Coastal zone planning and management

• General concept of integrated coastal management

• Coastal issues• Lessons Learned• Analytical Approach• Future

What is ICZM?

• In general, it’s a interdisciplinary and comprehensive strategy or framework based on the best available science to be implemented at the community level and national level;

• The prime goal is to overcome sectoral and intergovernmental fragmentation that exist in today’s coastal management efforts;

http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots

the most biologically valuable areas

the most threatened marine areas

the most critical areas for marine conservation

http://www.conservation.org/Marine/map.htm

• Productivity is highest in coastal waters and upwelling zones due to higher nutrient concentrations

Average Global Primary Production (Chl a) March 6-13 2001

Terra MODIS NASA/GES/DISC/DAAC

Production

• After 40 years of coastal management planning we are still trying to develop simple, effective and widely applicable models and approaches; and we still need successfully implemented examples of ICZM!

• Today, the environmental problems in coastal areas have been exacerbated by habitat destruction, water contamination, coastal erosion and resources depletion; increasing social and cultural degradation as well as poverty!

Go to list of issues in coastal conditions ppt.

What went wrong and what did we

learn?• The root cause of this crisis is a failure of both perspective & governance;

• Oceans & coasts are the largest public domain and has to be managed holistically for the benefit of local communities, recognizing their socio-economic and cultural heritage values;

• Involvement of local communities in the planning and decision-making process;

• Increased use conflicts can be managed simply by controlling where certain activities are undertaken, but sustainability can only be attained when environmental conditions are appropriate;

• Interdependence of land and sea! Watershed and ecosystem management approach;

• Use suitability and use conflict analysis support the interdisciplinary and holistic aspects of coastal planning and sustainable development; indicating where better information is needed;

Objectives and goals of the responsible coastal planning

and management

• Optimize benefits from coastal and marine resources, specifically for local communities

• Identify desired uses• Minimize conflicts• Prevent environmental degradations• But How?

General concept for integrated coastal

management• Resource assessment: comprehensive

inventories of coastal natural and human resources (e.g. physical and biological data, resource uses, cultural heritage, traditional land uses and activities, etc.); includes long term in depth biocomplexity research studies;

• Impact assessment: assessing the coastal zone vulnerability to various activity impacts; interactions between uses and resources; a tool to help making decisions and evaluate options for the mitigation and environmentally sound management (e.g. spatial and use conflict analysis, GIS models); based on the best available knowledge and acknowledging uncertainties;

• Policy and regulatory framework: a basic tool for training and education, and for local community participation in decision making process; based on analysis of existing institutional and legal mechanisms develop comprehensive policy framework to address coastal issues;

• Socio-cultural & Economic assessment: understanding of socio-economic incentives at the local level in suggesting alternative income-generating programs; the simpler the national rules the better they are understood and followed on the local levels; the capacity of the community to regulate its own activities and uses; to enforce local rules is an important determinant of perceived management success;

• Implementation: how to apply science and develop and implement the BMPs? Comprehensive BMPs are ‘living documents’ open to revision, expansion; provide consistent national standards and practices for implementation;

• Monitoring and evaluation: assess cumulative effects of changes and update management program elements to reflect changing needs and circumstances; multidisciplinary data as a ‘feedback loop’ evaluation of our activities and their impacts;

Forecast for coastal condition:

Still the question is how do we solve coastal problems and do better management and conservation of natural and human resources?

And what is/should be the driving force and approach in coastal management?

My general premise is that “the environment sets the limits for responsible and sustainable development".

Why?

Understanding ecosystem's "function, health and resilience" is an imperative for successful application of adaptive coastal management. http://alpha.es.umb.edu/faculty/af/frankic.html

Site suitability and use conflict analysis:

an optimal allocation for user functions

• Finding suitable sites for existing and potential use/activity in the marine and coastal environment is one of the most critical challenges facing coastal planning and management.

Analytical Approach –Summary:

1. Optimal sites are selected based on environmental suitability analysis and GIS models. Environmental indicators required for potential activity sites were selected and generic protocol was developed. Often a modified version of the activity protocol has to be created and applied based on available and spatially explicit data.

2. GIS use-suitability modeling: application of available environmental suitability indicators from developed protocols; includes evaluation of the model with existing activity sites.

3. GIS use-conflict modeling and analysis: identification of exiting and potential uses,and use conflicts.

4. Characterization of management issues and options. Providing outcome scenarios and recommendations, identifying gaps to help guide future scientific research, monitoring and decision-making processes.

Phase One:

• The most important step is to identify the environmental conditions necessary for each use/activity to succeed.

