CRANES TECHNOLOGICAL AND REGULATORY INFLUENCES IN … · 2014-01-13 · They come in many forms, including jib cranes, tower cranes, overhead cranes, mobile cranes, gantry cranes,

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CRANES

TECHNOLOGICAL AND REGULATORY

INFLUENCES IN THE LAST 50 YEARS

BOB BERRY/SIMS CRANE

BILLY SMITH/NBIS


SOME EARLY CRANES

Cranes are old devices—the ancient Greeks and Romans designed

cranes to lift and move heavy objects. Buildings such as the Roman

Coliseum and the medieval cathedrals of Europe were built using

cranes, as were the skyscrapers of cities today.


The first Mobile Crane was manufactured in

1914 by John F. Byers called an Auto Crane

until then cranes were mainly on rails or

stifflegg derricks


By the 1920’s many companies saw the need for

Mobile Cranes and the manufacturing revolution

began


Mid 1920’s Crane Brochure


Manufacturers quickly realized the need for stability

and developed manual extending beams supported

by wood blocking. This type of (Outrigger) stayed

well into the 1950’s until Hydraulic Outriggers were

introduced


Bay City Cranes produced the Pinned Boom

sections in 1940’s and the race is on for higher

reaching loads


Hydraulics' enter the market in 1946


SOME EARLY MANUFACTURERS

• AUSTIN WESSON

• PETTIBONE

• GALION

• COLES

• QUICKWAY

• LORIAN

• LIMA

• BUCYRUS ERIE

• NORTHWEST


TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED

BUT?

Although we’ve used cranes for centuries, and use them just

about everywhere today, cranes can still be dangerous.

If not probably balanced, they can topple over when lifting a load,

and if a load is too heavy, the load line or crane hook can snap,

dropping the load on anything, or anyone, below.

Safe crane operations depend on effective use of technology by

trained and careful workers.

While the professional crane operator may seem to play

the leading role in crane operations, is he??


TODAY’S CRANES

• The cranes of today have come a long way from their predecessors.

Formerly powered by brute force, they are now powered by internal

combustion engines and electric motors. Previously limited in what

they could lift with their primitive pulley systems, modern cranes use

sophisticated hydraulic systems to provide a far superior lifting

capacity.

• Modern cranes are built to suit the specific requirements of a job.

They come in many forms, including jib cranes, tower cranes,

overhead cranes, mobile cranes, gantry cranes, telescopic cranes,

floating cranes, aerial cranes and even self-erecting cranes.

• The principle of mechanical advantage has allowed us to create

huge edifices and lift staggeringly heavy weights, and it’s all thanks

to the invention and refinement of cranes throughout history.


CHANGES TO CRANES

• WHAT HAVE BEEN SOME OF THE MAJOR

CHANGES TO THE TECHNOLGY OF THE

CRANES IN THE LAST 50 YEARS ?

• Lets take a few moments to talk about a few

of them.


CHANGES

• No riding Headache Balls (Except Michigan)

• Anti- Two Block

• Load Moment Indicator (LMI)

• Drum Rotating Indicator

• Hydraulic over Friction

• Gravity Fed Booms

• Increased Capacities of Hydro’s

• Increased Boom Length’s

• Lift Adjuster

• Have They Affected The Operators Need to

Know?


CRANES of Today 101:

Crane Types & Their Inherent Risks


Let’s Start at the Very Beginning:

What is a Crane?

• In the construction world, the proper definition of

a crane is a power-operated piece of equipment

that can hoist, lower and horizontally move a

suspended load.

• Traditionally, the definition included reference to

use of wire rope and an integral winch, but

OSHA, in its new crane standard, extended the

definition to include certain machines that lift

loads only with a hook.


The Two Major Classes of Cranes

Mobile Cranes: lifting devices that incorporate a cable

suspended latticed boom or hydraulic telescopic boom

designed to be moved between operating locations by

transport over the road. These type of cranes are

covered by ANSI standard B30.5.

Tower Cranes: lifting structures that utilize a vertical

mast or tower to support a working boom (jib) in an

elevated position. Loads are suspended from the

working boom. While the working boom may be of the

fixed type (horizontal or angled) or have luffing

capability, it can always rotate to swing loads. These

types of cranes are covered by ANSI standard B30.3


Types of Mobile Cranes as Defined

by ANSI B30.5

• Commercial Truck-Mounted Crane: a crane

consisting of a rotating superstructure, boom,

operating machinery, and one or more

operator’s stations mounted on a frame attached

to a commercial truck chassis, usually retaining

a payload hauling capability whose power

source usually powers the crane. Its function is

to lift, lower, and swing loads at various radii.

