CORNELLUNIVERSITY LIBRARY

nm7:H.m.l.l!

the letter

Words containing a letter of prolongation or a doubled consonant.thrownthus:

In Derivatives or Plurals of this description, not found in the Dictionary,or only rendered by meanings which do not fully meet the requirementsof the case, these letters are to beout, to obtain the root, or

the singular,1.\

if

it is

a plural nounthe measures

;

in words of"

J^\i/a'i7, the

well-known form of the Agent or active

participle,

who

does."

JUi

/a"Z,

where also the double consonantfrequently, habitually, by

is

to be rejected, or in

other words, the Ta&did to be removed, intensive of the former,"

who does

way

of trade."

* It is true that, by the arrangement explained in this and the previous paragraph, sometimes different roots or their derivatives are thrown together under the same heading under the heading Jic for:

we give, besides ^add and Hdd, belonging to the root (J*c), also the word ^udd, " pustule," apparently itself a root, and under the feminine form 6.vc we include 'ida-t, " promise, threat," derived from the root (>"^^). But this very juxtaposition of disparate meanings willinstance,strike the attention of a thoughtful student, and continually remind him, that in Arabic, more than in any other language, very similar forms may have a vastly distinct origin.

VI

t

PREFACE.

J^

fi'dl.

Infinitive, exceptionally

case,

however,

it

of the primitive verb (in which alphabetical will be found as a reference in its

the more place), regularly of the third conjugation, along with " doing with regard mufd'ala-t, measurefrequently usedto another,

^U-

doing reciprocally on the part of two or more."fi'l,

Also Plural of nouns of the measure Ji/a'Z,feminine form in6.

fw'l,

and

its

^

^

'^fa'W,

of feminine of the measure J>^\ afal, forming adjectives

defect

and colour

(see Class II.)letters,

Lastly, in Plurals of

words which consist of four or moretrisyllabic,

trieither originally, or through the introduction of servile letters into

literal roots.(1

These plurals are

with a

(

)

after the first,

(\

) after the second,

and

i

()I

after the penultimate consonant.

If all the letters of the singular are radical, the

measure

is

JJUi

fa'dlil,

where the secondbe

corresponds to the fourth and fol;

lowing consonants of the singularquadriliteral,it

andwill

if

the

singular\

is

will

obtained

by dropping theit

of pro-

longation of

the plural;

otherwise

be referred to in

the alphabetical place of the latter.*

The plural measurestriliteral roots, are

of words of four

and more

letters, reducible to

JcU\

afit'il,

plural of nouns, or of certain other plurals beginning,

with

\

or of adjectives of the measure J**^ afal used substan-

tively (see Class II.).

JcUj

tafd'il,

plural of

a1Aj tafila-t.

Infinitive of the second conjugation,

mostly of verbs terminating in a weak consonant (see Class III.).JjVi fa'd'il,

not given in the Dictionary amongst the alphabetical

references

when

it

is

plural of J-i fa'U or Huai fa'ila-t (the

* The plural ^^;J dinVnm, for instance, is not mentioned, in the alphabetical order, because the elimination of the \ points to the singular ^)J dirhiDi, name of the well-known coin but Ej^ safari] is quoted 'anddil as plural of '-t-^aac as plural of J=i-/- safarjal, "quince," 'andalib, " nightingale," because they do not contain all the letters of;

JJ^

their respective singulars. t For instance: g^^ asdh>\ plural of f~o\ nsha', 'isha', "finger"; w_J\^ al-i'ilib, plural of ^^^ alduh, plural of paucity of ^-^ halh, " dog " aa\vjWk/i(/( i/i(, plural of ^->^ adhum, " very black," used substantively Throwing out the for a black horse, or for the chains of a prisoner.;

Alif of prolongation you obtain the heading under which the wished- for information will be found.

PREFACE.The Author'saim, in preparing the present volume, has been to provide

the English student, at a moderate price, with a Dictionary which would

enable him to read, not only Arabic books of a limited vocabulary, asthe Qur'dn, or of a comparatively easy and familiar style, as the Arabian

Nights; but also such other standard works of a wider etymologicalrange, as theal-Hariri,

Hamdsah, the Mu'allaqnt, and, abovelate

all,

the

Maqdmdt

of

which may, with the

Mr. Chenery, be aptly designated as

a "

niceties.

