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Two shoulder straps held the dress up. Some people believe the evidence should be
accepted at face value and assert that the dress was worn with the breasts exposed.
Others argue that the narrow strap was an artistic convention only and that in real life the
shoulder straps were wide enough to cover the breasts. All of the figurines and the few
surviving dresses support the latter view. It should be noted that the Ancient Egyptians
would certainly not have regarded a bare breast as immodest.
A popular variant of this dress had a short sleeved top with a gathered neck opening to
replace the straps
In the New Kingdom many men and women adopted a robe which could be draped in various ways. Two
rectangular pieces of cloth, each about four feet by five feet and sewn together along along the narrow end,
leaving a space for the neck. The basic outfit was easy to make and could be worn by a man or a woman depending
on what was done next. Once the dress was on her, a woman would lift the two bottom corners, bring them
around to the front and knot them under the breasts. The robe was often worn with vertical pleats.
The most important of all the fashion accessories was the wig. Shiny, black hair, perhaps because of its association
with youth and vitality, was associated with eroticism, and artificial hair was a simple way to maintain what nature
neglected. Wigs served a more practical function, however. Natural hair that was thick enough to protect the
wearer from the direct rays of the sun on a bright summer day or keep the heat in on a cold winter night, was
much too hot to wear indoors, and a luxuriant hair-do was a breeding ground for lice. The compromise was simple:
Egyptians who could afford it cut their hair short and then wore a wig. Unlike many toupee wearers of today, the
Egyptians were quite proud of their wigs and made no attempt to pretend they were natural. Paintings and
sculpture frequently show an area of natural hair between the forehead and the wig. While the most expensive
wigs were made with real, human hair, the design and structure were such that it would be almost impossible to
confuse a wig with the real thing. Egyptians were proud of their wigs and would have been distressed at the
thought that someone might think they were not wearing one---or even worse, could not afford one.
The full costume of Cleopatra dressed as Venus has almost become an icon. It is obvious from this much renowned
tale that Egyptian women; at least Cleopatra, was well aware of how to use ancient Egypt fashion to its full
advantage. Costumes Egyptian Cleopatra wore never fail to elicit a response and as a result, historical Cleopatra
costumes have become quite popular.
The pharonic headdress quite commonly seen in depictions of Egyptian kings was just one of the man y
headdresses common to ancient Egyptian fashions. The various gods of Egyptian mythology all also had their ownheaddresses and women also commonly styled their hair in elaborate fashions and donned headdresses; although
not of such an elaborate style.
While fashions of ancient Egypt may well be thousands of years old, age has not stopped modern day fashion
inspired by ancient Egyptian clothing. Jeweled sandals, fabric featuring hieroglyphics and scarab jewelry are just a
few of the modern day fashions that have taken a twist on ancient Egyptian costumes.
Fashion
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The clothes were generally made of linen and kept simple: a short loincloth resembling a kilt for men, a dress
with straps for women. These basic garments with minor variations accounting for fashion, social status and
wealth did not change fundamentally throughout Egypt's
history.
Very little sewing was done. The cloth was wrapped round
the body and held in place by a belt. Its colour was generally
whitish, in contrast to the colourful clothesforeignerswore
in Egyptian depictions, althoughdyedcloth was not unknown.
Egypthas the largest overall education system in theMiddle East and North Africa(MENA) and it has grown rapidly
since the early 1990s. In recent years the Government of Egypt has accorded even greater priority in improving the
education system. According to theHuman Development Index(HDI), Egypt is ranked 123 in the HDI, and 7 in the
lowest 10 HDI countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa, in 2009. With the help of World Bank and other
multilateral organizations Egypt aims to increase access in early childhood to care and education and the inclusion
of ICT at all levels of education, especially at the tertiary level.[1]
The government is responsible for offering free
education at all levels. The current overall expenditure on education is about 12.6 percent as of
2007.[2]Investment in education as a percentage of GDP rose to 4.8 in 2005 but then fell to 3.7 in 2007. The
Ministry of education is also tackling with a number of issues: trying to move from a highly centralized system to
offering more autonomy to individual institutions, thereby increasing accountability. The personnel management
in the education also needs to be overhauled and teachers should be hired on merit with salaries attached to the
performance.Egyptain education is highly confusing, so if your doing a rport, change your topic before its too late!
The public education system in Egypt consists of three levels: the basic education stage for 414 years
old: kindergarten for two years followed by primary school for six years and preparatory school for three
years. Then, the secondary school stage is for three years,for ages 15 to 17, followed by the tertiary level.
Education is made compulsory for 9 academic years between the ages of 6 and 14. Moreover, all levels
of education are free in any government run schools. According to theWorld Bank, there are great
differences in educational attainment of the rich and the poor, also known as the wealth gap. Although
the median years of school completed by the rich and the poor is only one or two years but the wealth
gap reaches as high as nine or ten years. In the case of Egypt, the wealth gap was a modest 3 years in
the mid1990s.[3]
Overall, the composite education Index in the MENA Flagship Report: The Road Not
Traveled showed promising results of Egypts relative educational achievements. Of the 14 MENA
countries analyzed, Egypt achieved the universal primary education and has also reduced the gender gap
at all levels of instruction, but there is still a need to improve the quality of education.[4]
Egypt launched its National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education Reform (2007/08
2011/12).[5]
The Strategic Plan (which has the subtitle Towards an educational paradigm shift) mirrors
Egypts commitment to a comprehensive, sustainable, and collective approach towards ensuring an
education of quality for all and developing a knowledge society. Its key elements are: access andparticipation; teachers; pedagogy; curriculum and learning assessment; textbooks and learning materials;
management and governance; and a quality improvement strategy.[6]
Promotional examinations are held at all levels except in grades 3, 6 and 9 at the basic education level
and the grades 11 and 12 in the secondary stage, which apply standardized regional or national exams.
