Design of Diversion Based Mini Hydro Power Plant with ... issue/v2-i12/9 ijmeit.pdf · 1. Hydro power plant with storage reservoir. 2. Run of river plant with or without poundage

Alok Chaudhari et al IJMEIT Volume 2 Issue 12 December 2014 Page 952

IJMEIT// Vol. 2 Issue 12//December//Page No: 952-963//ISSN-2348-196x 2014

Design of Diversion Based Mini Hydro Power Plant with Involving

Environment Analysis and Effect of Roughness Factor on Hydraullic

Turbine

Authors

Alok Chaudhari1, Antriksh Verma

2, Abhishek Singh Jatav

3

Abstract

Environmental factor is one of the major concern to the present generation. Due to the increase demand of

the electric energy hydro power plants are made because of its non-polluting behavior. Here some changes

are mention so that the environmental and social factors are eliminating with the development of small

hydro power plant. These changes are done only for achieving the concept of “Aviral Dhara” of the Ganga

River. The constant energy generation is also comes in this category which is achieved by using this new

type proposed scheme of small hydro power plant. The new hydro scheme is based on the diversion basis

without using any barrage to the river. By using the natural head and with small length of the penstock, the

energy losses are removed which directly related to the cost effective of this type of hydro power project.

Here also the roughness factor is mentioned by which the turbine efficiency is increased.

Keywords: Hydro energy, Hydro Power Plant, Environmental Aspects, Turbine Testing, Roughness Factor

INTRODUCTION

The major part of world’s economy depends upon

the energy which is from renewable energy

sources in order to produce different forms of

energy. Some are depend on the fossil fuel but

limitation of fossil fuels on the earth and recent

price hikes of these fuels in last two decades is

kind of a concern for the energy sector across the

world. Hydro energy is comes in this category

which most efficient and non-polluting to the

environment. It is also one of the most available

energy sources in the earth especially in the

mountainous region of the earth. This new type of

proposed hydro power scheme is designed in that

way which perform the efficiently without

damaging the environment or by using the natural

flow of water.

Classification of hydro power plants:

There are various ways of classification of hydro

power plants they are follows

a) Availability of head

1. High head power plant.

2. Medium head power plant.

3. Low head power plant.

b) According to availability of water

1. Hydro power plant with storage

reservoir.

2. Run of river plant with or without

poundage.

3. Pump storage hydro power plant.

4. Mini & micro hydro power plants.

High head power plant

This type power plant operating under the head of

110 m or above to it they are known as High head

power plant. In that type of power plant river

water is stored in between mountain region

especially when the heavy rainfall season begins

or also when the snow melts that time flow rate is

high. When the reservoir cross its limits then there

is another system known as spillway is design so

that the extra water is given out from that spill

way. Here tunnel is provided which act like a

penstock and is from where the water is discharge



in the high rate to the hydro turbine these all are

done with the help of regulating valve and then

water is flow to the turbine. Just because of the

large head here the Pelton wheel is used as the

prime mover.

Fig: High head power plant

Medium head power plant

Such type of hydropower plant are found in the

large number because of the low initial cost as

compare to high head and also the efficiency is

almost or greater than the high head. The main

advantage over high head is that it can run in the

heads up to 50mt to 100mt.hence it can be used in

any ways or medium head is present almost all the

maximum sites. Because of the medium head here

we use Francise turbine as a prime mover. For

stopping the air bubble in the penstock we made a

forebay tank which is just used before the

penstock act as a reservoir as well as surge tank.

Low head power plants

These are constructed where the head is available

below the 50 meter. In that condition the dam is

constructed across the river and the side way

bypass channel is made from the divergence of the

river is constructed and here a forebay is provided

before the power house. After the passage through

the turbine this water again meets to the main

river from where it is actually diverted. Just

because of the head is low so here Kaplan turbine

or Francise turbine are used as the prime mover.

Hydro power plant with storage reservoir

This one of the most common power plant used in

the worldwide or also in the India. Here the

simple process is used water is stored in the

reservoir especially during the rainy season and

then producing electricity which is used

throughout the year. It has the benefit over the

other power plant is that the reservoir is used in

many application such as for Irrigation, drought

remedies, and also for agricultural system.

