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Directory of Languages and scripts of South Asia

Compiled by: Hakim Ali Shah Bukhari & Muhammad Usman Memon Revised by: Dr. Fahmida Hussain Edition: First 2010 Quantity: 1000 Price: Rs:300/- Composed by: Hussain Memon & Ahsan Laghari Title: Asadullah Bhutto Published by: Taj Joyo, Secretary, Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, National

Highway, Hyderabad, Sindh, 71000, Pakistan. Tel: 022-9240050-53 Fax: 022-9240051 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sindhila.org Printed by: Pakeeza Printers, Hyderabad

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Catalogue Reference Bukhari, Hakim Ali Shah & Memon, Muhammad Usman Directory of Languages and Scripts of South Asia Sindhi Language Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad ISBN 978-969-9098-35-2

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A-II) 1 ( X(G(Spices) Lemur) K,%>%B(

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A-III) 1 ( X(G Tarsier) I%\%1K(*( )2 ( p X(%K Late Cretaceous of Early Palaeocene )3 (p%)%7 V / pB(o K,!(1 ,dX(e& I1 )4 (K,n @" ,9(; @" *K(4.

B-I) 1 ( X(G Prosimian) GI%>9@(

)2 ( p *(%K Upper Palaeocene )3 (pB(o V K,!(1 ,dX(e& ,!(/ )4 (K,n @" C%7 C; /! (S%L @" C%t1 (9 .!K(78

B-II)1 ( X(G Omomyoidea(9iX(%/,/

)2 (p *(%K Upper Eocence )3 (pB(o V K,!(1 ,dX(e& ,!(/ )4 (K,n @" @" .! *K(4 C%t1.

C-I) 1 (G X( Anthropoides

)2 (p *(%K Early Oligocence )3 (pB(o V Monkey )6B,^( K,!(1 ,dX(e& )4 (K,n @" IB K(4 ,3%L @" .! ,.!.

C-II) 1 ( X(G Parapithecus

)2 (p *(%K Mid Oligocence )3 (pB(o V ,!(1 ,dX(e& 6B,^K )4 (K,n @" ,d7Io c.d3/ @" .! ( wT I!.

C-III) 1 ( X(G Aegyptopithecus )2 (p *(%K Mid Oligocence )3 (pB(o V K,!(1 ,dX(e& 6B,^ )4 (K,n @" K` < .! K(4 @".

C-IV) 1 ( X(G Pliopithecus

)2 (p *(%K Miocene- Pliocenc )3 (pB(o V 6B,^ /< .9$* )4 (K,n @" 6! ,d7Io @"K6/.

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D-I) 1 ( X(G Proconsul )2 (p *(%K Miocene )3 (pB(o V K$;(?)Ape (K,!(1 ,dX(e& )4 (K,n @" u,/ ,%/ ,MI! ,d7Io @" _9`.

D-II) 1 ( X(G Dryopithecus Sivapithcus

)2 (p *(%K Mid Miocene )3 ( pB(o V )K$;(? (K,!(1 ,dX(e& K (E (T; )4 (K,n @" K(S.! _;(! ;,!.

D-III) 1 ( X(G Ramapithecus

)2 (p *(%K Late Miocene & Early Piliocene )3 (pB(o V E (T;K,!(1 ,dX(e& K ( )4 (K,n @" _N ,! :!6! 6M K(7,!

D-IV) 1 ( X(G Australopithecus & Paranthropus

)2 ( p *(%K Late Pliocene & Basel Pleistocene CSb )1800000-5000000 ((1 )3 (pB(o V ,H(/ ` .K,!(1 ,dX(e& )4 (K,n @" g (9 -X(B(J) Speech (sg6G _>N ,,/ ,;(W < (/ mg.

E-I) 1 ( X(G Homo Habilis & Homo Ergaster )2 (p *(%K Basal Plistocene CSb )1800000 (1 ( )3 (pB(o V ,H(/ N K /K,;( ,dX(e& (T; C%7. )4 (K,n @" Ejaculations 7 @" I* : K(7,4 _T1 :[L

I% :!(1 &.

E-II) 1 ( X(G Homo erectus and Pithecanthropus )2 (p *(%K Mid Pleistocene CSb 1000000 (1 . )3 (pB(o V K,!(1 ,dX(e& 6X,H(/ )4 (K,n @" Interjections" K 81 (9 X$; @ : ,7I7

I% ;K 8! .

F-I) 1 ( X(G Homo Neanderthal )2 (p *(%K Late Pleistocene CSb )35000 - 120000(1 ( )3 ( pB(o V K,!(1 ,dX(e& ,H(/ )4 (K,n @" ,MIsolating,M $ $ ,=B .

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F-II) 1 ( X(G Homo- Sapiens )2 (p CSb30000 - 45000(1 )3 (pB(o V ,H(/K,!(1 ,dX(e& )4 (K,n @" c.d3/,%B,M.

F-III) 1 ( X(G Homo- Sapiens

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G) 1 ( X(G ,H(/Homo )2 (p Holocene) 10000(1 (

pB(o V: ,H(/ /(T; ,%B,M ;INInflecting Languages

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,! k%*I* _! @" (E (*K )Dialect was set of Sounds before the evolution of speech ( B,M K ,JK I < K(/ )Degree ( wT IG !" ,)Kind ( ,9 K(L mg K(/ !" :;( FI7

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Origin of languages is traced into involuntary animal- like sounds, promoted by interesting sight and feelings and to attempt to imitate sounds.

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1(^ ,& :; k1(/ -=>1 k1: Throughout a million or more years population have been constantly dropping items from or adding

their linguistic heritage. All such languages have changed so profoundly, and at such a pace that no known languages offer the slightest clue as to the kind of language spoken in early Pleistocene. (Before 1000000 years) General Anthropology by Melville Jacobs and B. Stern.

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,H(/. ,9 p?(? ptBK I[;David Diringer:* !" ,%L :

If culture is, as many scholars think, a communicable intelligence, and writing is, one of the most important means of communication, the only one indeed which can defy time and space- it is not an exaggeration to any that writing is the main currency of mans civilization. Where ever there has been civilization there have been writing and reading in the remote past as in the present day. Written langaue has become the vehicle of civilization, and so of learning and education; writing is thus one of the main aspects of culture which clearly distinguish mankind from the animal world.

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We are also unable to decide whether the cuneiform system was invented in Mesopotamia or elsewhere, which seems more probable. The question of the origin of the early linear script of the Elamites of the Hierglyphic writing ..... and the Indus valley script which have probably some connection with the origins of cuneiforem writing makes the whole problem stillmore intricate.

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21

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N R1 (%/!" :? ( %B,M /(1 p J(1 - & Kg m( w! < ; B,M ?IY , .,%& f L ,;(?@ o (9 I%>o .?(? ;IY ;$.7 K,4" %;, < ;(?@ /(1.

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!" :? qB =G E !" . !" B,M /, (9,>7 I>E . ,/(Mon) X Id%7 (/I? .%X(& (D9 m,1 (E o% & f X(B(J :? < i.

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23

!" .Logographic, Pictographic, Idiographic logosyllabic, Rebus, Idio- phonetic.oI? !" )d/ wB(Y R1 ( %?()B (! :*Alphabetic !" :; .