Compendium of the Arabic Language " in all its intricacies and The dif&culty of such an undertaking lies in finding the golden mean between a merely alphabetical arrangement, which would swell thebook into an inordinatesize,

and a

strictly etymological disposition

under

roots,

which would, undoubtedly, be more to the taste of the scholar,

but frequently embarrass, and hence discourage, the learner

whom we

want to aid in his

first

steps on a journey sufficiently toilsome in itself.

An

endeavour of this kind has been made by Prof. Cherbonneau, in his

Ai'abic-French Dictionary, and, on a far more extensive scale and in asuperior manner, by Dr. Adolfof the Arabic and

Wahrmund, in his Manual Dictionary German Languages and these two works, especially;

the latter, checked by, and occasionally enlarged upon from the

MuM{

(an Arabic Dictionary, published in Arabic by Dr. P. Bustani in Bey rout),

form the groundwork of our own book, with such modifications andadditions, however, as to secure forit

a fair degree of originality.

We

are

now going

to set forth, as briefly as can be done compatiblyis

with clearness, the general plan on which this Dictionary

worked

out.

The Arabic words are given in their crude form,

i.e.

the form in which

they appear before the grammatical terminations are added, and in

Arabic type only as far as they are represented by the

letters

of the

IV

PREFACE.

alphabet, leaving the rendering of the diacritical signs,to the transliteration.*

Hamzah included,were, a skeleton,

Thus each word forms,itself,

as

it

dead and meaningless in(vowel-points),

by the Harakat and further to be individualized, as of Arab kin by thebut moved intolife

rrab (grammatical

inflection).

To every male,

if

I

may be

allowed to

continue the metaphor, its consort is allotted, that is to say,

under each

heading the form or forms with the feminine terminationto those withoutit, if

are subjoined

both are in use.

This has been done, because

frequently the two forms stand mutually in the relationship of singular

and

plural,

article,

many

and therefore, by bringing them together in the same In a similar way cross-references could be spared.ffinal

derivatives

with a

ts

>

especially

when

forming the so-calledoffspring,if

Nisbah or noun of relation

(in ^5), are, as

a natural

joined

under the same headingbetical order

to the parent-iorm,

but only,

the alphait

would already bring them in immediate contact with

(see e.g. article

JW^

haydl, &c., p. 347).

Roots, whether triHteral or quadriliteral, are found under two headings.

One, placed in parentheses, gives the primitive verbs in the third personsingular masculine, together with their Infinitives,

and the

Infinitives of

the derived conjugations.

In

triliteral

verbs the medial vowel of the

* The student, when about to make use of this Dictionary, is of course supposed to be well acquainted with these signs from his Grammar, and should his text be pointed, he will have no difficulty in finding the equivalent in transliteration, for any word he may look out, by referIf, on the contrary, these signs are ring to the heading in Arabic type. omitted from the text, as is always done in editions printed in the East (for instance, in the Arabian Nights, which he is particularly expected to read), it would be decidedly more bewildering for him to pick out, from perhaps half-a-dozen or more repetitions of the same group of Arabic letters, variously marked, that special combination which he wants while, by using the one heading, which represents the letters in his book, as a master-key for the different meanings, his eye has simply to run over the article in order to ascertain that particulai- form which gives an appropriate sense to the passage in hand. i f If in the first part of an article is placed after a generic noun it if after an adjective, indicates either the female or the noun of unity In the second part, the various forms are it stands for the feminine. given in which a word has a feminine termination without such reference to sex or gender, and here the ' heads the transliteration. (Compare " lion," &c., p. 41 ^' samar, S , " fruit " e.g. the articles >^\ asad, hdrr, S , " hot," &c., p. 268 ; cjili half, " behind," &c. ; 209 &c., p. " difference of opinion," &c., p. 337.) liilfa-t,; ; ;

>

,

;

ii

f

PBEFAOB.elimination of thereferenceif\

vii

leading to the singular), but inserted as a(\

the singular has d

\

)

or

4 (})

after the

second radical.*

J^V fawd'il,

plural of

JtU

fd'il,

and much more frequently

of its

feminine form ^V fd'ila-t.

