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ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY

by

Ashish Kumar Gupta (0509131071)

Pulkit Maheshwari (0509131026)

Shubham Sinha (0509131097)

Submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Electronics & Communication Engg.

Under the guidance of

Mrs Monica Malik

J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida

U.P. Technical University

May, 2009


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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another

person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any

other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except

where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Ashish Kumar Gupta

0509131026

Pulkit Maheshwari

0509131071

Shubham Sinha

0509131097

Date : 21st

April 2009


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled Electronic Dictionary submitted by Pulkit

Maheshwari, Ashish Kumar Gupta and Shubham Sinha in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Department of

Electronics & Communication of JSSATE (U.P. Technical University,Lucknow), is a

record of the candidates own work carried out by him under my supervision. The matter

embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other

degree.

Date :

Prof. Dinesh Chandra

JSSATE,

Noida


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe special debt of gratitude to our Project Guide, Mrs. Monica Malikfor providing

her valuable support, guidance and worthy suggestions during various stages of our project

Mrs. Chhaya Grover and Mrs. KHNV Laxmi for their extreme cooperation and

generous help. Without their help and support this project would not have reached to its

completion.

We are also thankful to Mr. Uday (Project Coordinator, Department of EC) for her kind

help and guidance in completion of the project.

We are also grateful to all the staff of our EC Department & the institute and our friends

whose contribution in this effort was appreciable. They have been very helpful for the

entire period and have been a great source of inspiration for us.

Ashish Kumar Gupta

0509131026

Pulkit Maheshwari

0509131071

Shubham Sinha

0509131097


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ABSTRACT

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a

few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded

as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. Since the

embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing

the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some

embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Embedded systems can also be used to meet the daily requirements. The inspiration of this

project is the need of a specific dictionary for candidates preparing for competitive exams

like GRE, GMAT, CAT etc These exams require candidates to learn a specific list of

words to enhance their vocabulary skills. Further, a customised dictionary can also be used

to store general words in different foreign languages for tourists.

The electronic dictionary can be scaled down to a very compact size that can fit into a

pocket and can be customized for any purpose. By changing the program it can be filled

with any list of words the user desires.

The electronic dictionary has a compact keyboard interface and a programmable LCD

(graphical LCD will be used to display foreign languages). Further to accommodate a

large number of words an external memory or a microcontroller with large memory is

used.

The searching algorithm used here is a modified version of binary string search, where

first a pointer takes the control to the list of words starting with the first letter of the input

word. Then the ASCII code of the second letter of the middle word in the list is matchedwith the second letter of the input word. Based on the comparison, the search then shortens

down to the upper half or lower half of the list. This process continues until the desired

word is found.

The electronic dictionary finds any word stored in its database in 100 milliseconds. This

delay is set to constant in all the words to obtain uniformity. There are no cases of

incorrect item matching or failure to find a word. It is completely efficient.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................ii

CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................v

LIST OF FIGURESviii

LIST OF TABLES.. .....x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..1

1.1INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS.11.2FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ATMEGA 32L....51.3PIN CONFIGURATION.8

CHAPTER 2 LCD AND ITS INTERFACING...9

2.1 LCD AND ITSWORKING PRINCIPLE..9

2.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIAL....11

2.3 FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF 16X2 LCD......13

2.4 INTERFACING OF LCDWITH MICROCONTROLLER.16

CHAPTER 3 MATRIX KEYPAD AND INTERFACING...17

3.1 THE MATRIX CIRCUIT..17

3.2 SCANNING TO DETECT KEY PRESSES.18

3.3 INTERFACING OF 4X4 KEYPAD MATRIX WITH ATMEGA 32L..23

CHAPTER 4 COMPLETE CIRCUIT INTERFACING26

4.1 INTERFACING OF TWO ATMEGA 32L..26

4.2 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM28


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CHAPTER 5 ALGORITHM...29

5.1 BINARY SEARCH...29

5.2 APPLICATIONS TO COMPLEXITY THEORY....30

5.3 THE METHOD.....30

5.4 COMPARISON OF BINARY SEARCH AND LINEAR SEARCH.33

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION.....36

6.1 FINAL SEARCH TIME AND EFFICIENCY.....36

6.2 APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY...36

APPENDIX A: LIST OFWORDS INCLUDED IN THE DICTIONARY. 37

APPENDIX B: PROGRAMMING CODES..45

APPENDIX C: SOFTWARES USED67

REFERENCES68


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LIST OF FIGURES

1. FIGURE 1.1y Pin Configuration Of Atmega32L

2. FIGURE 2.1y Cross Section Of a Simple LC Display

3. FIGURE 2.2y X,Y,Z Direction in LCD

4. FIGURE 2.3y Circuit for interfacing of LCD with ATMEGA 32L

5. FIGURE 3.1y Conceptual Matrix Circuit

6. FIGURE 3.2y Open Switch Key

7. FIGURE 3.3y Scanning Column 1

8. FIGURE 3.4y The A key is Pressed

9. FIGURE 3.5y The A Switch is Closed

10. FIGURE 3.6y Row 1 is Activated

11.FIGURE 3.7y Neither row is Activated

12.FIGURE 3.8y The Key A and D are pressed

13.FIGURE 3.9y Row 1 is Activated

14.FIGURE 3.10y Self The Key A,B and D are Pressed


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15.FIGURE 3.11y Interface between Atmega32L and keyboard matrix

16.FIGURE 4.1y Circuit diagram Interfacing of two Atmega32L

17.FIGURE 4.2y Circuit Diagram Of Electronic Dictionary

18.FIGURE 5.1y Flow Chart Of Binary Search Algorithm


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LIST OF TABLES

1. TABLE 2.1y MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION OF LCD

2. TABLE 2.2y ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION OF LCD

3. TABLE 2.3y PIN FUNCTIONS OF 16X2 LCD

4. TABLE 3.1y LIST OF CODE ASSIGNED TO ALPHABETS

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