, !" ,%./ (/ X(b,E K(" (G6! %!,/ ,%4 ,9K ptB _9` (E R1 $V*3750$%& ^ B . :? _9`60!" ,%./ ,& (1 ptB (* !" (/ 6! E . dtB

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,%& ./ ,S%B %X(* d1 (E _! :* !" . p?(? eJ ?(To $9(4 ! :* !" I!( (/ 8 , ,! XK (; . < K(Y j; < j; < dtB5 < !" ,%;(; )%X(* p ! ( X(X]Y c.d3/ ,%;(; ! :* !"

=! (9" kd7 < CS4 CS%1]7 < K K m,G wT :M ( ptB $9(4 . :=7 ( ptB 1(& %! (;,>;:

28

J 6 ?: 17

2Aariya 39 Asamese 39

Amri 40 /Ao 40

Aiton 41 2-Athpariya 41 %PAtong 41 D:Apatani 42

/ /A-Puckiwar 42 %Achang 42 _Achchami 42

- 7Idu- mishmi 43 Adi 43

/* Adi, Galo 44 aDArakanese 44

*Urali 45 %Aranadan 45

(Urdu) 45 * 46

&Irula 47 } Are Bahshe 47

P/} !Stod Bhoti 47 :/} (Spiti Bhoti) 48

/(Asuri) 48 /+ /(Ushojo) 48 /(Aka-Bo) 49

- (Aka- Bea) 49 +(Aka-jeru) 49

- (Aka- Cari) 49 /(Aka-Kora) 49

- /(Aka- kol) 49

29

(Aka-Kede) 49 - * (Akar- Bali) 50

(Akha) 50 2(Agariya) 50 :&(Ullatan) 50

*(Allar) 51 O%Andh 51

D */2 R%Andoman Creole Hindi 51 R%- a// (Indo- Portuguese) 51

a2%(English) 52 5%Angika 54

N%(Anal) 55 /%(Anu) 55

ZAwadhi 56

9 / 9Od 56

K/ (Or muri) 56 2 / 2K(Oriya) 57 2 / /2 2K(Oriaya, Adivasi) 57 2 / 2K 2(Oriya, Desia) 58

2 / * 2K(Oriya Script) 58 /(Usui) 59

/+ /(Oko- Juwoi) 60 /(Ahom script) 60

%(Ahirani) 60 2(Aer) 61

(2Allar 61 h@ I2(Elmite Script) 61

/2Aimole 63 * u:Batak Script 63

2(Bazigar) 65 Bagri 65 I*(Balti) 66

@K()

