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Manihot esculenta Crantz (Cassava)
Developing
Haploid Technology
Cassava embryo sac
Development of gynogenesis in cassava for the production of doubled haploids
Zaida Lentini*1, Maria Wedzony2,
Eddie Tabares1, Maria Eugenia Buitrago1, Geraldine Restrepo1, and Freddy Vanegas1
1 Universidad Icesi, Cali, COLOMBIA 2 Pedagogical University. National Education Commission in Krakow.
Institute of Plant Physiology. Poland
Acknowledgements
This work is supported
by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
through the project entitled:
Double Haploid Breeding for Cassava Enhancement
Grant # OPPGD1483
coordinated by Clair Hershey
at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Cassava
Cassava breeding is cumbersome and inefficient compared to other crops
International initiatives recognized the fundamental importance of doubled haploid (DH, plants derived from zygotic haploid cell cultures) for both plant science research and commercial success in plant breeding
DH (inbreeding) in cassava
Would create a baseline for development of homozygous germplasm for the:
identification of high-value recessive traits,
production of genetic stocks, and
application of molecular tools in breeding
Inbred progenitors would:
make breeding, maintenance, exchange, conservation and exploitation of germplasm more efficient
increase the impact of genetic transformation and the use of molecular markers, and
ease the share of genetic stocks based on botanical seed
WHY TO EVALUATE CASSAVA RESPONSE FROM OVULE /OVARY CULTURE?
• Although most use of DH technology in breeding is via anther
or microspore culture (androgenesis): Please attend to the later
talk by Prasanthi Perea S09-09 at 11:30 am, and visit Poster SP09-06 by Elzbieta Golemiec, both reporting progress of cassava. Both works are components of the Double Haploid Breeding for Cassava Enhancement Project
• Successful gynogenesis is reported in many plant species, including 21 angiosperms of economic importance (e.g.: onion,
potato, tulip, maize, sugar beet, cucumber, wheat, grape, saffron, carnation, rapeseed, rice, pearl millet, squash, mulberry, coconut, coffee, rubber tree, among others)
Why Gynogenesis?
Gynogenesis has received increased attention as
a method of choice for generating recombinant DH populations
for application in genetics (molecular mapping particularly of QTLs)
and genome sequence because of reduced genetic/ epigenetic changes
Efficient gynogenesis protocols generating large number of embryos / plants may
derive from
Culturing ovules, ovaries, or complete flower buds
Inter-specific/ inter-generic pollination between incompatible species, induces parthenogenesis in the pollinated female flower (without fecundation) generating haploid / DH embryos / plants from the ovule cultured in vitro
Main Goal
To develop an in vitro protocol for the production of doubled-haploids of cassava from cultured ovules via gynogenesis, using a reduced group of elite germplasm suitable as a model system for different ecotypes of cassava
Cassava Gynogenesis embryo formation and recovery of plants
From non-pollinated ovule cultures
From ovule cultures after inter-generic pollination with castot bean (Ricinus comunis )
Cassava Genotypes of Commercial Economic Importance in Colombia were selected
for the development of the protocol
Genotype Commercial
Name
Economic
Importance
Breeding
Importance Flowering
Months to
Fowering Origin
Adaptation
in the
Tropics
Cultivation
in Colombia
Important
Traits
HMC 1 ICA-P13 H H H 5 Colombia Medium
high altitude
Caldas,
Quindio,
Risaralda,
Valle Cauca,
Antioquia,
Tolima
High yield,
cooking
quality,
starch
MCol 1505 ICA- P12 H H H 5 Colombia
Medium
high altitude,
Subhumid
North Cost,
Tolima
Culinary
quality
M Tai 8 Corpoica-
TAI H M H 6 Thailand Sub-humid North Cost
High yield,
starch
CM 7951-5 RAYA 5 H H M 6 Colombia Acid soils
North
Cauca,
South Valle
High yield,
Good
culinary
quality
CG 489-31 Nataima 31 H H L 7 Colombia Medium
high altitude Tolima
Resistance
to White
Flies
SM 1219-9 RAYA 9 M M H 6 Colombia Acid soils North Cauca High yield