Here the\

of the singular has been

changed into

j

before the

of prolongation of the plural,;

and

throwing out the latter practically, therefore, the rule takes this shape Suppress the of such j:

would have

to be restored after

a plural, instead of the

\

,

to find the singular as given in the

Dictionary, or as to be further derived from the verbal root

All these* (ts

according to the direction in the beginning of this Section. plurals, except JfUi fa'd'il, have parallel forms withi (

)

instead of

)

in the third syllable, corresponding to a long

vowel in the second syllable of the singular.the pluralis

If the latter be d or u,;

given as a reference in

its

alphabetical place

if it is i,

such referencerejection of the2. ) as letter

could be dispensed with, as here again\

the

simple

leads to the singular.is

of prolongation

to be

thrown out in words of the

measures

J^

foi'^l,

intensive of the Patient, rarely of the Agent,

and

^)*fti'ul, Infinitive of

neuter verbs (also

^^

fu'ula-t), or plural

form of nouns.*

We

singular

omit, for instance, the plural iS^ qasd'id, as a reference to the " poem," but we give J^) rasd'il as plural of SJiejJ> qasida-t,

iSLy risdla-t, " mission," &c., and s->i=- hald'ib as plural of a>jU. haluha-t, " milch-camel," for the reason stated in the text.

t In the opening lines of al-Hariri's first Assembly we meet with the expression (^y^^ g^^ tawd'ihu 'z-zamani, which the Commentators explain by iiS\jij ijJ\j=. hawddisu-hu wa qawdzifu-hu. Dropping the j in these three forms we obtain the Agents or participles eU td'ih, " perishing," iAjjU ifddis, " happening, befalling," and >-iJVi qdzif, " flinging, casting," of

whose feminines the said forms would be the regular plurals. But the tell us that it belongs native dictionaries, speaking of the term to the J J^y nawddir, or rare exceptions (plural, on the same principle, of SjJ^ nddira-t, "anything rare "), its singular not being iaJ^ td'iha-t, according to rule, but &^^ mutawwiha-t, feminine of the Agent of the Hence we give it in its second conjugation, " that which casts about." alphabetical place, with the meaning resulting from the explanation of the Commentators, " impelling calamities," or, as Chenery translates it in the quoted passage, " the shocks of the time," while the forms hawddis, qawdzif, and nawddir could be passed over, as easily re-traced to their

^^

,

singular,

PREFACE.^ as letter of prolongation is to

Vlll

3.

be thrown out in words of the

measuresJe* fa'U, intensive of the Agent, rarely of the Patient,JiJtiJi"il,

andsame

where also the Tasdid

is

to be removed, with the

meaning moremeasure

forcibly expressed.finaliS

In this place may further be mentioned the

(a.)

of the

1^^ fubVa, fem. of the comparative form Ji\ afal (see Class 11.). n. Words beginning with the letter \ This class comprises words of

.

the measuresJ*\ afal,f.

oW

fa'ld',

forming adjectives of intransitive verbs,

particularly expressive of defect or colour.J*i\ afal,f. ^Jjti

fu'la,

which forms the comparatives and superla-

tives of

any adjective, not belonging to the previously mentioned

measure.J*\ aful, one of the so-called plurals of paucity.

JUi^ afal, another plural of paucity, but

common

to plurals of

multitudeIf

also,

and therefore of very frequent occurrence.is

any word of this kind\

not found in the Dictionary, the dropping

of the initial

(in the

last-named measure, together with the rejection

of the Alif of prolongation), will lead at once to the verbal root,

from

which the meaningsingular, ifit is

may be

gathered,

if it

is

an adjective, or to the

a plural noun.

afal)

may form a new

plural of theirof

(also occasionally pluraltively, as

The two plurals of paucity (aful and own of the measures J*\j^ afd'il the comparative), and J-tU\ afd'U respecI.

has been mentioned under Class

Totions

this Class belong further the Infinitives

of the derived conjuga-

and sixth, all beginning and having an Alif of prolongation after the last letter but one. The root of such an Infinitive will most easily be found by changing it into a so-called Infinitive in Mini, and applying to it the rules for wordsfifth

from the fourth upwards, except thei,

with

\

beginning with that

letter, as will

be explained under Class IV.

in. Wordsmeasures

beginning with the letter

^

.