30

/T(Bidori) 66 T(Bujyal) 66 (Bukhari) 67

(Badaga) 67 /(Braamu) 68

} (Brij Bhasha) 68 a(Burmese Script) 68

5(Burushasky) 71 (Broks kat) 72

5(Brahui) 72 * (Brahmi Script) 73

/ (Birhor) 74 57(Bushkurk) 74 2/ /D7(Bishnu Puria) 74

5(Buksa) 75 / /(Bugan) 75

Bageli 75 ((Bilas Pari) 76

%} /(Balochi, Eastern) 76 / D*) ((Balochi, Western) 77

j9 /(Balochi, Southern) 77 D(Bantawa) 78

2D(Bundeli) 78 *D(Bengali) 79

* *D 79 + :/(Bote Majhi) 81

/(Bodo) 82 + /(Bodo Parja) 82

%/(Bondo) 82 %(Byangsi) 83

2/(Bauria) 83 (Biete) 83

2(Barelie Palya) 84

31

/ 2(Bereli Pauri) 84 /- 2(Bareli Rathwi) 84

((Bellari) 85 (Beary Bashe) 85

&/P}(Bhatola) 85 2}(Bharia) 86 *}(Bhalay) 86

2} / }(Bhaya) 86 }(Bhatri) 87

*}(Bhatiyalli) 87 /c/} 87

T%/}(Bhunjia) 88 }(Bhili) 88

/*/4 } 88 }(Bhilali) 89

5+:(Tajik) 89 N:(Tamil) 91

* N:(Tamil Script) 91 * I:(Tibatianu Script) 93

*/ I:(Tibatian, Cetral) 95 5:(Tukpa) 96

A7 D:(Tamang Estern) 96 % D:(Tangchangya) 96

/:(Tiwa) 97 /:/:(Toto) 97 /: / K/:(Toda) 97

*/:(Toorwali) 97 /:(Turi) 98

/*/: (Tulu) 98 /*/:(Tulu) 98

:(Terahi) 99 :(Terresa) 99

/:(Telgu) 100

32

* /:(Telugu Script) 100 %/I -(Tharu, Chitwania) 101 /D2! -(Tharu, Danguara) 102

% -(Tharu, Rana) 102 2/ -(Tharu, Khathoriya) 103 (/ -(Tharu, Kochila) 103

%-(Thaana Script) 104 * -(Thai Alphabet) 105

ID* N- 107 D-(Thangmi) 107 5P(Takri) 107 (Parsi) 108

- (Parsi- Dari) 109

*(Pali) 109 (H Pon) 109

D %(Panch Pergania) 110 %(Paniya) 110

(Pao) 110 %I(Pattani) 110

A7 :}(Perbhati Eastern) 111 :}(Parbhati, Westren) 111

(Pardhan) 112 Z(Pardhi 112

D2(Prenga) 112 /I7(Pashto) 112 /I7(Pashto) 114

A7 : 7(Pashayi, North Eastern) 115 (Palpa) 115 &/ (Palula) 115

(Palyan) 116 A7 TD(Panjabi, Eastern) 116 TD(Punjabi, Western) 117

/ TD(Panjabi Mirpur) 117

33

/D(Pankhu) 118 * D(Pangwali) 118

/q/(Potho wari) 118 /(Puma) 119

%2 %/(Pongyong) 119 /(Powari) 119

/*/ K(Pahari, Kullu) 120 / K(Pahari Mahasu) 120

/D(Pango) 120 /(Purik) 121

+(Jad) 121 5I+(Jatki) 121 *+(Jadgali) 121

+(Jarawa) 122 +(Jirl) 122

+ (Jumli) 122 D+(Jandavra) 123

D+(Jang) 123 D D+(Jangshang) 123

q /2!/+(Judaeo- Mirathi) 124 /+(Juray) 124

/D+(Jangochi) 124 %+(Juang) 124

/+(Jausari) 125 %+(Jerung) 125

%(Chittagongian) 125 %(Chepang) 126 5(Chakma) 126 /5(Chukwa) 126 (Chamari) 126

(Chambeali) 127 / / (Chin Bawm) 127 ID(Chantiyal) 128

34

!- (Chin Thado) 128 RP (Chin Tedum) 128 (Chin Paite) 129

/D (chin chinbon 129 / (Chin Khumi) 129

- D(Chauntha) 130 %- D(Chang Thang) 130

(Chin, mara) 130 (Chin Hak) 130 & (Chin Halam) 131

K/(Chodri) 131 /(Churahi) 131

%/(Chaudangsi) 132 /(Chaura) 132 (Chiru) 132

/ / (Chilliso/ Chilisi) 133 *D(Chinali) 133 /D(Chenchu) 133

E3 I_(Chhattis garhi) 134 D_(Chhalung) 134

D: _(Chhintange) 134 %2 @(Khamyang) 135

(Darai) 135 /%(Danau) 135 (Dubli) 135 (Darmiya) 136 (Duruwa) 136

(Dari) 137 * (Dari) 137

(Deccan) 138 (Dimasa) 138

(Dameli) 139 *%(Dungmali) 139

35

(Dura) 139 /* (Dolpo) 139 N2(Dimal) 140

* %/2 140 2(Dehwari) 143

%&Z(Darlong) 143

5%Z (Dhanki) 143

/%Z(Dhanwar) 143 2Z(Dhodia) 144

%Z(Dhundari) 144 2Z(Dhivehi) 144

!(Durimiya) 145 7!(Digro-Mashmi) 145

N} %!(Dungra Bhil) 145 !(Dogri) 145 !(Domari) 146

*/4 !(Domaaki) 146 ! (Dumi) 147

2!(Degaru) 147 /2!(Deori) 147

5P(Dhatki) 148 }(Rabha) 148

-(Rathawi) 149 D (Rajbansi) 149 %I+(Rajastani) 150

+(Raji) 150 I*(Ralti) 151 (Rawat) 151

%T%(Ranjana Script) 151 / %(Rang khol) 153

%(Rawang) 153 (Ruga) 153 &(Ravula) 153

36

%2(Riang) 154 2(Reli) 154

(Zyphe) 154 %@(Zakhring) 155

5%(Zangskari) 155 %- D+ (Dzongkha) 155

%&+(Saja Long) 156 (Sake chep) 156

(Saam) 156 2 (Sam Vedi) 157

%(Sansi) 157 (Savi) 157

2 (Sadri oraon) 157

* IO 158

* O(Siddham Script) 158 * (Sarada Script) 159

5(Seraiki) 160 * 5(Seraiki Script) 161

%2(Syriae) 162 */52(Sarikoli) 165

( 2/ 5D* Sirlankan Coreoli Malay

165

5(Sikkimese) 165 % P((Syloti Nagri) 166

(Sylhati) 167 (Simte) 167

%(Sampang) 168 /(Sumcho) 168

(Sumerian) 168 *IDSantali Alphabet 170 *DSantali 171

ODSindhi 171 N} ODSindhi Bhil 172

37

* OD 172 5DSanskrit 174 5D* Sanskrit 175

/DSunwar 177 *DSinhali 178

/Sora 180 * /Sourashtara Scripts 180

D %/Sorang sompeng 181 / /Suraj Puri 181

D*/(Sulung) 182 %/Sunam 182

%/Sonha 182 uSiak Chak 183

Siyin 183 5Seke 183

NDDSentinel 183 Shah Mukhi 184

Sherpa 184 (D Tshangla 185

D} /Sham peng 186 :Shekhawati 186

D / DShina 186 %I/ DShina kohistani 187

DShendu 187

* Arabic Script 187

Persian/Farsi 188

/ A7(Farsi Eastern) 190

/Phudagi 190 5Phake 190 +/DA(Kunauji) 191 :Kati 191 Kadar 191

Kaikadi 192

38

&Kalami 192 P/5*Kalkoti 192

/ Kamar 193 %Kangri 193

%Kani kiran 193 Kupia 193

Kachari 194 Kachhi 194

*Kudmali 195 * RKadamba script 195

(Karbi) 196 /(Kurmukar) 196 /* (Kurmba, Alu) 196

* I7(Kushtian wali) 197 7(Kashmiri) 197 7* (Kashmiri Script) 197

D5(Kukna) 198 D(Kulung) 199 D(Kalanga) 199

K D} (Kumar Bhang Paharia) 200 D(Kanashi) 201

TD(Kanjari) 201 ED(Kunnada) 201 ED* (Kannada) 202

D(Kannauri) 203 :/} D(Kannauri Bhoti) 203

*/5 D(Kinnauri Chitkoli) 204 T2 D(Kannauri Harigan) 204

P/(Kota) 204 /(Koch) 204 /(Koda) 205

// / K/(Kodagu) 205 2/ / 2K/(Kadiyo) 205

39

//(Koraku) 205 //(Korku) 206

/(Korwa) 206 /(Kurux) 206

/ (Kurumba, Beta) 207 /D+ /(Kurumba Jennu) 207

{/(Kurumbha) 208 /* %/ (Kurunga, Alu) 208

2/(Korichiya) 208 / 2/(Korega Kora) 209

/ 2/ (Korega Mudu) 209 /(Kok Borok) 209

: &/(Kolami, North wetren) 209 A7 9 &/(Kolami South esten) 210

%/*/ (Kulung) 210 */(Koli Parkari) 210

*/ */(Koli, Kachi) 211 29 */(Koli Wadiyara) 211

/(Kom) 212 %//(Kumauni) 212 %/ 213

%5%/(Konkani) 213 a%/ D5%/(Konkani Goanese) 213

/(Kuvi) 214 OD %I/(Kohistani Sindhu/ Indus) 214

/(Kui) 214 %/(Koireng) 215

2/(Koya) 215 ((Kalasha) 215

D(Camling) 216 I(Khamti) 216

I(Khitan) 217 (Khirwar) 218

40

2D(Khandesi) 219 /(Khowar) 219

%I(Khetarani) 220 2(Kharia) 220

- 2(Kharia Thar) 220 :(Gata) 220 (Garo) 221 I(Gupta) 221

*/4 :T(Gujarati) 223

:T * (Gujrati) 223

* D:/ R(Gadaba Pottang Ollar) 225 2OD R(Gadaba Mundili) 225

((Gurgula) 225 * (Gurmukhi Script) 226

% *(Grantha Script) 228 (Groma) 230 (Gurun) 230

72(Garasia Adiwasi) 230 /+ 72(Garasia Rajput) 230

/ E(Gadaba Bodo) 231 R E(Gaddi) 231

OD(Gandhari) 231 ID(Gangte) 232

I /(Gawar Bati) 232 +/ / +/(Godari) 233

/ (Godwari) 233 /(Gowro) 234 / / Gori 234 2/ / 2/(Goaria) 234

2: %/(Goondi Northern) 235 j9 %/(Gondi, Southern) 235

&/ / &(Gowlan) 236 */ / *(Gowli) 236

41

(Gahri) 236 r(Gamit) 237

(Ghera) 237 @*(Ladakhi) 237

/* (Lisu) 238 *(Lambdi) 238

%5*(Lamkong) 239 RD*(Landa Script) 239

Z/*(Lodhi) 240 /*(Loarki) 241

M I%/*(Lontara and Makasar Script) 241 E /*(Lohar Gadi) 242 N* /* (Lohar Lahul) 243