• Commonly referred to as a “Boom Truck.”


Boom Truck

Boom

Rotating

Superstructure

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Operator’s

Station

Truck

Tractor

Commercial

Truck Chassis


Range Diagram For Typical Boom

Truck


Alternate Type of Boom Truck:

The “Knuckle Boom”

Articulating

Boom

Hook Fixed to

Boom Head


Knuckle Boom Cranes

• As you can see, a knuckle boom crane does not

always lift materials using a winch and wire rope

cable and therefore did not fit the traditional

definition of a crane.

• So that these types of machines would be

covered when used for construction under the

OSHA standard, the mention of winch and cable

was removed from the official definition.



by ANSI B30.5

Crawler Crane: a crane consisting of a rotating

superstructure with power plant, operating

machinery, and boom, mounted on a base and

equipped with crawler treads for travel. Its

function is to lift, lower, and swing loads at

various radii.

• Manufactured in two versions: lattice boom and

telescopic boom.


Lattice Boom Crawler Crane

Lattice

Boom

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Rotating Superstructure

with Power Plant (i.e.,

Engine)Base with Crawler Treads


Close-up View of Operating

Machinery


Range Diagram for Typical Lattice

Boom Crawler Crane


Telescopic Boom Crawler Crane

Telescopic

Boom

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Rotating Superstructure with

Power Plant (i.e., Engine)

Base with Crawler Treads


Range Diagram For Typical

Telescopic Boom Crawler Crane



by ANSI B30.5

Wheel Mounted Crane (Multiple Control Stations): a

crane consisting of a rotating superstructure, operating

machinery, and operator’s station and boom, mounted

on a crane carrier equipped with axles and rubber-tired

wheels for travel, a power source(s), and having

separate stations for driving and operating. Its function is

to lift, lower, and swing loads at various radii.

• Manufactured in two versions: lattice boom and

telescopic boom.


Wheel-Mounted Lattice Boom Crane

(Two Control Stations)

Lattice

Boom

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Rotating

Superstructure

(w/ Power

Source)

Operator’s

Station Driver’s

Station

Crane Carrier

Power Source for

Crane Carrier



Machinery


Range Diagram for Typical Wheel-

Mounted Lattice Boom Crane


Wheel-Mounted Telescopic Boom

Crane (Two Control Stations)

Telescopic

Boom

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Rotating

Superstructure

(w/ Power Source)Driver’s Station Crane

Carrier

Power Source for

Crane Carrier

Operator’s

Station



Machinery


Range Diagram for Typical Wheel-

Mounted Telescopic Boom Crane



by ANSI B30.5

Wheel Mounted Crane (Single Control Station): a

crane consisting of a rotating superstructure, operating

machinery, and operator’s station and boom, mounted

on a crane carrier equipped with axles and rubber-tired

wheels for travel, a power source, and having a single

control station for driving and operating. Its function is to

lift, lower, and swing loads at various radii.

• Most typical example: “Rough Terrain Crane,” otherwise

known as a “Cherrypicker.”


Wheel-Mounted Crane (Single

Control Station)

Boom

Operating

Machinery

(i.e., winches)

Rotating

Superstructure

Combined

Driving &

Operating

Station

Crane Carrier

Power

Source


Range Diagram For Typical Wheel-

Mounted Crane (Single Control

Station)


Types of Tower Cranes as Defined

by ANSI B30.3

• Hammerhead Tower Crane: a tower crane

with a horizontal jib and a load trolley that

traverses the jib to change load radius.


Hammerhead Tower Crane

Jib

Load

Trolley

Tower


Close-up View of Load Trolley


Types of Tower Cranes as Defined

by ANSI B30.3

• Luffing Boom Tower Crane: a tower crane with

a boom pinned to the superstructure at its inner

end and containing load hoisting tackle at its

outer end, and with a hoist mechanism to raise

or lower the boom in a vertical plane to change

load radius.


Luffing Boom Tower Crane

Boom (Pinned to

Superstructure @

Inner End)

Tower Superstructure

Hoist Mechanism

to Raise or

Lower Boom


Drawing of Luffing Boom Tower

Crane Winch Pack


The Magic Question: How Do These

Cranes Climb With the Building?


