Cuba Embargo Affirmative Supplement - SDI 2013 (1)

8/10/2019 Cuba Embargo Affirmative Supplement - SDI 2013 (1)

1/22

Collapse Advantage


2/22

Collapse Coming Now Venezuelan Oil

A Venezuelan cut of would be devastating

JUAN O. TAMAYO, former Foreign Editor and Chief of Correspondents at The MiamiHerald and for many years the newspapers lead person in its !o"erage of C#$ana%airs, a &esear!h Asso!iate, '()(13 *+How will the ene-#elaC#$a lin/ fare afterCh0"e-s death12, Miami Herald,http3((www.miamiherald.!om(456'(5'(5)('47898'(howwillthe"ene-#ela!#$alin/.html: JHTe deat o! Venezuelan "#esident $ugo C%vez as given !#ee #ein to!ea#s tat Cuba will plunge into an economic ab&ss again i! Ca#acas altsits subsidies'estimated at well a$o"e the massi"e aid that the ;o"iet Union on!e pro"ided to Ha"ana.(Te impact o! a cutof will be tat te c#isis we now ave will tu#n intocaos' because te Cuban gove#nment as no ote# sou#ce o! )nancing,2said Miriam


3/22

AT8 No 9mpact to :iote##o#ism

:iote##o#ism is second most dange#ous t#eat; a#mstousands

;tephen rogram ire!tor for Homeland ;e!#rity at ColoradoTe!hni!al Uni"ersity. His $a!/gro#nd in!l#des assignments with the CentralBntelligen!e Agen!y, ;tate epartment and epartment of efense, 9(4)(13 *+Bsthe U.;. >repared for a Gioterrorism Threat12, Colorado Te!hni!al Uni"ersity,http3((www.!oloradote!h.ed#(;t#dent?e mustcontinue to wo#/ at ome wit )#st #esponde#s and ealt o5cials to#educe te #is/asso!iated with #nintentional or deli$erate o#t$rea/s of infe!tio#s disease and tost#engten ou# #esilience ac#oss te spect#um o! ig*conse=uencebiological t#eats. e will wor/ with domesti! and international partners to prote!t against $iologi!althreats $y promoting glo$al health se!#rity and reinfor!ing norms of safe and responsi$le !ond#!tK o$taining timelyand a!!#rate insight on !#rrent and emerging ris/sK ta/ing reasona$le steps to red#!e the potential for eploitationKepanding o#r !apa$ility to pre"ent, attri$#te and apprehend those who !arry o#t atta!/sK !omm#ni!atinge%e!ti"ely with all sta/eholdersK and helping to transform the international dialog#e on $iologi!al threats.

@nde#estimating t#eat would be dange#ous


4/22

thro#gho#t the !o#ntry and sto!/pile anti$ioti!s for emergen!y #se. A 6.11 stud&conducted b& te Cong#essional rogram Manager r. Mi/e alter for a Ho#seCommittee on Energy and Commer!e, ;#$!ommittee on O"ersight andBn"estigations hearing titled +Contin#ing Con!erns O"er Gioat!h and the;#r"eillan!e of Gioterrorism22, Homeland ;e!#rity,http3((www.dhs.go"(news(456'(57(68(writtentestimonyohaho#seenergyand!ommer!es#$!ommitteeo"ersightand: JH

Chairman M#rphy, &an/ing Mem$er eette, and disting#ished mem$ers of the ;#$!ommittee, than/ yo# forin"iting me to spea/ with yo# today. B appre!iate the opport#nity to testify on the O!e of Health A%airs POHAQ

Gioat!h >rogram and Bm honored to testify alongside my disting#ished !olleag#e from the Centers for iseaseControl and >re"ention PCCQ, r. To$y Merlin. :iote##o#ism #emains a continuing t#eat to

te secu#it& o! ou# nation . A biological attac/ could impact an& secto# o!

ou# societ& and place eno#mous bu#dens on ou# nation0s public ealt'

wit a #ippling efect on c#itical in!#ast#uctu#e> :iological attac/s a#e

pa#ticula#l& callenging because te& can be di5cult to detect> etecting

a biological attac/ as soon as it occu#s and identi!&ing te biological agent

elps save lives> The early dete!tion, planning, preparedness, eer!ising and training !apa$ilities pro"ided

$y the Gioat!h >rogram are essential parts of a $iodefense post#re. Ea#l& detection is c#iticalto thes#!!essf#l treatment of a%e!ted pop#lations and pro"ides p#$li! health de!ision ma/ers more time @ and there$ymore options @ in responding to, mitigating, and re!o"ering from a $ioterrorist e"ent. Bf a $ioagent is dete!ted andassessed to $e the res#lt of an a!t of $ioterrorism and(or a threat to p#$li! health, prophyla!ti! treatment !an $estarted prior to the widespread onset of symptoms res#lting in more li"es sa"ed.

:iote##o#ism is #eal' deadl&' and powe#!ulr. Chris $olmes, ire!tor for BC Man#fa!t#ring Bnsights @ Bnternational, M..,M.;.>.H., a physi!ian epidemiologist. He has a#thored two $oo/s on $ioterrorism. Hismystery no"el, The Med#sa ;train, is $eing !losely followed $y his nonI!tionanalysis on the s#$Re!t, ;pores, >lag#es, and History3 The ;tory of Anthra, L(64(.3*+hy Gioterrorism is Ameri!as reatest Threat2, The Galtimore Chroni!le and The;entinel, http3(($altimore!hroni!le.!om(R#l5'S$ioterrorism.shtml: JH:ioweapons a#erelati"ely eas& to p#oduce. 2ec#et labs, say, inNorth orea, Tis is te same letalit&as a nuclea# weapon' but at a !#action o! te cost. >lag#e and anthra !o#ld $e spreadfrom !rop d#sters or pilotless drones, or dispersed thro#gh s#$way systems, the winds from the trains s!attering
http://www.dhs.gov/news/2013/06/18/written-testimony-oha-house-energy-and-commerce-subcommittee-oversight-andhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2013/06/18/written-testimony-oha-house-energy-and-commerce-subcommittee-oversight-andhttp://baltimorechronicle.com/jul03_bioterrorism.shtmlhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2013/06/18/written-testimony-oha-house-energy-and-commerce-subcommittee-oversight-andhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2013/06/18/written-testimony-oha-house-energy-and-commerce-subcommittee-oversight-andhttp://baltimorechronicle.com/jul03_bioterrorism.shtml


