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Former colonies becoming independentDecolonizationDecolonization- By the end of 20th century : most of world in post-industrial stage

Decolonization= the forced or willing freeing of colonies by their European controllersMainly after WWII; 1940s-70s = dozens of new nations

Patterns of Decolonization- Differed depending on conditions:- Did they have to fight to become free?- Enlightenment of colonizer? Active assistance w/transition to freedom?- Serious native divisions?- Diversification of new economy vs. maintaining monoculture & extraction of resources- Settler vs. Non-Settler Colony

India Independence Groups formed before WWI:Indian National CongressMuslim LeagueDuring WWIBritain promised Indian nationalists movement toward self-government IF they supported the war effortGovernment of India Act 1919Transferred powers over agriculture, public works, education, local self-government to local Indian-elected leaders

However Britain still wanted India as a colonyIndependence rallies met with resistanceDid not support:Freedom of PressFreedom of assembly

Mohandas GandhiMahatma or great soulEnglish educatedHinduPracticed law in South AfricaFrom wealthy familyKnow for:Simple clothingNationalistCivil disobedience Non-violenceAttempts to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus

Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the government of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me: I do not like it, if, by using violence, I force the government to repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self

Wherein is courage required in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon or with a smiling face to approach a cannon and to be blown to pieces? Who is the true warrior he who keeps death always as a bosom-friend or he who controls the death of others? Believe me that a man devoid of courage can never be a passive resister

Passive resistance is an all-sided sword; it can be used anyhow; it blesses him who uses it and him against whom it is used. Without drawing a drop of blood, it produces far-reaching results.-- GandhiNon-violent protests1924 fasts for 21 days to promote Hindu-Muslim unity

1929 Salt March led protestors on a 80 mile walk to the sea to protest the governments monopoly on salt

1947 walk through violence-torn areas to advocate peace

Conflict between Hindu and MuslimsAfter WWII Britain gives India independenceTransition is chaotic with Muslims and Hindus turning against each other1947 India is partitioned:India HinduLeader = GandhiLeader = Jawaharlal Nehru (Indian National Congress) wanted a more modern industrial IndiaPakistan MuslimLeader = Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League)Kashmir (western part of sub continent Muslim) cause of future conflict

Conflict takes the lives of over 500,000 including Gandhi (killed Jan 1948 by a Hindu refugee)

Southeast Asia Burma (British) 1947Sri Lanka (British colony of Ceylon) 1948Malaysia (British) 1963Laos (French) 1949Cambodia (French) 1954Philippines (United States) - 1946Sub-Saharan Africa Africans served in both world wars

Discontent lay in treatment of Africans in mines, plantations, railroads and docks for a European controlled economyAll-African Peoples ConferenceAfrican leaders meet together at several conferences all over the world

Leaders:W.E.B. Du Bois AmericanBlaise Diagne SenegalKwame Nkrumah GhanaJomo Kenyatta - KenyaNew African NationsGhana -1957 Led by NkrumahNigeria 1960N = MuslimS = ChristianBelgian violentRuanda and Burundi 1962Violent Tutsi (minority) vs. Hutu (majority)

South AfricaAfter 1980 only white ruled country in Sub-Saharan Africa1913 - African National Congress (ANC) party formed to protest treatment of Africans1948 Apartheid (segregation of the races)Nelson Mandela led the fight against the apartheid and was imprisoned for life in 19641990 Mandela released from prison elected president of the African National Congress (1991)Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993Elected as South Africas fist black president in a truly democratic election in 1994

North Africa EgyptHad been independent since Muhammad Ali, but was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire until WWILeague of Arab States created goal to strengthen and unite countries with Arab tiesCold War1952 = Gamel Abdel Nasser becomes nationalist leader1956- Claims Suez canal belongs to Egypt (with US support)

AlgeriaControlled by French after WWII

1950 revolutionArab Nationalists (National Liberation Front) vs French supporters