This Class contains the

JUij tafalul, Infinitive of the second conjugation of quadriliterals.

^y^

tafil,

^'14'

tafila-t,

and Jc^'

tafd'il (see

with their respective plurals, J-^U* tafi'U Class I.), Infinitive of the second conjuga-

tion of trililerals.

:

PREFACE.JA tafa"ul, Infinitive of the fifth,

IX

and

JcW tafd'ul, Infinitive of the sixth conjugations of the same. By cutting off the initial ta, and throwing out a letter of prolonga

tion or a double consonant,

where such appear, the root

is

obtained,

under which thebe found.rV.l

Infinitive in question, with its different

meanings, will

Words beginning withwords belonging toit is

the letterf*

m.

The

initial,

not radical,i

of

this Class

may be

read with a (Fatliah) or

(Kasrah), in which case

followed by a

triliteral root,it

frequently with

a letter of prolongation in the second syllable, or

may be pronouncedletters.

with u (Dammah), whenliterals,

it

forms participles and verbal nouns of quadri-

and

is

mostly accompanied by one or several more servile

We

will therefore consider

use of dots to indicate

them under two heads, making henceforth the number of radical letters occurring in a word,

as has been done all through the letter

M in

the Dictionary.

It must,

however, be remarked, with

regard to the transliteration in

Roman

character, that only consonantstain a quiescent

and

long vowels

which

in

Arabic conwhile the

weak consonant

are

reckoned to be

letters,

short vowels, as merely represented by orthographical signs, do not

count as such

;

JV* qdl, for instance,

would consist of three

letters,

but

J* qui only of two in the eyes of an Arabic grammarian. 1. The measures of the form ...', i.e. consisting of a triliteral root,

preceded by

initial

ma

or mi, aremxif'il),

J*i* mafal. Infinitive or noun of Action (in certain cases

and noun of Place or Time. ili- mif'ala-t, noun of Instrument. J4/ mifal and These form their plural in Jc\& mafdHl, which could be omitted fromamongst the alphabeticalwould lead to theJecUrt mafd'il,

references, as simply the elimination of the

\

singular.

The noun

of Instrument, however, takes(. \..

more frequently the measure JUi- mifdlandif

'),

with

the plural

such a singular

is

given in the Dictionary, theit,

plural will also be found with a reference to

as here the

dropping ofit

the

\

in the plural

form would

leave

it

still

undecided whether

belongs to the singularto be

JW*

mifdl, or to either of the last

two measures

mentioned in

this Section, viz.

J-Jt*. mif'il,Jyti/.

a rare form of the intensive Agent, and

maful, the regular form of the nomen patientis (Patient) oftriliteral verb.

the transitive

XTheits

PREFACE.plural of the latter (of the measure JcVi- mafd'U) is quoted in

alphabetical place, for the reason stated above, but not that of the\

former, because here the removal of the2.

suffices to find the singular.all

The second category

of words

belonging to this Class are

Participles,Infinitives

nouns of Place or Time, and nonns of Action or so-called " i.e. the initial in Mim, and have the general form

,

syllable

mu

is

followed by an indefinite

numberif

of letters,

from three

to five, which, if not quiescent, are

pronounced with a (Fathah), exceptthe wordis

the penultimate, which takesticiple

i

(Kasrah),

an active parare

(Agent).

At

least three, frequently four, of these letters,

radical, as will be seen

by compai-ing the different measures with thein parentheses.

more general symbols included

These measures are

J*^ (...') muf'il. Agent, muf'al, Patient, noun of Place or Time, and Infinitive in mim of the fourth conjugation of a triliteral.Ji*4^ (....') mufa'lil, Agent, mufa'lal, Patient, &c. of a quadriliteral.