5/22

the agent !ity wide. Mo#e dis#uptivethan a!t#al !as#alties from a $ioterrorist atta!/ ma& be teps&cological efects. Te wo##ied public would =uic/l& clog te ealtca#e s&stem. Cases of epidemic &ste#ia=whi!h mimi! the real thing $#t arent=would add!u#te# to te ove#load. Tra"el and !ommer!e wo#ld grind to a halt. The fear from those anthra$ymail !ases in 4556 Ponly ) deaths from 4' !asesQ and this years ;A&; o#t$rea/ P-ero U.;. deaths from a$o#t '55

!asesQ demonstrate how pys!hologi!ally #nprepared we are to !ope with $ioterrorism. A g#eate# #is/ ma&

be bioweapons c#eated b& #ecombinant NA tecnolog& . Bmagine this nightmares!enario3 a !omm#ni!a$le form of anthra=a germ with the infe!tio#sness of ;A&; and the /illing power of anthra=is #nleashed thro#gh infe!ted air tra"elers. From these few !ases, it spreads a!ross the entire !o#ntry.

:iote##o#ism is in top )ve t#eats;tephen rogram ire!tor for Homeland ;e!#rity at Colorado

Te!hni!al Uni"ersity. His $a!/gro#nd in!l#des assignments with the CentralBntelligen!e Agen!y, ;tate epartment and epartment of efense, 4()(13*+National ;e!#ritys Gig Fi"e2, Colorado Te!hni!al Uni"ersity,http3((www.!oloradote!h.ed#(;t#dent Te t#eats biological weapons , n#!learweapons, !y$er atta!/s, !limate !hange and transnational !rime(terror @ ma& not be su#p#ising. E"enstill, its a solid reminder that the world remains a dangero#s pla!e. The tools of the trade are a"aila$le and, in

some !ases, relati"ely #nsophisti!ated. Te @nited 2tates is neite# immune to teset#eats no# so tecnologicall& supe#io# tat ove#coming tem can begua#anteed. The report is not !omprehensi"e. Many other li/ely s!enarios and threats eistK howe"er, thearti!le sheds light on threats with the greatest impa!t in!l#ding3 :io*T#eatsthis is we#e "ublic$ealt meets $omeland and National 2ecu#it&> Tese entities ave asa#ed commitment to identi!&ing diseases' t#ac/ing tei# sp#ead andlimiting te impact on communities b& containing te disease outb#ea/>

Toward that end, the National Gios#r"eillan!e Bntegration Center PNGBCQ was !reated in 455L as an interagen!y,federalle"el h#$ fo!#sed on !oordinating reso#r!es and sharing information. A!!ording to the report, NGBC and!ontri$#ting federal agen!ies li/e the Center for isease Control, efense Threat &ed#!tion Agen!y, epartment ofHealth and H#man ;er"i!es and the epartment of Homeland ;e!#rity, still ha"e m#!h wor/ to do.

:iote## #emains a t#eat:o/o# ., Forensi! >harma!ologist >ri"ate >ra!ti!e, &andolph, MA, 65(4)(16*+Gioterrorism3 pathogens as weapons2, U; National


6/22

AT8 No Cuban :ioweapons

Cuba biote##o#ism is e7t#emel& dange#ous to @2* multiple#easons

Ernesto F. :etancou#t, Contrarre"ol#!ionario de origen !#$ano, inter 45.1*+est Nile ir#s Bs CastroVs Gioterrorism Threat Geing Bgnored12, Ha!ienda>#$lishing, http3((www.ha!iendap#$.!om(medi!alsentinel(westnile"ir#s!astros$ioterrorismthreat$eingignored: JHBn the light of the awesome terrorist aggression we s#%ered on ;eptem$er 66, 4556, sho#ldnVt we, at least,#nderta/e some in"estigation of this hypothesis1 >arti!#larly, sin!e the !olossal $rea!h in o#r se!#rity res#ltingfrom the arrest of Ana Gelen Montes, the top intelligen!e analyst on C#$a at the >entagon, as a Castro spy. Bs itpossi$le that pre"io#s !ategori! reRe!tions of s#!h hypotheses were tainted $y opinions #ttered or in#en!ed $y thisCastro agent1 Tr#e, we ha"e to learn to li"e normal li"es #nder the most a$s#rd threats, $#t we m#st also stopreRe!ting these threats as hypotheses $e!a#se they do not It pre!on!ei"ed notions of what may or may nothappen, or o#r ideologi!al in!linations. This tragedy shows that anything is possi$le and, therefore, all hypothesessho#ld $e "alidated or reRe!ted. That is why the a$o"e hypothesis sho#ld $e open for in"estigation. This s#ggestionis $ased on the fa!t that this was not so farfet!hed. And that there is eno#gh !ir!#mstantial e"iden!e to R#stify its

