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Earthquakes & Volcanoes. Earthquakes. Vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in Earth’s lithosphere called faults. Where do Earthquakes Occur?. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. Types of Faults. Normal forces pull two blocks of rock apart - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES
EARTHQUAKES
• Vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in Earth’s lithosphere called faults
WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCUR?
• Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries
TYPES OF FAULTS• Normal• forces pull two blocks of rock
apart• ex. divergent plate boundary
• Reverse• forces push two blocks of rock
together• ex. convergent plate boundary
• Strike-Slip• two blocks of rock slide
horizontally past each other• ex. transform plate boundary
EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER
• Seismic Waves - Energy that travels as vibrations on and in the Earth
• Focus – where seismic waves originate and where rocks first move along the fault
• Epicenter - location on the Earth’s surface where the seismic waves originated
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES• Primary (P) Waves• move in a push-pull motion like
a spring• fastest-moving waves and the
first waves you feel
• Secondary (S) Waves• move in an up-and-down
motion• slower than P waves• do not travel through liquid
• Surface Waves• travel only on Earth’s surface in
a rolling motion• most destructive
STUDYING EARTHQUAKES
• Seismologist – scientist that studies earthquakes
• Seismometer – instrument used to measure and record ground motion
• Earthquake Scales:
Richter Scale measures ground motionMoment Magnitude Scale
measures total amount of energy released by an earthquake
Modified Mercalli Scale
measures and describes damage resulting from an earthquake
VOLCANOES
• A vent in Earth’s crust through which molten rock (magma) flows• Once magma reaches the surface it is called lava
FORMATION OF VOLCANOES
• Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries• Convergent• as one plate subducts
beneath another the rock melts and rises to the surface
• Divergent• As the plates separate
magma rises through the vent in Earth’s crust and forms new crust • ex. sea-floor spreading
HOT SPOTS
• Volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries• convection currents in the
mantle rise magma to the surface
• as plates move over the hot spot island chains are formed
• The oldest island is the farthest away from the hot spot• ex. Hawaiian Islands
TYPES OF VOLCANOES• Shield Volcano• large, with gentle slopes• form along divergent
boundaries or hot spots
• Composite Volcano• large and steep-sided resulting
from explosive eruptions• form along convergent
boundaries
• Cinder Cone• Small, steep-sided
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Quiet Eruptions• magma has a low
viscosity (low silica content)
• Violent Eruptions• magma has a high
viscosity (high silica content)
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Pyroclastic Flow• fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and rock that can
reach speeds of up to 100 km/h and temperatures of up to 1000 °C
• Lava Flows
• Ash Fall
• Mudflows