Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Sains Mate,.i IIISe,.pong, 20 -2l Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTON MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN INDONESIA

3b

Azwar Manaf.3, Ridwan2.3lUniversity of Indonesia ,Departement of Physics, Faculty of Maths and Sciences,

Kampus Baru ill, Depok 16424, Indonesia2Materials Science Research Center, National Atomic Energy Agency,

Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Serpong 15314, Indonesia3Indonesian Magnetic Club

ABSTRACT

CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN INDONE-SIA. Utilization of local natural resources for supporting the national industries is one of the important step in order to reducethe spending of national fund budget for importing the goods. Magnets materials have been used effectively as a basedmaterial in the many components including household, automotive, office and toys. Therefore, research and development ofthese materials namely Permanent Magnet, Soft Magnet, Magnetostrictive, and Giant Magnetoresistance materials will bestrategic manner, where the raw elements used for these materials available in the 'large deposit in Indonesia. In this paper, thepotential natural resources, the recent research activities, research facilities, human resources and the prospect of applicationof magnetic materials in Indonesia.

ABSTRAK

STATUS PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN MAGNET DI INDONESIA. Penggunaan Sumbe.Daya Alam lokal untuk mendukung industri nasional merupakan langkah penting dalam mengurangi pengeluaran devisanegara untuk bahan import. Bahan magnet yang banyak digunakan sebagai bahan dasar komponen-komponen peralatan rumahtangga, automotive, perkantoran dan mainan anak-anak. Sehingga penelitian dan pengembangan bahan magnet katakanlahmagnet permanen, magnet lunak, magnetostriktiv dan "Giant magnetoresistance" menjadi sangat , dimana clemen-clemendasar untuk bahan ini cadangannya tersedia dalam jumlah besar di Indonesia. Dalam makalah ini dibahas secara berurutanpotensi SDA, aktivitas penelitian sampai saat ini, fasilitas penelitian, SDM dan prospek penggunaan bahan magnet di Indone-sia.

INTRODUCTION

The role and strategic position of magnetic ma-terials in industrial world will be comprehensively dis-cussed by our invited speakers [1-3]. Prof. H.A. Daviesis highlighting research, development and applicationsof hard magnets in Europe. Discussion on soft mag-nets and their application is given by Prof. Peuzin frolI1France and Prof. Tsushima would talk on the currentresearch status of magnetic material in Japan. Theseshould provide us with strategic and important infor-mation on the magnetic materials and inspire a futuredevelopment of magnetic exploration in our country.In this paper, current research status in the field ofmagnetism in the view of availability of human re-sources, research facilities, natural resources and theirprospect applications will be shortly reviewed.

Some important factors in the national economicgrowth are availability of natural resources, educatedand skillfull human resources, and by appropriatescience and technology. At current condition, it isevident that the use of national funding to support theneed of material and component for industrial activityis to high. This situation is corelated with the fact thatmost of these materials and components are importedfrom other countries.

Magnetic material is assumed being one of stra-tegic components in industrial applications for thecountJy as they have a wide area of application in day-life time activity e.g in automotive industries, house-hold equipments, inductive components, children toys,high electrical energy power supply etc. It is not sur-prise to note that the National Research Council of Re-public of Indonesia ha$ promoted research on magnetsas one of five major research programs being devel-

oped.

POTENTIAL NATURAL RESOURCES

The key of success in development of magnetic

AzwarManafdan Ridwan 7

Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Sains Materi IIISerpong, 20 -21 Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

Table I. Tonnage of monasite and xenotimas a side-product of PT. Timah

MonasiteLocation Xenotim

(ton) (ton)

ex. PPBT, Tj.Pandan

402 84

PPBT Muntok 187 20

PPBT Jehus 4

PPBT Belinyu 0.5

Table 2. Fraction in weight percent of some

rare-earth elements in monasite and

xenotim

Monasite(wt.%)

Element Xenotim

(wt.%)

ThyLaCeNdGd8m

Dy

5.232.307.6516.236.872.312.822.27

1.2519.760.761.701.121.520.843.34

which showed the superconducting behaviour. Follow-ing these preliminary efforts, the use of this local rare-earth elements in magnets is also being developed. Thejoin-research activities between Yogyakarta NuclearResearch Center and Materials Science Research Cen-ter (MSRC) in the area of magnetic materials recentlycommenced after the MOU signed by the both sides.