$eing in"estigated. Here is why. 9! 2addam was using anote# count#& as a su##ogate

in is efo#ts to develop biological weapons' te most logical one wasCuba . There are se"eral reasons3 6Q Cuba as been developing biological weapons

since te 1,4.s and as tousands o! scientists and tecnicians wo#/ingin its bioenginee#ing and genetic indust#&' wic is attaced to Cast#oIso5ce;4Q Cast#o is an all& o! 2addam $ussein and sa#es wit im apatological at#ed o! te @>2>K 'Q Cuba is not subJect to @N inspectionK 9Q itis a 2talinist societ& we#e te#e is no !#eedom o! te p#ess and anove#welming #ep#essive appa#atus allows te #egime to wo#/ in utmostsec#ec&K and, )Q it is ve#& close to te @>2> mainland' allowing te use o!mig#ato#& bi#ds as DostsD !o# vi#uses. Additionally, in a 6DD8 $oo/, Nat#male-a C#$ana, thea#thor, Ca#los ?otz/ow' na##ates ow e was )#ed from his wor/ as ano#nitologist at the Bnstit#te of Woology in the early 6D85s. The reason, among others, is obJection

to a Cast#o o#de# c#eating te :iological K#ont' an efo#t to develop vi#usestat could be ca##ied b& DostD bi#ds o# ote# means into te @>2. This wor/ wasassigned to the Bnstit#te of Woology, and its instit#tional deri"ati"es, in !olla$oration with the >edro o#ri Tropi!alMedi!ine Bnstit#te. The #estion that !omes to mind is why wo#ld Castro do that1

Cuba as been developing biote##o# weapons !o# agesAg#stXn :l%z=uez, ire!tor, Cinematographer, >rod#!er who tried to !orre!tAmeri!an per!eption of C#$a, inter 45.1, * +C#$a, Castro and Gioterrorism2,Ha!ienda >#$lishing, http3((www.ha!iendap#$.!om(medi!alsentinel(!#$a!astroand$ioterrorism: JHTe#e a#e man& academic studies' a#ticles and boo/s in public #eco#ds

e7posing Cast#oIs long te#m involvement wit bacte#iological and cemicalweapons. The information has $een presented in p#$li! for#ms. The U.;. media has $een in"ited $#t theysystemati!ally !hoose to $e a$sent. >erhaps so that $y $eing a$sent they !an !laim, $#t B didnVt /now. Thisinformation will also !lash with the hea"ily or!hestrated !ampaign to present Castro as nonthreatening in order to

normali-e relations with C#$a. This !olla$oration of the U.;. media with the Castro regime is reprehensi$le. 9 )#stlea#ned pe#tinent details about Cuban dictato# Kidel Cast#o and isbacte#iological wa#!a#e a!te# attending a discussion on Capitol $ill onOctobe# 64' 1,,> As usual' te @>2> media did not sow up. B also read the O!to$er6DDL paper titled Castro3 A Threat to the ;e!#rity of the United ;tates $y r. Man#el CereiRo, a professor at FloridaBnternational Uni"ersity who has written o"er )55 arti!les p#$lished in national and international Ro#rnals. The paper
http://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/west-nile-virus-castros-bioterrorism-threat-being-ignoredhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/west-nile-virus-castros-bioterrorism-threat-being-ignoredhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/cuba-castro-and-bioterrorismhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/cuba-castro-and-bioterrorismhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/west-nile-virus-castros-bioterrorism-threat-being-ignoredhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/west-nile-virus-castros-bioterrorism-threat-being-ignoredhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/cuba-castro-and-bioterrorismhttp://www.haciendapub.com/medicalsentinel/cuba-castro-and-bioterrorism


7/22

details C#$aVs wor/ in the Ields of $a!teriologi!al and !hemi!al warfare sin!e the mideighties. And teDseve#al cente#s and institutes tat do #esea#c and development'D andtat Dte#e a#e special g#oups' wo#/ing on p#oJects to develop cemical'biological and bacte#iological wa#!a#e>D Bt listed the names of these !enters and instit#tes3the Giote!hnology Center, the Bmm#nology Center, the eneti! Engineering Center, the Tropi!al Medi!ine Bnstit#te,the Findlay Bnstit#te, the Gio!en, the A!ademy of ;!ien!es, the O!eanographi! Bnstit#te, the Giologi!al >reparationsCenter, the Center for the Greeding of lant Health, the

Ne#ros!ien!e Center and


8/22

#nderta/e $iologi!al warfare against the United ;tates territory thro#gh theintrod#!tion of "ir#ses of infe!tio#s diseases ino!#lated in migratory $irds. *6:ot-/ow !laim that the ;mithsonian Bnstit#tion, along with the Uni"ersity of>ennsyl"ania and the Canadian ildlife ;er"i!e, !olla$orated with Castro $ypro"iding f#nds and te!hnology for the st#dy of migratory $irds. Te ?NV )#stappea#s in New Yo#/ in ul& 1,,,' a!te# te bi#ds0 sp#ing mig#ation. This

"ir#s had ne"er $een present in North Ameri!a. John &oehrig of the CC said, Bt isnot yet !lear how the "ir#s got to New Zor/, $#t it !o#ld $e from $ird migration orfrom "ir#s!arrying imported $irds that infe!ted the areas mos#ito pop#lation.u#ing te &ea# 1,,,' deats and F, seve#e cases o! te ?NV diseasewe#e #epo#ted to te Cente#s !o# isease Cont#ol and "#evention GCCH inNew Yo#/ 2tate. Bn the year 4555, only 4 deaths and 6D se"ere !ases of the Ndisease were reported to the CC in ' states.


