Cranes and Types of Cranes

8/21/2019 Cranes and Types of Cranes

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Project Report

TYPES OF CRANES

MUHAMMAD UMAR

09-ME-84

Department o Mec!an"ca# En$"neer"n$%

UET Ta&"#a%

S'mmar(

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The project report on the topic of cranes and its types contains the followingheadings:-

1. Introduction of cranes

2. Historical background of cranes

3. asic structure of cranes

!. "iagra#atic e$planation of cranes

%. &echanics and working of cranes

'. Types of cranes

(. I#pro)e#ents in cranes with ti#e

*. Industrial applications of cranes

+. ,ocal or do#estic use of cranes

1. d)antages of cranes

11. "isad)antages and accidents related to cranes

12. /are about cranes

13. 0uture horions

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Preace

orkshop being an ad)anced and all ti#e progessi)e area has so #uchapplications that one can hardly i#agine.This report regarding the cranes andits types has sufficient #aterial to get an o)er )iew of the topic with respect toold present and future ages.

"uring the #aking of this book the #ain objecti)es in #y #ind were:-

1. To co)er the basic infor#ation that how cranes ca#e into being got#odified and lead to the present for#.

2. To present the basic structure of cranes.

3. To show the working #echanis# and #echanics of cranes.

!. To o)er )iew the applications of cranes.

%. To discuss about )arious types of cranes.

'. To de)elop a better understanding of the topic with respect to oursubject.

The special features of this publications are:-

1. 4p to date infor#ation.

2. &any basic structural study with co#prehensi)e details.

3. 5tarting fro# ancient root #o)ed to #odern cranes.

!. 6#phasis on understanding of cranes and its types in #odern world.

%. 6$a#ples fro# daily life.

'. ll ter#s used are purely technical.

(. 7esource /" and 88T files for better understanding of the topic.

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Ac)no*#e+$ement,I would like to acknowledge with special thanks the )alueable suggestionsguidance co##ents criticis# and prase by the following people:-

5ir "r 5hahid khalil 5ir bid

46T Ta$ila 46T Ta$ila

/hair#an &echanical dept. ,ecturer &echanical dept.

&r &uha##ad h#ad &y all seniors

46T Ta$ila and colligues.

5tudent 6lectrical "ept.

It is only due to their help that I was able to write this publication. 0inally Iwould thank all #y teachers #y parents and all of #y friends for such helpingand kind beha)ior.

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De+"cat"on

This book is dedicated

To my teachers, and to my session fellows

for their kindness and enhancing #y interest to the subject.

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Content,

8reface

Introduction 1

Historical )iew about cranes 2

&echanics and working (

&ain types of cranes 12

0i$ed cranes 12

&obile cranes 2*

"isad)antages and accidents !3

&aintainance !!

/onclusion %' 7esearch papers %(

ibliography

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Oject".e,

hile writing this book the objecti)es in #y #ind were:-

1. To co)er the basic infor#ation that how cranes ca#e into being got#odified and lead to the present for#.

2. To present the basic structure of cranes.

3. To show the working #echanis# and #echanics of cranes.

!. To o)er )iew the industrial usage of cranes.%. To o)er )iew the local use of cranes in our life.

'. To discuss about )arious types of cranes in detail.

(. To de)elop a better understanding of the topic with respect to oursubject.

*. To study role of cranes in econo#ic world.

+. To see the future horions about cranes.

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/ntro+'ct"on

craneis a lifting #achine generally e9uipped with a winderalso called awire rope dru#; wire ropesor chainsand shea)es that can be used both to liftand lower #aterials and to #o)e the# horiontally.

It uses one or #ore si#ple #achinesto create #echanical ad)antage and thus#o)e loads beyond the nor#al capability of a hu#an. /ranes are co##onlye#ployed in the transportindustry for the loading and unloading of freight inthe constructionindustry for the #o)e#ent of #aterials and in the#anufacturing industry for the asse#bling of hea)y e9uip#ent.

rchi#edes said:

This state#ent fro# the ancient ti#es is self e$plaining that cranes either in

si#plest for# were thought and were present in all ti#es. The co##onthinking that any big sied #achine is a crane is not that #uch true. ccordingto definition any si#ple or co#ple$ #achine that #ay be s#all or big if helpsin carrying load and hea)y operations than it is a crane. /ranes are of )arioustypes according to #otility shapes working etc.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winder


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H",tor"ca# ."e* o crane,

The first construction cranes were in)ented by thencient =reeksand werepowered by #en or beasts of burden such as donkeys. These cranes were used

for the construction of tall buildings. ,arger cranes were later de)elopede#ploying the use of hu#an treadwheels per#itting the lifting of hea)ier

weights.

In the High &iddle ges harbour cranes were introduced to load and unloadships and assist with their construction ? so#e were built into stone towers fore$tra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed fro# wood

but cast ironand steeltook o)er with the co#ing of the Industrial 7e)olution.

0or #any centuries power was supplied by the physical e$ertion of #en orani#als although hoists in water#illsand wind#illscould be dri)en by theharnessed natural power. The first @#echanical@ power was pro)ided by stea#engines the earliest stea# cranebeing introduced in the 1*th or 1+th centurywith #any re#aining in use well into the late 2th century. &odern cranesusually use internal co#bustion enginesor electric #otorsand hydraulicsyste#s to pro)ide a #uch greater lifting capability than was pre)iously

possible although #anual cranes are still utilised where the pro)ision ofpower would be unecono#ic.

/ranes e$ist in an enor#ous )ariety of for#s ? each tailored to a specific use.5ies range fro# the s#allest jib cranes used inside workshops to the tallesttower cranes used for constructing high buildings and the largest floatingcranes used to build oil rigs and sal)age sunken ships.

/n Anc"ent reece

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic


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The earliest known are:-=reco-7o#an Trispastos AThree-pulley-craneA; the si#plest crane type 1%kg load;

=reco-7o#an 8entaspastos A0i)e-pulley-craneA; a #ediu#-sied )ariant ca.

!% kg load;

The crane for lifting hea)y loads was in)ented by thencient =reeksin thelate 'th century /. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.%1%/ distincti)e cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis ironsbegin to appearon stone blocks of =reek te#ples. 5ince these holes point at the use of a liftingde)ice and since they are to be found either abo)e the center of gra)ity of the

block or in pairs e9uidistant fro# a point o)er the center of gra)ity they areregarded by archaeologists as the positi)e e)idence re9uired for the e$istenceof the crane.

The introduction of the winchandpulleyhoist soon lead to a widespreadreplace#ent of ra#psas the #ain #eans of )ertical #otion. 0or the ne$t twohundred years =reek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weightshandled as the new lifting techni9ue #ade the use of se)eral s#aller stones#ore practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic periodwithits tendency to e)er-increasing block sies =reek te#ples of the classical agelike the 8arthenonin)ariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 1%-2tons. lso the practice of erecting large #onolithic colu#ns was practicallyabandoned in fa)our of using se)eral colu#n dru#s.

lthough the e$act circu#stances of the shift fro# the ra#p to the cranetechnology re#ain unclear it has been argued that the )olatile social and

political conditions of =reecewere #ore suitable to the e#ploy#ent of s#allprofessional construction tea#s than of large bodies of unskilled labour#aking the crane #ore preferable to the =reekpolisthan the #ore labour-intensi)e ra#p which had been the nor# in the autocratic societies of 6gyptorssyria.