M Per 183 Peruana M M L 6 Peru Medium
high altitude
South Valle
del Cauca
Culinary
quality
TMS 60444 M Nga 11 L M H 6 Nigeria Sub-humid None
High
Somatic
Embryogen
esis
generate knowledge on cassava reproductive biology morphological characterization (histological study) of female gametophyte
embryo sac stages of development induction of embryo development
plant recovery ploidy level analysis
Gynogenesis in Cassava in vitro induction of embryo development and plant recovery
from non-pollinated female gametophyte
Ovary (3 ovules per ovary)
Open female cyathium (flower)
Pistil
Ovule Longuitunidal ovary section showing two
ovules
(A) Scheme of a cassava longitudinal cross section through stigma, stylar neck and one of three loculi of
the ovary containing an ovule
(B) Embryo sac structure (cell/ tissue) ploidy
Schemes of longitudinal cross sections of (A) pistil and (B) embryo sac
(((((sporophyte, 2n)
Cyathia are bagged prior anthesis (unpollinated / pollinated) until buds are harvested for analysis
male
female female
male are excised before bagging
Treatments at day of anthesis, 1, 2 or 3 days after anthesis
Cassava embryo sac stage of development from non-pollininated ovules at anthesis
nuclear divisions
A B
Immature embryo sac at the day of anthesis. (A) and (B) Shows the mitotic megaspore nuclear divisions to form the eight nuclei of the embryo sac at the day of anthesis. (C) Shows two polar nuclei and starch grains. Longitudinal sections of 8 µm thick were processed with a microtome and stained with Safranin-O and Fast Green. Photos were taken at 40X (A and C), and at 100X (B). PN- Polar nuclei; SG- starch grains.
PN
SG
C
micropylar end side
Chalazal end side
Cassava embryo sac at inmature stage of development from non-pollininated ovules at 1 DAA
Young cell apparatus at 1 DAA. Left, At the micropylar end of embryo sac shows the young egg cell nucleus at the same section as one synergid. Right, At the chalazal end shows a probable degeneration of the antipodal cells. Longitudinal sections of 8 µm thick were processed with a microtome and stained with Safranin-O and Fast Green. Photos were taken at 100X . EGC-Egg cell. SY-synergid, SG-Starch grains, An- Antipodal cells.
AN SG
EGC
SY
micropylar end side
Chalazal end side
Mature embryo sac apparatus organized at 2 or 3 DAA showing the egg cell, one synergid cell and starch grains at
the micropylar end side
Longitudinal sections of 8 µm thick were processed with a microtome and stained with Safranin-O and Fast Green. Photos were taken at 100X . EGC-Egg cell. SY-synergid, SG-Starch grains,
SG EGC
SY
Micropylar end side
Chalazal end side
Use of zygotic embryos as a model to establish protocol for embryo development and early rescue to
be used in gynogenesis and pollen irradiation
• Experiments were designed to define the best in vitro conditions to sustain embryo formation, its further development and growth until to recover fully developed plants
• It was decided to use in vitro culture of ovules pollinated with cassava pollen
• The objective of this study is to use it as a model for the understanding of the optimal conditions to sustain embryo development and recovery of plants, once embryo formation is induced from the non-pollinated ovules cultured in vitro
Formation of cassava zygotic embryo developed in vitro after pollination with cassava pollen
Studies used as a model to get acquainted with the
morphological changes related to cassava embryo development,
and the optimal conditions to sustain embryo development and recovery of plants,
once embryo formation is induced from the non-pollinated ovules cultured in vitro
(gynogenesis)
(A) Three-celled embryo at 7 days after pollination (DAP). (B) Pre-globular stage at 14 DAP. Longitudinal sections of 10 µm thick were processed with microtome and stained with Safranin-O and Fast Green. Photos were taken at 40X using a light microscope. ( (E) embryo, (NE) nucleated endosperm.
Histology of cassava ovules containing embryo at pre-globular stage developed in vitro
What did we learn from the formation of cassava zygotic embryo developed in vitro after
pollination with cassava pollen?