9/22

Ag#icultu#e Advantage


10/22

AT8 Pi!ting Emba#go $u#ts 2ustainable Ag

No lin/+Pi!ting te emba#go will not cause Cuba to tu#n awa&

!#om sustainable agEllinge# Q :#ale& 1.Mi!/ey Ellinger and ;!ott Graley are a writer(photographer team from Oa/land whooften wor/ for so!ial R#sti!e and nonproIt organi-ations, Ur$an Agri!#lt#re in C#$ahttp3((#r$anha$itat.org(6L4(ellinger

The de"elopment of u#ban ag#icultu#e is pa#t o! a set o! innovations in teCuban economy to $e!ome more de!entrali-ed and more "aried. Rone a#e teda&s wen suga# e7po#ts we#e te biggest item in Cuba0s balance o!pa&ments. These days C#$a trades its do!tors for ene-#elan oil, and imports fromChina and ietnam, as well as E#rope and


11/22

2olvenc&


12/22

AT8 Cuba sa&s no

Cuba will sa& &es it needs despe#atel& needs new capital to

aid economic #e!o#ms9glesias' 16@ Commander, U; Na"y. >aper s#$mitted for the Master of ;trategi!;t#dies egree at the the U; Army ar College PCarlos, +United ;tates ;e!#rity>oli!y Bmpli!ations of a >ostFidel C#$a2 http3((www.dti!.mil(!gi$in(etT&o!1A\AA)75958Q OC \ o"ernment of C#$a, FA& \ C#$an militaryFor C#$a, the destit#te e!onomy !an wait no longer. The C#$an Minister ofE!onomy and >lanning, Marino M#rillo, !andidly admitted as m#!h in 4565, +thegiganti! paternalisti! state !an no longer $e, $e!a#se there is no longer a way tomaintain it.2L) This !onfession that the !o#ntry is in r#ins was !onIrmed to $eliterally tr#e $y a Uni"ersity of Miami st#dy whi!h #n!o"ered +that in Ha"ana alonean estimated '55 $#ildings !ollapse e"ery year, and that a$o#t 655,555 residentsthere li"e in #nsafe str#!t#res. Highways, #tilities and sewage systems, water

mains, and other !riti!al infrastr#!t#re are in ad"an!ed stages of disrepair.2L7 Thisnational disrepair signals an immense latent demand for infrastr#!t#rereha$ilitation. The magnit#de of the need for p#$li! goods de"elopments alone isstaggering. One estimate assessed the re#irements at R#st o"er 8 $illion.LL FB atthese le"els wo#ld $e most wel!omed $y U.;. !apital and if in"ested, wo#ld helpprime the C#$an e!onomi! engine. 49


13/22

Ofcase Answe#s


14/22

AT8 2e7 Tou#ism

2e7ual e7ploitation in Cuba is ig now because o! teemba#go te plan solves b& inc#easing economic

oppo#tunities$a##ison' .6 PFaye , professor of anthropology at the Uni"ersity of Florida, lo$al Apartheid, +Foreign>oli!y, and H#man &ights,2 ;#mmer 4554, ;o#ls3 ;o#ls3 A Criti!al Jo#rnal of Gla!/ >oliti!s, C#lt#re, and ;o!iety 9P'Q39878,http3((we$.!las.#.ed#(#sers(fayeharr(images(lo$al.pdfQ

Cuba0s status as a socialist sanctua#& is being destabilized unde#dolla#ization and te conditions o! economic auste#it& tat led to it> 2ocialine=ualities a#e #e*eme#ging and becoming conspicuous, and !rime is $e!oming apro$lem. A red ag signaling the !hang ing times !an perhaps $e fo#nd in a tro#$ling e!em$er 4556 in!ident inwhi!h I"e mem$ers of a family, in!l#ding an eightyearold !hild and a !o#ple "isiting from Florida, were m#rderedin a ro$$ery in Matan-as >ro"in!e. This heino#s in!ident was #n#s#al in that m#rders are etremely rare in C#$aand mass m#rders +are #nheard of.29) The e!onomi! !risis that has $ro#ght a$o#t this #npre!edented !rime wa"ehas !a#sed es!alating #nemployment and has red#!ed safety net pro"isions=trends that ha"e impa!ted Afri!an

des!ended C#$ans, and AfroC#$an women in parti!#lar, more than any other segment of the pop#lation. ?itless access to /in*mediated #emittances !#om te disp#opo#tionatel& wite

emig# communities ove#seas ' te#e is mo#e p#essu#e on A!#o*Cubanwomen ' wo a#e mo#e li/el& tan wite Cubans to live in !emale*eadedouseolds' to stand in long lines !o# #ations' st#etc te devalued peso'and ma/e ends meet b& an& means necessa#&.97 An& means necessa#& as

come to include doing own*account wo#/+ t#abaJo po# cuenta p#opia +in

te unde#g#ound econom& aligned wit te g#owing tou#ist secto#> Ko#&ounge# women, pa#ticula#l& those wo )t te cultu#all& const#ucted

ste#eot&pe o! la mulata' tis is inc#easingl& being t#anslated into wo#/ing

as Jinete#as Gse7ual Joc/e&s H> This line of wor/ ree!ts C#$as histori!al ra!e, gender, and !lass

$o#ndaries.9L espe#ate to lu#e !o#eigne#s to te count#&0s beaces and otel#eso#ts' te Cuban gove#nment itsel! as #eso#ted to manipulating p#e*

#evolutiona#& #acial clics b& (sow* casing Ut#aditional0 A!#o*Cuban#eligious #ituals and a#t' Ut#aditional0 A!#o*Cuban mu* sic' and A!#o*Cuban

women' wo a#e !o#eg#ounded as pe#!o#me#s in tese commodi)ed

conte7ts > 298 The se#al eoti!i-ation of Afri!andes!ended women has a long history in C#$a as well asthro#gho#t the Afri!an diaspora and the est, where "ariations on the theme of Gla!/ hyperse#ality are rampant

as either a positi"ely "al#ed essentialism or a fertility or health related so!ial pro$lem. NadineKe#nandez =uestions te assumption tat :lac/ and mulatto womenp#edominate in Cuba0s se7 tou#ism b& igligting te #ole o! a #aciall&biased gaze in att#ibuting A!#o*Cuban women0s inte#actions wit maletou#ists to p#ostitution wile pe#ceiving wite women0s inte#actions inte#ms o! alte#native inte#p#etations' including tat o! (#omance .2 :ecause