The first une9ui)ocal literary e)idence for the e$istence of the co#poundpulleyattributed to ristotle3*!-322 /; but perhaps co#posed at a slightlylater date. round the sa#e ti#e block sies at =reek te#ples began to #atch

their archaic predecessors again indicating that the #ore sophisticatedco#pound pulley #ust ha)e found its way to =reek construction sites by then.

/n Anc"ent Rome

7econstruction of a 1.!# high 7o#an 8olyspastos powered by a treadwheelat onn =er#any

The heyday of the crane in ancient ti#es ca#e during the 7o#an 6#pirewhen construction acti)ity soared and buildings reached enor#ousdi#ensions. The 7o#ans adopted the =reek crane and de)eloped it further

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-linked_Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-linked_Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-linked_Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire


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The si#plest 7o#an crane the Trispastos consisted of a single-bea# jib awinch a rope and a block containing three pulleys. Ha)ing thus a #echanicalad)antageof 3:1 it has been calculated that a single #an working the winchcould raise 1% kg 3 pulleys $ % kg B 1%; assu#ing that % kg representthe #a$i#u# effort a #an can e$ert o)er a longer ti#e period. Hea)ier crane

types featured fi)e pulleys 8entaspastos; or in case of the largest one a set ofthree by fi)e pulleys 8olyspastos; and ca#e with two three or four #astsdepending on the #a$i#u# load. The 8olyspastos when worked by four #enat both sides of the winch could already lift 3 kg 3 ropes $ % pulleys $ !#en $ % kg B 3 kg;. In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel the#a$i#u# load e)en doubled to ' kg at only half the crew since thetreadwheel possesses a #uch bigger #echanical ad)antage due to its largerdia#eter. This #eant that in co#parison to the construction of the 6gyptian8yra#ids where about % #en were needed to #o)e a 2.% ton stone block upthe ra#p % kg per person; the lifting capability of the 7o#an 8olyspastos

pro)ed to be ' ti#es higher 3 kg per person;.

Howe)er nu#erous e$tant 7o#an buildings which feature #uch hea)ierstone blocks than those handled by the 8olyspastos indicate that the o)eralllifting capability of the 7o#ans went far beyond that of any single crane. tthe te#ple of Cupiter at aalbek for instance the architra)eblocks weigh upto ' tons each and the corner cornices blocks e)en o)er 1 tons all of the#raised to a height of about 1+ #. In 7o#e the capital block of Trajan@s/olu#nweighs %3.3 tons which had to be lifted to a height of about 3! #.

It is assu#ed that 7o#an engineers lifted these e$traordinary weights by two#easures: 0irst as suggested by Heron a lifting tower was set up whose four#asts were arranged in the shape of a 9uadrangle with parallel sides notunlike a siege towerbut with the colu#n in the #iddle of the structure&echanica 3.%;. 5econd a #ultitude of capstanswere placed on the groundaround the tower for although ha)ing a lower le)erage ratio than treadwheelscapstans could be set up in higher nu#bers and run by #ore #en and#oreo)er by draught ani#als;.

/n t!e M"++#e A$e,

5#all-scale reconstruction of the #edie)al gantry crane atruggeharbor

&edie)al port crane with building o)erhanging in the for#erHansetown of"anig =daDsk;.

"uring the High &iddle ges the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on alarge scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western 6urope withthe de#ise of the estern 7o#an 6#pire.The earliest reference to atreadwheel #agna rota; reappears in archi)al literature in 0rance about 122%followed by an illu#inated depiction in a #anuscript of probably also 0renchorigin dating to 12!.In na)igation the earliest uses of harbor cranes aredocu#ented for 4trechtin 12!! ntwerpin 12'3 ruggein 12** and

Ha#burgin 12+1 while in 6ngland the treadwheel is not recorded before1331.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan's_Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan's_Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Pyramidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan's_Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan's_Columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruggehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg


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=enerally )ertical transport could be done #ore safely and ine$pensi)ely bycranes than by custo#ary #ethods. Typical areas of application were harbors#ines and in particular building sites where the treadwheel crane played a

pi)otal role in the construction of the lofty=othic cathedrals. Ee)erthelessboth archi)al and pictorial sources of the ti#e suggest that newly introduced

#achines like treadwheels orwheelbarrowsdid not co#pletely replace #orelabor-intensi)e #ethods like laddershodsand handbarrows. 7ather old andnew #achinery continued to coe$ist on #edie)al construction site andharbors.

part fro# treadwheels #edie)al depictions also show cranes to be powered#anually by windlasses with radiatingspokescranksand by the 1%th centuryalso by windlasses shaped like a ship@s wheel. To s#ooth out irregularities ofi#pulse and get o)er @dead-spots@ in the lifting process flywheelsare known to

be in use as early as 1123.

The e$act process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is notrecorded although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be)iewed in close connection with the si#ultaneous rise of =othic architecture.The reappearance of the treadwheel crane #ay ha)e resulted fro# atechnological de)elop#ent of the windlassfro# which the treadwheelstructurally and #echanically e)ol)ed. Its reintroduction #ay ha)e beeninspired as well by the obser)ation of the labor-sa)ing 9ualities of thewaterwheelwith which early treadwheels shared #any structural si#ilarities.

0irstly when big sied cranes were there the #o)e#ent was locked to two

di#entional but with ti#e need and progress cranes with three di#entional

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_hodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_hodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windlasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel


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free #o)e#ents were for#ed and #odified.

T!e +e.e#opment o ,#e*"n$ #e.e# #'"n$ crane, rom 18231923

nother type of crane or si#ilar to it is a derric and it #ay be e$plained as:-

+err"c)is a lifting de)ice co#posed of one #ast or pole which is hingedfreely at the botto#. It is controlled by lines usually four of the#; powered byso#e #eans such as #an-hauling or #otors so that the pole can #o)e in allfour directions.

In old ti#es there was no discri#ination between the two but now they are

studied as two different tools but their progress is inter reli)ant so in thehistory section they will be treated as sa#e.

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T!e +e.e#opment o #oat"n$ crane, 19021953

6nor#ous ad)ances now #ean that huge loads can be lifted byoffshore- and derricking- and slewing cranes where hoisting capacitiesof 2 tons or #ore are routine. 0igure illustrate thede)elop#ent of cranes o)er relati)ely short periods of ti#e and showthe )ast differences in sie and lifting capacity. figureshow typical cranes that are in use today.

Mec!an"c, an+ *or)"n$ o crane,

efore entering the study of the working of a crane we will firstly o)er )iewits structure:

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F"$'re ,!o*"n$ t!e ,tr'ct're o a crane

The #edie)al treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a centralshaftwith a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side.hile the earlier @co#pass-ar#@ wheel had spokes directly dri)en into thecentral shaft the #ore ad)anced @clasp-ar#@ type featured ar#s arranged aschords to the wheel ri# gi)ing the possibility of using a thinner shaft and

pro)iding thus a greater #echanical ad)antage.