• Embryo sac is mature at 2 to 3 days after anthesis (DAA) • Embryo sac is receptive to pollination from 1 to 3 DAA • Cassava embryo develops very slowly compared to other
species • In most species a fully mature embryo (ready for
germination) is developed in 1 week after pollination • In cassava the development of an embryo at globular stage
takes about 3 weeks • Mature embryo is ready for germination 30-40 DAP
Cassava ovary / ovules in vitro culture. (A) Complete pistil showing stigma, ovary and nectar glands. (B) Ovary with excised stigma and nectar glands. (C) ovary with stigma and (D) ovary without stigma showing callus formation on the ovary wall development of unpollinated ovules after 3 weeks of culture.(E) Individual excised carpels from the ovary each containing one unpollinated ovule. (F) after 3 weeks, ovules had increased significantly in size (length and width, 1.4 fold), and protruding out of the carpel. (G) Ovule are excised from the carpel and cultured.
B
D
C
D
A
C
E
F
G
Ovule isolation and culture
Cassava Gynogenesis embryo formation and recovery of plants
From non-pollinated ovule cultures
From ovule cultures after inter-generic pollination with castot bean (Ricinus comunis )
2-cell embryo formed from non-pollinated ovules
Histology of ovules after total 6 weeks in culture.
Longitudinal sections of 4 µm each. Photos taken
at 40X.
1 – Section through 2-cellular embryo. It is accompanied by a thin leyer of central cell cytoplasm and polyploid endosperm-like nucleus is visible. For comparison see nucellar diploid nucleus pointed by arrow. 2-6. Following sections showing central cell with some more polyploid nuclei, one of them particullary large. CV – central vacuole, M – micropylar pole of ovule; N – nucellus; eln – endosperm-like nuclei. White arrow on 1B points to nucleus of nucellus, black arrows on 2 point to endosperm-like nuclei
M M
N C
CV
eln
1A 1B
M
2 3 4 5 6
eln eln
1b 2 3 1a
4
1 – Section of the embryo-sac (ES): micropylar and central part. 1a – shows a part of a globular embryo with accompanying endosperm-like nuclei (eln). 1b shows enlargement of the micropylar pole of the ES. Thin regular walls of embryonic epidermis could be seen (arrowheads). 2 – The adjacent section to the section 1. The central cell (CC) cytoplasm shows borders of the embryo proper. The two-cell supensor (S) is clearly visible. 3 – the next section show endosperm-like nuclei surrounding the embryo. Blue stained starch granules are visible in CC sytoplasm in every section. 4 – The overview of the ovule at lower magnification. Squere shows the position of ES.
eln
eln
eln
eln CC
CC CC
S
Globular embryo formed from non-pollinated ovules Histology of ovules after total 9 weeks in culture
Longitudinal sections of 4 µm each. Photos taken at 4X and 40X.
ES
Seed-like structures developed from non-pollinated isolated ovules
• Although some treatments appeared to induce embryo formation or MCS, its further development seems to be arrested
• After long term of culture, internal integument thickens significantly probably preventing nurturing the embryo under development inside the nucellus tissue
High metabolic activity in embryo sac (ES) at mycropilar (M) pole from non pollinated ovules cultured in vitro. Nucellus tissue was isolated from outer and inner integument of seed like structures (A) and cultured further. (B) Longitudinal sections of 4 µm 1-10. (P) proteins, (N) nucellus. Picture taken at 100X.
M
P P
starch
ES
Cassava Gynogenesis embryo formation and recovery of plants
From unpollinated ovule cultures
From ovule cultures after inter-generic pollination with castor bean (Ricinus comunis )
(A) Culture on MS2 medium of ovary carpels containing one ovule each. (B) Excised ovule from the carpel at 4 weeks of culture. (C) Ovule at 9 weeks of culture showing aperture at the embryo sac area. (D) Profuse induction of globular and torpedo shape embryos at 12 weeks of culture. (E) Recovery of green torpedo and cotyledonary shape embryos at 12 weeks of culture. (F) Subculture of cotyledonary embryos, and recovery of green plantlet with root and first expanded leaves. (G) Growth and development of green plants in vitro
A B C
elaiosomes
D
E
F
G
Embryo induction and recovery of green plants from in vitro cultures of ovules 2 DAP with castor bean pollen
(A) The nucellus tissue is isolated from the ovule after the rupture of the external integument. The arrow points at the multicellular structure developed inside the nucellus at the embryo sac region. (B) The callus developed inside the nucellus at the embryo sac region is isolated and cultured on a feeder layer. The arrow points at the remaining of the nucellus tissue. (C and D) Show the proliferation of embryogenic callus and differentiation of embryos. The arrows indicate the cotyledonary shape embryos. (E) Conversion of cotyledonary embryos into green plants on 4E medium.
