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7/28/2019 Coursework01 Cloud Computing Santosh Timilsina Orig
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Report
on
Cloud Computing
Submitted by: Santosh Timilsina
Id: 11069922/1
Islington College
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Abstract
This report gives the views on the “Cloud Computing” as a computing service for individual,small business or large enterprise. It describes its characteristics, types and deployment
methodology being used and issues related to it with a view to give insight to the student and
business executives about the recent trends of cloud computing, companies providing these
services, types of Cloud Computing services, and some real scenario of event where different
companies are turning to cloud computing. This report would help them to decide to change their
current computing into Cloud Computing sooner or later.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What is cloud Computing
1.2 How Cloud Computing Works
1.3 Key Beneficial Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1.4 Key Issues in Cloud Computing
Chapter 2: Historical Development
2.1 History of Cloud Computing
Chapter3: Analysis and Commentary
3.1 Comparison of Benefits
3.2 Analysis of Issues
Chapter4: Conclusion
4.1 The Future of Cloud Computing
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Chapter 1: Introduction
This section is the introduction to Cloud Computing on the basis of definition given by
authorized organization and writers. It describes the characteristics, types and deployment
methodology of clouding computing, its benefits and the key issues related to it.
1.1 What is cloud Computing
“Clouds are hardware-based services offering compute, network and storage capacity where:Hardware management is highly abstracted from the buyer, Buyers incur infrastructure costs asvariable OPEX, and Infrastructure capacity is highly elastic” - McKinsey & Co. Report:“Clearing the Air on Cloud Computing”
“Cloud computing has the following characteristics: (1) The illusion of infinite computing
resources… (2) The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users… (3). The ability to pay for use…as needed…”– UCBerkeley RADLabs
Cloud computing is “ a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demandnetwork access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimalmanagement effort or service provider interaction.” - U.S. Government's National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)
“Clouds are a large pool of easily usable and accessible virtualized resources (such as hardware,development platforms and/or services). These resources can be dynamically re-configured to
adjust to a variable load (scale), allow-ing also for an optimum resource utilization. This pool of resources is typically exploited by a pay-per-use model in which guarantees are offered by theInfrastructure Provider by means of customized SLAs.” – Paper by Vaquero et. al.: “A break inthe clouds: towards a cloud defintion”
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1.2 How Cloud Computing Works?
Figure1.1
The figure1.1 gives a general view of Cloud Computing working and structure. We can divide
cloud computing system into two sections: the front end and the back end. They connect to each
other through a network, usually the Internet as shown in the figure1.1. The front end is the side
the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the system.
The front end includes the client's computer and the application required to access the cloud
computing system. Not all cloud computing systems have the same user interface. Services like
Web-based e-mail programs leverage existing Web browsers like Internet Explorer or Firefox.
Other systems have unique applications that provide network access to clients.
On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that
create the "cloud" of computing services. In theory, a cloud computing system could include
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practically any computer program we can imagine, from data processing to video games. A
central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything
runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a special kind of software called
middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to communicate with each other.
Accourding to the service being delivered, The National Institute of Standards and Technology (
NIST) catagorize Cloud Computing service into three service catagories
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides the processing, storage and network
capability to a user.
2.Platform as a service (PaaS) provides users with a development platform for the
design and test of custom applications.
3. Software as a service (SaaS) provides applications to users through a centralizednetwork allowing access over the internetor intranet.
Furthur, The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST) defines four deployment
models:
1. Public cloud describes when a third party is providing the cloud service and does so
on a multi-tenant basis such that different firms share the same infrastructure,
platform or instance of the software application.
2. Private cloud describes a situation where the service is operated exclusively for one
particular firm. This service can be provided either internally or externally, by a third
party provider.
3. Hybrid clouds describe a situation where the service is delivered through a
combination of both the public and private cloud.
4. Community Cloud describes the situation where the service is controlled and used
by a group of organizations that have shared interests, such as specific security
requirements or a common mission. The members of the community share access to the
data and applications in the cloud.