/ontrary to a popularly held belief cranes on #edie)al building sites wereneither placed on the e$tre#ely lightweight scaffoldingused at the ti#e nor onthe thin walls of the =othic churches which were incapable of supporting theweight of both hoisting #achine and load. 7ather cranes were placed in theinitial stages of construction on the ground often within the building. hen a

new floor was co#pleted and #assi)e tie bea#s of the roof connected thewalls the crane was dis#antled and reasse#bled on the roof bea#s fro#

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffoldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding


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where it was #o)ed fro# bay to bay during construction of the )aults. Thusthe crane FgrewG and FwanderedG with the building with the result that today alle$tant construction cranes in 6ngland are found in church towers abo)e the)aulting and below the roof where they re#ained after building constructionfor bringing #aterial for repairs aloft.

,ess fre9uently #edie)al illu#inations also show cranes #ounted on theoutside of walls with the stand of the #achine secured to putlogs.

Mec!an"c, an+ operat"on

In contrast to #odern cranes #edie)al cranes and hoists - #uch like theircounterparts in =reece an+ Rome - *ere pr"mar"#( capa#e o a .ert"ca# #"t6an+ not ',e+ to mo.e #oa+, or aconsiderable distance horiontally as well.ccordingly lifting work was organied at the workplace in a different waythan today. In building construction for e$a#ple it is assu#ed that the cranelifted the stone blocks either fro# the botto# directly into place or fro# a

place opposite the centre of the wall fro# where it could deli)er the blocks fortwo tea#s working at each end of the wall. dditionally the crane #aster whousually ga)e orders at the treadwheel workers fro# outside the crane was ableto #anipulate the #o)e#ent laterally by a s#all rope attached to the load.5lewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularlysuited for dockside work appeared as early as 13!. hile ashlar blocks weredirectly lifted by sling lewis or de)il@s cla#p =er#an Teufelskralle; other

objects were placed before in containers likepalletsbaskets wooden bo$es orbarrels.

It is noteworthy that #edie)al cranes rarely featured ratchetsorbrakestoforestall the load fro# running backward .This curious absence is e$plained bythe high friction forcee$ercised by #edie)al treadwheels which nor#ally

pre)ented the wheel fro# accelerating beyond control.

Haror ',a$e

ccording to the unknown in anti9uity

stationary harbor cranes are considered a new de)elop#ent of the &iddleges. The typical harbor crane was a pi)oting structure e9uipped with double

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction


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treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading andunloading of cargo where they replaced or co#ple#ented older lifting#ethods like see-sawswinchesand yards.

Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a )arying

geographical distribution: hile gantry cranes which pi)oted on a central)ertical a$le were co##only found at the 0le#ish and "utch coastside=er#an sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where thewindlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib ar# androof rotating. Interestingly dockside cranes were not adopted in the&editerranean region and the highly de)eloped Italian ports where authoritiescontinued to rely on the #ore labor-intensi)e #ethod of unloading goods byra#ps beyond the &iddle ges.

4nlike construction cranes where the work speed was deter#ined by therelati)ely slow progress of the #asons harbor cranes usually featured double

treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose dia#eter isesti#ated to be ! # or larger were attached to each side of the a$le and rotatedtogether. Today according to one sur)ey fifteen treadwheel harbor cranesfro# pre-industrial ti#es are still e$tant throughout 6urope. eside thesestationary cranes floating craneswhich could be fle$ibly deployed in thewhole port basin ca#e into use by the 1!th century.

Mec!an"ca# pr"nc"p#e,

/ranes can #ount #any different utensils depending on load left;. /ranes canbe re#ote-controlled fro# the ground allowing #uch #ore precise controlbut without the )iew that a position atop the crane pro)ides right;.

The stability of a #obile construction crane can be jeopardied whenoutriggers sink into soft soil which can result in the crane tipping o)er.

There are two #ajor considerations in the design of cranes. The first is that thecrane #ust be able to lift a load of a specified weight and the second is that the

crane #ust re#ain stable and not topple o)er when the load is lifted and#o)ed to another location.

7"t"n$ capac"t(

/ranes illustrate the use of one or #ore si#ple #achinesto create #echanical

ad)antage.

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The le)er. balance crane contains a horiontal bea# the le)er;pi)oted about a point called the fulcru#. The principle of the le)erallows a hea)y load attached to the shorter end of the bea# to be lifted

by a s#aller forceapplied in the opposite direction to the longer end ofthe bea#. The ratio of the load@s weight to the applied force is e9ual to

the ratio of the lengths of the longer ar# and the shorter ar# and iscalled the #echanical ad)antage.

Thepulley. jib crane contains a tilted strut the jib; that supports afi$ed pulley block. /ables are wrapped #ultiple ti#es round the fi$ed

block and round another block attached to the load. hen the free endof the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding #achine the pulleysyste# deli)ers a force to the load that is e9ual to the applied force#ultiplied by the nu#ber of lengths of cable passing between the two

blocks. This nu#ber is the #echanical ad)antage. The hydraulic cylinder.This can be used directly to lift the load or

indirectly to #o)e the jib or bea# that carries another lifting de)ice.

/ranes like all #achines obey the principle of conser)ation of energy.This#eans that the energydeli)ered to the load cannot e$ceed the energy put intothe #achine. 0or e$a#ple if a pulley syste# #ultiplies the applied force byten then the load #o)es only one tenth as far as the applied force. 5inceenergy is proportional to force #ultiplied by distance the output energy iskept roughly e9ual to the input energy in practice slightly less because so#eenergy is lost to frictionand other inefficiencies;.

Sta"#"t(

0or stability the su# of all #o#entsabout any point such as the base of thecrane #ust e9uate to ero. In practice the #agnitude of load that is per#ittedto be lifted called the Arated loadA in the 45; is so#e )alue less than the loadthat will cause the crane to tip pro)iding a safety #argin;.

4nder 45 standards for #obile cranes the stability-li#ited rated load for acrawler crane is (% of the tipping load. The stability-li#ited rated load for a#obile crane supported on outriggers is *% of the tipping load. These

re9uire#ents along with additional safety-related aspects of crane design areestablished by the #erican 5ociety of &echanical 6ngineers.

5tandards for cranes #ounted on ships or offshore platfor#s are so#ewhatstricter because of the dyna#ic load on the crane due to )essel #otion.dditionally the stability of the )essel or platfor# #ust be considered.

0or stationary pedestal or kingpost #ounted cranes the #o#ent created by theboo# jib and load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. 5tress withinthe base #ust be less than the yield stress of the #aterial or the crane will fail.s the purpose of this publication is solely to study the types of cranes thatGs

why the #echanics section has got only a birds eye )iew.

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T(pe, o crane,

They are co##only used in the construction industry and in the#anufacturing of hea)y e9uip#ent. /ranes for construction are nor#allyte#porarystructures either fi$ed to the ground or #ounted on a purpose built )ehicle.

They can either be controlled fro# an operator in a cab that tra)els along withthe crane by a push button pendant control station or by radio type controls.The crane operator is ulti#ately responsible for the safety of the crews and thecrane

.