MAGNEnC MATERIALS RESEARCHACTIVITY IN INDONESIA

There have been some magnetic materialsresearch activities in Indonesia. These are including inthe field ofpennanent magnets (R-FeI7-X and Ndfe\4Bseries) [11], magnetostrictive materials «Tb,R)Fe2series) [12}, Giant Magnetoresistance materials«Sm,R)M~Ge2 series) [13] and nanocomposite RE-Fe,Co-B based permanent magnets. Most of activitiesare financially supported by Government of Indonesiaunder RUT (Integrated Research) scheme, involvingresearchers from various research institutes like MSRC(BATAN), LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Sciences) aswell as from university e.g University of Indonesia (UI).Research of magnetic thin films for magnetoopticmaterials application has also been reported [14]. Apart

materials for commercial purposes depends greatly onthe availability of raw components for magnetfabrication. A specific example is ferrite magnets. Themain constituent of the material is Fe metal which isabundantly available. Consequently, production of ferritemagnets is still the biggest among other magneticmaterials in the world. In Indonesia, ferrite magnets havebeen commercially produced by PT. Sumi Magne Utama,a 100% Foreign Investment Company, whose productionscale reaches -1750 tons/month. The main raw materialsused for the fabrication of these magnets are obtainedfrom PT. Krakatau Steel's residu [4].

The development of permanent magnetmaterials has gained a rapid increase in applicationssince the discovery of rare earth-transition metals basedRE- TM-B alloys in 1984 [5-6]. The high value of energyproduct, (BH)max' for these alloys (main phase: Nd2Fe14B)has allowed a considerable reduction in the magnet'svolume or size. Hence,it renders miniaturization ofindustrial products that adapted with today technology.Regulation on exploration for rare-earth materials hasbeen actually made by the government several years ago[7]. It was stated in the the Main Sub Programs MineralResources of National Main Programs of Research andTechnology, 1993 (pUNAS RIS1EK). However, effortstowards full exploration of these containing rare-earthminerals in Indonesia has been very low due to limitednumber of skilled human resources, research networkfacilities as well as the ability to foreseen theirapplications seem to be one of the reason. Nevertheless,purification of the rare-earth element from monasite/xenotim has been started by research group ofYogyakartaNuclear Research Center of National Atomic EnergyAgency [8]. These ores contain some rare-earth elementsincluding Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Th, Dy, Ho,Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and Th. Preliminary survey data showedthat there are 15,000 tons monasit and xenotim availableas a side-product PT. Timah in Bangka and BelitungIslands. According to the survey these minerals are alsofound in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Rirang and TanahMerah). In other islands this ore deposit is still unknown.Tonnage of monasite and xenotim ores as a side productof PT. Timah exploration until Juti 1995 is given in TableI. Table 2 Lists fraction of some rare-earth elements inmonasite and xenotim as analysed by XRF

technique [9].Preliminary efforts and research on purification

of these rare-earth elements from monasite and xenotimores have shown that rare-earth oxides in the form ofY 2°) with the 95.52 % purity and of monasite in formofCeO2 (95.11%) have successfully extracted fromxenotim and monasite ores respectively [8]. Selectionof the two elements is based on the high fraction of theseelements in the mineral as seen in Table 2. It is alsocommenced by the necessity ofY 2°) compound for syn-thesizing ofYBa2Cu)07-x compounds [10]. It was alsoreported that the compound gave a satisfactory result

Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Sains Materi /IISerpong, 20 -21 Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

of national cooperation research, an intensive jointresearch activity in the field of neutron scattering underAsia-Pacific collaboration in the field of magnetic material,involving researcher from MSRC-BAT AN, State Key Lab.for Magnetism, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChineseInstitute of Atomic Energy and also Japan Atomic EnergyResearch Institute has also been conducted. The researchis mainly concerned with the structural investigation ofR.FeI7-. TM. intermetallic compounds and their magneticproperties. High standard of research results have derivedfrom these cooperative works and published in ScientificJournals such as J. Condensed Matter Physic and J. Phys.Soc. of Japan [15- 20J. Some published results were shownin Figures I and 2.

Tc and grain exchange effects on magnetic propertiesofnanocomposite alloys is in progress. In Figure 3, oneof results showing progressive Tc enhancement innanocomposite Nd-Fe,Co-B due to Co substitution isshown.

..., .., ., ' , , ' ,JIXI --:.-~lJ3'

lSOO

I~ Figure 3. DSC scanning result showing progressiveTc enhancemen t of nano composite Nd-Fe,Co-B as a function of Co content (22]~

~u.J~

,~u.~k~ wV"""""""""""'.'".'"".'.'!.""""."""""""'"'"The cooperative research is now being extended

to an intensive project aimed at developing high per-formance Rare earth- Iron-Boron, Nitrogen pennanentmagnets of nanocrystaline based materials bymeltspinning and mechanical alloying routes. Severalnanocomposite systems of pennanent magnet will beinvestigated both theoretically and experimentally.These are including application of micromagnetismand nanomagnetism models to study magnetizationprocess that are governed by interaction between in-trinsic properties and crystallographic microstructure.With the involvement of researcher ofMSRC -BATAN,investigation on crystallographic as well as magneticstructures could be progressed, employing sophisticatedinstruments including Neutron Spectrometer and anOxford Instrument Vibration Sample Magnetomet(,r(VSM). TechnologycaIly, the project is to develop a newmagnetic material for modem pennanent magnet ap-plications and scientifically is to open a new under-standing on magnetism of modem magnetic materials.