D*(Landa/ Lahnda) 243 *(Lepcha) 244 ** (Lepcha) 244

K(Marwari) 246 2(Maria) 247

% 2(Maria Dandami) 247 A7 (Magar Eastren) 247

D &(Mala Pandaram) 248 2&(Malavadan) 248

K (Mal Paharia) 248 /2* / 2*(Maldevian) 249

/ *(Malan Kurawan) 249 ! %(Manna Dora) 249

%(Mannan) 250 2/T% %(Hmoong Njua) 250

/*(Malvi) 250 (Maiyan) 251

7 /T(Miju- Mishmi) 251 K/T(Majhwar) 251

/ *(Mahali) 252

42

(Mirgan) 252 (Mru) 252 a(Mizo) 253

(Magahi) 253 2((Malaryan) 253

2( / *2((Malayam/ Malayalum) 254 *2( *(Malayalum) 254

D / D(Mina) 256 TD(Munji) 256

D(Manda) 257 D(Mundari) 257 D* (Mundari Script) 257

*2RD(Mandeali) 258 DD(Manangba) 259

/ D(Mani Puri) 259 / / /(Mawachi) 261

/-/ (Muthuwan) 261 * /(Modi Script) 262

9 2/(Muria Farwestern) 263 A7 2/(Muria, Eastern) 263

2/(Muria, Westren) 263 /(Musasa) 264

/(Mugom) 264 D/(Moinba) 265 I(Meiti) 265

(Maithili) 266 q / q(Marathi) 267 q /q* (Marathi Script) 267

j(Memoni) 268 :/(Mewati) 269

/(Mewari) 269 A7 %/(Meohang Eastern) 270 %/(Meohang, Westren) 270

43

%(Na) 270 %(Naaba) 271

%%(Nachering) 271 %(Pnar) 271

/%(Narphu) 272 / %(Naga, Ao) 272

% D2 2: (Naga, Northern Rengma) 272 /% %(Naga Inpui) 272

% %(Naga, Angami) 273 I: %(Naga Tutsa) 273 /:%(Naga Tarao) 273

D- %(Naga, Thangal) 274 N D- %(Naga, Thang Khul) 274

R %(Naga Pidgin) 275 / %(Naga, Purum) 275

/ %(Naga, Puimi) 275 D %(Naga chang) 276

/ %(Naga, chokri) 276 D2 j9 %(Naga, Southeren Rengma) 276

% %(Naga, Rongmei) 277 2 %(Naga, Zeme) 277

2 %(Naga, Mzeme) 277 ID %(Naga Sangtam) 278

/ %(Naga, Sumi) 278 / %(Naga, Phom) 278

-/ %(Naga Cothe) 279 %(Naga Kharam) 279

// %(Naga, Khoibu) 279 a %(Naga, Kezha) 280

% /% (Naga, Khiam niungan) 280 % -/*(Naga, lotha) 280

D* %(Naga, Laing mai) 281

% (Naga, Maran) 281

44

% % (Naga, Marang) 281

/ %(Naga, Mao) 281

% D / (Naga, Mon Sang) 282

% /2/ (Maga, Moyon) 282

% /%(Naga, nocte) 283

% /% (Naga, Wancho) 283

% D2(Naga, Yimchungru) 283

%(Nubri) 284

%(Nisi) 284

a%(Nafamese) 285

/5%(Nicobarese, Car) 285

D /5%(Nicobarese, Central) 285

N%(Nagar chal) 285

%(Nimadi) 286

/%(Newar) 286

%(Nahari) 287

*%(Nahali) 287

*%(Nepali) 288

@(Wakhi) 288

9(Waddar) 289

(War) 289

*(Varli) 290

%(Warang Ksiti) 290

(Vasavi) 291

E(Wagdi) 291 */4 (Vaagri Boli) 292

(Vaghri) 292

D*(Waling) 292 (Vaiphei) 293

45

(Waigali) 293 /:/: / /-a:(Vatteluthu, Script) 293

/% (Varhadi- Nagpuri) 293 /(Vishavan) 294

%/*(Walungge) 294 /(Wambule) 294

D2(Waneci) 295 I(Haruati) 295 %/T(Hajong) 295

/(Hruso) 296 /%2(Haryanvi) 296

a / a(Hazaragi) 296

(Halbi) 297 (Hmar) 297

/D(Hindko) 297 D(Hindi) 298

/(Ho) 298 */(Holiya) 299

/ (Helombu Sherpa) 299 2(Yakha) 299

2(Yudgha) 300 &/2(Yarukula) 300

2(Yamphe) 300 /d -`* 302 /d - 305 /d - 310

/ 311

46

A: Aariya IN( : Id r9IG :9/ (d1$!:%* K,G-(G -,9K -(d1 - (4 -:!6J wS%b 1

& f X(B(J < X]Y . $;(W: C%K F.

A : -K Asamese g(; (%M: ?(1" (%/(1".

=B( : I ;(9(/ . IN( : B,M s !(1" r9IG CL (;K (d1$!][? (b,^ m,1 (E :? < r9

& f X(B(J .1997 ( ! k,/ K,GK 15,33000 < (%; K -X(B(J (\! ,,/.

$;(W : $! -$! X(%GK,9 - ;I9 B([? !" (/ $;(W ;(?@ /(1" . /(1" K,n C9K1 I7IG `([/ ,;(?@ X(9K B([? ([7

4 $;I^ r;IhG!" (/ (. qB : s qB (dqN (S% !" ,,/ < K,n s qB /(1" qB s B,M !

!" c.d3/ :=7 (E sIN(; !" K,n C9K1) qB IN(; ,1 .( ! l(1 (E M(E I !" $9 tB.

9K(* s qB : HIG K (& ./ (; ( dtB /(1" (E .K ;(1 H < J(/ !" C%tB B,M ! * %B(& /(b . !" qB ;,>; B([? ! . !

C%7 ,>I* , (/I4 K(>*" C%X(? $/ (d7 ,9IG < (?@1813 < ,%q qB /(1" ,S% s,! < .

_u, : < s qB !22Io $Y p.Y 37!" %n In . < s qB (?@ !9 C98N =)`- (conjunct $V* , 18 :? m,1 (E !" 10=9 c.d3/

!" C96 mg @" .\% :p7 -E -I% (E . IoIoIoIo p.Y p.Y p.Y p.Y Vowels and vowel diacriticsVowels and vowel diacriticsVowels and vowel diacriticsVowels and vowel diacritics

47

IoIoIoIo %n %n %n %n / / / /=9=9=9=9 ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants

Some conjunct consonantsSome conjunct consonantsSome conjunct consonantsSome conjunct consonants ` 7 ` 7 ` 7 ` 7 / / / /=9 k7I/=9 k7I/=9 k7I/=9 k7I/

A: -Amri ,B(; ,%M: ?I7 I/".

=B, : B,M !90 !" u$./ (1 s B,M ?IY 6S%1 ) & f X(B(J < ([? :B (S% ( 75 !" u$./ (1 %B,M ;(& L B 9K 6S%1 .

IN( : (1" (d1$! B,M s ! (E V. I7 K -E s$; Idq>!I? m,1 ? $G K(? _.? ]? XK (N I!,B ?$L 8N (1 K(7? ?K,? (dT

! 1(7 (9g :[%/ 1,E !(7 Id%E K,G(;,1a. & f X(B(J < V. . ! ( s B,M2003 k,/ (*6G 125000(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J .

$;(W : %L - d* d* - /I? !" (/ ; %B,M _9I%/ .