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1.3 Key Beneficial Characteristics of Cloud Computing
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) definition describes five essential
characteristics of cloud computing.
• Rapid Elasticity: Elasticity is defined as the ability to scale resources both up and down as
needed. To the consumer, the cloud appears to be infinite, and the consumer can purchase
as much or as little computing power as they need.
• Measured Service: In a measured service, aspects of the cloud service are controlled and
monitored by the cloud provider. This is crucial for billing, access control, resource
optimization, capacity planning and other tasks.
• On-Demand Self-Service: The on-demand and self-service aspects of cloud computing
mean that a consumer can use cloud services as needed without any human interactionwith the cloud provider.
• Ubiquitous Network Access: Ubiquitous network access means that the cloud provider’s
capabilities are available over the network and can be accessed through standard
mechanisms by both thick and thin clients.
• Location-Independent Resource Pooling: Resource pooling allows a cloud provider to
serve its consumers via a multi-tenant model. Physical and virtual resources are assigned
and reassigned according to consumer demand. The location of the physical resources
underneath the cloud infrastructure is not known to the consumer, and can change
dynamically.
1.4 Key Issues in Cloud Computing
The major technological concerns which act as barriers to take-up of Cloud computing centre on
security, trust and privacy;
Lack of standardization and therefore supplier lock-in;
Insufficient virtualization to provide real hiding of systems management (especially in
resource sharing/failover);
Data movement and management;
Programming models to provide the required elasticity;
Systems / services development methods.
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Chapter 2: Historical Development
This section of the reports gives the overview of main events in development of the cloud
computing which will be helpful to forecast the future development. On this basis, executives
and student can make their decision.
2.1 History of Cloud Computing
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may
someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus
which date back to the 1960s. Since 1960, cloud computing has developed along a number of
lines, with Web 2.0 being the most recent evolution. However, since the internet only started to
offer significant bandwidth in the nineties, cloud computing for the masses has been something
of a late developer.
One of the first milestones for cloud computing was the arrival of Salesforce.com in 1999, which
pioneered the concept of delivering enterprise applications via a simple website. The services
firm paved the way for both specialist and mainstream software firms to deliver applications over
the internet.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto --
which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-
configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous
storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that
can be virtualized across an enterprise.
The next development was Amazon Web Services in 2002, which provided a suite of cloud-
based services including storage, computation and even human intelligence through the Amazon
Mechanical Turk.
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Then in 2006, Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) as a commercial web service
that allows small companies and individuals to rent computers on which to run their own
computer applications.
"Amazon EC2/S3 was the first widely accessible cloud computing infrastructure service," said
Jeremy Allaire, CEO of Bright cove, which provides its SaaS online video platform to UK TV
stations and newspapers.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarking on a
large scale Cloud Computing research project, around the time the term started gaining
popularity in the mainstream press.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching from company-
owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected
shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in
significant reductions in other areas."
Another big milestone came in 2009, as Web 2.0 hit its stride, and Google and others started to
offer browser-based enterprise applications, though services such as Google Apps.
"The most important contribution to cloud computing has been the emergence of "killer apps"
from leading technology giants such as Microsoft and Google. When these companies deliver
services in a way that is reliable and easy to consume, the knock-on effect to the industry as a
whole is a wider general acceptance of online services," said Dan Germain, chief technology
officer at IT service provider Cobweb Solutions.
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Companies Offering Cloud service
Companies that can build Cloud Computing Environment for other
Company Offering
DellDell Data Center Solutions offers Dell Cloud Computing Solutions
for creation, optimization and management of enterprise clouds.
IBMBlue Cloud is IBM’s initiative to help enterprises, governments and
educational customers build and deploy their own clouds
3Tera AppLogic is a cloud infrastructure software offering.