Run of river plant with or without pondage

These are used using the actual flow of the river,

here without pondage water is used as the flow

rate and all are depend on the discharge of the

river. On the other hand with the pondage a small

reservoir is located and then the small diversion

made from which the turbine is run. The main

advantage among the run off river plants is that a

continuous generation of electricity is achieved

without any disturbances but all that the only

disadvantage is that the continuous flow of water.

Fig: Run of river plant

Pump Storage hydro power plant

Here the concept is totally change and here we

made two reservoir first is head water reservoir

and the second is tail water reservoir. Actually this

type of power plant is used with the

interconnected with the storage type power plant

and during the night time when demand is almost

low then the access electricity is used to run the

reversible turbine this is used when the

interconnected is used otherwise simple Francise

turbine with the another type of design of the

blade used.

The advantage of that power plant is that:

High operating efficiency.

At low cost sudden increase in the peak

load.



Independence of the condition of the

stream flow.

Mini & Micro Hydro Power Plant

As per the name suggest these power plants are

smaller in size and the main advantage is over

large hydel plants is that it overcomes all the

problems which is actually comes from the large

hydropower plants. The natural water source in

the hilly region used easily for converting that in

to the electricity and the main effect is that there is

no any ecology harmful effect to the environment

and to the natural vegetation. Mini hydro plants

operated under the low head of range between

10mt to 20mt. Producing about 2MW. With the

study of the survey it is found that the potential

energy which is actually generated from these two

types of hydel power plant is about 24,000MW.

The main advantage of this type is that less

harmful effects to the environment.

Base Load hydro Plants

This type of power plant used as the transferring

the constant power to the grid without any

disturbances. Because of the sufficient power

supply base load plants have their extensive

properties of the supply electricity.

Peak Load Hydro Plants

These types of power plants actually uses even the

demand of the electricity is high and also when

the load is more to the plant than the nominal

load. In the interconnected system like as the

thermal and hydro plants operated to meet the

base & peak load during the time of the various

seasons of the demand.

Hydraulic Turbine & There Classification

The main principle of the any type of turbine is

that the conversion of the one form of energy to

another form. In case of the hydraulic power plant

potential energy of the water is converted into the

mechanical energy by the device which is known

as the hydraulic turbine. In this process the head

energy of the water is converted in to the shaft

work and finally with the help of electric

generator it is converted in to the electrical

energy, when the turbine is coupled to the

generator within the same shaft. As per the new

invention of the turbine blades and design

parameters new turbine developed which produces

large amount of output and the efficiency is

almost high in all the respects.

Head & discharge of available water

The most important parameter in the selection of

the turbine is about the measurement of the head

of the water flow. The new term gross head is

used which basically meaning the difference in the

water level from the surface of the water between

the head race and tail race. While the net head is

define as the difference between the gross head

and head loss due to friction. On the basis head

turbines are also classified as:

I. Low head Based turbine

Head is in the range of 3mt -15mt.

Need a high discharge rate.

Kaplan Turbine or Propeller Turbine is

generally used.

II. Medium Head Based Turbine

Here head in the range of 16mt -75mt.

High or Medium discharge rate needed

Kaplan Turbine or Francise Turbine is

generally used.

III. High Head Based Turbine

Head is used within the range of 76mt

-500mt.

Medium or low discharge rate needed.

Francise Turbine or Pelton Turbine is

used.

IV. Very High Head Based Turbine

Head is greater than 500mt.

Here only low discharge rate is used.

Only Pelton Turbine is used.

Advantage of runoff river plant

It is non-polluting, renewable energy

sources, and environment friendly process

of energy.

Like as the all hydropower project run off

river plant uses the natural potential

energy by eliminating the process of the



coal burning, natural gases, or any other

pollution creating techniques to generates

the electricity.

Because of the low area required these

plants are easily setup near the load Centre

and hence reduces the transfer lining cost

and also another benefit is that it also

developed according the demands of the

load.

Here the generation of the electricity is

continuous.

It followed the approach of the demand of

the power without any disturbances.

Maintenance and operating cost are low.

Life cycle period of the power plant is

almost high or can say that it is long

lasting technique.

Capacity factor of the micro hydel power

plant is high as compared to the other

renewable sources.

No fuel requirement it is the best

advantages.