• Based on extensive literature review and present knowledge, the environmental use suitability indicators (parameters or criteria), for activity to be long-term sustainable, can be identified and derived.

• Note: ESRI ArcInfo and ArcView software were used to write algorithms to model protocols, and perform GIS use conflict modeling and analysis.

Protocol example for:Marina Suitability

Indicators

Suitability Indicators

Desirable Undesirable

 Water quality

Closed for direct marketing of shellfish; no potential for future productivity

Approved, seasonally approved for shellfish harvesting

Fecal coliformsCfu/100 ml

200 > 200

Salinity (%◦) Unsuitable for shellfish growth

Suitable for shellfish growth

Nitrate mg/l 

1  

Phosphate mg/l 

0.1  

Suspended solids/ sediments (mg/l)

10  

Mex. Wave height (m) 

< 0.5 > 0.5

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 

> 5 < 2

Current/exposure 

< 1 knot > 1 knot

Bathymetry (m) 

> 1 < 1

Proximity to natural or improved channels

< 50 feet to navigational channel

> 50 feet

Threatened or endangered species and habitats

 Absent

 Present

Designated shellfish grounds

No present or planned private lease or public ground within affected area

Private lease or public oyster ground in proximity

Dredging 

Does not require dredging Requires frequent dredging

 Adjacent wetlands

Suitable buffer could be maintained around marine site

Cannot maintain suitable buffer area

 Existing use of site

Not presently used for recreational, tourism uses, fishing, crabbing, etc.

Presently used for recreational activities and fishing, crabbing

SAV 

Absent Present

 Shoreline erosion

Shoreline protected by natural or planted riparian vegetation

 No shoreline stabilization

 Finfish habitat

Unimportant area for spawning or nursery for any commercial or recreational species

Important spawning and nursery area

Protocol example for: Tourism Suitability

Indicators

EnvironmentallySuitable Indicators

 Excellent

 Good

 Poor

Beach area capacity(m²/person)

 8 -10

 6 - 8

  6

Sea Temp. (C) for swimming

 > 25

   

Water supply(l/day/person )

200 – 250 100 - 200 < 100

 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)

 > 5

   

Water quality (E.coli)DrinkingSwimming (*)

 0 100

 40 - 50100 - 200

  50 (MPN/100 ml) 200 (MPN/100ml)

Suspended solids/ sediments (mg/l)

 > 5

   

Bottom type Sand, small gravel   mud

Current/exposure Sheltered bays    

Bathymetry (m) 0-5    

Shoreline slope (%)topography

2-5    

Beach area access(buffer zone 2000m)

 Within buffer zone

   

 Energy supply

Sufficient, solar and alternative resources present

   

Sewage systems(Waste water treatment)

 Present

   

Protected areas, Nature Reserves, MPAs

 Present

   

Cultural HeritagePreservation

 Present

   

Food Supply, local mariculture, autochthon products

 Sufficient and present on site

   

Sustainable Infrastructure & landscape Design

 Present

   

Protocol Example for Shellfish Aquaculture

Seed clams are planted in beds approximately 14 x 50 feet. Each bed may be planted with 40,000 to 50,000 seed clams.

http://www.deq.state.va.us/coastal/documents/task11-07-04a.pdf

aquaculture clam netting issues

 Suitability Indicators

 General

 On-bottom

oyster h. clam s. clam

pH 7.0-8.5 6.75-8.75 6.75-8.75  

Temp. (C) 20-28 Opt. 15-25 Opt.21-31 Opt. 10-20

Salinity (%◦) 10-35 10-35 18-20 ideal 10-25

Suspended sediments (mg/l)

15 10 - 25    

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)

>5   >3.64  

Bathymetry (m)

0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2

Bottom type   Solid, oyster reefs

Firm, and sandy

Soft, muddy-sand

Areas of activity

  Mainly subaqueous fixed structures (piers)

Mainly eastern shore

 

Accessibility(nearest boat ramp)

500-5000 meters      

 Other physical attributes

Prefer riparian areas, and wetlands;Exclude condemned areas;Exclude SAV habitats

     

Regulatory Factors

       

Species type native      

Fecal coliformsCfu/100 ml

14      

Nitrate mg/l 0.8      

Phosphate mg/l

0.08      

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)

> 5      

Turbidity NTU < 25      

Buffer zone ≥30 meters*      

Ranking Hard clams Oysters 

Optimal=< 2 meter depth

SAV absent>= 20 ppt

outside condemned areas

0-2 meter depthSAV absent

> 7pptoutside condemned

areas

Suitable 

=< 2 meter depth15-20 ppt

SAV absentinside condemned areas

0-2 meters depthSAV absent

> 7 pptinside condemned

areas

Unsuitable SAV present< 15 ppt

SAV present< 7 ppt

Shellfish aquaculture suitability criteria (modified protocol)

Phase Two:

• GIS use-suitability modeling : Identification of areas in which environmental conditions for each specific use are found

• This includes spatial analysis (aerial photos and satellite images); integration of GIS coverages (data layers) for e.g.: temp, salinity, bathymetry, water quality, substrate types, benthic biocenoses, slope, hydrology, geology-pedology, critical habitats and protected species/areas, etc.