Sun Network.com is Sun’s first foray into this space and the model
upon which SunPS is architecting clouds today
RightScale Helps enterprises leverage clouds
Company Offering
Akamai Application Performance Services
Amazon.com Amazon Web Services
AretiInternet Virtual Hosting
Enki Computing Utility
Fortress ITX DynamicGrid
Joyent Accelerator for Applications
Layered Technology GridLayer
Salesforce.com Force.com
Terremark Infinistructure
XCalibre FlexiScale
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Chapter3: Analysis and Commentary
The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless. With the right middleware, a cloud
computing system could execute all the programs a normal computer could run. Potentially,
everything from generic word processing software to customized computer programs designed
for a specific company could work on a cloud computing system.
Some analysts say cloud computing represents a sea change in the way computing is done in
corporations. Merrill Lynch (MER) estimates that within the next five years, the annual global
market for cloud computing will surge to $95 billion. In a May 2008 report, Merrill Lynch
estimated that 12% of the worldwide software market would go to the cloud in that period.
3.1 Comparison of BenefitsCloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed computing
whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled
computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of
computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a
traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing ("computer systems
capable of self-management").
Some benefits are listed below
Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time.
They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the Internet.
Data wouldn't be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a corporation's
internal network.
It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for
advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with
the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you.
Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal. The terminal could include a
monitor, input devices like a keyboard and mouse and just enough processing power to
run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. You wouldn't need a large
hard drive because you'd store all your information on a remote computer.
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Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in
place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide
access to computer applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or
software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a
cloud computing company.
Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to
store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing
gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing
the need for physical space on the front end.
Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory,
have fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems.
If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client
could take advantage of the entire network's processing power. Often, scientists and
researchers work with calculations so complex that it would take years for individual
computers to complete them. On a grid computing system, the client could send the
calculation to the cloud for processing. The cloud system would tap into the processing
power of all available computers on the back end, significantly speeding up the
calculation.
3.2 Analysis of Issues
The biggest concerns about cloud computing are security and privacy. The idea of handing over
important data to another company worries some people. Corporate executives might hesitate to
take advantage of a cloud computing system because they can't keep their company's information
under lock and key.
Some other questions regarding cloud computing are more philosophical. Does the user or
company subscribing to the cloud computing service own the data? Does the cloud computing
system, which provides the actual storage space, own it? Is it possible for a cloud computing
company to deny a client access to that client's data? Several companies, law firms and
universities are debating these and other questions about the nature of cloud computing.
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How will cloud computing affect other industries? There's a growing concern in the IT industry
about how cloud computing could impact the business of computer maintenance and repair. If
companies switch to using streamlined computer systems, they'll have fewer IT needs. Some
industry experts believe that the need for IT jobs will migrate to the back end of the cloud
computing system.
Chapter4: Conclusion
Cloud Computing services have not yet reached their full potential and many of the capabilities
associated with clouds are not yet developed and researched to a degree that allows their
exploitation.
Many aspects are still in an experimental stage where the long-term impact on provisioning and
usage is as yet unknown. Furthermore, plenty of as yet unforeseen challenges arise from
exploiting the cloud capabilities to their full potential, involving in particular aspects deriving
from the large degree of scalability and heterogeneity of the underlying resource
It is clear that cloud computing can bring enormous benefits for IT users.
However, the bottom line for IT directors is that they will need to continue to manage their
internal computing environments, whilst learning how to secure, manage and monitor the
growing range of external resources residing in the cloud.
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References:
J. Jeffery .The Future of CLOUD Computing - Report from EC CLOUD Computing ExpertGroup
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/. Version 14 of the document, dated 6-1-09.31 July 2009 5 Cloud Computing Use Cases White Paper
Cloud Computing Use Cases-A white paper produced by theCloud Computing Use CaseDiscussion GroupVersion 4.0 2 July 2010 referenced at http://cloudusecases.org.
EC DG Information Society and Media, Software & Service Architectures and Infrastructures on 26
January 2010 in Brussels http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/ssai/events-20100126-cloud-
computing_en.html.