It has the high efficiency about 60prcnt -

70prcnt

OVERVIEW OF HYDROPOWERPLANT

The hydro power plant consists of many parts and

these parts are the basic parts of the power system

but they are divided in four basic sub parts. All

these four components are totally defining all the

parts of the hydro power plants.

Civil Structured

There are various structures for the layout of the

hydropower plant and these are actually depends

on the site location. Some possibility regarding to

that type are discussed below but our area of

concerned is not on that type these are

Low head with the barrage in the river.

Low head by using the channel duct.

High head without using channel.

High head with using channel.

After knowing the different structures one thing

should be noted that according to this different

essential factors which should be kept in mind

before designing the mini hydro power plant.

These factors include the following results.

Fig: Diversion based hydro power plant



Hydraulic System

It consist basically the intake structure but due the

design only the Mechanical device and the

channels from which the water is passes through

the inlet turbine is comes in this category it mean

the hydraulic turbine. Which convert the kinetic

energy of the water to the mechanical energy and

thus rotating the turbine blade further converted in

to the electricity?

Electricity Generating System

It is also known as the electrical equipment

system it includes the Generator, the processing

and monitoring equipment, with the switch gear

and the transformer here the mechanical energy is

converted in to the electric energy.

Consumer System

It is the final component which consist the means

of distribution system and the appliances or we

can say that the electric load devices like Radios,

Television, Heaters, and Motors etc.

Use of available head

The head or net head or the gross head is from

which the power delivered to turbine is the main

criteria before set up the design. The power

generated through the turbine is directly

proportional to the head of the plant site location.

So the generated power is direct belongs to the

head.

LOW HEAD DIVERSION SCHEME

Sediment

The flowing of the water is the main key of the

hydro power project the only thing is the sediment

or the sand of the river level which is the main

drawback of the project site so before going water

in to the turbine the problem is removed by

applying the some devices or uses the hole casing

before going to the intake. Sediment also blocks

the intake of weirs and causes the channel many

harmonies.

On our proposed model we made a sediment

chamber just before going to the turbine inlet the

diagram shown below is based on the

sedimentation treatment scheme this basic design

which we use in our proposed system.

In the new type of scheme of hydropower plant

which is based on the diversion based of the river

flowing water the above factor play a vital role

and on the basis of these parameters the design is

done and all the civil structures are made so that

the problems are resolved.

PROCEDURE OF TURBINE TESTING

The turbine setup test consists of a dynamometer

which is coupled to the turbine through the

instruments of torque transducer. This torque

transducer is coupled in between the

dynamometer which is used to indicate the torque

applied by the dynamometer. Now the non-contact

type tachometer is used which measure the

rotation speed of the turbine, in this process the

outlet is freely allowed to flow on the sump

without any draft tube. Here an electromagnetic

flow meter is used which is used to measure the

flow rate through the turbine. A precision pressure



gauge is connected for measuring the head of the

water at inlet of the turbine.

The testing was done with different guide vane

opening at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. In the

starting phase of testing turbine was allowed to

run in its runway speed by some time and then run

way data collected during this time the

dynamometer is physically condition connected

and that is in operating condition. And during the

switched off condition the dynamometer is freely

rotating with the turbine speed.

At each step the head, discharge, speed and torque

which are produced by turbine are noted down

and from these data Hydraulic power and water

power is calculated and the overall efficiency is

noted down.

MEASURING INSTRUEMENT USED IN TURBINE TESTING

Sl. No EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS PURPOSE

1 Pump Flow - up to 450 m3/sec

Head – up to 100m

Water supply

to test rig.

2 Electromagnetic

Flow meter

Size - 6"

Flow Range 15 -600m3/sec

Uncertainty - +/- 0.4121 m3/sec

Flow Measurement

3 Precision Pressure

Gauge

Range 0 – 100 m

Uncertainty - +/- 0.03% of reading

Head measurement

4 Torque Transducer Range 500 - 1000kN-m

Uncertainty - +/- 0.31 of FS

Torque Measurement

5 Tachometer Range 0-1000 RPM

Uncertainty - +/- 0.4RPM

Turbine Shaft

Speed measurement

Impact on places of cultural and religious

importance

India is the land of the religious country and the

one truth is that about river water from the

religious culture point of view. The main activities

is that the bathing in the river water on the

auspicious day, shaving the of infant popularly

known as Mundan, Shradha ceremonies etc. for

these functions the flowing water is concerned and

from there point of view the only flowing water is

pure and if the flow is blocked than according to

that it losses its purity.