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!" B,M K(/ s ! !" ]% ( (d1$! . :* !" (%W , / 7(9]/B !" B,M K(/ ! w .1 K,;( ,B ! %!( (/(1 , (=

7 Ka/ 7 I7,; . !s!" $! K, !/ . A : (Allar)

(%Mg(; : B (Alan) K(/ B (Alan mar) Kg(Alar).

58

IN( : $! & f X(B(J < V. K,Gg(/ I7g(G :BI%7 (d1 .1994 K,GK ( s B,M ! k,/350(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J . !" B,M ,,/ !.

$;(W : uK C%K F .

A : OAndh ,B(; ,%M : ; IN( : !s$! B,M ;(^IG I9$; (;,.? (?"K$%o (?" ;K g,7 ID4K(/ (d1

& f X(B(J < r9IG :9/ .1991 (*6G ( ! k,/80000 K -X(B(J Ka! (\! ,,/.

$;(W : !" ,%& :; w7 V ,7 (f p?(? $;(W !. (%? _9` : $! ; !" ,.% _! , (d1 .X(B(J I%/ I7 ,eN !%(& :? ; B,M =G

%X(B(J .!" :dT? (1 pYK@ I7 ,eN & 6S%1 _! w%.V* ./ $! K, !!" X(T%Y .

ptB : !" :;(7.

A : &PN * -}Andoman Creole Hindi ,B(; ,%M : $! /i;

,=B : $!B(9]/ B([? K ;(d1$. u$./ (1 =B %B,M wu& ,=B . IN( : (d1$! 9i; X(B(J * D%M K(?,S; (> & f .K$? I\%.? K, (W I\%.?

%B(L K -E K$? B,M ! < ,J E s!" u,E K -X(B(J . (12002 ( ! k,/ sK(>/" 31000(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J .

$;(W : I79 B,M K (%? $! B, !" .

A: } - o (Indo- Portuguese) ,=B : !s !" (/ $;(W %B,M BI%7 .& I *,n 6 s B,M C/(*.

IN( : !s(d1$! (S.9I1 & f X(B(J < K,>%* I^ . (1 < (S.9I12000 ( ! k,/ K,GK3406 < (d1$! 700(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J .

$;(W : BI%7-a%N,LK,G !" B,M (%? . (%? _9`: 1656,! :;,7 d! , , s B,M ! (E !" X" m,G . %* eN * !

!" C?IN .(& %X(B(J < IN ,H(/ B,M s !!" $%X(B(J C/(* I7 ,eN :* :; .L,7 %M q%X ,9 (/ \>? B XgK,7 ID4K(/ (d1$!

& f X(B(J < s I9. A : o(English)

(=B : 7,7(Cockney) ,1 (Scouse) K,N (Geordi) K(%.%.[; I^ (East Angilia) /I?

59

1( C%? I;i9 a.9 ,&,X(1(Belfast) K(7 (Cornwal) i%BI>7 (Cumber land)%BI>7 a7I/ i(Central Cumber Land) I9(4 ,9 (Devon shire) ,9 $;I^

I9(4(Eastren devon) %1K (Dorset) w!K (Durham) I9(4 _%B DB,? (Bolton Lancashire)i9K c%B I9(4 _%B (Radellef)i%BI%/I&(; ,K(; (Norfolk) CT%7,%;

9,1 (%M i%BI? w&K(;!" (=B . !s (1 s B,M /I B,M 606S%1 (1 9I 27 (1 s 1K 6S%124 & EK p?(/ 6S%1 .

IN( : _./ (eN ( W IG ;(7 B,M (%9 -E K, (%? s ! _%H,d% X & XK * (! (& 9 p%>! E s B,M I7 -!K p*(/ :%;(I?

!" . Cn rbI? C%Xa%? (%.9ID1" (?K .X,.[; K$; (S9I/" IG :%;(I? I>%7 (9,>7 X(;I? i%Ba%X" K rbI? (9i; a%X" %/ 7 (\7

$! %L(d1 X(B(J In :; a9I[; < _./ 9,1 (%M (q (dT7(G !" a9I[; :? ,V9K , w%.V* IG & f . (S9I/" (%;(I? < S./ Id%7

m,1 (E:? ! s !" C/(4 K, s B,M /, K(7I1 B,M . (^ eN < (%;,& \& < s B,M ! w7 TX(1 w.Y ,1 . ,K , s B,M TX(1 E ! mg

!" Cn(o. $;(W : X(%/I X(%GK,9 $! $;(W %B,M a9I[; :B !" (/ .

ptB : & f tB < W /K) . qB /K ,1( (%? _9` : _%H,d% :%;(I?IG !" IN , < (%; 1999K,GK k,/ 309352280 ,H(/

!s(& !6G tB K, s B,M M B,M . < (%.9ID1"15682000 < (?I? ,H(/ 13000 < C%Xa%?55998 < ,/I? 58800 ) ! :? d!sB,M K(7I1 !" ( < (9i; rbI?

B,M K(7I1/, < s X(;I? B,M !K m( s B,M %;I < (9,>7 < (%%7 !" 8N (1 9I B,M K(7I1 < %L 1993 k,/ K,GK 54000

K -X(B(J < (%G,9 < ;(7 ;(! K, (W1986 (E,M K(7I1 B . < =)1976) (4929 ( (%>N B,M K(7I1 (;(N B,M K(7I1 H(/ Ka! _!)1977 ( ; , qB a9I[;,;,>; , qB a9I[;,;,>; , qB a9I[;,;,>; , qB a9I[;

60

PronunciationPronunciationPronunciationPronunciation K(LK(LK(LK(L

61

Sample text in EnglishSample text in EnglishSample text in EnglishSample text in English ,;,>; , ptB ,;,>; , ptB ,;,>; , ptB ,;,>; , ptB All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

A : Angika (%Mg(; : ,G]AG SL (SL K(S%[; [;" ([;K;IhG K(? .

(=B: %[/ E 9IK,G K` I;(N,9 . , s B,M !79 6S%1 ,=B e>!I? (1 .%%/ -G !" u$./.

IN( : $!9K(1 tB (t? I[/ K,q.J(G K(? eE (d1%4 K,G / K( , V. K,G K,G :9/ (1K(n K(1,[%? ,9I%N(E ,%;K,G ,%d7 K(? I*

V. ,X(q1 N 7 ,9uK" .( (S/ N u,N N ko(n iEKV. :9 I%N I7(G IN,9 .(D9 (9,q>7 (q%; ([? :B I% (%%X]/

< -G & f X(B(J .S%[;N 4IG (S9I/" $V* ,L , K -X(B(J ( c. !" (?" :? < (%;(I? .$! I? dS.7 .! \>/ m,1 (E X]Y %/ < (d1

62

%> (;(9B :!6J $L K,1$ , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! :? < K(7,? K,G !K $V*,& .1997$! ,JK k,/ K,GK < (d1725000 < (%; 740000 -X(B(J

(\! ,,/ K. $;(W , s B,M: !s$! B,M - GK,9 $! -$! ;I9 - X(9K" ; %B,M K(? W $;I^

!" (/. qB /ptB : B,M !s !" ,%!K I1 ,L < . !s qB IN(;,9 B,M s & f tB < .