Risks Inherent in Mobile Crane

Operations

• Power line contact



Operations

• Improper ground conditions



Operations

• Assembly/Disassembly

OK, this is just wrong!



Operations Overload/Tip-Over



Operations Wind



Operations Climbing



Operations Improper foundation


Accidents | Statistics


How Is the Industry Regulated?


How Is the Industry Regulated?

• Federal Requirements

– OSHA 1926 Code of Federal Regulations Subpart

CC

• State Requirements

• City, County Requirements

• Voluntary Consensus (ANSI) Standards

– ASME B30.5 Mobile Cranes

– ASME B30.3 Tower Cranes


OSHA Rule Timeline 1992-2014

• 1992: Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

• 1996: First Third-Party Certification Developed by Industry (CCO)

• 2000-2002: Subpart N Work Group Meets; Requests “Neg Reg”

• 2002: OSHA announces intent to use Negotiated Rulemaking, Creates Cranes and Derricks Advisory Committee (C-DAC)

• 2003, July-2004, July: CDAC Meets 11 Times, Develops Draft

• 2004, October: ACCSH Supports C-DAC Consensus Document

• 2006, October: SBARP Report Submitted

• 2008, Office of Management & Budget Review Finalized

• 2008, October: Proposed Rule Published

• 2009, March: Public Hearings held at Department of Labor

• 2009, June: Final Submission of Written Comments

• 2010, August 9: Final Rule Published

• 2010, November 8: Effective Date for Most Provisions

• 2014, November 10: Four-Year Phase-In Expires


Effective Dates

• Effective Date of Rule: Nov. 8, 2010

• Signal person Qualification Requirements:

Nov. 8, 2010

• Rigger Qualification Requirements:

Nov. 8, 2010

• Operator Training Requirements: Nov. 8, 2010

• State Compliance: February 9, 2011

• Operator Certification/Qualification

Requirements: Nov. 10, 2014


29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC (C-DAC)

• 1926.1400 Scope

• 1926.1401 Definitions

• 1926.1402 Ground Conditions

• 1926.1403-1406 Assembly/Disassembly

• 1926.1407-1411 Power Line Safety

• 1926.1412 Inspections

• 1926.1413-1414 Wire Rope

• 1926.1415-16 Safety Devices/Operational Aids

• 1926.1417-1418 Operation

• 1926.1419-22 Signals

• 1926.1423 Fall Protection

• 1926.1424 Work Area Control

• 1926.1425 Keeping Clear of the Load

• 1926.1426 Free Fall and Controlled Load Lowering

• 1926.1427-1430 Qualifications and Training of Operators, Signal Persons, Maintenance &Repair Employees

• 1926.1431 Hoisting Personnel

• 1926.1432 Multiple Crane Lifts

• 1926.1433 Design, Construction and Testing

• 1926.1434 Equipment Modifications

• 1926.1435-1442 Tower Cranes, Derricks, Floating Cranes, Overhead Cranes, Pile Drivers, Sideboom Cranes, Equipment </=2,000lbs capacity, Severability


Scope of Federal Rule

• Cranes and Derricks in Construction

– OSHA Letters of Interpretation

• Construction vs. Maintenance

• Operator Certification/Qualification

– More than 2,000 lbs. of maximum rated lifting

capacity

– Excluded: Derricks, Sideboom cranes, Other Partial

• Cranes Covered

– OSHA 1926.1400: Scope

– Various Exclusions


Exclusion Examples

• Excavators, Backhoes, Power Shovels– Including use with chains, slings, and other rigging

• Aerial Work Platforms

• Forklifts– Except when equipped with winch or hook*

• Overhead Cranes– Permanently installed

• Digger Derricks– Work related to poles carrying electric and telecom lines

• Dedicated Drill Rigs– But not cranes with drill attachments or pile drivers

• Articulating Cranes– Depends on application


National Perspective

• Developing a new safety standard:

Cranes & Derricks

in Construction


Highlights of the 1926.1400

• Ground Conditions

• Power lines

• Operator Certification

• Signals


Ground Conditions


Ground Conditions

• Controlling entity:

– Provide adequate

conditions:

• Firm, drained and graded

• Sufficient to support crane

in conjunction with

blocking, mats, etc.

– (If no controlling entity:

employer w/ authority)

– Inform user & operator of

known underground hazards

(voids, utilities, etc. and

items identified in site

drawings)


Controlling Entity


Power Lines: Preventing

Electrocution


Does electricity travel?