Now coming to the non-religious tourism based

around the water ,adventures sports, trekking eco

friendly environment and eco-tourism are some

other areas which are totally depends on the river

water not only water but the river flowing water.

All are the human needs every want to do enjoy

the natural beauty and all these are depend on the

water.

The study about that topic is concerned and

focused on some areas which are belonging to

both religious and nonreligious view.

Aviral Dhara or Uninterrupted flow of

Ganga or river.

Diversion of river by constructing the

barrage and leaving the large area with

little or no water.

Effects on the pure factory quality of water

by constructing hydro power plants.

Effects on the non-religious tourism based

around the river water.

All the data for study is qualitative in nature not

concerning the quantitative. Our study mainly

concerned with the interviews conducted with the

members of the religious community, business

class’s communities, political communities,



village’s residents which are besides the river and

staffs of power companies. According to these

studies we find some results that are summarized

below.

By conducting the interviews there find some

positive economic benefits for local people like

they have some opportunities for starting hotels,

guest houses near the project area not only this the

companies those are taking the power house

project give the job opportunities to the local

village people, and also with the help of

government providing some money schemes for

those who were living near by the project area

site.

For the people who are strongly devoted to the

god according to their view economic

consideration are worth less when it is compared

to the flowing water river they are not agreed to

compromise there natural heritage by assured

them a good environment livelihood

opportunities.

The local people facing the adverse impact of

hydro project construction activities for example

damages to houses, properties, agricultural fields,

farming lands, water sources, cultivation land etc.

Those who were totally depend on the farming by

providing some money and resettle the case;

environmental issue is concerned is taken by the

help of the people hearing.

The Ganga as Goddess and Aviral Dhara

For those people who really believe that the

Ganga is a goddess and believed that its flow

never be interrupted or we can say that the Aviral

Dhara of the Ganga. All these people are totally

opposing the hydro project in the region of

Uttarakhand. They also oppose the diversion of

the river because as there mythology all are

factors which impure the water of the river. Just

because of that when the river is diverted the total

area which is in contact in the area of the

diversion side is going totally in the dry region or

very much less water is present there just

therefore affect the local people and also all the

animal which are living at that places are also very

much affect.

Harkipedi in Haridwar is only one of the religious

places which are accepted by the Hindu by the

diversion in the upper channel of the Ganga River.

The actual flow of Ganga is on the other side.

Sadhu Samaj accepted the diversion river.

Aviral dhara concept of the Hindu mythology has

the greater significance during the period when

Tehri dam is in its construction phase. That time

with the support of government all the issued are

taken away as per government rule.

Environmental impact

Environment it is one the basic needs to the

people who lived in this earth now going to those

area where the hydro project are developed just as

talking in Uttarakhand . The total change in

environment is now seen the monsoonal rain is

affected due to the construction of the large

reservoir of dams especially the Tehri dam and the

Srinagar project by which the whole area is

affected near the dam site. Because by

constructing the reservoir they actually stopping

the river flow and thus the large amount of water

is collect at particular place resulting the high

evaporation rate at that particular site which affect

the rate of cloud formation and also affected the

dew point temp as a result the heavy rainfall is

measured at that area and most of the time the fog

is seen which affect the natural ecosystem to

whole of the reservoir side area.

So from the good environmental point of view

there should be a proper measure taken place

Incomplete hydro project schemes should

be completed without doing any further

delay

A well planned environmental assessment

is done before constructing the hydro

project.

Environment is more important than the

development there should be a proper

focuses is done on these system.

People of Uttarakhand must have right to

use the river water for their use and

drinking purpose.



Political issues are not going to take as a

personal issue every government should

think about the environment not to the

profit to their personal use.

Surface finishing processes

Mechanical surface finishing process

It is the broad range in the industrial process that

is done on the surface of a manufactured item to

achieve the certain property. Finishing process

may be used to improve the corrosion resistance,

wear resistance, remove burrs, and other surface

defects it is also used i widely for removing the

surface friction. In many case these finishing

process are used to restore the original dimension

shapes.

Grinding and polishing

Grinding is the process which is done on the

surface of the parts such that its finishing is done

and also to minimizing the losses. Here a grinding

wheel is covered in rough particle which cuts the

chip from the metallic particles from work piece

making face flat or smooth Surface Grinders a

machine tool use to provide the surface finishing.