) qB IN(;,9 ,1( : B(; w. < s B,M ! @(* ,^ B (9K(N I1,9IG , !" & a%BK

%! IDS9IX XI%! !" :[1 (7 I !" :[1 ,d%; . ! K(>1 !" ./ < K,n C%tB IY(4 !" IY(4 ,9IG , s B,M ! (S%

(1 IE !800 ,T%Y !" C%tB . (d7 K,/ , !(4I7 (! :? !" C%tB < (S%[;,%& ,>I* < ;(?@ %M m,G , . C7 ( !30!" C%tB (d7 .

!" ,B(; :? , sIY(4 $! K(>1 . i;(G $;(/IG ID7 K,1 /,1 m,1 (E

(d%/ $7 K,SL ID7 K$9I/ 7IG K$L ID7 ( wB(Y ( s B,M ! !" .< $V* Ka!$! (d7 C%tB < s B,M (S%[; * IN (d7 (d1

!" ,,/ C%tB < s qB IN(;,9 . !s !" $9 tB :? < s qB .%%/ B,M .

A : (Anal) %M(g(; : ;(1 ,/ ,/ , (; .1 g .

,=B: a%B (4 (/ ) !" u$./ (1 IN(; 7,7 (S% ( !" u$./ ,=B , ! (1. IN( : $!/ -E (d1 K,G L m,1 (E a9 k1 ,G,[%* V. L ,V.

f X(B(J (1 K(7 M $; SqL & .$! B,M ! m,1 (E (d1(/I? & f X(B(J :? < r9][?!" ,,/ u$%X(B(J :=7 ( ! :? < . (1

2000G 6 ( s B,M ! k,/ (*13853(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J . $;(W : %L - d* d* - /I? !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 . 9K(*: !" ,.% _! , (d1$! ! B,M d%/ I7 ,eN ,S% (Mieti)I7 .F(G ! E

([;(;)p?IG ([;(; (%X81 .(& !K < [ .!" :dT? (1 K(S4 ,G . K, !/!" (d1I7 $!.

ptB: \& / 6S%1 _! w%.V* p ! ./K ,%etB !/tB < W . < s B,M ! I1 ,& :;,7 ,7.

A: (Anu)

$;(W : %L - d* d* -I? / !" (/ $;(W %B,M C*(l F . < (/I? ( !700 -X(B(J !" ,,/ K . & EK p?(/ (1 B,M C; !.

63

A : Awadhi g(; (%M : T9IG K,G@I/ B(1,7 B(,7 K %? (? `,/ ` K(* .

=B(: G([N%? K,G @I/ K, K(* K T9IG . ` u$9 X(B(J < (q%;!" (%J(1 (%? IG !" c.d3/ (7 (E s B,M K (d1$!.

IN( : K,G (.1 ,tB K,G(d%1 I%E r9IG I* r9IG :9/ iE K( (d1$! & =X(B(J < (?" :B .1999 ! < (d1$! k,/ K,GK , u$%X(B(J

20000000) uI7 :M (,! $V* . !" B,M K(%V/ I>; ,%M m,G (E s$! (d1$! s !. 9K(*: ,& f ,%,7 ,=B _! , s B,M $! E ! :.Sl . CdS; (/ (4(^ I? `

!" . !" (9(>; :? I , s B,M !(N(/ * s` .! B,M $E !8S% G , s$ H(/ W d( ? K s,tB Cn $! :*, !" (/ $1 ` :* !" d( ,=G * (%!K f 1(G 1 .! 8B (d! S% !" B,M

,X` 6 . !" KI7 , s B,M ` < s I* s$! $9$. $;(W : $!- GK,9 ! $-$! ;I9 - !(4 K,4 X(9K" X(9K" !" (/ ; %B,M I7IG.

qB : & f tB < s qB %7 IN(;,9 B,M s !.

A : * / Od ,B(; ,%M :

,=B : !s & EK p?(/ (1 s *I=N D!I/ B,M . uK(/ )B (7 s B,M 7!" (*K :? (E ;(?@ ?(=G . !" I ,eN , s1 * ! . K, In ,;

!s B,M 88 & ./ (1 s 7 K,G K,GK(S4 ^ B 6S%1 .70 (E 78 & EK X6=S! (1 s B,M 6N(? Sb uK(/ 6S%1 .

IN( : < I4 u,* 9uIM 1 < (=G :=7 & f X(B(J :? .$! (d1 (dTK X]Y K ! :? B(Y 7 !" 1,!K (HIG ( 1 ! :* .=! ( CT; uK ,& [1 &.

ptB : & f tB < sIN(;,9 (9 1. ,o _9` : !" @(1 K(>Y $/I! < 1 S% (& !K < $V* (7 . w%.V* ! H(!

!" (7 :? .9 1 K,/ 1,!K , H(7ug C\% !" k .L :* (& ,$! (T9u !" 9 K < Cn ,W K (d1 . !" X(9K B,M Cn $1

!" uK Cn ! :* !" %X . ! 80 1 6S%1 10 K 6S%1 %X(B(J(& .

A : F- (Or muri) g(; (%M: K,/K (ormur) X,/K (Ormui) (dTNK(? (Bargista) 7K(? .

64

(=B: ;(/IN ;(7 IN,B (Logar). ! s B,M (1 B,M T9 27 s B,M ,dG 6S%1 (125 (E 6S%1 33 & EK X6=S! 6S%1 .

IN( : X(B(J < K(? 7K(? (dT;( (d1I9@ (W C%Y(>1 I9 < (dT7(G & f . ( ! < (dT7(G1000 < (dT;()2000< ( ( ! 100 K -X(B(J

(\! ,,/ . !s !" B,M ,,/ . $;(W : $! -$! GK,9 - X(9K" !" (/ (4 %B,M LI? .

(%? _9` : !" I , %B,M K * s B,M ! . * :* ,! ,%7 ,U !8 * (d1I9@ K,! (?" ,.% 6/K.

A : / F(Oriya) g(; (%M: (9u(Uriya) .S* (Utkali) u (Odri) K (Odrum) (%B (Oliya) (T9u (Orisa)

(9(Vadiya) (99(Yudhiya). =B, : $? C/(Mughal bandi).=B K(%V/ , (9K ! !" , . (9K 9I* (9K eE

,L :? K,G C>1 E (9K $B . K,1]? I*(Balasoore) (9K K,G(;$/ (9K .! (Halbi) .!" (=B j; j; K E =B I!.

IN(: u (d1$!9 (T( K(dT? K,G mK :!6J mK :!6J %d < V. ;K iE K K,G 9$/ ([? :B < V. (1" < V.";9IG Kr < r9][? m,1 (E

& f X(B(J . ( ! < (d1$!31666000 K -X(B(J , K -X(B(J C7 :* !8 $V*317000000$%& E .

$;(W : $! -$! GK,9 - ;I9 $! - !" (/ W(4 W I/ %B,M X(9K" . ptB: < s qB (9K & f tB) . qB X(9K ,1(

,o _9` : !s !" B,M < Cn B,M . (T9u :* !" (%W _!r9 K (& ,L E . $9 X(B(J :? < 1 B,M s ! :* ,& =[1 \L k1 s N,,/ < 1

!" I ,eN , s1 * IG !".