o! tei# g#eate# access to dolla#s and to Jobs in te tou#ist secto#' witewomen a#e mo#e li/el& to ave p#ivileged access to tou#ists in #est#ictedvenues Gsops' #estau#ants' and nigtclubsH we#e A!#o*Cubans a#e notgene#all& pe#mitted to ente#. Conse=uentl&' A!#o*Cubans inte#act wittou#ists (out* side tou#ist installations' ma/ing tei# meetings muc mo#evisible and sc#utinized b& te public e&e >9D Bn the !ontet of C#$as !#rrent !risis,traditional ra!ial narrati"es of gender, ra!e, and se#ality are $eing reasserted and rewritten to It with re!ent

restr#!t#ring.)5 Te @>2> emba#go is a ag#ant !o#m o! !o#eign inte#vention>Pi/e o5cial st#uctu#al adJustment policies' it as been p#emised on an
http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/fayeharr/images/Global.pdfhttp://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/fayeharr/images/Global.pdfhttp://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/fayeharr/images/Global.pdfhttp://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/fayeharr/images/Global.pdf


15/22

ideolog& o! powe#' #ecolonization' and #an/ed capitals tat assumes tatCubans a#e e7pendable t#oublema/e#s +pe#aps even a#bo#e#s o!te##o#ism+wo dese#ve to be sta#ved out o! tei# de)ant opposition to@>2> dominance > Te same ideolog& tat #ationalizes te un#egulatedsp#ead o! commodi)cation into all spe#es o! social li!e implies tat Cubanwomen0s bodies ' especiall& A!#o*Cubanas 0 &pe#se7ualized bodies' can be

bougt and sold on te auction bloc/ o! imposed economic auste#it&witout an& accountabilit& on te pa#t o! te papi#i=uis' o# suga#daddies'

o! global capital> Te implication o! tese policies is tat A!#o*Cuban

!amilies and communities can be sac#i)ced so tat no#te#ne#s can enJo&

p#ivileges +including that of living in a (good and (!#ee societ&+tat

soute#n wo#/* e#s and peasants subsidize> Cuba0s cu##ent c#isis is beingnegotiated ove# te bodies o! its women' wit A!#ican*descended women'las neg#as & mulatas' las cicas calientes G:lac/ and mulatto women' otse7& cic/sH' e7pected to bea# te wo#st assaults against wat #emains inman& wa&s a de)ant socialist sanctua#& >

2e7 tou#ism is a #esult o! economic a#dsip imposed b& teemba#go

Jennifer a#sseboom, Contri$#tor at ABM Maga-ine and igital Freedom Networ/,'(47(.3*+>o"erty >#shes C#$an omen into ;e To#rism2, lo$al >oli!y For#m,http3((www.glo$alpoli!y.org(!omponent(!ontent(arti!le(466(99'7L.html: JHFrom north to so#th, Ha"ana to ;antiago de C#$a, amidst the de!aying $#ildings, propagandi-ing $ill$oards andfood stores with empty shel"es there are two things in C#$a whi!h are always in f#ll s#pply3 prostit#tes and seto#rists. Bn a !o#ntry with few employment options that o%er eno#gh #pon whi!h to s#$sist and an em$argo that!ontri$#tes to s#$standard li"ing !onditions for the maRority of the pop#lation, women and girls o!/ to denselypop#lated Ha"ana in sear!h of se#al employment in hotels, $ars, resta#rants and on the streets. ;e to#rists o!/to Ha"ana and other !ities in sear!h of a form of es!apism that is !heap, safe and eoti!. Bn C#$a, foreign men !an!ommand C#$an women and girls with the same ease #sed to order !o!/tails. C#$aVs !#rrent to#rism $oom is one

not seen sin!e the 6D)5s, when #nder former di!tator F#lgen!io Gatista, the island l#red to#rists with promises of!heap !igars, r#m, !asinos and prostit#tes. C#$aVs !#rrent leader, Fidel Castro, led the C#$an &e"ol#tion in 6D)D,promising to free C#$a of its ser"it#de to the ri!h and famo#s Ameri!ans and E#ropeans. The post6D)D C#$anstate tried to o#tlaw prostit#tion and attempted to remedy the !onditions whi!h !reated a s#pply of se wor/ers.

ObJectives o! Cast#oIs #evolution included initiatives aimed at openingdoo#s to womenIs #einteg#ation into te count#&Is socioeconomic li!e inte#ms o! education' ealtca#e' emplo&ment and attaining ove#all !ullgende# e=ualit&> $is attempts in acieving tese goals ad beensomewat success!ul until te collapse o! communismin Eastern E#rope. ith thedemise o! te 2oviet @nion' Cuba lost muc o! its aid and investmentas wellas its a$ility to s#r"i"e witho#t !ompromising some of its re"ol#tionary ideals. Trade relationships with the U;;&

and Eastern E#rope had a!!o#nted for o"er twothirds of C#$aVs foreign !ommer!e. Te count#& was!o#ced to develop a new economic st#ateg& and as a #esult adopted

tou#ism as a basic pilla#. Bn the meantime, the U.;. pla!ed an em$argo on C#$a aimed at $ringingdown its politi!al str#!t#re> Te emba#go g#eatl& wea/ened' and continues towea/en' te Cuban econom& b& banning t#ade and investment in Cuba>Conse=uentl&' te Cuban gove#nment st#engtened its attempts to lu#etou#ists to Cuba in o#de# to p#omote #evenue. As a #esult o! its dependenceon tou#ism' Cuba as once again tu#ned into a pla&g#ound !o# tose insea#c o! ceap ciga#s' #um and p#ostitutes.
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?omen tu#n to p#ostitution because o! so#tagesJennifer a#sseboom, Contri$#tor at ABM Maga-ine and igital Freedom Networ/,'(47(.3*+>o"erty >#shes C#$an omen into ;e To#rism2, lo$al >oli!y For#m,http3((www.glo$alpoli!y.org(!omponent(!ontent(arti!le(466(99'7L.html: JH

