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Conjunctions That Join Equals
Objectives• Distinguish between simple and
compound sentences.
• Punctuate compound sentences joined by and, or, not, and but.
• Punctuate compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and consequently.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
• Recognize correlative conjunctions such as either . . . or, neither . . . nor, and not only . . . but also.
• Use parallel constructions in composing sentences with correlative conjunctions.
What are conjunctions?
Conjunctions are words that grammatically join equal or unequal words or word groups.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical value or rank.
• Most common are and, or, but, and nor.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join words
Our copier is fast, simple, and economical.
• Join phrases
Mail is delivered in the morning and in the afternoon.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join clauses
Miss Soto is the accounts manager, but Mr. Heinz helps her when necessary.
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object = clause
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object = clause
^period
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
subject
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
subject + verb
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
subject + verb + object
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherrientered data.
subject + verb + object = clause 2
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
• When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in compound sentences, a comma precedes the conjunction unless the clauses are very short.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for
larger businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for
larger businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when
coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when
coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when
coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when
coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas • Do not use commas when
coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
• In addition to coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs may be used to join equal sentence elements.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
• Here are some common conjunctive adverbs:
consequently hence in fact however thus in the meantime therefore then moreover that is on the contrary on the other hand
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Semicolons
• Semicolons are used before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses.
First, Nancy Latour was honored; then Charlotte Cohen received an award.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
• Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables.
Our supply of cassettes is quite low; therefore, we must reorder
immediately.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
• Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs.
• Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas We are, therefore, forced to find a new
supplier.
You may, on the contrary, prefer a computer.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
• Certain conjunctions are always paired:
both . . . and not only . . . but (or but also) either . . . or neither . . . nor
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions • For greater emphasis use correlative
conjunctions instead of coordinating conjunctions.
Your order will be mailed on Friday or on Monday.
Your order will be mailed either on Friday or on Monday.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions • In using correlative conjunctions,
place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions Parallel:
You may go either in June or in July.
prepositional prepositional phrase phrase
Not Parallel: Either you may go in June or in July.
clause phrase
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions Parallel:
I am not only pleased but also honored to have your assistance.
Not Parallel: Not only am I pleased to have your assistance but I am also honored.
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
• Most commonly used coordinating conjunctions:
and but or nor
• Three other coordinating conjunctions used occasionally:
yet for so
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating ConjunctionsJane said that she wanted to go, yet she
hasn’t called.
Filling that position will not be easy, for few applicants have the necessary
computer training.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
• As a coordinating conjunction, the word so should be used only in informal writing or conversation.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating ConjunctionsInformal:
The west parking lot is full, so you should use the south lot.
Improved: The west parking lot is full; therefore, you
should use the south lot.Improved:
Because the west parking lot is full, you should use the south lot.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government, nevertheless, will suggest no new taxes.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money; consequently, we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits; hence the employees’ union is pleased.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered, and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year; on the other hand, indications suggest increased income this year.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
7. The president said, moreover, that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low, but the potential for growth is great.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers; consequently, I am checking prices.
ENDEND