• GIS application of available environmental suitability indicators from developed protocols and evaluation of use suitability models;

Creating GIS Environmental Data Layers for site suitability analysis

www.shsu.edu/~gel_geo/geography/coursestech.html

http://geology.com/nasa/chesapeake-bay-satellite-studies.shtml

Site suitability analysis for hard clam aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (Source: VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic)

http://web.vims.edu/bio/sav/historic_field_observations/2006_observations.html

Cherrystone clam beds

Aerial photo/ Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQs) – Hungars Creek: Clam nets in SAV beds in 2002 (source: D. Wilcox, VIMS)

Site suitability analysis for oyster aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Source: VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic

 Existing

Aquaculture  

 Optimal

%#

 Suitable

%#

 Unsuitable

%#

Oyster commercial

32 sites72%23

19%6

9%3

Hard clams99 sites

82%81

3%3

15%15

Phase Three:

• Identification and mapping of coastal, marine and land uses

• Performing the GIS use conflict analysis and modeling (21 models); The goal is to identify areas that, although suitable for aquaculture on the basis of suitable environmental assessment (from Phase Two), may be less desirable due to incompatible uses that are present or planned (tourism, recreation, fishing, protection, agriculture, etc.)

Example of identified land uses for aquaculture site suitability analysis (Ch. Bay, Virginia) (Source: VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic)

 Model

Suitable area (Acres)

Aestheticconflict area

SAV historic area potential for restoration

Dredging area for boat access

Agriculture(shoreline length/km)

Hard clams

199297 65051 5903 388 1406

Oyster 

404589 138336 25179 662 1404

Phase Four:

• Identification of all possible management issues that could be caused by or related to aquaculture development in certain area (includes local community knowledge and participation);

• Assessment of existing policies, regulations and laws related to e.g. aquaculture, identify and characterize management issues and conflicts;

• Analysis will incorporate socio-economic considerations, and each management issue will be presented with adequate management options and recommendation scenarios;

Use conflicts and management issues:

• Aquaculture and SAV• Aquaculture and other

uses of the water column• Incompatible adjacent

land use, and• Water quality

impairments.

Adjacent Coastal activity/use

Management issues Management options Outcomes

 Terrestrial:Residential   Agriculture commodity(e.g. crops, tomato farms; livestock;organic farms)

 

Water quality(NPS urban runoff, storm water runoff, wastewater runoff)Socio-economic issues – aesthetics;

1) priority use zones2) areas with multiple usesIf priority area for aquaculture no permits for other activities; Storm water permittingRetention ponds; Irrigation ponds; creating riparian/wetland buffers; Erosion and sediment control;Water quality recommendations (classes for aquaculture through regulation – tier I-III)

 Suitable if buffers exists;Socio-economic cost benefit analysis (advantages and disadvantages of management options)

 

 Water quality (agricultural runoff, pesticides, nutrients, erosion, sedimentation)

IndustrySewage power plants

Wastewater discharge,Sediment contaminationOut falls; elevated water temp.

BuffersDesignating priority use zones

To be determined by environmental and socio-economic assessments

 Marina

 

Water quality (wastewater discharges)

200 m buffer (match regulations, ½ mile DOH)

 

Suitable depending on water quality

Navigation (potential conflict everywhere)

 

Physical damage Buffer - 100 feet for oysters Suitable for aquaculture outside buffer

 Piers

 

Recreational fishing and boating;Water quality

 

Buffer area in residential priority zonesPermit required for >100 feet in active lease

  Suitable for aquaculture

Beaches(public); and bare areas as potentialbeaches

Water quality(pathogen contamination)

2 m in-shore buffer; buffer maybe reduced with public facilities

Suitable or optimal with adequate facilities;Bathing lease (1/2 acre)

Recreation:(rec. fishing, boating and hauling)Wild harvestGolf courses

In vicinity of residential areas; water quality issue; Physical/spatial issue

 Designating priority use zonesNo wake zonesBuffer zones

   Suitable for aquaculture

 Protected areasSanctuaries

Habitat restoration/protection:Clam (brood stock area)Oyster reefs; B. crabs; SAV restoration

Buffers: 100 feet for SAV Vicinity is a plus/optimal outside buffer areas, except SAV restoration areas;

Conclusion:

• This analytical approach support interdisciplinary aspects for coastal planning, and indicate that use suitability models are useful for discriminating environmental potential among sites but they are inadequate as predictors for long-term sustainability. Why?