Power Line Safety

• Step 1: Identify work zone

Work zone =

1. Marking Boundaries

or

2. 360 degrees around crane up to maximum working

radius


Could be within 20 feetYES NO

Option #1

Deenergize &

Ground

Encroachment

Prevention

measures

Option #3

Ask Utility for

Voltage and

Use Table A

(Within Min.

Approach

distance)

Option #2

20 foot

clearance

No further

action

• Planning meeting

• If tag lines used Non-conductive

• Elevated warning lines, barricade or

line of signs

•PLUS (Choose one):

• Proximity alarm, spotter, warning

device, range limiter, or insulating link


Table A – Minimum Clearance Distances

Voltage (nominal, kV,

alternating current)

Minimum clearance distance

(feet)

up to 50 10

over 50 to 200 15

over 200 to 350 20

over 350 to 500 25

over 500 to 750 35

over 750 to 1000 45

over 1000 (as established by the power

line owner/operator or

registered professional engineer

who is a qualified person with

respect to electrical power

transmission and distribution)


Intentionally working inside Table A zone

Must show:

• Staying outside zone is

infeasible

• Infeasible to deenergize

and ground

1. PL owner – sets minimum approach distance

2. Planning meeting – procedures

3. Dedicated spotter

4. Elevated warning line or barricade

5. Insulating link/device

6. Non-conductive rigging

7. Range limiter (if equipped)

8. Non-conductive tag line (if used)

9. Barricades - 10 feet from equipment

10. Limit access to essential employees

11. Ground crane

12. Deactivate automatic re-energizer

All of the following are required:


Operator Qualification/Certification

• Option 1: Accredited testing organization

• Option 2: Employer qualification program

• Option 3: U.S. military

• Option 4: State/local gov’t license


Certification Criteria: 1926.1427(j)

OPTION 1:

Accredited testing organization

OPTION 2:

Audited employer qualification program

OPTION 3:

U.S. military

OPTION 4:

Government entity license

• Knowledge (Written Test)– Controls/performance characteristics

– Calculate load chart capacity

– Preventing power line contact

– Ground support

– Read and locate info in operating manual

– Appendix C subjects

– 1926.1430(c)(4)

• Skills (Practical Test)– Shift Inspection criteria

– Operational skills

– Application of load chart information

– Safe shut-down and securing procedures


OSHA’s Option Matrix

Accredited testing

organization

YES 5 years

Audited employer

qualification program

NO 5 years

U.S. Military license NO Set by issuing

entity

Government entity

license

NO

Valid only in

entity’s

jurisdiction

Set by issuing

entity, not > 5

years

Portable Valid1926.1427 (b)-(e)


Option 3: U.S. Military

• Applies only to employees of the U.S. Military

• An employee of the U.S. Military IS

– A Federal employee of the Department of Defense or

Armed Forces

• An employee of the U.S. Military IS NOT

– An employee of a private contractor


Impact on State Regulations

• 17 states currently have operator

certification/licensing requirements

• “Federal” States must meet or exceed OSHA’s

“Federal Floor”

• May retain stricter requirements

• Largest change will be exclusions

• Deadline for compliance: February 9, 2011

76 76www.conexpoconagg.com76

HI

██ : State Licensing Program

██ : Licensing not legislated

*Long Boom License Only

**Mandatory Training Requirement Only

© 2009 National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators (NCCCO)

WA

MT ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

CA

NV

AZ

UT

OR**

ID

WY

CO

NM

IA

MO

WI

MI

IL

IN

NY

PA

OH

WV

AR

LA

MSAL

GA

FL

NC

SC

TN

VA

KY

VT

NH

ME

MA

NJ*

CT

RI

MD

AK

DE

U.S. Licensing Requirements 1996


HI

██ : Recognize or require CCO Certification by law

██ : Legislation proposed (recognizes CCO Certification)