1962 Charles De Gaulle (leader of French resistance during WWII) negotiated Algerian independence Struggle because after gaining independence mass exodus of over 1 million Europeans from Algeria (most of which held government positions). Middle East Arab IndependenceSaudi Arabia became independent after World War I

Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty

Complete autonomy was difficultEgypt due to Suez CanalCold War tensionsOther states due to oilOPEC

Turkey1923 unified as an independent countryMustafa Kemal (known as Ataturks)Abolished sharia law and position of caliphEncouraged western adoption: dressRoman alphabetWomen = no veils

WWIIDespite taking a loan from USSR to support modernization, able to maintain neutrality during WWII (joined Allies at end)

ConflictBetween those that wanted a secular state and those who wanted to once again become a Muslim stateGovernment back and forth between democratic and military dictatorships

IranWWIThree factions:Iranian governmentRussiaBritain

1921Reza Khan (Pahlavi dynasty) overthrows governmentCreates a military dictatorship Uses oil profits to modernize IranIn the late 1970s a decline in oil prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrestTurns power over to his son Muhammand Reza Shah in 1941

Cold War1951 = Muhammad Mosaddeq elected Prime Minister, and Shah is forced to flee country in 1953

US and Great Britain overthrow Mosaddeq and restore the shah to full powerUS wanted to contain Soviet powers during cold war Shah reforms:Secularized Iran and stepped away from religious traditionsTook place too fast and offended many nationalistsSeen by Iranians as a pawn of foreign powers

Iranian Revolution of 1978Shah fled the country Ayatollah Khomeini came to powerDefended Islamic fundamentalism literal interpretation of Islamic textsSocial conservatismDepicted the US as Great Satan

Iran hostage crisisNov 4, 1979 - Iranians stormed US embassy and held Americans hostage for 444 daysArgoImages of the Revolution

Images of the Revolution

War begins on May 15 and Arabs flee the region

Israelin1947Israelin1949ConflictUN will partitioned Palestine into Arab and Jewish areas leading to all out warfareSuez Crisis 1956Egypt had nationalized the canalBritain and France planned to have Israel attack the canalWanted control over the canal againForced to back down and control of canal went back to Egypt1967 Israel attempts to conquer the West Bank and Gaza StripConflict with Egypt border warIsrael able to gain control of Sinai Peninsula (military disaster for Arabs)Egypt blocks canal for years

Suez crisis of 1956

Israeli expansion from 1948-19881973 War continues between Egypt and IsraelAnwar el-Sadat = leader of Egypt

Peace (Camp David accords(1978) )Mediated by US (Jimmy Carter)Israel = would return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

ResultsCreation of Third World or Developing Worldcolonization or western pol. & econ. dominance = lag behind WestAreas = Middle East, Africa, Asia, Latin AmericaGeographically = North-South Split

Latin America US attempts to control like colonial powers once didPanama CanalBuilt with support of USUS backs independence movements in Panama and in return Panama signs treaty that gives US control over canal

Mexico1929 caudillos (military leaders) gain powerParty of the Institutionalize Revolution (PRI)Socialist governmentPresidents are chosen from the ranks of the PRIDemocratization = 2000, when Fox is elected and is not a candidate of the PRIArgentina1929 Vargas establishes an authoritarian regimeModernize Charismatic Wife Eva Person Evita = popular Supported Axis powers during WWII

Re-elected in 1946 and 1973Died in 1974

1976 Argentina fell under military dictatorshipMaintained control through force Terrorist attacks death of thousands

Guatemala Influenced by socialism and brought about major changes

Leaders Arevalo and later Arbenz attempted to nationalize focusing on taking control of companies like the United Fruit Company (run by foreigners)Dependent on the export of bananas and coffee

1954 CIA invaded and staged a coupRun by pro-US regimesDid not focus on helping the people of Guatemala (living conditions were terrible)US invades to stop USSR from gaining any power in Latin AmericaWealthy coffee growers, foreign investors and the military maintained control

Limits of Decolonization- Western influences remained strong- West dominates trade- Exploitation of resources- Minimal gains for majority of population

- Impact of civil war