Documented & Organized by:

Dr. Tahany Al-

baiz@2009

Instructional Technology

Dr.Tahany@2009

WHAT EXACTLY IS INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY?

Design, development, implementation, and

management of instructional methods and resources to

improve learning and teaching.

Dr.Tahany@2009

The Cone of Experience (1946) was the most

important contribution of Edgar Dale in field of IT..

The divisions based on extreme two points: direct experience

and pure abstraction

Dr.Tahany@2009

Supports communication process because it makes communication depending on not only just words but also visual and experiential ways.

Dr.Tahany@2009

Diversity of sensory experiences…. our experiences are not completely relied on visual or verbal symbols. Other concerns of our perception systems must be considered, such as direct experience, touching, sensing

Dr.Tahany@2009

The cone also fosters diversity in learning environment:

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dale’s Cone of Experience

Verbal symbols

Visual symbols

Still pictures, Audio tools

Motion pictures..Television

Exhibits

Field trips

Demonstrations

Dramatized experiences

Contrived experiences

Direct experiences

Using Symbols.charts

Observations only

Active Participation

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

Actually, use of the Cone may lead to an enhancement of our subject

matter presentation…. help us to choose the instructional materials that are most appropriate for the

particular topic we wish to teach.

Does the Cone of Experience overemphasize instructional devices (the media of communication) at the

expense of subject matter (the message to be communicated)?

Dr.Tahany@2009

It is true that the older a person is, the more abstract his concepts are likely

to be.,.

Are the upper levels of the Cone for the older student and the lower

ones for the child?

.An older student does not live exclusively in the world of his abstract concepts

The nature and complexity of concepts themselves

A child does not live only through the impressions of his senses

Dr.Tahany@2009

Even the most advanced student, therefore, can deepen his

understanding of concepts and his enjoyment of life by participating in experiences all along the Cone. …

The Cone of Experience stands for activities that are available, in

varying degrees, to learners in all age groups.

Dr.Tahany@2009

Young children use many simple abstractions-verbal symbols. Before entering school they have mastered the meanings of at least 2500 words, or verbal symbols, each one of which

is an abstraction. The fact that something is an abstraction does not

necessarily make it difficult to understand. Actually, there are wide

variations in degree of difficulty.

Does the Cone device mean that all teaching and learning must move

systematically from base to pinnacle?

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

Dr.Tahany@2009

• 5% Lecture• 10% What we read• 15% What we see• 20% What we see and hear.. Audio-visual• 26% What we hear• 30% What we see• 30% Demonstration• 40% What we discuss• 50% See and hear• 50% Discussion Group• 70% Discuss with others.. Active Receiving and Participating.• 70% Say• 70% Say and Write• 70% Say as they talk• 75% Practice by Doing• 80% Experience Personally• 80% What we experience directly or practice doing• 90% Say as they do a thing• 90% Say and perform a task• 95% of what we teach someone else

We Remember:

Dr.Tahany@2009

Major factors for adapting and integrating IT into curriculum

• Access to technology• Convenience in using technology

• Rewards and recognition for using technology

Dr.Tahany@2009

Sources:- Tony Betrus, Al Januszewski, SUNY Potsdam.- Principles of Teaching, Bloomsburg University,Spring 2003- HTTP://LIBRARY.CMSU.EDU/DEANPAGE.HTM- Dale, E. (1946). The cone of experience. In Audio-visual methods in teaching. (pp. 37-51). New York: Dryden Press. In D. P. Ely & T. Plomp (Eds.), Classic Writings on Instructional Technology (Vol. 1, pp. 169 – 180). Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. -Dale, E. (1953).What does it mean to communicate? AV Communication Review, 1(1), 3 – 5. Retrieved from http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Instructional_Technology/Edgar_Dale-http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Instructional_Technology/Edgar_Dale5From Dale, 1969, p. 132

Dr.Tahany@2009

THANK U