As an alternative methode some preliminarystudies of sample preparation by mechanical alloyinghave also been carried out. Preparation using conven-tional ball mill facility gives results in fOnD of mix-ture of supersaturated solid solutions in a dominanamorphous material. Preliminary result of soft mag-netic material based on Fe-Si-B [23] with various ad-ditive elements such as Ni, Ti, AI, V and Ta in simi-lar milling condition is presented in figure 4.

A r.J.t T1roI'.o;""1""-~ ~~

a .i .i ...,; .Ii .I~ '

29"

Figure I Powder neutron diffi"action patterns of Dy1Fe9~aat 65 K [15]

,.,

IiiI

~~~~,,~l~,1Lkl_~~.&~~::f

..,.~... .I -.'. ---

~ ~ .0 ~ .0 ~S eo ~ .s. .10 .~ .10 a.

...Figure 2. Powder neutron diffraction pattern for

Ho2Fe12Ga, (a) and Ho2Fe.Ga. (b) [17]

Research works on pennanent magnet materialbased on Nd2Fel4B series in nanocrystalline andnanocomposite system using meltspinning technique arealso being carried out intensively under an informal re-search coorporation between researcher of VI and Na-tional University of Singapore [21). The effect of Featom substitution in the Nd2Fel4B with Co atom on its

MAGNETIC RESEARCH FACILITY

A wide range of research facility belong to theGovernment is adequately available and this could

Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Saw Materi IIISerpong, 20 -21 Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

h. Mossbauer Spectroscopyi. Injection Moulderj. Several furnaces; sealing offk. Vacuum coater for thin film1. etc.

a",",E]~.~:s

3. Research facility at Telkoma/Telimek-LIPIa. B-H tracer for hard and soft magnetsb. Metals injection mouldersc. Electrical machines design lab.d. etc.

MAGNEnC COMMUNITY

40 ~O~. (d",.r"e) 60

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction data of magnetic-materialbase on Fe-Si-B with variety ofadditive element [23)

promotes useful scientific research activities. Although,the present of such equipments is located in severalNational Research Institutes and Universities inIndonesia, this should not discourage any magneticresearch being developed by researchers. Some mainequipments for magnetic investigation are listed asfollows:

The precise number of active magneticresearcher in Indonesia is not known, because not onlypublications of magnetic research written by Indonesianauthor is rarely found but also there has been no anysingle formal organisa,tion that concerned in the fieldof magnetism. Not until 1993, when some Indonesianstudents researching magnetism for their Pill studyreturned from abroad and found that their research canbe continued with no major constraints. Aware of thisconducive situations, there was a desperation ofmagnetic researcher to have a similar vision on magneticresearch and development in Indonesia. Strictlyspeaking, a magnetic community called "IndonesianMagnetic Club, IMC" was formed in 1997. Althoughthis Club is still present as a "critical embryo" offormalmagnetic community in the near future it has now beingproved useful for magnetic researcher to coorporating,sharing research equipments, exchange informations,enhancements of research works as well as creating aconducive scientific atmosphere towards strategicplanning of magnetic research, development andapplication of magnetic materials in Industries.

In the following, names of active numbers ofIMC are listed :

1. Dr. Azwar Manaf, M.Met (UI)2. Dr. Ridwan (BATAN)3. Dr. Bambang Soegiono (UI) 1

~4. Dr. Suyatman (ITB) ! ~5. Prof. Sularjo (ITB) 1 ~.

6. Dr. Agus Purwanto (BAT AN) ! !CO

7. Dr. M. Hikam (UI) t8. Dr. M.I. Maya Febri (BAT AN) :

9. Dr. Setyo Purwanto (BAT AN)10. Dr. Adi Ramelan (ITB)11. Dr. Rinaldi (UI)12. Dr. Terrymart (UI)13. Dra. Mujarnilah M.Sc (BAT AN)14. Ir. Djoko Triyono M.Sc (UI)

1. Available at MSRC-BATANa. A small scale of Tri-arc Melting Furnaceb. Calorimeter (DSC. DTA)c. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with

EDXd. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)e. High Temperature Furnacesf. Oxford Instruments Vibrating Sample Magnetometer

with a 1.2 T external magnetic fieldg. Computer controlled X-ray Diffractometerh. High-resolution Powder Diffractometer (HRPD)i. Small Angle Neutron Spectrometer (SANS)j. Controlled speed ball mill unitk. etc.

Of course, member of IMC is not limited only to thosementioned above, it is also opened to those who areinterested. Thus, IMC welcomes any new members.

2. Available in University of Indonesiaa. Vacuum Induction Melting Furnaceb. High Energy vibration millingc. Hydraulic press up to 60 tond. Calorimeter (DSC, DTA, TGA)e. Computer controlled XRD equipped with analyses

program softwaref. Qualitative and quantitative analyses (XRF, AAS,