&O;TBTUTBONAN ;E^ TOU&B;M BN CUGA2, i!/ey Center at artmo#th College,http3((www.estig.ip$eRa.pt(_a!Sdireito(tr#m$#ll4.pdf: GM

The fo!#s of prostit#tion in C#$a is somewhat di%erent now than it was $efore the &e"ol#tion. Today, Cuban

p#ostitutes' o# Jinete#asas they are !alled, cate# p#ima#il& to !o#eign tou#ists. J#liaOConnell a"idson notes in her arti!le +;e To#rism in C#$a,2 that +in C#$a there is no networ/ of $rothels, noorgani-ed system of $ar prostit#tion3 in fa!t third party in"ol"ement in the organi-ation of prostit#tion is rare2Pa"idson, 6DD7Q. >rostit#tes are not sold into prostit#tion $y their families and do not wor/ in oppressi"e !onditionsas they do in other !o#ntries. They do not prostit#te themsel"es $e!a#se they are al!oholi!s or dr#g addi!ts PThe

E!onomist, A#g#st 49, 4555Q. Most o! te p#ostitutes inte#viewed !o# tis pape#decided to go into te business on tei# own acco#d' d#iven b& economicneed. As was the !ase $efore the &e"ol#tion, man& women come to $avana !#om teinte#io# o! te island to ea#n mone& !o# tei# !amilies> 9t is muc mo#e di5cult!o# #esidents !#om ote# p#ovinces to ea#n te dolla#s tat te& need tosu#vive> Te mone& tat a woman sends bac/ eve#& mont can !eed teenti#e !amil& !o# seve#al wee/s. This p#ts enormo#s press#re on them to remain in the $#siness.

J#lia, a twentyyearold m#latta from Camag`ey said, +E"ery month B send )5 $a!/ to my mother. B"e ne"er toldher what B do, $#t she doesnt as/ either.2 Te#e a#e t#ee main #easons tat Cubanwomen tu#n to p#ostitution> Te )#st and main #eason is economicnecessit&. Many women tu#n to p#ostitution because te& see no ote# wa&to su#vive> Once te& tu#n to p#ostitution' te& become t#apped becausete& a#e awa& !#om ome and ave no ote# wa& to pa& !o# tei# livinge7penses. PThey !annot legally o$tain a Ro$ in the !ity, $e!a#se of the internal migration laws, so the only waythey !an s#pport themsel"es is thro#gh prostit#tion.Q Espe#anza is a 63*&ea#*old singlemote# !#om Camage&> 2e as a twent&*mont*old bab& and wo#/s in a
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state*owned d#ug sto#e !o# 6.. pesosB mont> (9 can0t pa& !o# im to go toda&ca#e and 9 don0t even ave enoug mone& to bu& im soes>2 The a#thor mether on her se!ond night in Ha"ana. A few days $efore, she had spent her "a!ation money on a $#s ti!/et to Ha"ana.+B ha"e some friends here who are helping me with a pla!e to stay. B am going to do this for two wee/s and then

ret#rn to Camag`ey with eno#gh money to help #s o#t. B am ashamed, $#t what else !an B do12 Te second#eason tat women go into p#ostitution is so te& can )nance tei# studies

o# wo#/ in a cosen p#o!ession> 2ala#ies a#e e7t#emel& low in Cuba. Thea"erage sala#& is a#ound 6F. pesos G16H pe# mont' and even a docto# o#law&e# would not ma/e mo#e tan -.. pesos Pranma, e!em$er 4', 4555H> Evenigl& educated Cuban wo#/e#s must )nd an alte#native o# additionalsou#ce o! income> 9n man& !amilies' one o! te p#o!essional wo#/e#s will=uit isB e# Job in o#de# to obtain a sel!*emplo&ed license> This selfemploymentoften times pro"ides eno#gh in!ome for the entire family. Other professionals #it their state Ro$s to wor/ in the

to#rism se!tor as tai dri"ers, waiters, $artenders, or doormen.65 2ome p#o!essionals andstudents tu#n to p#ostitution instead> "#o!essional women no#mall&engage in p#ostitution onl& pa#t time' as a wa& to supplement tei#income>They do not wor/ the streets e"ery night, and sometimes will only a!!ept !lients a !o#ple times amonth. As a"idson points o#t, +those PwomenQ that are legitimate residents of a to#rist !enter !an often ele!t tos#pply their se#al la$or on a !as#al, infre#ent $asis and(or for "ery spe!iI! and fo!#sed ends2Pa"idson, 6DD7Q.

These women do not ha"e hea"y o"erhead !ostsK they li"e at home and do not ha"e the transportation !osts thatmany women from the interior in!#r

"#ostitution is singula# wa& to gain economical p#ospe#it& inCuba*Ri#ls sell temselves !o# lu7u#iesCharles T#umbull, law st#dent at ander$ilt Uni"ersity, 45.1 *+>&O;TBTUTBONAN ;E^ TOU&B;M BN CUGA2, i!/ey Center at artmo#th College,http3((www.estig.ip$eRa.pt(_a!Sdireito(tr#m$#ll4.pdf: GM

The third reason for going into prostit#tion isthatsome p#ostitutes see p#ostitution as ameans to live a bette# li!e. "#ostitution allows tem to go to clubs' eat atgood #estau#ants' and bu& nice clotes> A !#iend #ema#/ed as we passed a!asionable clotes sto#e on Obispo Avenue' te main sopping dist#ict in