██ : CCO Certification not recognized in legislation

██ : Licensing not required

**Mandatory Training Requirement Only


WA

MT ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

CA

NV

AZ

UT

OR**

ID

WY

CO

NM

IA

MO

WI

MI

IL

IN

NY

PA

OH

WV

AR

LA

MSAL

GA

FL

NC

SC

TN

VA

KY

VT

NH

ME

MA

NJ

CT

RI

MD

AK

DE

U.S. Licensing Requirements 2013


State/Local Requirements • California*

• Connecticut

• Hawaii*

• Maryland*

• Massachusetts

• Montana*

• Minnesota*

• Nevada*

• New Jersey*

• New Mexico*

• New York

• Oregon

• Pennsylvania*

• Rhode Island

• Utah*

• Washington*

• West Virginia*

City Requirements

• Chicago

• District of Columbia

• New Orleans*

• New York City*

• Omaha*

• Philadelphia*

Asterisk (*) = Adopted or Recognizes CCO Certification; Red type = Recent Legislative Activity


HI

Recent Regulatory Activity


WA

MT ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

CA

NV

AZ

UT

OR**

ID

WY

CO

NM

IA

MO

WI

MI

IL

IN

NY

PA

OH

WV

AR

LA

MSAL

GA

FL

NC

SC

TN

VA

KY

VT

NH

ME

MA

NJ*

CT

RI

MD

AK

DE


Signals

• Signal person – when required:

1. Point of operation not in full view of operator

2. View of direction of travel is obstructed

3. Site specific safety concerns

• Types:

– Hand, voice, audible, or “new”


Signalpersons Qualifications

3rd party qualified evaluator Yes Yes

Employer Qualified

Evaluator

Yes No

Qualified how Documentation Portable


Signalperson Qualification

Requirements

• Know & understand signals

• Competent in using signals

• Basic understanding of crane operation

– Including boom deflection and swing dynamics

• Verbal or written test + practical test


Going Above and Beyond

• Washington State– Experience Requirement, Rigger Qualifications

• Maryland– Rigger Training Requirement; Rigger Levels

• California– General Industry also included

• Philadelphia– Certified Signalperson and Riggers

• New York City– Experience Requirement, “friction” crane distinction


Training Requirements• Who must be trained?

– 1926.1430(d)• The employer must train each competent and qualified

person applicable to their role

• Who are Competent and Qualified persons?– Operators, Signal persons, Riggers, Maintenance and

Repair employees, Inspectors, A/D directors

• How is this verified?– 1926.1430(g)(1)

• The employer must EVALUATE each employee required to be trained under this subpart to confirm that the employee understands the information provided in the training.


Interpretation/Enforcement

• Compliance Directive

– 260 pages down to 200 pages (!)

• Directives to OSHA Regional Offices

• Letters of Interpretation

• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

• Small Business Guidance


OSHA-Proposed Amendments

• Forklifts– Change language so they must be equipped with a telescoping boom

and hoist to be covered by the rule

• Proximity Alarms/Insulated Links– Change requirements since neither type has been accepted by a

“nationally recognized testing laboratory” as required by the rule

• Power Line Clearance– Clarify meaning of “demarcation of boundary”; standardize on “minimum

clearance distance”

• Add Omitted Definitions– Digger derrick, duty cycle, multi-purpose machine, repetitive lifts

• Materials Delivery Exclusion– Clarify when articulating cranes used in materials delivery are excluded

• Hand Signals– Amend Appendix A to correct an error in chart

• Grammatical Revisions– Restore “must” in certain places where it had been replaced by “shall”


Industry Concerns

• Certification based on type and capacity

– Fiscal impact

– Equipment availability

– Additional testing

• Change in Employer’s Responsibilities

– Is “certification” equivalent to “qualification”?

• Status of Operators Certified prior to publication of

the Rule AND any interpretations

• “Compliance Clock” is Running

• April 2-3, 2013 OSHA Hosts Stakeholder Meetings


• Overwhelming industry response critical of OSHA’s position on these issues

• OSHA declares intent to reopen rule/delay date (May)

• ACCSH endorses OSHA’s decision

• NCCCO develops “Rule Reopening Resource” Center

• First NPR (to delay date) now expected end March 2014

• OSHA implements “data gathering” program– x23 interviews, Kiewit, Rent-a-Crane, W.O. Grubb, etc.

• Labor/Management industry coalition forms to keep

Congressional oversight committees informed– AGC, IUOE, SC&RA, NCCCO, AED, ARTBA

– Meetings with chairmen and ranking members

• Compliance Directive being readied for publication

Industry Response

89 89www.conexpoconagg.comPresentation Title 89


Where to find the full document ?Go to www.osha.gov... Type in “1400”

http://www.osha.gov/


Industry Standard Perspective


He Said, He Said


Looking Back

• In 1970 the OSH act was promulgated by the

Federal Government requiring employers to

provide a safe workplace. In construction it’s

titled CRF 1926 Construction Industry

Standards

• At that time the Government found it effective

and timely to incorporate into the regulations

certain industry developed consensus standards


Looking Back

• One of the many standards adopted by

REFERENCE was the ASME B30.5 1968

standard for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck

Cranes.