A : / K F(Oriaya, Adivasi) (%Mg(; : (9K X]% :%*,7 (Kotia) (9K :%*,7 .

,=B: 38 (E 6S%1 42;" 6S%1 !" X6=S! < =B K(%V/ =B 9IG K .80 (E 6S%185u :? ,=B ,! & ./ (1 (%T? 6S%1 9 !" u$.! < (T.

IN( : $!(d1" ;K ,7K r9IG(Araku) & f X(B(J < sI&(/ .1991 K,GK ( s B,M ! k,/150000(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J .

$;(W: $! -$! GK,9 -$! ;I9 - X(9K" X(9K W $;I^ / $;(W %B,M (9u

!" (/. ptB : tB < s qB ,[.%* B,M s ! & f ) . qB ,[.%* ,1(

65

(%? _9` : (%b,7 ,B !(Kotia)!" (?81 .$! !,& I7 K(G C98N ,.% , (d1 . (9 $! !!" X(T%Y.

A : / F(Oriya, Desia)

(%Mg(; : (%9 (%T9 (9K GK,7 . ,=B : !" I[; (9K 1 " ! & =tB < W \M IG . B,M s !85" 6S%1

(1 (9K 1 & ./ " (S% ; !" $9 X(B(J < r9IG K. IN( : $! & f X(B(J < V. G(>B GK,7 (T9u (d1 .2003 K,GK

( ! k,/50000(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J . $;(W : $! -$! GK,9 - ;I9 $! - X(9K" . (/ $;(W ;(?@ X(9K W $;I^

!". ptB : & f tB < W X(9K B,M s !.

7K(>9K : I7 ,eN K -X(B(J ( s B,M !G!" ,H(/ ( wT K(.

A : /F (Oriya Script) ,;,>;: >; Io $G s ! p.Y Io _9(h1 E =9 < !" ptB ;, / ,7g

!" $9 (%7 I!( X ,?IY c.d3/ (7g (%M !" $;,! C98N .p.Y Io / (7g(vowels) 7 :* !" ,tB 8N E =9 7 !8 %& < K,n IE B

`(Conjunct)!" (? ./ W >!I? < Cn qB s ! !" CdS; ( 9IG !" B([? K,n !" dS; :? qB X(9K (/ . I* (%9 -E B,M B([?

!" (/ 1 %B,M 9K . IE ( ptB !(Characters)!" ( ;,>; (W . s ! (!u,1 ,N IE I7 \! X tB * G F s =E p ,eN ptB

&!" (9 .,& =[1 X(!K < o b E s qB ! .1-ptB >!I? : ,eN (S% \! $9 tB * G C9K(; s =E I7 .2- ;I7 : :.Sl ,;,>; , ptB !

!" %! K .3 - 1K$/ (9 /(=N : ;,>; ptB ! ( ; Xg,N _9` IE!" CX(/ . s qB ,[.%* ,;,>; ! !" I(d/ ,eN (E.

!s & f tB < r9 K (9 (T9u 9 uK qB . (; ( ptB !12 $n & f tB %X(* (& ./ (E s,T%Y . $V* , =9 < s qB !46 !"

p.Y Io :* !8 / (7g(Vowels) 10!" $Y . !" ! ,;,>; , s qB. Oriya alphabetOriya alphabetOriya alphabetOriya alphabet KKKK qB X(9 qB X(9 qB X(9 qB X(9

Vowels and vowel diacritics with kVowels and vowel diacritics with kVowels and vowel diacritics with kVowels and vowel diacritics with k I1 ( qB X(9K I1 ( qB X(9K I1 ( qB X(9K I1 ( qB X(9K / / / /p.Y Iop.Y Iop.Y Iop.Y Io

66

ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants %n Io ( qB (9K %n Io ( qB (9K %n Io ( qB (9K %n Io ( qB (9K / / / /=9=9=9=9

NumeralsNumeralsNumeralsNumerals ;;;;

SampleSampleSampleSample ,;,>; , ptB,;,>; , ptB,;,>; , ptB,;,>; , ptB

A: K (Usui) g(; (%M: ; X,(Unshoi) X,T; (Unsuiy) X,4.

=B, : !s I%qb B,G (Tippera) !" ,=9 E s B,M . IN(: r9][?: ! s & f X(B(J < X]Y u(G ;([DL B,M .

$;(W : $! -$! GK,9 -$! ;I9 - X(9K" & EK ,1 (1 $;(W %B,M C*(l F. `(%? _9 : !" K(! K :%G ! !" ,H(/ ( k!/ $! .

67

A : *(Oko- Juwoi) g(; (%M : X, X,;, .

IN( : $! X(B(J < D%M (>9i; (d1 \! $9. !s !" ,,/ H(! B,M .!" :;,7 ,,/ K -X(B(J ! :? 7.

A : N (Ahom script) ,;,>; : !s ,7g _9(h1 < !" qB Io $G / p.Y Io" ,& !K C/(4 . !

3B w1K,& =1 CdS; (/ s qB >!I? . ; F(! (S% \! B,M X(& ,! =X(B(J . < ! (Y) (W) \& :;,7 K(L , . \& wdW E s B,M ! ,9$n :M !" ,%& . * (1" .% ,!13 (E s,T%Y $n 18 p/,So %X(* s,T%Y $n

\7 . m( s qB ,!19I^ s qB /(1" < (YI4 s$n . p ! =7 I\% I%M E s qB :* !" ,%!K .! ,4,7 . C7 < s qB !41 IE

(/ !"18(7g /.Y Io p(Vowels) 23=9 !" . ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants %n Io%n Io%n Io%n Io / / / /=9=9=9=9

Vowel diacriticsVowel diacriticsVowel diacriticsVowel diacritics p.Y Iop.Y Iop.Y Iop.Y Io / / / /,?IY (7g,?IY (7g,?IY (7g,?IY (7g

A : N(Ahirani) ,B(; ,%M: I%!

(=B : L,X(N C%/ ,X(N %B( B .,& X(E C%/ (1 s B,M T9$E ,=B , s B,M ! . IN( : $! _1(; ` K(?K$; ,X(N C (d1)/ ][?% .V* ,.7 ,X(N C

& f X(B(J < ID4K(/ V. . (11997 ( s B,M ! k,/ (*6G 7779000 (\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J.

$;(W : !" C*(H $;(W , !. ptB : ,& f tB < sIN(;,9 B,M s ! . ;I%! u$%X(B(J I%/ K(%V/ B,M

!" !K X(f p%>! =G . ,eN (& !K < 9uIM u$%X(B(J (eN ( s B,M !!" :dT? (1 ;` 7K(;,1 I7 . (E eN ( ;` 7K(;,1 < s B,M ! mg

!" @K (eN .IE (eN < s B,M < ! /I=N I%/ $! )B!" C*K (/ * IG

68

!" ,,/ I%W :? , )B s B,M ;I%! 2B(W =G. ! B(; :%b(^ :? s B,M,,& =t%B IY(4 .

A: (Aer)

(=B : I9 (?" > I9 ,J ,9IS . , s B,M !78 .%^ 7 u,[%/ 6S%1

,& ./ (1 s B,M !8 :* 75 (E 77u(MK 6S%1 s (1 77 s B,M B,7 6S%1 !" u$. u$./ (1.