Mechanical stainless steel polishing is the

abrading process which is used to remove the

lines or also to the smooth grinding lines,

scratches, tool marks, parting lines, and other

types of surface defects which affect the

performance of the metallic parts. By using this all

the problems are removed and thus obtaining the

fine surface.

Abrasive Blasting

It is the operation which is forcibly applied or

stream of abrasive material against a rough

surface to smoothen it this process remove surface

contaminants. After that a pressurized fluid or an

air or some time it uses the centrifugal wheel is

used to propel the blasting material.

Buffing

Buffing is in category of the finishing process for

smoothing the work piece surface by using an

abrasive or leather strop. Technically buffing uses

a loose abrasive applied to the work wheel. When

it is compare to polishing it is less effect it leads to

a smoother and bright surface.The actual meaning

of buffer that is soft thick undyed leather which is

made up from the skin of buffalo.

Filing

It is the material removal process which is

generally used in manufacturing. It is most widely

used for finishing operation. Filing is based on

function by removing some excess material and

deburring the surface. The common material

which is used in filing that is sand paper.

A burr is a raised edge or small pieces of material

remaining attached to a work piece after a

modification process. It is usually an unwanted

piece of material and is removed with

a deburring tool in a process called 'deburring'.

Burrs are most commonly created

after machining operations,suchas grinding, drillin

g, milling, engraving or turning.

Sanding

Sanding is done to make the surface smoother,

consistent and also for removing the machining

marks or we can say that making the grain or in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning



the directional way. For doing sanding in the

machine parts “wet or dry” sandpaper are used

which content liquid resistant sheet blended with

silicon carbide abrasive. In this process the light

oil, kerosene or water as a sanding fuel are used

for doing the frictionless less and smooth works.

Cross sanding, power back sanding, contour block

sanding these are some technique which is used in

sanding process done on the lathe. Most

commonly used hand sanding and lathe power

sanding are used for getting the better finish

products.

Effect of surface roughness on turbine

efficiency

As the flow over a flat plate, all the energy losses

is directly depend on the Reynolds number and

relative surface roughness. The efficiency of the

turbine is thus affected by these parameters in

number of various ways.

The energy losses in turbine consist of:

Head losses in hydraulic passages.

Volumetric as well as mechanical losses.

By the study it is found that these losses are the

function of relevant Reynolds number and

roughness of the hydraulic passage,

The power developed by turbine is calculated as

Turbine power =

+ PM

PM= represent the all mechanical losses

mec= mechanical efficiency

vol=

hydraullic=

Here the quantities of volumetric efficiency and

hydraulic efficiency depend on the surface

roughness and Reynolds number.

Therefore the generalize form of the efficiency

equation in terms of the surface roughness is

given as:

ῆ=

Turbine efficiency associated with roughness of

different manufacturing process

Turbine

efficiency

Roughness

Pressure die casting 86.0 1.7

Investment casting 85.0 3.2

Milling 85.0 4.5

Laser 80.0 6.9

Electron beam 78.0 6.9

Oxyacetylene

welding

60.0 18

Sand casting 60.0 25

Flame casting 60.0 38

TABLE: Turbine efficiency with different

manufacturing process

Friction factor

The loss in the flow through the pipe when using

penstock is the major drawback of the hydro

power project which directly affect the turbine

efficiency and thus resulting the poor efficiency of

overall. So if in place of the pipe if we uses the

channel for the passage of the water by reducing

the surface roughness of the channel using with

fine frame of work this directly decrease the

losses with the cost and also by this the overall

efficiency is improved.

The losses in the pipe are derived by the Darcy

Friction factor which is one of the major losses

seen in the penstock uses hydro power plant.

hf=

Where,

f=friction factor

L=length of pipe

v=velocity of jet

d=diameter of pipe

g= acceleration due to gravity

The surface can be improved by various

manufacturing process or also by surface coating

to have the following advantage:-

By using this various friction losses,

hydraulic losses, and mechanical losses are



reduced which are contributing towards

the improved efficiency of the turbine

Smooth surface has the ability to better

efficiency and also take the longtime of

repair.

The entire component will remain safe due

to surface coating on them.