• 1926.550(b)(2) All crawler, truck, or locomotive

cranes in use shall meet the applicable

requirements for design, inspection,

construction, testing, maintenance and

operation as prescribed in the ANSI B30.5-

1968, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and

Truck Cranes.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owalink.query_links?src_doc_type=STANDARDS&src_unique_file=1926_0550&src_anchor_name=1926.550(b)(2)


Looking Back

By incorporating a standard into a regulation

the standard now becomes a part of law that

can be enforced and cited by compliance

officials.

The government can now use this standard

but cannot leave the standard open ended

without a date. The dated version is the one

that must be used unless new rulemaking

takes place such as CDAC.

(No backdoor rulemaking allowed)


Looking Back

• The first B30 committee was

organized on November 4,

1924 titled “The Safety Code

for Cranes, Derricks, and

Hoists.”

• Due to changing technology

and the interest of labor and

industry safety the B30.5

committee was formed in

January of 1962.

• May 14, 1968, the first B30.5

standard was published


Looking Back

• In 1968 B30.5 Chapter 5-3 Operation

5-3.1.3(d):

“The operator shall be responsible for those

operations under his direct control. Whenever

there is any doubt as to safety, the operator

shall have the authority to stop and refuse to

handle loads until safety has been assured.”


Looking Back

• In 1989 Section 5-3.1.3(d) was changed to

read “Each operator shall be held responsible

for those operations under the operator’s direct

control. When there is any doubt as to safety,

the operator shall consult with the supervisor

before handling the loads.”


Looking Back

• Now in 2007!

• Before we do…Who do you think are the

largest group of purchasers of the B30

volumes?

100 10

0

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ASME B30.5 Responsibilities

In May of 2007 ASME published

the first B30 volume that defined

Responsibilities and delineated

the roles of parties engaged in

the crane industry. It was a

culmination of work with a

tedious process that that took

about 10 years to complete.

101 10

1


Chapter 5-3 Operation

While the organizational structure of various

projects may differ, the following roles are

described here for purposes of delineating

responsibilities. All responsibilities listed

below shall be assigned in the work site

organization. (A single individual may

perform one or more of these roles.)

Crane Owner: Has custodial control of a

crane by virtue of lease or ownership.

Crane User: Arranges the crane’s presence

on a worksite and controls its use there.

Site Supervision: Exercises supervisory

control over the work site on which a crane

is being used and over the work which is

being performed on that site.

Lift Director: Directly oversees the work

being performed by a crane and the

associated rigging crew.

Crane Operator: Directly controls the

crane’s functions.

In some situations the Owner and the

User may be the same entity and is

therefore accountable for all of the

following responsibilities. In other cases,

the User may lease or rent a crane from

the Owner without supervisory,

operational, maintenance, support

personnel, or services from the Owner.

In these situations the following shall

apply.

102 10

2


Chapter 5-3 Crane Owner

Responsibilities

Providing a crane that meets the

requirements of Chapters 5-1 and 5-2 of

the applicable volume as well as specific

job requirements defined by the user;

Providing a crane and all necessary

components, specified by the

manufacturer, that meets the User’s

requested configuration and capacity;

Providing all applicable load/capacity

chart(s) and diagrams;

Providing additional technical

information pertaining to the crane,

necessary for crane operation, when

requested by the Crane User;

Providing field assembly, disassembly,

operation, maintenance information,

warning decals and placards installed as

prescribed by the crane manufacturer;

Establishing an inspection, testing, and

maintenance program in accordance

with Chapter 5-2 and informing the

Crane User of the requirements of this

program;

Using personnel that meet the

requirements for a designated person as

defined in Para. 5-0.2.2 for the purposes

of maintenance, repair, transport,

assembly and disassembly;

Using personnel that meet the

requirements for a qualified or

designated person as defined in Para. 5-

0.2.2, for inspections as required in

Section 5-2.1;

103 10

3


Chapter 5-3 Crane User

Responsibilities

Complying with the requirements of this volume, manufacturer’s requirements and those regulations applicable at the worksite;

Using supervisors for crane activities that meet the requirements for a qualified person as defined in Para. 5-0.2.2;

Ensuring that the crane is in proper operating condition prior to initial use at the worksite by:

Verifying that the Crane Owner has provided documentation that the crane meets the requirements of Section 5-2.1.5 of this volume;

Verifying that a “Frequent Inspection” has been performed as defined in 5-2.1.2.

