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Clinical Presentation of Vitreoretinal
Disorders
Dr. Ayesha Abdullah30.1.2015
Learning outcomes
By the end of this lecture the students would be able to;• Identify the common symptoms and signs of VR
disorders (VRD) and correlate them with the underlying problems with the structure and function of the VR.
• Identify structural landmarks on retinal photographs.• Correlate the indications for commonly used
investigations for the assessment of retinal disorders with the underlying pathology.
Some questions
• How do we see?• What are the similarities and differences between a camera
and the eye?• Name part of the nervous system that can be visualized
without any invasive procedure • Why is the optic disc referred to as the blind spot?• Have you noticed tiny bright moving dots when looking into
the blue sky?• Why are the photoreceptor placed posteriorly while the
light enters the retina anteriorly?• How do we know its day/ night?
Camera and the eye
• Unlike the image from a camera the resolution of the retinal image is not uniform.
• Why?• There are about 100 times more photoreceptors than the Ganglion cells.• Why?• Retina compresses images as unlike the camera.
Anatomical landmarks of the retina
• What is the size of the normal optic disc?• Size of the Macula?• Size of fovea• Thinnest part of the retina?• Thickest part?
Common Presenting Symptoms in VRD
• Visual loss, mostly painless, sudden/ gradual • Loss of central vision• Loss of peripheral vision• Loss of visual field • Loss of colour vision• Distorted vision; metamorphopsia, micropsia,
macropsia
Common Presenting Symptoms in VRD
• Loss of contrast sensitivity • Glare sensitivity • Night blindness• Photopsia/ flashes • Floaters ; 'specks', 'flies', 'spiders' and,
‘cobweb‘, ‘mosquitoes’.
Loss of central vision
http://www.retina-international.org/
Loss of peripheral vision
http://www.retina-international.org/
Contrast sensitivity and light & dark adaptation problems
Contrast sensitivity and light & dark adaptation problems
Glare
Flashes of light/ photopsia
Floaters
Colour vision deficiency
http://www.achromatopsia.info/childrens-vision/
Field loss
Scotoma Negative Scotoma Positive Scotoma
Swollen optic disc
Pale optic disc
Macular signs
Retinal Haemorrhages
Vascular changes
Exudates
Cotton wool spots
Retinal Tear/ hole
New Vessels
?RAPD
Quiz
Commonly used investigations
B Scan
A Scan
OCT
Angiography
Electroretinogram
7- Functions of Retina
[email protected] date for submission 15th February 2015