Embryo induction and recovery of green plants from in vitro ovules cultures 2 DAP, 7 DAP or 12 DAP with castor bean pollen
Regenerated Plants
2X
2X
Embryo induction and recovery of green plants from ovules cultured in vitro 12 DAP with castor bean pollen
Direct embryo formation and profuse embryogenesis when 2,4-D is applied on stigma after pollination
Conclusions Basic steps and factors affecting gynogenesis in Cassava
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
decisive role
Mature embryo sac (ES) is reached 2-3 days after anthesis. ES may be receptive up to 3 days after anthesis
Ovules produced callus in liquid medium. Excised carpels containing one ovule each are cultured, then ovules are isolated 3-4 weeks after culture.
7 genotypes were selected, the most responsive so far is SM 1219-9
Picloram induces callus formation, 2,4-D or NAA induces embryo formation. Embryo induction also requires cytokinin (BAP or Kin), GA3 and high levels sucrose. Lower sucrose levels are needed for embryo maturation. Higher response is obtained in the dark
2-cell and globular embryo from non-pollinated ovules were documented at 6 -9weeks after culture
Multicellular structures from non-pollinated ovules, fully developed embryos from the embryo sac and plants from ovules pollinated with Ricinus were recovered
Conclusions • There is evidence of embryo formation from non-pollinated
ovules cultured in vitro
• Protocol for inducing embryo formation and plant regeneration from ovule culture is reproducible
• Nucellus tissue maybe isolated one month after ovule culture to stimulate further embryo development after its induction
• Flowers should be covered at least 4 days (until the stigma falls off) to avoid self pollination or outcross
• Application of 2,4-D on the stigma prior ovule culture may promote embryo formation
• IAA is currently being tested to stimulate further embryo induction and avoid callus formation
• Current experiments include the pollination with irradiated pollen to induce the formation of DH
Plant Genetic Characterization using 178 SNPs markers and flow cytometry
Analysis conducted by Luis Augusto Becerras´ group at CIAT
• Results indicate that in all the cases the plants regenerated appeared to be derived from the embryo sac
• The genetic profile of these plants confirmed their gametophyte origin
• The plants do not have a maternal genetic profile indicating that neither the integuments nor the nucellus tissue were involved in the generation of these plants
• All plants appeared to be diploid
• However, there is a variation of genome size in some of these plants respect to the cassava control genome size
Plant Genetic Characterization using 178 SNPs markers and flow cytometry (Cont.)
• Some of the plants show an increase level of homozygosity from 55% found in SM1219-9 to 70%
• This increase level of homozygosity found in these materials is interpreted to be the result of a self-pollination
• These plants are diploid based on the flow cytometry analysis, however some of them showed a reduced genome size from 50 Mb to 70 Mb respect to the control
• The haploid genome size of cassava is agreed to be between 700 to 770 Mb
• These results suggest a DNA content loss in these plants equivalent to 1 to 2 chromosomes
• These plants may be analyzed further to discard any potential misinterpretation of the data
• Another set of plants have a conspicuously different pattern with an increase level of heterozygosity interpreted to be due to outcross
• These plants are diploid based on the flow cytometry analysis and showed a genome size similar to the control
• More plants had been regenerated from the later experiments including the application of 2,4-D on the stigma prior to ovule culture and the use of IAA , which are showing to induce direct embryo induction and reducing callus formation
• Genetic analysis of these plants will be conducted shortly
Plant Genetic Characterization using 178 SNPs markers and flow cytometry (Cont.)
A Major Bottleneck
Have an ease and reliable technique to evaluate the induce
response at embryo sac after ovule culture
Poster SP09-08 Wednesday 16:00 -18:00
Optimization of histological techniques for studies of the cassava female gametophyte,
early post fertilization and embryo formation
Maria Eugenia Buitrago1, Eddie Tabares1 and Zaida Lentini*1
Thanks