Verifying that the crane has the necessary lifting capacity to perform the proposed lifting operations in the planned configuration;

Using crane operators that meet the

requirements of 5-3.1.1 and 5-3.1.2 (f) and

are qualified to perform the tasks that will be

required with the crane which they are

assigned to operate;

Ensuring the assigned operator(s) has been

notified of adjustments or repairs that have

not yet been completed, prior to

commencing crane operations;

Using personnel that meet the requirements

for a qualified or designated person as

defined in Para. 5-0.2.2, for inspections as

required in Section 5-2.1;

Using personnel that meet the requirements

for a designated person as defined in Para.

5-0.2.2 for the purposes of maintenance,

repair, transport, assembly and

disassembly;

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Chapter 5-3 Site Supervisor/LD

Ensuring that all personnel involved in

maintenance, repair, transport,

assembly, disassembly and inspection

are aware of their responsibilities,

assigned duties, and associated

hazards;

Ensuring that the inspection, testing, and

maintenance programs specified by the

Crane Owner are followed Lift Director

In some situations, the site supervisor

and the lift director may be the same

person.

The Site Supervision’s responsibilities shall include:

Ensuring that the crane meets the requirements of

Chapter 5-2 prior to initial site usage;

Determining if additional regulations are applicable

to crane operations;

Ensuring that a qualified person is designated as

the Lift Director;

Ensuring that crane operations are coordinated

with other job site activities that will be affected by

or will affect lift operations;

1. Access roads for the crane and associated

equipment;

2. Sufficient room to assemble and disassemble

the crane;

3. An operating area that is suitable for the

crane with respect to levelness, surface

conditions, support capability, proximity to

power lines, excavations, slopes,

underground utilities, subsurface construction

and obstructions to crane operation;

4. Traffic control as necessary to restrict

unauthorized access to the crane's working

area

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• Ensuring that work involving the

assembly and disassembly of a crane is

supervised by a qualified person;

• Ensuring that crane operators meet the

requirements of Para. 5-3.1.2;

• Ensuring that conditions which may

adversely affect crane operations are

addressed. Such conditions include but

are not limited to:

– Poor soil conditions;

– Wind velocity or gusting winds;

– Heavy rain;

– Fog;

– Extreme cold;

– Artificial lighting.

• Allowing crane operation near electric

power lines only when the requirements

of Para. 5-3.4.5. have been met;

Permitting special lifting operations only

when equipment and procedures required

by this volume, the crane manufacturer, or a

qualified person are employed. Such

operations include but are not limited to:

– Multiple crane lifts;

– Lifting personnel;

– Pick and carry operations.

Ensuring that work performed by the rigging

crew is supervised by a qualified person;

Ensuring that crane maintenance is

performed by a designated person.

Chapter 5-3 Site Supervisor/LD

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Chapter 5-3 Lift Director

• Being present at the jobsite during lifting

operations;

• Stopping crane operations if alerted to

an unsafe condition affecting those

operations;

• Ensuring that the preparation of the area

needed to support crane operations has

been completed before crane operations

commence;

• Ensuring necessary traffic controls are in

place to restrict unauthorized access to

the crane’s work area;

• Ensuring that personnel involved in

crane operations understand their

responsibilities, assigned duties and the

associated hazards;

Addressing safety concerns raised by the

operator or other personnel and being

responsible if he decides to overrule those

concerns and directs crane operations to

continue. In all cases, the manufacturer’s

criteria for safe operation and the

requirements of this volume shall be

adhered to;

Appointing the signal person(s) and

conveying that information to the crane

operator;

Ensuring that signal person(s) appointed

meet the requirements of Section 5-3.3;

Allowing crane operation near electric power

lines only when the requirements of Para. 5-

3.4.5 and any additional requirements

determined by the Site Supervisor have

been met;

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Chapter 5-3 Lift Director

• Ensuring precautions are implemented

when hazards associated with special

lifting operations are present. Such

operations include but are not limited to:

– Multiple crane lifts;

– Lifting personnel;

– Pick and carry operations;

– Mobile cranes operating on barges.