J4- (...') mufa'Hl, Agent, mufa"al, Patient, &c. of the second conjugation of a triliteral.JcU/.(..

\

.

,)

mufd'il, Agent, mufd'al, Patient,its

noun

of Place or

Time, and in. -J

feminine form ilcW. mufd'ala-t, Infinitive of

the third conjugation of a triliteral.c

J*A- (...') muf'all (for mufalil), Agent, and (for muf'alal) Infinitive in

Mim

of the ninth conjugation of a triliteral.

five measures the root is obtained by simply cutting off the mu, and, where such occur, throwing out the \ of prolongation or doubled consonant, according to the rule given for Class I.initial

In these

JlAx (....;!-)

mutafa'lil,

Agent, mutafa'lal, Patient,

&c. of a

quadriliteral.

J4i

(.

.

.

i^) mutafa'Hl, Agent,

mutafa"al,

Patient,

\ dbi, q.v. v^>^ ubdb, great bulk of water, billow, wave ahdb, luggage also 5 abdba-t, ibdba-t, way, conduct, manner of living longing for INF. of (v^) q.v.;

;

;

;

;

;

whether

... or.;;

v>\ ab, father, patriarch

s^S^ al-ab,

our Heavenly Father

;

ab, ah,

month of Augusttj!] dbi.

;

'~>'S

db-in, see

some fabulous birds for JjjW^ abdwil, pi. of Jy) ibbaid, troops of camels. (^V;\ abdbin, pi. of y^\ ibbdn, q.v. y^.\ ubdtir, without children, soliJaJ^^l abdbil,;

tary.I

(sj\)

inf. i~A abb, >~M\ abdb, ^^\ abdba-t, ibdba-t, put the hand to (as to the sword) move, agitate long for (one's prepare country ) (for a journey) intend ; be straight, upright (as a road, conduct) defeat out v., viii. ii. cryabb,v,; ; ; ; ;

and

^'^\

ibdta-t, passing the night, giving a night's lodging, doing anything at night bime iv. of;

^

iy>-iii>\;\

q.v.

ibdsa-t,

examining; ploughing;abdjir, pi. of yr.pi.

IV. of (>^y) q.v.fs-'^\

abdjir, ^*^^^

bujr, q.v.Jq-V}^ abdjil,

wonder, be astonished (withbi);

>-

sinews of the foot,

abb, pi.

"-jj^

a'ubb, inten;

of J^.^ abjal.ScA>\

tion(\i\)

;

travelling

plan

fodder,u,

ibdha-t,

making public

;

re-

grass,j^\

meadow.j>\

aba (foribdwa-t,

abaw-a);

inf.;

become fatherv.

ii.

take for a father, consider as a father aba'. A, INF. W\ ab', throw, shoot,call;

a person father

vealing, disclosing; giving full permission ; license, licentiousness IV. of (cj?) qv. (j\

ibra-t

;

ibdwa-t, paternity. Jij^^ abdwil, pi. of Jy\ ibbaul. (uw^) abat, xj, INF. abt, ubut,; ;

be

or

seller

of

flea.

swell hot abit. A, the same (with drink) v. inf. ta'albut,

;

Jj^^ abdriq, pi. of ^ijA ahraq, q.v. abdriqa-t, (JJjVj^ abdriq, pi. of

of

kindle, n.cs-}^

abt, abit, obit,

hot

;

abati, for

i^if^ abriq, q.v.

&j^^ abdrima-t,(fc;i^

^J^\

abdriha-t, pi.

ibrahim.

father ; violent anger. abta-t, heat ci.U>\ i6f(Ji, cutting off, plucking

^^^

abati,

my

;

jV}\

abbdz,

who jumps,

leaps

(as a

gazelle).;5jW^

vij^asja^

abdzir,

herbs for seasoning,

of )\j>\ abzdr. (*jj^^ abdzim, buckles, &c., pi. of ^j!^ ibzim. (j-^ wtas, shrew. &A>W^ ubdsa-t, rabble, vagabonds impurities. yoVsl ibdd, vein, sinew pi. o^^ -mSmc^, rope for tying up the forefoot of a camel dbdd, pi. ofpi.; ; ;

accomplishing; iv. of (t=-~?)examination invesinquest scrutiny tigation disputation viii. of (ii-=^.) q.v. cWxj^ ibtihdh, rich harvest; abunoff;

ibtihds,;