T!e mo,t a,"c t(pe, o crane,

T!e e* ma"n t(pe, o crane,

19


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The cranes )isible in the figure are showing the history as well as thead)ance#ent in cranes with ti#e. lthough the concept about cranes in ones#ind would be as abig #achine but the basic type of crane can break the theconcept.n the basis of #odern crane study and ad)ance#ent there are two

basic types of cranes:-1. 0i$ed /ranes

2. &obile or &o)able /ranes

Eow we will discuss the two types of cranes in detail:-

F"&e+ crane,

s the na#e indicates these cranes would not show any appreciable#o)e#ent. 6$changing #obility i.e. the ability to #o)eJ for the ability tocarry greater loads and reach greater heights as co#pare to any other type ofcranesand it is due to increased stability these types of cranes arecharacterised that they or at least their #ain structure; does not #o)e duringthe period of use. Howe)er #any can still be asse#bled and disasse#bled andso#eti#es show a little #o)e#ent too but again it is not appreciable to a li#itthat we #ay say the# #obile. &obile cranes are so #uch easy to use and#o)e but the i#portance and use of fi$ed cranes hasnGt lost its i#portance andwe see the# e)erywhere.The #ost i#portant by use and stability are:-

1. Tower crane2. 5elf-erecting crane3. Telescopic crane4. Ha##erhead crane5. ,e)el luffing crane6. =antry crane7. )erhead crane8. "eck crane9. Cib crane10.ulk-handling crane11.,oader crane12.5tacker crane

To*er crane,

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The tower crane is a #odern for# of balance crane. 0i$ed to the ground andso#eti#es attached to the sides of structures as well; tower cranes often gi)ethe best co#bination of height and lifting capacity and are used in theconstruction of tall buildings.

The jib collo9uially the @boo#@; and counter-jib are #ounted to the turntablewhere the slewing bearing and slewing #achinery are located. The counter-jibcarries a counterweight usually of concrete blocks while the jib suspends theload fro# the trolley. The Hoist #otor and trans#issions are located on the#echanical deck on the counter-jib while the trolley #otor is located on the

jib. The crane operator either sits in a cabin at the top of the tower or controlsthe crane by radio re#ote control fro# the ground. In the first case theoperator@s cabin is #ost usually located at the top of the tower attached to theturntable but can be #ounted on the jib or partway down the tower. Thelifting hookis operated by using electric #otors to #anipulate wire ropecables through a syste# of shea)es.

In order to hook and unhook the loads the operator usually works inconjunction with a signaller known as a @rigger@ or @swa#per@;. They are #ostoften in radio contact and always use hand signals. The rigger directs theschedule of lifts for the crane and is responsible for the safety of the riggingand loads.

tower crane is usually asse#bled by a telescopic jib #obile; crane ofgreater reach also see Aself-erecting craneA below; and in the case of towercranes that ha)e risen while constructing )ery tall skyscrapers a s#aller craneor derrick; will often be lifted to the roof of the co#pleted tower to dis#antlethe tower crane afterwards.

It is often clai#ed that a large fraction of the tower cranes in the world are inuse in"ubai. nd definitely it represents their progressing rate.

Se#-erect"n$ crane

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=enerally a type of tower crane these cranes also called self-asse#bling orAKangarooA cranes lift the#sel)es off the ground using jacks allowing thene$t section of the tower to be inserted at ground le)el or lifted into place bythe partially erected crane itself. They can thus be asse#bled without outsidehelp or can grow together with the building or structure they are erecting.

ith a co#bination of superior reach safer operating techni9ues and 9uietoperation selferecting cranes outperfor# telehandlers. The cranes are used inareas not accessible to a telehandler and reach across an entire jobsite insteadof one area thus enhancing safety. 7adio re#ote control allows operationclose to the load to accurately pick and place #aterials. 4sers benefit fro# thecranes ability to work in en)iron#entally sensiti)e areas due to electric poweroperation fro# a genset that is 9uieter than #obile alternati)es.

Te#e,cop"c crane,

telescopic crane has a boo# that consists of a nu#ber of tubes fitted oneinside the other. hydraulicor other powered #echanis# e$tends or retractsthe tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the boo#. These types of

boo#s are often used for short ter# construction projects rescue jobs liftingboats in and out of the water etc. The relati)e co#pactness of telescopicboo#s #ake the# adaptable for #any #obile applications.

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Eote that while telescopic cranes are not auto#atically #obile cranes #any ofthe# are. These are often truck-#ounted.

Hammer !ea+ crane,

The Aha##erheadA or giantcantile)er crane is a fi$ed-jibcrane consisting ofa steel-braced tower on which re)ol)es a large horiontal double cantile)erJthe forward part of this cantile)er orjibcarries the lifting trolley the jib ise$tended backwards in order to for# a support for the #achinery and counter-

balancing weight. In addition to the #otions of lifting and re)ol)ing there ispro)ided a so-called ArackingA #otion by which the lifting trolley with theload suspended can be #o)ed in and out along the jib without altering thele)el of the load. 5uch horiontal #o)e#ent of the load is a #arked feature oflater crane design. These cranes are generally constructed in large sies up to3% tons.

The design of ha##erkran e)ol)ed first in =er#any around the turn of the1+th century and was adopted and de)eloped for use in ritishshipyardstosupport the battleship construction progra# fro# 1+!-1+1!. The ability ofthe ha##erhead crane to lift hea)y weights was useful for installing large

pieces ofbattleshipssuch as ar#our plateand gunbarrels. =iant cantile)ercranes were also installed in na)al shipyards inCapanand in the 45.Theritish =o)ern#ent also installed a giant cantile)er crane at the5ingapore

Ea)al ase 1+3*; and later a copy of the crane was installed at =arden IslandEa)al "ockyardin 5ydney1+%1;. These cranes pro)ided repair support for

the battle fleet operating far fro#=reat ritain.

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The principal engineering fir# for giant cantile)er cranes in the ritish6#pire was 5ir illia# rrol L /o ,tdbuilding 1!. f around ' builtacross the world few re#ainJ ( in 6ngland and 5cotland of about 1%worldwide.

The Titan /lydebankis one of the ! 5cottish cranes on the /lydebank andpreser)ed as a tourist attraction.

7e.e# #'"n$ crane

Eor#ally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to ha)e its hook also #o)e up anddown as the jib #o)es or luffs;. le)el luffing crane is a crane of thisco##on design but with an e$tra #echanis# to keep the hook le)el whenluffing.

#e.e# #'"n$ craneis a crane #echanis# where the hook re#ains at thesa#e le)el whilst luffingJ #o)ing the jib up and down so as to #o)e the hookinwards and outwards relati)e to the base.M1N

5o#e types of crane are inherently le)el luffing: those with a fi$ed horiontaljib such as gantryha##erheador the fi$ed-jib tower cranesco##only usedin construction. 4sually though the description is only applied to those with aluffing jib that ha)e so#e additional #echanis# applied to keep the hook le)el

when luffing.

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,e)el luffing is #ost i#portant when careful #o)e#ent of a load near groundle)el is re9uired such as in construction or shipbuilding. This partiallye$plains the popularity of fi$ed horiontal jibs in these fields.

Top#", ca#e #'"n$

5tothert L 8itt crane with Toplis gear

n early for# of le)el luffing gear was the AToplisA design in)ented by a5tothert L 8ittengineer in 1+1!.M2NM3N This is also a purely #echanicallinkage arranged by the ree)ing of the hoist cables to the jib o)er pulleys atthe crane@s ape$ abo)e the cab so that luffing the jib upwards allows #ore freecable and lowers the hook to co#pensate.