• Ensuring that the applicable

requirements of ASME B30.23 are met

when lifting personnel;

• Informing the crane operator of the

weight of loads to be lifted, as well as

the lifting, moving and placing locations

for these loads and obtain the operator’s

verification that this weight does not

exceed the crane's rated capacity;

Ensuring that a crane’s load rigging is

performed by designated personnel as

defined in Para. 5-0.2.2;

Ensuring that the load is properly rigged and

balanced before it is lifted more than a few

inches.

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Chapter 5-3 Operator

• The operator shall be

responsible for the following

listed items. The operator shall

not be responsible for hazards

or conditions that are not under

his direct control and that

adversely affect the lift

operations. Whenever the

operator has doubt as to the

safety of crane operations, the

operator shall stop the crane’s

functions in a controlled

manner. Lift operations shall

resume only after safety

concerns have been addressed

or the continuation of crane

operations is directed by the Lift

Director.

Reviewing the requirements for the crane with the

Lift Director before operations;

Knowing what types of site conditions could

adversely affect the operation of the crane and

consulting with the Lift Director concerning the

possible presence of these conditions;

Understanding and applying the information

contained in the crane manufacturer’s operating

manual;

Understanding the crane’s functions and

limitations as well as its particular operating

characteristics;

Using the crane’s load/capacity chart(s) and

diagrams and applying all notes and warnings

related to the charts, to confirm the correct crane

configuration to suit the load, site and lift

conditions.

Refusing to operate the crane when any portion of

the load or crane would enter the “Prohibited

Zone” of energized power lines except as defined

in 5-3.4.5.4;

Performing a daily inspection as specified in 5-

2.1.2(a),(c),(d), (h)

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Promptly reporting the need for any adjustments or

repairs to a designated person;

Following applicable Lock Out/Tag Out procedures;

Not operating the crane when physically or

mentally unfit;

Ensuring that all controls are in the off or neutral

position and that all personnel are in the clear

before energizing the crane or starting the engine;

Not engaging in any practice that will divert his

attention while actually operating the crane

controls;

Testing the crane function controls that will be used

and operating the crane only if those function

controls respond properly;

Operating the crane’s functions, under normal

operating conditions, in a smooth and controlled

manner;

Knowing and following the procedures specified by

the manufacturer or approved by a qualified

person, for assembly, disassembly, setting up, and

reeving the crane;

Knowing how to travel the crane;

Observing each outrigger during extension,

setting and retraction or using a signal person to

observe each outrigger during extension, setting

or retraction;

Ensuring that the load and rigging weight(s) have

been provided;

Calculating or determining, the net capacity for all

configurations which will be used and verifying,

using the load/capacity chart(s), that the crane

has sufficient net capacity for the proposed lift;

Considering all factors known that might affect

the crane capacity and informing the Lift Director

of the need to make appropriate adjustments;

Knowing the standard and special signals as

specified in Section 5-3.3. and responding to

such signals from the person who is directing the

lift or an appointed signal person. When a signal

person is not required as part of the lift operation,

the operator is then responsible for the movement

of the crane. However, the operator shall obey a

stop signal at all times, no matter who gives it;

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• Understanding basic load rigging

procedures. For responsibility of rigging

the load and ensuring that the load is

rigged properly see Sections 5-

3.1.3.2.2(n),(o);

• If power fails during operations:

– Setting all brakes and locking

devices;

– Moving all clutches or other power

controls to the off or neutral

position;

– Landing any load suspended below

the hook under brake control if

practical.

• Before leaving the crane unattended:

– Landing any load suspended below

the hook, unless the requirements

of 5-3.2.1.4(d) are met;

– Disengaging the master clutch;

– Setting travel, swing, boom brakes, and

other locking devices;

– Putting controls in the off or neutral

position;

– Stopping the engine: An exception to

this may exist when crane operation is

frequently interrupted during a shift and

the operator must leave the crane.

Under these circumstances, the engine

may remain running and paras, (1)

through (4) above shall apply. The

operator shall be situated where any

entry to the crane can be observed;

– Considering the recommendations of

the manufacturer for securing the

crane, when a local weather storm

warning exists.

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Safety Starts and ends with You…

Always be aware of your

surroundings

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• Thank you for your patience and time today!

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CRANES TECHNOLOGICAL AND REGULATORY INFLUENCES IN … · 2014-01-13 · They come in many forms, including jib cranes, tower cranes, overhead cranes, mobile cranes, gantry cranes,