$avana VieJa' (tose sto#es we#e opened to sell clotes to p#ostitutes>?o else besides tou#ists as enoug mone& to sop te#eSThe !on!ierge at theI"estar Meli0 aradero agrees that prostit#tion !an gi"e girls an easier life. +About ,.W o! te gi#lstat came Gto Va#ade#oH did so because tat is te li!e tat te& wanted tolead> Te& wanted to go out to eat' pa#t&' and sleep wit dife#ent men>Only a small per!entage of women did it from etreme e!onomi! ne!essity.2 66 "#ostitution in Cuba isa luc#ative business> Most p#ostitutes ca#ge 6F*L. a nigt> 9n te!ancie# clubs' suc as te "alacio de la 2alsa o# El Comodo#o' te& ca#ge4.*1..> 9t is not uncommon !o# a man to leave a woman seve#al und#eddolla#s !o# spending a couple da&s wit im. J#dy is a 49yearold eprostit#te who !ame toHa"ana si years ago. 2e g#aduated !#om ig scool but did not go to collegebecause se /new se could ma/e muc mo#e mone& sleeping wit men>

2e neve# wo#/s te st#eets' but meets men t#oug !#iends' at ba#s' o#b& cance as se wal/s in e# tou#ist*eav& neigbo#ood> +B always ma/e it !learthat they ha"e to pay. Many times they want to spend the whole wee/ with me. They $#y me !lothes and ta/e meo#t to eat as if B was their girlfriend. One man left me 755 dollars after B spent fo#r days with him. Another man,who B was engaged to marry, sent me 6555 in the mail2 Bn the past two years, wor/ing only se"eral times a

month, she made '555)555. 2e #ecentl& gave up p#ostitution and cu##entl& datesa L.*&ea#*old Re#man> $e comes to $avana seve#al monts a &ea# onbusiness and p#ovides !o# e# )nanciall&> Te t&pe o! p#ostitution tatud& p#acticed' #e!e##ed to as (open ended p#ostitution'2 is generally a!!epted $ymany go"ernments and is pra!ti!ed aro#nd the world. Ed Cohen remar/s in a st#dy of Thai prostit#tes that,
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+altho#gh the relationship might !ommen!e as a ne#tral ser"i!e, it !o#ld $e readily etended into a moreprotra!ted, di%#sed, and personali-ed liaison, in"ol"ing $oth emotional atta!hment and e!onomi! interest2PCohen,

6D84Q. Tese #elationsips a#e viewed as autentic and' in man& cases' evenlead to ma##iage> A Cuban policeman told me tat tis was not illegal> (9!&ou pa& a gi#l !o# se7' tat is p#ostitution> :ut' i! &ou li/e a gi#l and ta/ee# out to eat' go dancing' and ten ma&be late# ave se7X>Tat is

natu#al>

2e7 tou#ism is a last #eso#t !o# Cuban p#ostitutes to !eed tei#!amil&&oman Ma#tinez, e!em$er 64, 6D,,, &oman Martine- was a 6DDD >#$li#sFellow of The Claremont Bnstit#te, The Claremont Bnstit#te,http3((www.!laremont.org(p#$li!ations(p#$id.)74(p#$Sdetail.asp >MQ

Most C#$ans donVt hesitate to tal/ a$o#t their e!onomi! woes. B"an oming#e-, a former professor of me!hani!al

engineering who now dri"es a tai !a$, points to himself as an eample of the shift many ha"e made into tetou#ist indust#&= te onl& ope o! Cubans ung#& !o# @>2> dolla#s. He tells ofdocto#s and law&e#s unable to su#vive on the montl& gove#nment

pa&cec/s o! 1F o# 6.. Now, instead, the&I#e ca##&ing bags' wo#/ing inotels as bellops and waiting !o# tips !#om !o#eigne#s.[F#rthermore, C#$a has$e!ome the seto#rism !apital of the estern hemisphere. At nigt' p#ostitutes can be seenc#uising $avanaIsMale!bcn Go#le"ardK they hang li/e ornaments on the arms of wealthy Canadians andE#ropeans fre#enting the !ityVs nightspots. Ko# most o! tese &oung Jinete#as' latcing ontoa deeppoc/eted tou#ist is te onl& wa& to enJo& tei# own count#&Vs $ea!hesand m#si! !l#$s = not to mention tei# last #eso#t !o# putting !ood on te table>

Te #esu##ection o! se7 tou#ism is due to te desi#e !o# a#d'mo#e valuable' !o#eign cu##enc&


19/22


20/22

p#$lished on U.;.C#$an relations and C#$an a%airs for more than a de!ade PAnya,+;e!retary erry3 ill He or onVt He Ta/e On C#$a12 4(65, The Ha"ana Note,http3((theha"ananote.!om(456'(54(se!retaryS/errySwillSheSorSwontSheSta/eS!#$aQAnd, then theres the C#$an go"ernment. As m#!h as many in the C#$an go"ernmentPparti!#larlythe diplomati! !orpsQ want to red#!e tensions with the United ;tates and Inally ma/e real progress onlongstanding grie"an!es held $y $oth sides, they arent desperate for the $ig thaw. Many U.;.analysts, in!l#ding in go"ernment, spe!#late that this is $e!a#se C#$as leaders dont really want to!hange the relationship, that strife ser"es their needs $etter than wo#ld thealternati"e. That !o#ld $e so, $#t theres also a hefty amo#nt of s/epti!ism and pride on the C#$an side, aswell. After so many de!ades and layers of what C#$a !alls the U.;. $lo!/ade, C#$ansare #nwilling to ha"e the terms of any Ys#rrender di!tated to them. Bn fa!t, they are$o#nd and determined that there will $e no s#rrender. They wo#ld arg#e, what is there tos#rrender $#t their go"ernments "ery eisten!e, something the leadership o$"io#sly isnt going to p#t on the ta$le.

