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Consolidation of Consolidation of Sovereign StatesSovereign States
Influences of Influences of the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment
Essential Questions What was the impact of the Reformation
on the development of capitalism? What role did the government play in the
development of capitalism? What impact did the development of
capitalism have on political philosophies? What was the impact of the
enlightenment on economics, politics, society, & religion?
Constitutional States Constitutional States England & Netherlands
Parliament – Representative Assemblies
Prominent merchant class Commercial empires
Overseas Extraordinary prosperity
Fair distribution of wealth
Absolute Monarchies Absolute Monarchies
France – Spain – Prussia – Austria - Russia
Theoretical foundation Divine right of kings
Cardinal Richelieu Architect of Absolutism
Loius XIV [Sun King] Large standing army Luxury & circus
Parliamentary Absolutism
CardinalRichelieuLouis XIV
██ Nations with bicameral legislatures.██ Nations with unicameral legislatures.██ No legislature.
Which 2 have none?
Peace of Westphalia 1648 States regarded as sovereign &
equal Peace did not end war Balance of power alliances
were created Arms race among states
European arms out perform all others globally
English Revolution King vs. Parliament
Charles vs. Cromwell Oliver Cromwell
Military rule Dissolves Parliament
Politicization of Calvinism [Puritanism]
Influence of Absolutism Russia Czar [Caesar]
Ivan IV [Terrible] Peter the Great
Westernized Russian Monarchy
Boyars Russian aristocracy
Limited Monarchy = England
“Glorious Revolution” Wm. Of Orange & Mary “Invited” to take
the throne Protestants
Economic Impact of Reformation
Capitalism Private enterprise
Market forces Supply & demand
Networks: Transportation &
communication
Government Impact: Economics Government
role: Protect private
property Settle disputes Charter joint-
stock companies Authorized
exploration – colonization - conquer
Service institutions Banks Insurance Stock
exchanges
Proto-Industrialization
Entrepreneurs Side-step guilds
Out-source labor Rural districts
Cheap laborBritish Enclosure Act:Forced peasants off the land in orderto raise sheep for textile industry.
Which of these reasons do you buy? Why?
Profits & Ethics Medieval theologians believed
Profit-making > morally dangerous Proponents of Capitalism
Adam Smith > prosperity & self-interest
Downside of Capitalism Deep strain on social system
Bandits – Muggers - Witch-hunts
Upside of Capitalism Nuclear families: independent economically –
socially & emotionally.
Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei
[Who invented?] Sun spots Moons of Jupiter “Law of Inertia ”
Copernicus “On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
Sun not Earth centered universe Heliocentricity
Galileo
Ptolemaic Universe
Copernicus
Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy [1686]
Gravitational law & physics Direct observation &
mathematical reasoning
Impact of Science on Society ENLIGHTENMENT Popularized by French philosophes
Wrote histories – novels – dramas – satires pamphlets on religion, morality, politics
Voltaire ‘Attacked’ Church & French Monarchy
Deism God exists but universe operates on
rational and natural laws
Deists Franklin Washington Jefferson Thomas Paine Ethan Allen Monroe
Philosophes
JohnLocke
Jean-JacquesRousseau
Impact on Political Theory
Enlightenment Natural laws govern
society [mirror Newton]
Montesquieu Political science &
political liberty
Impact on Political Theory JOHN LOCKE
Natural Rights: Life – Liberty - Property
Social Contract: b/w people & government People obligated to obey
government only if government protects natural rights
Significance: Enlightenment Weakened influence of organized
religion Promoted secular values
[source] reason rather than revelation
Promoted rational analysis Promoted progress & prosperity
Enduring Question How can we measure the impact of
the Enlightenment on the West?
How has the Enlightenment influenced the development of democracy and capitalism in America?