Cost required for smoothing the surface is

not so much high when compared with the

efficiency.

Some of the process is provide for smoothing the

surface of the component parts these are the

techniques from where the friction factor is

removed by optimizing the cost and thus increases

the overall efficiency.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Results of the turbine testing at different guide

vane opening

After performing the testing in the turbine it was

found that the guide vane perform the role in

determining the efficiency the test result at

different guide vane openings, here only the 20mt

head is taken when this is going through the

60m3/sec is taken because this is the head and

discharge where the efficiency is going to be good

and because of the low head scheme and

according to the area of the channel section we

take these two parameter for our designing

At 25%, the guide vane data was collected

for the head of 10 to 30mt and speed range of

120rpm to 200rpm and the maximum efficiency

obtained was 47%




obtained was 59%




obtained was 73%

At 100%, the guide vane data was

collected for the head of 10 to 30mt and speed

range of 120rpm to 200rpm and the maximum

efficiency obtained was 80%

From testing performance we taken the head of

20mt with the discharge of 60m3/sec and on the

behalf its and testing result we find

Hydraulic power = 11760kW

Mechanical power = 9417.69kW

Overall efficiency (ῆ) = 80%

Overall efficiency at different head:

Discharge

(Q) m3/sec

Head (m) Number of

rotation

(rpm)

Water

Power(kw)

Shaft

Power(kw)

Overall

Efficiency(ῆ)

60 20 147 11760 9417.69 0.80

60 25 172 14700 11907.87 0.81

60 30 196 17640 14664.23 0.82



Graph: Efficiency v/s Gross head

Overall efficiency at different flow rate:

Discharge

(Q) m3/sec

Head (m) Number of

rotation

(rpm)

Water

Power(kw)

Shaft

Power(kw)

Overall

Efficiency(ῆ)

60 20 147 11760 9417.6 0.80

55 20 141 10780 8516.3 0.79

50 20 136 9800 7644 0.76

Graph: Efficiency v/s Discharge

CONCLUSION

From the social and religious point of view

interrupted flow should be avoided by using our

type proposed scheme. Hydropower generation is

one of the major energy sources in among the all

the other energy sources and one of the largest

electricity production medium without involving

the damage to the environment and thus we can

say that the it is one the best sources from the

pollution control strategies and thus the generation

of the small hydro power project is one of the best

achievements from the energy point of view. The

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

20 25 30

EFFI

CIE

NC

Y %

GROSS HEAD

Efficiency

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

60 55 50

EFFI

CIE

NC

Y %

DSCHARGE

Efficiency



only problem is that the high initial cost and also

the religious problem but that were the major

problem when compared to the generation of

electricity. With the increasing demand of the

regular supply of electricity many new hydro

power plants developed but they were totally

disturbed the natural environment cycle not only

this during the high monsoonal time they play an

major problem to those area which were in the

surrounding region of that hydro power plant

region.

The total production from our proposed hydro

project is approx. 9.5MW. Which is sufficient for

supplying the energy for supplying the energy for

rural area? The main advantage is that this hydro

project analyzing the cost or when compared to

the other small hydro schemes which are already

establishing at the nearby sites this estimated

project gave the many benefit in respect to the

cost and by analyzing all the cost of the power

plants equipment it is best suitable in all respect.

Because of the construction work is totally

negligible and also the use of the local labour of

this project gives the opportunity to the village

people to work there and earn money. By using

our scheme the constant energy production of

electricity is achieved. This is one of the main

advantages of this small hydro power project.

REFERENCE

1. S. Khenas, A.Barnet “Sustainable

development of mini hydel power plant in

different developing countries” ESMAP

006 IBRD WORLD BANK, 2000.

2. Manuj Kumar Kesarwani(2006)

“Description of small hydel power plant in

the mountainous region of Himalaya”

Himalaya small hydel power

Dehradun(2006).

3. ArunKumaar(2006) “Estimation of the

cost effective in the civil structures of

small hydel projects which are constructed

in Uttarakhand” Himalaya small hydel

power Dehradun(2006).

4. Paisholiver, “Mini Hydel Power Plant

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Documents

Design of Diversion Based Mini Hydro Power Plant with ... issue/v2-i12/9 ijmeit.pdf · 1. Hydro power plant with storage reservoir. 2. Run of river plant with or without poundage