• The major shortcoming is inability to integrate socio-economic considerations as measurable indicators in use suitability assessment and use conflict models of ICZM!

Use conflict analysis in Chesapeake bay

• http://rmapnt52.wetlan.vims.edu/shallowwater/viewer.htm

• Shallow Water Use Conflict

• Aquaculture in USA:http://

resourcescommittee.house.gov/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=27&extmode=view&extid=285

• This “triple bottom line’ is used as a framework for measuring and reporting corporate performance against economic, social and environmental parameters (John Elkington) http://www.sustainability.com/

• Economy (production, services, goods, income, profit)

• Society (social, political and cultural systems)

• Environment (natural resources, water, air, soil, raw materials, health)

Identification and implementation of socio-economic indicators for the integrated coastal area management.

Table with 32 suggested indicators: Source: UNESCO/IOC/COOP, Halifax Meeting, Canada February 2004:

www.phys.ocean.dal.ca/~lukeman/COOP/hfx_april_04.html

NEXT STEPS:

1 Resident Population (census data)

17 Pesticide Use in Watershed

2 Population Density 18 Coastal Energy Production (% of National Production by type)

3 Land Use/Land CoverPatterns/Composition

19 Level/Value of Commercial FishLandings by harvest area, gear type, species, weight, and value;

4 Employment in Industry Sectors 20 Artisanal Fishing Effort by harvest area, value, species and type;

5 % Population with Potable Water 21 Number/Value of RecreationalFishing Days

6 % Population with Internet Access 22 Seafood Consumption Patterns gram/person/day

7 Change in User Conflict 23 Seafood International TradeValue/Quantity/Terms & Direction

8 Property Values 

24 Groundwater Extraction

9 Income/wealth Distribution 25 Number of Tourists (% of National)per day or # of bed nights

10 % Altered Coast 26 Number/Attendance at RecreationalBathing Beaches

11 Public Access Points/km of coastline 27 Number of Shipping Vessels Entering/Transiting Coastal Waters

12 Water dependent use industry/coastal industry

28 Aquaculture – Total Hectares, by type, weight, value and species type

13 Value of Products dependent onCoastal Habitats

29 Value Change in Seafood Due toChemical Contamination

14 Non-Use Values of Coastal Habitat(Bequest/Existence/Option)

30 Value Change in Seafood Due toPathogenic/Toxic Contamination

15 % Population Served by Wastewater 31 Social mitigation cost of Invasive Species (public & private)

16 Fertilizer Use in Watershed 32 Number of Beach Closings

  VARIABLE   VARIABLE

1 Sea level 20 Fisheries: landings and effort

2 Water temperature 21 Primary production

3 Currents 22 Total organic C and N

4 Changes in bathymetry 23 Neutral red assay

5 Salinity 24 Incident solar radiation

6 Surface waves 25 Total suspended solids

7 Sediment grain size 26 Cholinesteraze (pesticides)

8 Benthic biomass 27 Cytochrome p450 (e.g. oil)

9 Changes in shoreline position 28 Metallothionein (trace metals)

10 Dissolved oxygen 29 Zooplankton biomass

11 Dissolved inorganic nutrientsN, P, Si 30 Eh in sediment

12 Phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll) 31 Particulate organic C and N

13 Attenuation of solar radiation 32 Benthic species diversity

14 Faecal indicators 33 Zooplankton species diversity

15 Sediment organic content 34 Biological oxygen demand

16 Phytoplankton species diversity 35 pH

17 Nekton species diversity 36 Seabird diversity

18 Coloured dissolved organic matter DSOM 37 Nekton biomass

19 Seabird abundance    

Related References:

• UNESCO, 2003. (Strategic Design Plan for Coastal Ocean Observing Module. http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/docs/GOOS_125_COOP_Plan.pdf

• UNESCO, 2003. A Reference Guide on the use of Indicators for Integrated Coastal Management. http://ioc.unesco.org/icam/files/Dossier.pdf

• EC, 2000: Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Model

• “How is your MPA doing?” A guidebook of natural & social indicators for evaluating MPAs management effectiveness; IUCN/WWF/NOAA, 2004 www.iucn.org/bookstore

• Frankic, A. 2003. ICZM Plan for Croatia with special focus on aquaculture. Republic of Croatia, Ministry for environmental protection and physical planning. http://ccrm.vims.edu/staff/Adriaticaquaculture.pdf