IN( : & f X(B(J < (?" >% (?"K$%o W K ug (dT7(G ?,n 1 . !!" (9 8B ; 7 ^ u$%X(B(J (eN ( s B,M . !6G tB 1 R1 I7 ,eN

(& .(E I9 *I=N K ?(=G m,1 :?(& %X(B(J . pT; w%.V*15 !" 6S%1 . !" 1 IN (1 %B,M ;(dTK , s B,M ! . , _! , K -X(B(J ! :;,7 I9 H(! ! IG ,! ,9 8B I :!(?,;%X(B(J . s B,M ! K, !/

$! ,1 , K -X(B(J !" (1 k!/ . (12001 ( s B,M ! < 200 -X(B(J (%? K(\! . !s$%& wdW u !" (/ %B,M .

$;(W : !s! B,M $ -$! GK,9 -$! ;I9 - X(9K" !" (/ $;(W %B,M *I=N . ptB : 1 ,,/ B,M s ! - & =tB < 3B w1K ?IY . qB H,J ! ,,/

!" :;(7.

A : Allar (%Mg(; : BK(/ B dL .

IN(: X6/ ( !350%X(B(J $! u$(\! (%./ < V. K,Gg(/ :BI%7 (d1 . wdW :? ! !" (/ %B,M u$%&.

$;(W : uK.

A : '(Elmite Script) d>.9 =X(B(J & :;,7 :? 7 p ! . ,,/(Extinct) !" B,M IG 600 . < !s IX(q/ %4IG )p.1 ;I9 ( \! B,M K(7I1 . I9 !8 wYK$S1

\! ,,/ < pB(o L B,M s ! :* \7 X(!6L * . !s I^ :;(7 < K _! (7 $;,! & wdW < (1 _! ,7 :; $;,! ." I)1 , 9$n ! ,%B,M ,S% \

& wdW G E pB(o V =G I7 I)1 , 9$n ,%& L dJ I7 f,%& .(& f (9M wT b ( !:

1. d%>.9 HIG :(Proto- Elmite) < I9 ,S% !" ,;,>; , ptB HIG (>* ! ,! XK %Sb 9uj; s D/ ,S% (Tablets) Id%7 ,%Sb ! !" C%tB *

69

!" ,%./ (* J(/ w9$ ;I9 X . , !1000 ,%;(; / (E (Symbols) !" !" ,%[1 :; =!6G S% . W 3%/ !(Cuniform) !" K,n C9K1 .

2. d%>.9 %X(S%B(Linear Elmite) : !s !" ./ (* I/ 7 I9 ptB . !s & f \L CdS; (/ d%>.9 !" ./ :; d?( SG (7 IG .

3. d%>.9 3%/(Cuniform) : !s ptB 2500 . (E 331 . %! (>Vd1 %X(* !" !K . !s !" C*K (* W (7 ptB . ,%;(; < !(Symbols) N

!" C%& (>Vd1 .(%GK,9 1 /(1 , s B,M d%>.9I%>1 X (1 %B,M 1 IN,! ! , s \! $9 < W I%>1 :? tB . s ! :* !" F,L , 7

M ]9 9uK Cn !" B,M uK!" (; ( s B,$! uK , (d1(/ F(G :* (\! (9" 8B I7 dB(o V ; 1(G s ; %T/ C Ka! K(L

B,M (1,X$;,! $;" :? . K 8B (E (d1$! -E ,S% ,! ,.% ]9

,! ,9 %X(* . !" & %* * . ! !" ! ,;,>; , W.

70

A: 'Aimole ,=B: ;K ;g) s B,M ,>9 !" :? B,M B (1 B(; !:? ,=B , ( B,M s !

& AB :? (1 %B,M K,G I%L !" =9 E s B,M 9K,7. IN( : ,7 _q>* ,1 I%/,7 ,*(1 CG(; ,V. $L K,G / (1" (d1$!

& =X(B(J < X]Y K ,>9(E (V. G 1 ;(? ,1 (V. b( . (11997/ K,GK ( s B,M ! k,779000(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J .

$;(W: %L B,M s ! - d* d* - !" (/ ; %B,M 9I* (N(; L 7,7 /I? .

A : 7Batak Script ,L :? qB K,1 E ! . !s !" qB ;,>; Io $G . ! p.Y Io

) IT7aksara ((1 ,7g _9(h1" !" $;,! C/(4 p.Y Io (9 (7g (%M (vowels)!" $9 (%7 I!( X ,?IY (E 1(G (9 (/ (%%! . (%! qB s !

b,L / (E I*s ; !" $9 tB .1 (%%;i; _*(? ,.% , I*(/, !" (>.T/ ,S%/ $1 ,d9K ,>1K p31 $1 IG < I1 !

!" (7K . ^ B !6!" ,B E %./ .& ,=G @$; , -tB (%! , E :* $7 I4 -tB (E $eE b,L f $tB IE (/ I$B %! K .

qB ,7 qB ]G (/ s qB >!I? / qB _*(? (/ ,%dS; ,%qB . !,* _*(?K,7 < s qB ,%B,M _*(? .9i/ g,S[; K,>%* _*(? I9 _*(? (?

!" ,9$9 ,%tB. _*(?K,7 : !" B,M X(%.9ID1" s !(S% a7I/ & f X(B(J < (%%;i; 9I* . !

! ptBs !" :

71

Batak alphabet Batak alphabet Batak alphabet Batak alphabet _*(?_*(?_*(?_*(? Karo Batak syllabic alphabetKaro Batak syllabic alphabetKaro Batak syllabic alphabetKaro Batak syllabic alphabet K,7 _*(?K,7 _*(?K,7 _*(?K,7 _*(?

Consonant Consonant Consonant Consonant =9 =9 =9 =9

Vowel diacritics Vowel diacritics Vowel diacritics Vowel diacritics ,?IY,?IY,?IY,?IY / / / / (7g (7g (7g (7g(7(7(7(7 (1(1(1(1

_*(? (?,& : (b(? _*(? I\9 E !(Batta),L :? . j; (?,b < X]Y %XI* (%%;i; ! H(/ %./ M B !" B,M !" < %M I*(/,1 j; (! .,.9ID1" s ! B,M

!" .& ! ,;,>; , ptB:

Toba Batak syllabic alphabetToba Batak syllabic alphabetToba Batak syllabic alphabetToba Batak syllabic alphabet **** _*(? (?, _*(? (?, _*(? (?, _*(? (?,%?()B K $G%?()B K $G%?()B K $G%?()B K $G

Vowel diacritics with kaVowel diacritics with kaVowel diacritics with kaVowel diacritics with ka ,?IY (7g ,?IY (7g ,?IY (7g ,?IY (7g(7(7(7(7 (1(1(1(1

_*(? K,>%* : N B(>1 E !(Simalungun),L :? ? ! (%%;i; (S% !" B,M ,.9ID1" :

X]Y %XI*800000 !" B,M 7,B . !" ! ,;,>; , -tB. Simalungun/Timur syllabic alphabetSimalungun/Timur syllabic alphabetSimalungun/Timur

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