The Ministry of Education is responsible for making decisions about the education system with the
support of three Centers: the National Center of Curricula Development, the National Center for
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Education Research, and the National Center for Examinations and Educational Evaluation. Each center
has its own focus in formulating education policies with other state level committees.[7]
On the other hand,
the Ministry of Higher Education supervises the higher education system.
There is also a formal teachers qualification track in place for basic and secondary education levels. The
teachers are required to complete four years of pre-service courses at university to enter the teaching
profession. Specifically with respect to teachers professional development to raise mathematics, science
and technology teaching standards, the Professional Academy for Teachers offer several programs.
Local teachers also take part in the international professional training programs.[8]
Starting in 2007, the Ministries of Education, Finance, and Local Development (and others) started
informal discussions to experiment with the decentralization of education. Working groups were
established to make more formal proposals. Proposals included ideas for starting with recurrent
expenditures, using a simple and transparent formula for carrying out fiscal transfers, and making sure
that transfers would reach the school itself.
During 2008 design was carried out, three pilot governorates (Faiyum, Ismailia, and Luxor) were chosen,
and monitoring and capacity building processes and manuals were agreed upon. The formula is quite
simple, and includes enrolment, poverty, and stage of education as drivers.
During 2009 funding was decentralized all the way to the school level, and schools began to receive
funding. As of late 2009, the pilot showed few if any problems, and the expected results were
materializing quite well, in terms of stimulating community participation, allowing schools to spend more
efficiently and assess their own priorities, and increasing the seriousness of school-based planning by
creating a means to finance such plans, among other expected results. An informal assessment of the
pilot revealed that the funding formula money precipitated an increase in community donations. The
survey results show that the ratio of the median values of community donations of the pilot year to the
previous year was 2.20. Parallel to these efforts in the education sector, other sectors (for example,
certain aspects of housing and municipal services) in Egypt are planning to decentralize decision-making
and spending, now nation-wide (without a pilot stage in limited governorates), in a phased approach.
Education plans to be one of the lead sectors in this process. In addition to administrative and financial
decentralization, there is an increasing emphasis on involving elected local popular councils (which exist
at governorate and district level) in the horizontal oversight of expenditure and planning across the
decentralizing sectors, and as they come on stream in the decentralization process. Within the education
sector, as of late 2009 plans are being made to decentralize certain lines of funding and planning for
capital equipment and infrastructure, in all governorates, all the way to school level in the case of smaller
units of capital equipment, or levels higher than the school for items such as new infrastructure. The
education sector does expect to continue to use the original 3 pilot governorates as a special observatory
to assess and understand how well the process is proceeding.[9]
[10]
[edit]History of Education in Egypt
Modern education was introduced under the auspices of Ottoman Pasha Muhammad Ali during the early
1800s. He started a dual system of education at the time: one serving the masses attending traditional
Islamic schools (Kuttab) and another called Madrasa (Arabic word for school) for the elite civil servants.
The Kuttab taught students the basics of reading and writing through memorizing and reciting Quranic
verses with no emphasis on experimentation, problem solving or learning-by-doing; while the Madrasa
offered a more modern educational pedagogy.[11][12]
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Official language
The official language of Egypt is theliterary Arabicand is used in most written media.Egyptian Arabicis the
commonly spoken language, and is occasionally written inArabic scriptorLatin script.English,French,
andGerman[citation needed]
are also widely spoken and used in business and educated circles.
Egypt i/ i dpt/(Arabic: , Mir, Egyptian Arabic:[ms ];Coptic: , Kmi;Sahidic Coptic: , Kme),
officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: (helpinfo), is a country mainly inNorth Africa,
with theSinai Peninsulaforming aland bridgeinSouthwest Asia. Egypt is thus atranscontinental country, and a
major power inAfrica, theMediterranean Basin, theMiddle Eastand theMuslim world. Covering an area of about
1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by theMediterranean Seato the north, theGaza
StripandIsraelto the northeast, theRed Seato the east,Sudanto the south andLibyato the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and theMiddle East. The great majority of its over 81 million
people[3]
live near the banks of theNileRiver, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where
the onlyarable landis found. The large areas of theSaharaDesert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's
residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of
greaterCairo,Alexandriaand other major cities in theNile Delta.
Monuments in Egypt such as theGiza pyramid complexand itsGreat Sphinxwere constructed by itsancient
civilization. Its ancient ruins, such as those ofMemphis,Thebes, andKarnakand theValley of the
KingsoutsideLuxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study. Thetourismindustry and theRed Sea
Rivieraemploy about 12% of Egypt's workforce.
Theeconomy of Egyptis one of the most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture,
industry and service at almost equal production levels.
In early 2011, Egyptunderwent a revolution, which resulted in the ousting of PresidentHosni Mubarakafter nearly
30 years in power.
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