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Precautionary Principle~ It il;!tify discretionaey ~jsions in ~s : ~ when scientific investiga~ has found ~sible ~~ when extensive scienlifil:;1snowledge 00 the mattee is lacking, implying a social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm,. 10 short, where there is a threat of significant reductioo or loss ofbiological diversity, lack of full scientjfic certainty should not be used as a reason (or postponing measures to avoid. minimise or mitigate such a threat.Convention on Biological Diversity(CBO) aka Biodiversity Convention. It is a key document regarding sustamabte development.3 main goals:

conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity):

sustainable use of its components: and

fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources Objectiveis to develop nalional strategies for the conservationand sustainable use of

biologicaldiverSity.

20 10 was the International Year of Biodiversity, 2011 to 2020 as the UN-Decade on

BiodiverSity.

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.. _ .. 1@BC}coversbiodiversity at all levels: Ecosystem. species and genetic resources The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December1993. Till date there are 193 parties Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBQ) located at Montreal. Canada. Main function of secretariat is to assist governments in the implementation of the CBD. and its programmes of work, to organise meetings. draft documents, and co-ordinate with other.---_ .._ .._-_. Convention is legallybinding; countriesthat join it (Parties')are

obliged to implementits provisions.

Convention reiterates the point that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use Substantial investment are required to conserve biodiversity, but conservation will bring significant envitpnmental, economic and social benefits in return.~academY'

COPs

---_ .._ .._--, 2006: COP 8 in Brazil 2012: COP 11 - Hyderabad (development of World Wide Views onBiodiversity) 2014 COP 12 - Biodiversity for Sustainable Development inPyeongchang. Republic of Korea 2016 COP 13: MexicoL.Y'Important mel!ures Und!tl-CODventiOD, includes:Measures and mcenuvas lor the conservation and sustainable use of biological

diversity. Regulated access to genetic resources and lJ:aQitjooaIIsOQ~dadQ.e.jocluojoo PrjolInfolmeo Consent (PIC) of the party providing resources

Sharing jn a lair and equitable way. the results 01 research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the ContractingParty providing such resources (governments and/or local communities

that provided the traditional knowledge or biodiversity resources utilized).

ACCIlAA tA .ana I~ansfflt AI tllcboolgOli. including blotecnnoloqy, to the governments and/

or local communities that provided traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources.

Technjcal aod scjenlifjc cooperatjoo: Coordination of a global directory of taxonomic expertise(alAbal Taxonomy loitjativa); Impact assessment; Education and publiC awareness,Provision 01 financial resources; National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments

" Ag.enda 21 is a noD-binding. yoluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development." By-product of UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or Earth summit held in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda lor the UN, other multilateral organisations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to tbe21 st Century, Till date there are 193 parties At the 2010 10th Conference of Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity in October in Nagoya, Japan. the Nagoya Protocol was adopted.~academ'Y'( It has various -sub-programs and agreeme~ Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, covering the rapidly expandingfield of biotechnology, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issue Global Strategy for Plant Conservation

Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetio Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilizationtti1academy

c .. tCartagena Protocol on Biosafety a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by Living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology. The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits.t!Wacademv ' Iving modified organism': any living organism that possesses a nove

n 0 genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology, and 'living organism' means any biological entity capable of transferring or replicating genetic material, including sterile organisms, viruses and viroids It might let countries ban imports of a LMOs, if the scientificevidence does not support (or is lacking) that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities Parties to the Protocol must ensure that LMOs are handled, packaged and transported under conditions of safety,~academ'j' It features a set of procedures including one for LMOs that are to be intentionally introduced into the environment called the advance informedagreement (AlA) procedure. These procedures and requirements are designed so that importing countries have both the opportunity and the capacity to assess risks and have necessary information needed for making informed decisions about whether or not to accept LMO imports and for handling them in a safe manner. The Protocol established a Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH), in order to facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, environmental and legal information on LMOs; and to assist countries to implement the Protocole-_ ..._ .._ .... .Year 2010: International Year ofBiodiversity,

It was meant to help raise awareness of the importance of biodiversity through activities and events in many countries and to influence decision makers

, Raise awareness of the accomplishments to save biodiversity that have already been realized by communities and governments

,Promote innovative solutions to reduce the threats to biodiversity; Encourage individuals,organizations and governments to lake immediate steps to halt biodiversity

loss: Start diafogue between stakeholders for the steps to be taken in the post-2010 period,

'To elevate biological diversity nearer to the top of the political agenda'

a programme under CSD Aims to slow tbe pace ot plant extinctioo around the world. It has 5 major objectives: Plant diversity is: well understood. documented and recognised: urgently and effectively conserved; used in a sustainable and equitable manner; Education and awareness about plant diversity; the capacities and public engagement necessary to implement the strategy needs to be developedYear 201 : International Year ofF~V"-'

to raise awareness and strengthen the sustainable management, conservationand sustainable development of all types of forests for the benefit of current and future generations About 23% of world's population i.e. 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods with some 300 million living in them World's forests and forest soil store more than one trillion tons of carbon - twice the amount found in the atmosphere Forests provide habitats to about two-thirds of all species on earth~academy

c: .. _ .. , Deforestation of closed tropical rainforests could account for biodiversity loss of as many as 100 species a day The forest product industry is a source of economic growth and employment, with global forest products traded internationally is estimated at $327 billion The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimates that every year 130,000 km2 of the world's forests are lost due to deforestation, contributing up to 200/0 of global greenhouse gas errussions

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Deforestation

.. _ .. t Deforestation has 2 aspects: clearing of forest and change of land use pattern Causes of deforestation include: Conversion to agricultural land. Unsustainable harvesting of timber. Unsound land management practices. Creation of human settlements~academY'

Nagoya Protocol

---_ .._ ....--_. is an international agreement (supplementary agreement to the CBO) for Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising Irom their Utilization (one of the three objectives of CBO) The Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Province, Japan. Since 50 states have ratified, it entered into force on 12 October 2014. Will contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, provide appropriate access to genetic resources, transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all ri~hts over those resources and to technologies,~academY'

Strateg ic Plan for Biod iversity2011-2020, including Aichi targets The United Nations General Assembly declared 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, to support and promote implementationof the objectives of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity

and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, with the goal of significantly

reducing biodiversity loss in COP-10 at Nagoya, Aichi prefecture, Japan These targets. which are to be achieved by 2020. are classified under five broad strategic goals. with 20 targetsC)3?tegic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by:/fuai~eaminQ biodiversity across Qovernment and society. Sirategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Strategic Goal C: To impCQvetbe status 01 bioojyersilY by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Strategic Goal 0: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building~academ'Y' For example: Targets under goal A People are aware of the values of biodiversity; it has been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies; Incentives. including subsidies. harmful to biodiversity arephased out to minimise negative impacts. and positive incentives for the conservation are promoted and applied; Governments. business and stakeholders have taken steps to achieve sustainable production~academ,

Precautionary Principle- If lntroouctton of a new product or process whose ultimate effects are disputed and are not certain. should be resisted. It has mainly been used to prohibit the importation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their introduction into food crops Entire premise of conservation of biodiversity, countering global warming and climate change is based on this If an action/policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to environmentand living organisms, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is not harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking an action.-