Hor,e-!ea+ j",

Horse-head jib showing the le)el position of the hook

Horse-head design

The usual #echanis# for le)el luffing in #odern cranes is to add an additionalAhorse headA section to the top of the jib. y careful design of the geo#etry

this keeps le)el #erely by the linked action of the pi)ots.M!NPo*ere+ #e.e# #'"n$

s cranes and their control syste#s beca#e #ore sophisticated it beca#epossible to control the le)el of luffing directly by winching the hoist cable inand out as needed. The first of these syste#s used #echanical clutches

between luffing and hoist dru#s gi)ing si#plicity and a Anear le)elA result.M%N

,ater syste#s ha)e used #odern electronic controls and 9uickly re)ersible#otors with good slow-speed control to the hoist winch #otors so as to gi)e a

positioning accuracy of inches. 5o#e early syste#s used controllablehydraulic gearbo$es to achie)e the sa#e result but these added co#ple$ityand cost and so were only popular where high accuracy was needed such asfor shipbuilding.

7'"n$ ca,

,uffing #echanis#s ha)e also been applied to the dri)er@s cab being #ountedon its own jib following the #o)e#ent of the crane@s #ain jib M'N These areused for tasks such as ship unloading where the )iew fro# the dri)er@s cab isgreatly i#pro)ed by cantile)ering it forwards and o)er the ship.

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antr( crane

gantry crane has ahoistin a fi$ed #achinery house or on a trolleythat runshoriontally along rails usually fitted on a single bea# #ono-girder; or two

bea#s twin-girder;. The crane fra#e is supported on a gantry syste# withe9ualied bea#s and wheels that run on the gantry rail usually perpendicularto the trolley tra)el direction. These cranes co#e in all sies and so#e can#o)e )ery hea)y loads particularly the e$tre#ely large e$a#ples used inshipyards or industrial installations. special )ersion is the container craneor A8ortainerA crane na#ed by the first #anufacturer; designed for loadingand unloading ship-borne containers at a port.

oth o.er!ea+ tra.e##"n$ crane,and $antr( crane,are types of cranewhichlift objects by a hoistwhich is fitted in a trolley and can #o)e horiontally on

a rail or pair of rails fitted under a bea#. n o)erhead tra)elling crane alsoknown as an o)erhead craneor as a suspended crane has the ends of thesupporting bea# resting on wheels running on rails at high le)el usually onthe parallel side walls of afactoryor si#ilar large industrial building so thatthe whole crane can #o)e the length of the building while the hoist can be#o)ed to and fro across the width of the building. gantry crane or portalcrane has a si#ilar #echanis# supported by uprights usually with wheels atthe foot of the uprights allowing the whole crane to tra)erse. 5o#e portalcranes #ay ha)e only a fi$ed gantry particularly when they are lifting loadssuch as railway cargoes that are already easily #o)ed beneath the#.

)erhead tra)elling cranes and gantry cranes are particularly suited to lifting)ery hea)y objects and huge gantry cranes ha)e been used for shipbuildingwhere the crane straddles the ship allowing #assi)e objects like ships@ enginesto be lifted and #o)ed o)er the ship. Two fa#ous gantry cranes built in 1+(!and 1+'+ respecti)ely are 5a#son and =oliathwhich reside in the largest drydockin the world in elfastEorthern Ireland. 6ach crane has a span of 1!#etres and can lift loads of up to *!tonnesto a height of ( #etres #akinga co#bined lifting capacity of o)er 1' tonnes one of the largest in theworld.

Howe)er gantry cranes are also a)ailable running on rubber tyres so that

tracks are not needed and s#all gantry cranes can be used in workshops fore$a#ple for lifting auto#obile engines out of )ehicles.

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Conta"ner crane

ship-to-shore rail #ounted gantry crane is a specialised )ersion of the gantry

crane in which the horiontal gantry rails and their supporting bea# arecantile)eredout fro# between fra#e uprights spaced to suit the length of astandard freight container so that the bea# supporting the rails projects o)er a9uaysideand o)er the width of an adjacent ship allowing the hoist to liftcontainers fro# the 9uay and #o)e out along the rails to place the containerson the ship. The uprights ha)e wheels which run in tracks allowing the craneto #o)e along the 9uay to position the containers at any point on the length ofthe ship. The first )ersions of these cranes were designed and #anufactured by8aceco /orporation. They were called 8ortainers and beca#e so popular thatthe ter# 8ortainer is co##only used as a generic ter# to refer to all ship-to-shore rail #ounted gantry cranes.

or),tat"on antr( Crane,

orkstation gantry cranes are used to lift and transport s#aller ite#s around aworking area in a factory or #achine shop. 5o#e workstation gantry cranesare e9uipped with an enclosed track while others use an I-bea# or othere$truded shapes for the running surface. &ost workstation gantry cranes areintended to be stationary when loaded and #obile when unloaded.

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Ra"# Mo'nte+ or EOT antr( Crane,

6lectrical )erhead Tra)elling 6T; cranes or =antry /ranes are co##onlyfound in factory applications such as steel yards paper #ills or loco#oti)erepair shops. The 6T gantry crane functions si#ilarly to an o)erhead bridgecrane but has rails installed on the ground and gantry-style legs to support thecrane. /apacities range fro# 2 to 2 tons. &ost are electrically powered and

painted safety yellow.

O.er!ea+ crane

lso known as a @suspended crane@ this type of crane work )ery si#ilar to agantry cranebut instead of the whole crane #o)ing only thehoistO trolley

asse#bly #o)es in one direction along one or two fi$ed bea#s often #ountedalong the side walls or on ele)ated colu#ns in the asse#bly area of factory.5o#e of these cranes can lift )ery hea)y loads.

n o.er!ea+ craneis a type of cranewhere the hook-and-line #echanis#runs along a horiontal bea# that runs along two widely separated rails. ftenit is in a long factory building and runs along rails along the building@s twolong walls. It is si#ilar to a gantry crane.

n o)erhead crane typically consists of three i#portant parts:

1. The hoist pro)iding upOdown #otion to lift ite#s.2. The trolley pro)iding leftOright #otion for the hoist and load.3. The bridge pro)iding backOforward #otion for trolley hoist and load.

This is per#anently installed in a factory shop or warehouse to #o)e ite#snot #o)eable by hu#ans or forklifts.

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The #ost co##on o)erhead crane use is in the steel industry.6)ery step ofsteel until it lea)es a factory as a finished product the steel is handled by ano)erhead crane. 7aw #aterials are poured into a furnaceby crane hot steel is

stored for cooling by an o)erhead crane the finished coilsare lifted andloaded onto trucksand trainsby o)erhead crane and thefabricator or sta#peruses an o)erhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The auto#obileindustry uses o)erhead cranes for handling of raw #aterials. 5#allerworkstationcranes handle lighter loads in a work-area such as /E/#ill orsaw.

Dec) crane

,ocated on the ships and boats these are used for cargo operations or boatunloading and retrie)al where no shore unloading facilities are a)ailable. &ostare diesel-hydraulic or electric-hydraulic

The #ost ad)anced for# of a deck crane is a =, deck crane. =, electro-hydraulic deck cranes are designed for bulk carriers. e focused on gi)ing the=, a robust design and e$cellent control and operational properties. Therange co)ers lifting capacities fro# 2% to 3' tonnes with 1*-3 # outreaches.=, cranes are built fro# #odules and are easy to #aintain and install.

=eneral design:=, cranes are designed to #eet the rules of all recognised classificationsocieties and regulatory bodies. They are designed to work in the tough

conditions that go with grab and log handling. The cranes ha)e a steplesscontrol syste# and hoisting luffing and slewing #otions are independent of

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each other. This #eans that at their #a$i#u# capacity =, cranes canoperate at full speed using all three #o)e#ents at the sa#e ti#e. These cranescan be supplied with the tools needed for handling particular cargoes.

