• Conversion of energy from one form to another

• Creating useful energy for a certain task

• Can use any type of energy

• Mechanical to electrical, vise versa

• Actuators, controllers, sensors

• Each can be mechanical or electrical

• Scale can vary greatly

1. Mechatronics

2. Circuit Drivers

3. Relays/Transistors

4. Actuators

5. Circuit Breaker

6. Motors and Generators

• The portmanteau "Mechatronics" was first coined by Mr. Tetsuro Mori, a senior engineer of the Japanese company Yaskawa, in 1969.

• Mechatronics may alternatively be referred to as "electromechanical systems" or less often as "control and automation engineering".

The integrated design of products and processes that include mechanical and electrical components under intelligent control.

– Underlying products are physical in nature:

– Sensors and Actuators are used to interface with these products.

– There is "intelligence" through imbedded computing capability. All these processes are highly integrated into sophisticated products and processes.

Electromechanical

Hydraulic

Magnetic, etc

• Logic-level outputs can’t drive a motor directly.

• Solution: Relays– Relays allow one circuit to switch a

second circuit– isolates circuit from potentially

dangerous voltages

• Main types of relays– Reed Relay– General Purpose Relay– Solid State Relay– Transistor

• Advantages– Little power to energize– Relatively quiet

• Disadvantages– Can’t control large loads– Contacts can weld together

• Advantages– Can handle very large loads– Control multiple contacts

• Disadvantages– Physically large– Mechanical failure

• Advantages– Fast switching– Silent

• Disadvantages– Higher cost– Heat production

• Advantages– Fast switching– Silent

• Disadvantages– DC only– Small currents

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Function------------------------------------ 1 0 0 1 Forward 0 1 1 0 Reverse 1 1 0 0 Brake 0 0 1 1 Brake 1 0 1 0 Burn motor 0 1 0 1 Burn motor

• Mechanical– Converts rotary motion of a knob or handle into linear

displacement via screw or gears– Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically

into the linear motion of the jack head

• Pneumatic / Hydraulic– Typically involves a hollow cylinder having a piston inserted in it– The two sides of the piston are alternately pressurized/de-

pressurized to achieve controlled linear displacement of the actuator arm

• Lead Screw– Converts rotary motion via

motor into linear displacement. A lead screw with helical threads machined on its circumference rotates, while a nut with corresponding helical threads moves the actuator linearly

• Rapidly switching magnetic fields to generate motion

• F = qv × B

• Low acceleration or high acceleration versions are used

Why?• Chip Substrate Collapse• Melting• Fire

Why not Fuses?• Fuses: Inexpensive• Fuses: More Reliable• CBs: Can be Reset

Automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damaged caused by overload or a short circuit.

Features vary based largely on voltage class, current rating, and the type of circuit breaker.

Common Features:1. Electromagnet or Bi-metallic strip

used to detect and act upon a fault

2. Control the arc

3. Reclose the contacts

• Low current and/or voltage circuit breaker: Detection occurs within the breaker enclosure

• High current and/or voltage circuit breaker:– Usually utilize a pilot device to sense a fault

current and to operate the trip opening mechanism. Trip solenoid usually operated by a separate battery.

Magnetic:

Field proportional to current in coilTuned mechanical triggerContacts are pulled apart in response to Magnetic force

Thermal:

Material bends or expands with dissipated heatContacts pulled apart when spring-loaded trigger is released

http://www.zlan.com/brk_info.htm

Electronically-controlled:

Controller reads current value from sensorsDetects when current rises above a thresholdSignals actuators to break contacts - - In high-power apps, sensors may need to be separated…

• Arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way

• Vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil are used as the medium in which the arc forms

• Techniques to extinguish the arc: •Lengthening of the arc •Intensive cooling (in jet chambers) •Division into partial arcs •Zero point quenching •Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits

Here is why Even a small spark can ruin some equipment

- Uses electrical energy to produce mechanical work- Commonly used in refrigerators, washing machines, fans, pumps, and computer equipment

Advantages

- No fossil fuels

- Noise reduction

- Wide range of sizes

- Fewer components

Disadvantages

- Less powerful

- Battery limitations

Types

AC Induction

AC Synchronous

Stepper DC

Brush DC

Brushless DC

- Transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy

- Sources of mechanical energy include- Combustion Engines

- Compressed Gas

- Steam/Gas Turbines

- Solar and Wind

• DC motors use have a locked ratio. Speed is more exact.

• AC motors make more power per weight and dominate the market mostly because of power distribution.

• Power distribution is easier for AC because of the transformer.

Sinusoidal windings and power translation