Many in the C#$an go"ernment #estion whether the U.;. wo#ld o%er anything that tr#lymatters to C#$a, or ono# an& commitments made . Arg#a$ly, the last deal the U.;.made good on was str#!/ d#ring the Missile Crisis ofO!to$er 6D7', and C#$a wasnt e"en atthe ta$le for that. Bts a lesser /nown fa!t that the United ;tates ne"er f#lly implemented the6DD9(6DD) migration a!!ords, whi!h !ommitted $oth nations to wor/ to pre"ent migration $y irreg#larmeans. The U.;. did stop a!!epting illegal migrants from C#$a fo#nd at sea, $#t it still a!!epts them when theyrea!h o#r shores @ th#s d#$$ed o#r Ywet foot, dry foot poli!y. And with o#r genero#s adR#stment poli!y o%ering agreen !ard after one year, the in!enti"e to ma/e the illegal trip remains largely in pla!e.


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AT8 Condition on emoc#aticBRove#nmental erhaps the $igger iss#e was howdiplomati!, e!onomi! and military e%orts $y $oth !o#ntries !ontin#ed to aggra"ate already strained relations. Bn

6D76, C#$an eiles s#pported $y the Central Bntelligen!e Agen!y failed to topple the Castro go"ernment. Te:a& o! "igs )asco sent Cuba a clea# signal tat te @>2> was not inte#estedin negotiation>Castro answered immediately $y allowing ;o"iets to position n#!lear missiles in C#$a,threatening U.;. "ital se!#rity and leading to the C#$an Missile Crises. Tese intentions ave

su#vived to te p#esent unde#mining an& attempt to pu#sue commoninte#est and #educe tensions>Te unde#l&ing !ea# tat @>2> #emainscommitted to toppling te Cuban gove#nment constitutes te )#stdiplomatic pit!all in @>2> Cuban #elations. Ko# tis ve#& #eason'

democ#atic #e!o#m will not succeed as a diplomatic ba#gaining tool wit

Cuba > 2uspicions #un deep among Cuban leade#s and an& in!e#ences to

gove#nment #e!o#m , al$eit no$le, will impede meaning!ul #elations . H#man rights

ad"o!a!y, !#ee t#adeand limited $#siness opport#nities in C#$a ma& be mo#e plausible andcould eventuall& encou#age te long*te#m canges @>2> wants in Cuba> Teemba#go itsel! #emains a pe#petual albat#oss tat continues to unde#minean& #eal diplomatic p#og#ess between nations. A series of !oer!i"e meas#res designed totopple the Castro regime $egan with U.;. @ led e%orts to epel C#$a from the Organi-ation of Ameri!an ;tatesPOA;Q in Jan#ary 6D74 followed $y trade prohi$itions on imports and eports to C#$a $y the U.;. Treas#rys O!e ofForeign Assets Control POFACQ.6L This was a!hie"ed $y le"eraging an eisting 6D)9 OA; Cara!as &esol#tiondesigned to pre"ent trade with !omm#nist !o#ntries !alled Trading with the Enemy.68 After $ilateral san!tions areesta$lished, U.;. p#rs#ed $roader international s#pport $y ena!ting the O!to$er 6D74 Gattle A!t prohi$iting U.;.assistan!e to any !o#ntry that traded with C#$a. An early attempt to pers#ade the North Ameri!an TreatyOrgani-ation PNATOQ nations to !omply with the em$argo yielded limited s#!!ess.6D Howe"er, a new per!ei"edse!#rity threat $ro#ght on $y the C#$an Missile Crises in late 6D74 ga"e U.;. the le"erage it needed in Fe$r#ary6D79 to !on"in!e NATO nations to e%e!ti"ely !ease trade with C#$a. Bn J#ly 6D79, OA; followed NATOs leadK U.;.had s#!!eeded in isolating C#$a from its western traders.

Cuba will #eJect all democ#atic conditions inc#easingunconditional ties is mo#e success!ul at c#eating #e!o#ms

;ergio ic/e#son,


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Cuba>Bt as p#evented an& #eal p#og#ess in @>2> Cuba #elations becauseo! well placed !ea#s tat we mean to subve#t te Cuban gove#nment. Apop#lar C#$an Ameri!an lo$$y gro#p, The C#$an Ameri!an National Fo#ndations#mmari-es traditional U.;. $eliefs towards C#$a. They s#ggest, +U.;. @ C#$a poli!ysho#ld fo!#s on P6Q ad"an!ing U.;. interests and se!#rity in the region and P4Qempowering C#$an people in their #est for demo!ra!y and prosperitythat these

are +intertwined and one !annot $e indi"id#ally a!!omplished witho#t the other.248The re!ommendation then fo!#ses largely on steps to p#rs#e a demo!rati! C#$a.To sepa#ate secu#it& and stabilit& !#om democ#atic pu#suits in Cuba couldbene)t bot causes> Kocusing on bette# diplomatic #elations could !u#te#democ#ac& as a b&p#oduct o! inc#eased e7posu#e to open ma#/ets'businesses and globalization> Cina is a good e7ample> Te @>2> asdifused tensions wit Cina b& e7posing tem to open ma#/ets. Altho#ghthey !ontin#e to em$ra!e !omm#nism, tei# ve#sion o! communism as beensomewhat diluted as te& modi)ed tei# business p#actices' t#ade andote# aspects to compete in te global ma#/etplace. Bf yo# ta/e into a!!o#ntthat C#$as rowth National >rod#!t P>Q de!reased $y 9 sin!e 4557 while theirde$t grew $y 67 to almost 45G in 4558, C#$a !ertainly has in!enti"e to do the

same. :& imposing democ#ac& we Jeopa#dize diplomatic avenues to ou#p#incipal secu#it& and stabilit& pu#suits>To ass#age the C#$an Ameri!aposition on this iss#e may $e simpler today than 65 years ago. Todays yo#ngerC#$anAmeri!an generation is moreamena$le to !loser relations with C#$a. The anger !arried $y their immigrantforefathers after )5 years may $e passing and perhaps te time is #igt toleve#age tis newC#$an Ameri!an gene#ation to open dialogue wit Cubawitout te democ#atic p#econditions tied to negotiations >

Documents

Cuba Embargo Affirmative Supplement - SDI 2013 (1)