;

;

;

;

\sxi\ ibtidd',

dance, plenty. beginning, commenceibtidd' an, in ment, noviciate;

the beginning, at^Xi>^ibtiddr,

first.

about&c.).g\oja\

pushing on, setting any work, running inhastening(to

advance,

arms,

(J^^ ubd, q.v.tVj\

S^

armpits, pi. of is carried under the armpits.a6as\i},

nothingness

abd'id, strangers, not related,-i*}^

pi. of

ab'ad.;

ning, original. J\Xm\ ibtizdl, continual use, wearing conwasting disdain, out, tempt.;

Acb\ ibd'a-t, sale, trafficq.v.jVi^^

iv. of

(^)

j^>\

abtar,

f.;

\^;

batrd', curtailed,

ibdq,

&

(tJJ^) q.-^-

JW^

a&aZ,;

i&iZ

J^^; ;

inf. of ubbdq, pi. of i^*! dbiq. camels, pi. of J?\ ifeZ,;i

ibdqa-t, escape

bereft of children useless, vile du. al-abtardn, one's slave and ass.

crippled

S\ysi\

ibtirdd,

refrigeration,

cool-

dbbdl, camel-herdpi.

J^^

ubbdl,

of

JA

dbil;

;

ing.j\\Xi\

ibtizdz,

robbery, abduction.

ibdla-t,

administration;

of;

pro-

perty economy ship tribe.X-J^\ abdlisa-t,yVj\

police

client-

jL-a^ ibtisdl, defiance of danger, contempt of death.|,L-a\ ibtisdm, smiling, smile;

gladf. V;a

i_i~*5V>^

abdlis, devils,

ness, cheerfulness.

pi. of u~*l}^ iblis.

^\of ^\ fatherpi.

abta', pi.

oj*^^ abta'un,

abdn=iil^fi\

du.

fcai'a, pi. 5*}

buta', entire, whole,

and

mother;

;

ibbdn,

(^^\

all.

abdbin, opportunity, favourable

momenttion;

beginning;

;

;

ibdna-t,

distinction, separation

explana-

publication

iv. ofpi.

(i^).fil^\

^V}\ ahdhim, thumbs, ihhdm.

of

departure, abandonabsence. \ixi\ ibtigd', longing, desire. JS:a\ ibtiJcdr, rising early, coming soon in the morning ripeness ;jUxj\ibti'dd,

ing

;

;

first-fruit

;

first

i

njoyment.

; ;

; ;

ut~\

'^\ ibtild', trial, visitation, temptation; passion, inclination, pro pensity calamity, distress. ^A''?^ ihiildi, (m). beginning, undertaking. f^\ ibtild', swallowing, absorp;

same misfortune anything extraordinary riddle, fable,; ; ;

funny'^i

tale.

ibdd',

beginning,;

creation

tion.

revelation. ^\'^\ ibddd, distribution. j)\'^\ ibddr, light of the full moon.

communication

JI^\

^^

being wet recovery. building, construction, foundation. sW^^ ihtihdj, joy, gladness, cheerihtildl,;

ibtind',

t}^^ ibdd', invention innovation lie original thought, origi;

;

;

nality.

JW^

abddl, pi. of;

fulness, alacrity.Jtai\

and J>^ badiling, exchange.

J^

badal, bidl,

ibddl,

exchang-

ibtihdl, supplication, fervent

gW^^

prayer, deprecation. ibtiyd', purchase. (e-.;^) abas, i, calumniate, accuse (ace. or |_slc 'ala) obis, pert,;

^^\ abda', extraordinary, original and beautiful, comp. of gjA>badi'.

impudent.>A>U>^ ibsds,

spreading.;

g>^

abaj, eternity ever.ibjul,

W-.\

abajan, for

JW-.^J