" crane

jib crane is a type of crane where a horiontal #e#ber jib or boo#;supporting a #o)eable hoist is fi$ed to a wall or to a floor-#ounted pillar. Cibcranes are used in industrial pre#ises and on #ilitary )ehicles. The jib #ayswing through an arc to gi)e additional lateral #o)e#ent or be fi$ed. 5i#ilarcranes often known si#ply as hoists were fitted on the top floor of warehouse

buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.

F#oor Mo'nte+ " Crane

o 4p to % Ton 5tandard /apacitieso 4p to 2 0eet 5pano 4nli#ited /usto# "esign

a## Mo'nte+ " Craneo 4p to % Ton 5tandard /apacitieso 4p to 2 0eet 5pano 4nli#ited /usto# "esign

Spec"a# App#"cat"on " Crane,o 4p to 1 Ton /apacityo 4p to 1' 0eet 5pano 3 "ifferent &ounting 5tyles: 0loor /eiling and all.

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" e&ten,"on on a ,cotc! +err"c)

y linking the e$tension to the #ain jib in the e$a#ple abo)e there is a rigidtie-bar between the top of the pillar and the end of the e$tension; you canarrange for the load to re#ain at about the sa#e height as the crane jib is

luffed that is if you lift the #ain jib the load #o)es closer to the crane butre#ains at the sa#e le)el.

This was co##on on dockside cranes although the e$a#ple shown belowtaken fro# a 1+3s book on engineering is a )ery large crane probably basedon one at a ship yard rather than a 9uay. These are known as @horses heads@ atleast by sailors.

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:'#)-!an+#"n$ crane

ulk-handling cranes are designed fro# the outset to carry a shell grab orbucket rather than using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoessuch as coal #inerals scrap #etal etc.

'#)-!an+#"n$craneis one that instead of a si#ple hook that can handle arange of slung loads has an integral grab for lifting bulk cargoes such as coal#ineral ore etc.

here the grab is a two-piece hinged bucket it is known as a ,!e## $raor,!e## 'c)et. orking the grab re9uires e$tra cables fro# the crane jib sore9uires a specialised design of crane throughout not #erely an attach#ent.

5o#e grabs use 2 cables for lift and control others use !.In 1+2( 5tothert L 8ittof ath 5o#ersetproduced the first specialised bulk-handling crane. This was to unload coal atarking power station in ,ondon.

Oran$e-pee# $ra,

here a cargo is coarser in sie than #inerals co##only for scrap #etal

then an oran$e-pee# $ra#ay be used instead of a shell. These ha)e si$ oreight seg#ents of ApeelA independently hinged around a central core. They arebetter able to grab at an une)en load rather than just scooping at s#all pieces.If the load is #ade of long thin pieces a grab #ay also be able to carry far#ore than a single AgrabfulA at one ti#e.

lthough orange-peel grabs #ay be hung fro# cables on a jib they@re alsoco##only #ounted directly onto a jib. This is #ore suitable for grabbing atawkward loads that #ight otherwise tend to tip a hanging grab o)er. They #ayalso use hydraulics to control the seg#ents rather than weight and hoist cables.

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;an$aroo crane,

nother of5tothert L 8itt@s inno)ations was the )an$aroo crane. 7ather thanslewingrotating; the crane to reach the deli)ery hopper on-shore a kangaroocrane has its own in-built hopper beneath the jib that slews with it as the crane

rotates. "u#ping the grab contents into the hopper now only re9uires the9uicker luffing#o)e#ent without needing to slew for each load.

The ter# Akangaroo craneA has also been applied #ore recently toju#pingcranes tower cranes used in the construction of skyscrapers that are capable ofraising their towers as construction grows upwards.

7oa+er crane

loader crane also called a knuckle-boo# crane or articulating crane ; is ahydraulically-powered articulated ar# fitted to a truckortrailerand is usedfor loadingOunloading the )ehicle. The nu#erous jointed sections can befolded into a s#all space when the crane is not in use. ne or #ore of thesections #ay be telescopic. ften the crane will ha)e a degree of auto#ationand be able to unload or stow itself without an operator@s instruction. Thenu#erous sections can be folded into a s#all space when the crane isnGt inuse.

4nlike #ost cranes the operator #ust #o)e around the )ehicle to be able to)iew his loadJ hence #odern cranes #ay be fitted with a portable cabled or

radio-linked control syste# to supple#ent the crane-#ounted hydrauliccontrol le)ers.

In the 4K and /anada this type of crane is al#ost in)ariably knowncollo9uially as a AHiabA partly because this #anufacturer in)ented the loadercrane and was first into the 4K #arket and partly because the distincti)ena#e was displayed pro#inently on the boo# ar#.

rolloader@ crane is a loader crane #ounted on a chassis with wheels. Thischassis can ride on the trailer. ecause the crane can #o)e on the trailer it can

be a light crane so the trailer is allowed to transport #ore goods.

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Stac)er crane

crane with aforklifttype #echanis# used in auto#ated co#putercontrolled; warehousesknown as an auto#ated storage and retrie)al syste#5O75;;. The crane #o)es on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork

can be raised or lowered to any of the le)els of a storage rack and can bee$tended into the rack to store and retrie)e product.

The product can in so#e cases be as large as anauto#obile. 5tacker cranes areoften used in the large freeer warehouses of froen food #anufacturers. Thisauto#ation a)oids re9uiring forklift dri)ers to work in below freeingte#peratures e)ery day.

This crane is a #achine integrated into an uto#ated 5torageO7etrie)al5yste# also known as 5O75. The 5O75 are co#puter-controlled syste#sfor storing and retrie)ing products in #anufacturing warehouses and facilities.The stacker cranePs role in the syste# is to transfer large unit loads fro# aspecific storage slot to a pickup or deli)ery station. The stacker crane is a largecarriage that is built directly between the aisles of the 5O75. In a highlysophisticated syste# #ultiple stacker cranes can be assigned to one aisle. Itcan be built to #o)e either )ertical or parallel in the aisle.

/5 stacker crane is highly reputed for the stable auto#atic pallet

transportation. ell-e9uipped option for single or double load de)ices itallows the #a$i#u# throughput with high-speed and stable bay perfor#ance.

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S"n$#e-ma,t ,tac)er crane

The single-#ast stacker crane &=IT now offers the fa#iliar topperfor#ance of the &ustang for heights of up to 1* #. new constructionconcept for the #ast head pro)ides for additional stability which allows thede)ice to opti#ally bear the high speed and accelerations. The &=IT can

be co#bined with all standard load handling de)ices and is thus suitable for allapplications between 1! and 1* #.

