very transparent. He insists that truth should be known, what

happened."[56]

Meanwhile, Australian Defence MinisterBrendan Nelsonsaid that the EastTimorese judicial system was beginning to deal successfully with the problem of violent street

gangs, saying that "We are detaining people, we are bringing them before a magistrate, and if

they are found guilty, then, they are further being detained."[57]

On 8 June, claims emerged that former Interior Minister and Alkatiri allyRogerio Lobato(who

had resigned a week earlier), acting on Alkatiri's instructions, recruited and armed a civilianmilitia to "eliminate" opponents of Alkatiri. The group consisted of about thirty civilians, and

were allegedly armed with "18assault rifles, 6,000 roundsicof ammunition, two vehicles and

uniforms."[58]

The leader of the group, referred to as Commander Railos, said that they had

instructions to kill all of the rebel soldiers, but after losing five of the group in armed combat inDili came to "appreciate that the cost of arming civilians was bloodshed and deaths on all sides"

and was prepared to surrender to President Gusmo.[59]

Alkatiri strenuously denied the claims,

saying that his government had not armed any civilians. Foreign Minister Ramos-Horta also saidthat he found it "very hard to believe that our own Prime Minister would... arm civilians".

[60]

On 9 June, LieutenantGasto Salsinha, the original leader of the rebel soldiers, reiterated theclaims of Commander Railos, saying that Lobato had distributed 200 rifles stolen from the police

armouryto civilians. He also claimed that on 28 April, the same day as the clash between the

military and rebel soldiers that sparked the crisis, soldiers loyal to Alkatiri had shot and killed 60civilians, before burying them in amass graveoutside Dili.

[60]The United Nations announced on

12 June that they would hold an inquiry into the crisis, but that they would not investigate the

allegations made against Lobato and Alkatiri.[61]
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Documents

East Timore Crisis 2006