ICP)g. ScanningfTransmission Electron Microscope

Prosiding Perlemuan Ilmiah Sains Materi IIISerpong, 20 -21 Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

PROSPECT AND APPLICATION OFMAGNEllC MATERIALS IN INDONE-SIA

0

~The use of magnetic materials covers almost

all aspect of daily life of modem human being. Someexamples of applications of magnetic materials can belisted as in Table 3.

Table 3. List of applications of some magnetic materials 10.

ApplicationsDevices

.Aco~tic Imtru~nts

.Actuators

.Foc~ing, Semors

.Gauges

.Electrical Machines

.Holding Devices

.Video Cassette Driver

.Etc

~~icig."~II!II!.Q

5u

.Automotive Accessories

.Biomedical

.Co"1>uter Peripherals

.Displa~

.CoMumer Electronics

.Horm appliances

.IndIBtrials Equiprmnt

.Laboratory Diagnostics

.Office Automation

.Power Tools

.Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The use of magnetic materials in electrical energytransmison is already well known. Specific example ofapplication for this materials is for core materials inpower transformers. It should be noted that, some largefraction of transmitted energy could be dissipated in thecore. As it known, there are three types of losses maytake places in the core during electrical energy trans-mission process:

Figure S. Relation between separated core loss incore losses per cycle (Wpc) and fornanocrystalline Fe'OZr7B, alloy (a) and foran amorphous Fe,.Si.B" alloy (b) [25)

W toto! = W c + W h + W,

netic materials called FINEMET based onnanocrystalline materials [27] seems offer a great hopeto increase the efficiency of process. As these materi-als posses almost zero coercivity which give almostzero hysterisis losses.

In Indonesia, application of modern magneticmaterials for instance, metallic glasses as the core ofpower transformers is still questionable. Despite newinformation on what new innovativ actions have beenmade to increase efficiency is difficult to be obtained.However, we believe the use of conventional Fe-Simaterials are still dominant in many powertransformers. It means a large amount of money is stillwasted as heat. The indications to be noted is that, efforttowards increasing the efficiency of energy transmision.~should now be particularly noted. e.g. throughimprovement of the tranformers core materials.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

In the light of above discussions, it is shown thatthere have been some challanges for Indonesian re-searcher especially to those who are involved in re-search activities in the domain of magnetism. It is seenthat basic raw materials for modern magnetic applica-tion are still available as unexplored natural resourcesin Indonesia. Despite a precise total number of e.g. rareearth ores resources is not known, it seems that an in-tensive research starting from owned raw materials tothe valuable magnetic products is now feasible. AI-

where, W = classic eddy current losesc

W h = hysterisis losesW = anomalous eddy current loses.

For the conventional Fe-Si materials, some fraction of0.5% may be lost in the cores alone. It means, a largefraction of money is actually wasted as a heat in thetransformers. For instance, in USA about $ 200 millionannually wasted as unuseful heat in the coretransformers [24].

What is the effectiveness of nanocrys taUinecompared to conventional amorphous Fe-Si-B materi-als applied as 'transformer cores, can be seen in thefigures 5a,b. It is seen that the core losses ofnanocrystaUine materials at frequency of 50 Hz is60-90% lower than that of conven~onal Fe-Si-B and50- 70% lower at 1 kHz.

This significant deficient of losses innanocrystalline materials is closely related with Wc andWa components. Especially for the latter, componentwhich greatly reduced as being noted as the most in-terested feature of this nanocrystalline materials (com-plete discussion, refer to reference [26] and referencecited therein). However, a recent invention of new mag-

AzwarManafdan Ridwan 11

Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Sains Materi /IISerpong, 20 -21 Oktober 1998 ISSN 1410-2897

though, Indonesian researcher have been equippedwith extensive magnetic research facilities, the researchout-put is still relatively law. However, with their newconunitment under Indonesian Magnetic Club, future in-tensive research works could eventually result in valu-able research outcomes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are grateful to Dr. Kris Tri Basukiof PPNY -BATAN for valuable infonnation of his re-search works and Ms. Mujamilah for her help in pre-paring this paper. We also thanks to the organiser ofPISM'98 for this talk.

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