Dept! ,tac)er-crane,

5ingle or double depth stacker-cranes&ono or bi-pallet stacker-cranes/ur)e stacker-crane transferring switching;

co#ple#ent to traditional storage functions these technologies are perfectlysuited to :- Eegati)e or controlled te#perature warehouses- ufferstock with rapid turno)er- 5upply of order preparation stations integrated in or e$terior to storage

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Mo"#e Crane,

These are the new type of cranes and are #o)able to a great e$tent. This#o)e#ent is of the crane fro# one place to another as well as the #o)e#ent

of crane basic work tool. The #ost basic type of crane consists of a steel trussor telescopic boo# #ounted on a #obile platfor# which could be a railwheeled or e)en on a cat truck. The boo# is hinged at the botto# and can beeither raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders. The #ain types of#obile or #o)able cranes are:-

1. Truck-#ounted crane2. 5idelift crane3. 7ough terrain crane4. ll terrain crane5. /rawler crane6. 7ailroad crane7. 0loating crane8. erial crane

Eow we will discuss each type in detail:

Tr'c)-mo'nte+ crane

/ranes #ounted on a rubber tire truck will pro)ide great #obility. utriggersthat e$tend )ertically or horiontally are used to le)el and stabilie the craneduring hoisting. crane #ounted on a truckcarrier pro)ides the #obility forthis type of crane.

=enerally these cranes are able to tra)el on highways eli#inating the needfor special e9uip#ent to transport the crane. hen working on the jobsiteoutriggersare e$tended horiontally fro# the chassis then )ertically to le)eland stabilie the crane while stationary and hoisting. &any truck cranes ha)eslow-tra)elling capability a few #iles per hour; while suspending a load.=reat care #ust be taken not to swing the load sideways fro# the direction of

tra)el as #ost anti-tipping stability then lies in the stiffness of the chassissuspension. &ost cranes of this type also ha)e #o)ing counterweights forstabiliation beyond that pro)ided by the outriggers. ,oads suspended directlyaft are the #ost stable since #ost of the weight of the crane acts as acounterweight. 0actory-calculated charts or electronic safeguards; are used bycrane operators to deter#ine the #a$i#u# safe loads for stationaryoutriggered; work as well as on-rubber; loads and tra)elling speeds.

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Truck cranes range in lifting capacity fro# about 1!.% 45 tons to about 1345 tons.

1950, an+ 1940, ,ma## mo"#e motor crane,

y the early 1+3s #otor lorries e9uipped with petrol engined cranes were inregular use the railways used the# in larger goods yards often for handlingcontainers; those seen on non-railway work were usually owned by acontractor and hired out with its dri)er as re9uired. There were so#eapparently purpose built )ehicles in which the dri)er could turn his seat roundto operate the crane but there nor# see#s to ha)e been a crane unit withoperators seat in the open cabs ca#e in in the later 1+3s but open seats wereseen into the 1+'s; bolted to the rear of a lorry chassis. 0or people working

on scale the irfi$ @70 7eco)ery 5et@ includes a crane that sawwidespread use in railway yards after the second world war and the associatedarticulated lorry tractor was also a type used by 7 although not with the long70 trailer;. s far as I a# aware nothing si#ilar is yet a)ailable in E.

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&odern diesel engined cranes with hydraulic ra#s to lift and so#eti#es to

e$tend the jib and an electric or hydraulic #otor to wind in the hoisting cablestarted to appear in the late 1+%s. These use a co#pressor to pro)ide thehydraulic pressure and because co#pressors heat up the fluid they use oilrather than water to a)oid the risk of stea# for#ing. The e$a#ple shown

below is traced fro# a photo taken in the 1+%s showing such a crane beingused to load coke into road lorries. Eote there is li#ited articulation and littleuse of the hydraulics the jib is raised and lowered by the two ra#s behind thecab and the grab is operated by hydraulics but the rest is all #echanicallinkages. Eote the double wheels at the front single at the rear.

Ear#( mo"#e !(+ra'#"c crane

The application of hydraulics to produce #ore co#ple$ articulated ande$tending jibs had to wait for general engineering to catch up and producesufficiently accurate parts and effecti)e seals but by the 1+*s #ost rail#ounted cranes were of this general type.

Eote that by the #id 1+3s cranes were by law clearly #arked with their safeworking load usually in the for# 5, 1 TE written in white on both sides

of the jib the law re9uiring the safe load to be established had been passed in1*!! but it was the 1**s before the tests produced #eaningful results;. Thesie of the lettering )aried depending on the type of crane s#all hand craneswhere the operator was standing close to the jib #ight use lettering as s#all astwo inches high but for large cranes with a cab the lettering was usually thefull height of the jib side. In the 1+2s and less co##only in the 1+3s so#ecranes had so#ething like 3 TE5 written on the side but the safe workingload was a legal re9uire#ent so the 5, abbre)iation soon beca#e standard.

4p until the 1+'s for regular hea)y loads the best option was the o)erheadgantry crane so#e were fi$ed in position others #ounted on a bridge across

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two parallel raised rails technically @tra)elling gantry cranes@;. ,arger railwayyards often had a gantry crane so#e were fi$ed but #ost I belie)e were thetra)elling type often called a =oiliath crane by railway#en;.

Kibri do a rather nice )intage gantry crane -(!%2; this has a fi$ed base anda co)ered gantry with railed walk ways and can span two tracks. Qoll#er offera #odern tubular #etal fi$ed gantry crane (+1; which would look well onany layout set after the 1+'s and as #entioned elsewhere they also offer theonly really con)incing I5 container handling crane (+%;. The ritish fir#Knightwing offer a neat cast white #etal s#all fi$ed gantry crane well suitedto industrial use.

Two types which the #odeller #ight atte#pt are the )ery s#all gantry oro)erhead con)eyor and the )ery large tra)elling gantry crane suitable for a

hea)y engineering factory or larger railway goods yard. The sketch belowshows the #ost basic for# a si#ple I section rail with a carriage running onthe botto# web that #ight be used in an engineering works to lift hea)y ite#son and off railway wagons technically this is an @o)erhead con)eyor@ ratherthan a crane;. t a works the rail could e$tend into a building through adoorway the doors being cut away to allow this; so ite#s could be transferredto and fro# inside the building and the railway wagons. Eote this re9uires twodoors usually sliding rather than hinged; one either side of the top rail.

S"+e#"t crane

sidelifter crane is a road-going truckor se#i-trailerable to hoist andtransport I5 standard containers. /ontainer lift is done with parallel crane-like hoists which can lift a container fro# the ground or fro# arailway)ehicle.

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The is the #ost ad)anced for# and this fa#ily includes the state of the art of0errari technology:8iston pu#ps and load sensing distributor8roportional le)ers or #ultifunctional joystick0ull /E 45 integrated #anage#ent

,ifting capacity under spreader up to ' high *@'@@06777I 6/ *utstanding forklift truck for e#pty container handling pro)iding stability and

perfor#ances at top #arket le)el.,ifting capacity under spreader up to + tons stacking up to * high R 1Telescopic side spreader 2@ !@ single or double lift6/ * offers its best perfor#ances in :- narrow ter#inals- end on stacking

- fork handling- double stacking

eing e9uipped with special spreaders to safely neatly and 9uickly handlee#pty containers at the ter#inals it is de)eloped the new type )ehiclesfocusing on se)eral crucial features-e$cellent )isibility high-#ounted pillar-less cabin wider )iew #ast easy and tireless #aneu)erability increasedoperation efficiency and operator friendliness as well.

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Ro'$! terra"n crane

crane #ounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designedfor pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and Arough terrainAapplications. utriggers are used to le)el and stabilie the crane for hoisting.

These telescopic cranes are single-engine #achines with the sa#e enginepowering the undercarriage and the crane si#ilar to a crawler crane. In a

rough terrain crane the engine is usually #ounted in the undercarriage ratherthan in the upper as with crawler crane.

Eo #atter where you want to build the 7ough Terrain /rane is ready to helpwith realistic functionsS 0lip down the outriggers to stabilie the load ande$tend the powerful telescoping boo#S 7otate the base and acti)ate theworking controls on the back to lower the winch and raise the payload. 6ntirecrane rotates 3' degrees.

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A## terra"n crane

#obile crane with the necessary e9uip#ent to tra)el at speed on publicroads and on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering.TFs co#bine the roadability of Truck-#ounted /ranes and the

#anoeu)rability of 7ough Terrain /ranes.TGs ha)e 2-+ a$les and are designed for lifting loads up to 12#etric tons.

ll Terrain /rane adopts !-section bo$ type powered telescoping with all-round he$agonal boo# profile #ade of high-tensile structural steel withlongitudinal reinforce#ent for i#pro)ing partial stability of boo# lower plate

better lateral rigidity for boo#. % shea)es at boo# head the 2nd 3rd sections

and the top one synchronously telescope telescoping syste# contains double-action cylinder and wire ropes and with holding )al)e fitted in the cylinder. 2-a$le chassis with en)iron#ent engine all a$le dri)e all wheel steering andcrab walk possible e9uipped with ad)anced hydro-pneu#atic suspension andoff-road tires suitable for )ariable co#plicated ground conditions. The )ehiclecan tra)el on )arious rough road operate 3'Ufull circle and also on #id-e$tended outrigger or on tires and tra)el with a suspended load.

0or e$a#ple #a$i#u# capacity on outriggers + t ? ase #achine is asfollows:

C!a,,",

&anufactured by &archetti steel torsion-resistant bo$ type constructionwidth

2.(% #.2.('

O'tr"$$er,

! hydraulically telescoping bea# outriggers. Independent #o)e#ent controlsoneach side of the carrier and in the upper structure cab. Two different outrigger

positions a)ailable '.+ # L % #. The outriggersG pads are always clasped tothe)ertical cylinders.

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En$"ne

IQ6/ engine 03 turbo-intercooler 647&T 2 ' cylinder in line watercooled. &a$ power 2*( k 3*% H8; at 2 rp#. &a$ tor9ue 1( E# at

1rp#. 0uel tank capacity !% liters.

S',pen,"on

ll a$les ha)e hydro-pneu#atic suspensions. ,ongitudinal and trans)ersele)elcontrol and locking to allow #otion fro# the upper structure cab. uto#aticle)eling syste# for road tra)el. /ylinder stroke 22 ##.

E#ectr"ca# ,(,tem

2! Q 66/ co#pliant lighting syste#. E. 1 working light fi$ed to upper

structurecabin.5uperstructure/ontinuous 3'U rotation.

Ho",t $ear

=roo)ed dru# epicyclical reducer and auto#atic disk brakes. $ial pistonengineand descent control. 7otation indicator. nti-slewing rope length 23 #dia#eter1+ ##. Hoisting capacity at the !th le)el ' daE.oo# ele)ationThrough 1 hydraulic double-effect cylinder with safety )al)e. oo# anglefro# ?1Uto *2U

S#e*"n$

8lanetary gear L e$ternal sprocket epicyclical reducer and auto#atic #ultipledisk brakes.

H(+ra'#"c ,(,tem

ne a$ial pistons load sensing pu#p for the craneGs #ain circuitsJ one gearedpu#p for slewing and for the outriggersJ one geared pu#p for the ser)icecircuit.8ossibility of acti)ating three conte#porary #aneu)ers. Ther#ostaticallycontrolled oil cooler for jobs.

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Cra*#er crane

crawler is a crane #ounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks alsocalled crawlers; that pro)ide stability and #obility. /rawler cranes range inlifting capacity fro# about ! 45 tons to 3% 45 tons.

/rawler cranes ha)e both ad)antages and disad)antages depending on theiruse. Their #ain ad)antage is that they can #o)e around on site and perfor#each lift with little set-up since the crane is stable on its tracks with nooutriggers. In addition a crawler crane is capable of tra)eling with a load. The#ain disad)antage is that they are )ery hea)y and cannot easily be #o)edfro# one job site to another without significant e$pense. Typically a largecrawler #ust be disasse#bled and #o)ed by trucks rail cars or ships to itsne$t location.

/rawler cranes deli)er e$cellent #obility o)er soft surfaces. These #ultiple-purpose cranes can be used in a broad range of applications ranging fro#construction to ci)il engineering and port cargo handling.Here are gi)en so#especifications of the latest #odel of a crawler crane for understanding itsdetails:

1*-tons 1'.3-tonnes; pick-and-carry capacity ? 3'U. 8ull L pin boo# - (ft 2#; length.

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Telescopic jib for up to 1ft 3.%#; tip height. 1(3 hp 12+k; diesel engine standard. ,ow ground bearing pressure of %.' psi .3+ kgOc#2; or less with

counterweight re#o)ed. &antis-engineered auger options with optional hydraulic tool circuit. Two-speed independent hydrostatic track dri)e to 3 #ph !.* k#Ohr;. *ft 2.!!#; #ini#u# tra)el width with 1*ins !%(##; tracks;. 6$traordinary (ft 11ns 2.!1#; #ini#u# clearance height. /hoice of track shoe widths ape$ swa#p pads or bolt-on rubber track

pads to suit any ground surface. %1-%!lb 23-2!.%-tonne; shipping weight fully e9uipped ? hauls as

a single ready-to-work load. 5teep ( gradeability thanks to low centre of gra)ity. Hydraulic on-the-fly track fra#e retraction and e$tension. 12lb %.!-tonne; planetary #ain winch with full load single line

speeds to 222 fp# '(.( #p#;. ptional &antis 8-(% Hea)y "uty ork 8latfor# for *2ft 2%#;

working height.

Ra"#roa+ crane

railroad crane has flanged wheels for use on railroads. The si#plest for# isa crane #ounted on arailroad car. &ore capable de)ices are purpose-built.

"ifferent types of crane are used for #aintenance workreco)ery operationsand freight loading in goods yards. ra"#roa+ crane crane caror *rec)er45; or rea)+o*n crane4K;; is a type of crane used on arailroadfor oneof three pri#ary uses: freight handling in goods yardsper#anent way 8;#aintenance and accident reco)ery work. lthough the design differsaccording to the type of work the basic configuration is si#ilar in all cases: arotating crane body is #ounted on a sturdy chassis fitted with flanged wheels.The body supports thejib4K; boo# 45;; and pro)ides all the lifting andoperating #echanis#sJ on larger cranes an operator@s cabin is usually

pro)ided. The chassis is fitted with buffing and coupling gear to allow thecrane to be #o)ed by a loco#oti)e although #any are also self-propelled to

allow li#ited #o)e#ent about a work site.

0or cranes with a jib that e$tends beyond the length of the chassis a #atchwagonalso known as a @jib carrier@ 4K; or @boo# car@ 45;; is pro)ided to

protect the jib and to allow the crane to be coupled within a train. The #atchwagon is usually a long flat wagon that pro)ides a #eans of securing the jibfor transportationJ storage areas for special e9uip#ent or supplies are usuallyfitted too. It was not unco##on for the #atch wagon to be built on awithdrawn re)enue-earning wagon.

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Documents

Cranes and Types of Cranes