CLIMATE CHANGE: ITS IMPACT TO THE PORT 1. What is Global Warming & Climate Change Global warming...
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CLIMATE CHANGE: ITS IMPACT TO THE PORT 1. What is Global Warming & Climate Change Global warming refers to rising global temperatures and it causes climates
What is Global Warming & Climate Change Global warming
refers to rising global temperatures and it causes climates to
change. The warming has resulted : Basically, global warming is the
cause, climate change is the effect. 2 Increased global average
surface air and ocean temperatures Increased weather extremes i.e.
severe storms, typhoons and torrential rains Melting of ice in the
polar region
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What is happening now The 4th assessment report by the
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) published in 2007
has warned that the warming of the earths climate system is
unequivocal. These events have become more frequent and intense in
many parts of the world, and Asia is particularly vulnerable to
these hazards. The past few years, have witnessed an increase in
damage due to the extreme weather events in Southeast Asia itself.
Could it get any worse? Unfortunately, it can 3
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OBSERVED CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change will affect ports and
port-based economies, depending on their geographic location and
the adaptive capacities of the ports and the communities in which
they are located. The complexity and potential risks require both
the scientific community and the port authorities to take an active
role to better understand when and how to implement proactive
adaptation strategies. 7
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No longer just for scientist 8
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To remain efficient and resilient, seaports must anticipate the
impacts of climate change and proactively prepare for sea level
rise, increased flooding, and more frequent extreme storm events
(Hallegate 2008; PIANC 2008; UNCTAD 2008; EPA 2008). Climate change
will result in number of general impacts on navigation and harbor
operation as well as on related infrastructure. 9 OBSERVED CLIMATE
CHANGE
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1.Raise of sea level- According to PIANC, sea level rise would
have no direct impact on navigation but it would effect port
infrastructure and port structure. Global sea level has already
risen by 10 cm to 20 cm in the past century, and the pace of sea
level rise appears to be accelerating. The IPCC predicts that sea
levels could rise 25cm to 58 cm by 2100, but in recent years sea
levels have been rising faster than the upper end of the range
predicted. 10 Potential Impacts of Climate Change
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The impact of sea level rise are as follows:- The rise in sea
level may allow greater penetration of wave energy to the coastline
and into port, causing increased coastal erosion in areas with a
soft coastline. The elevation at which the wave force attack a
structure will increase the exposure of decks of wharfs and piers,
increase the corrosion rate and the degradation of material
designed for a particular range of sea level conditions A change in
high and extreme sea levels may reduced top clearance between ships
and bridges 11 Potential Impacts of Climate Change
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Example of breakwater barely coping with storm waves at present
water levels [ source Aspects of Potential Climate Change Impacts
on Ports & Maritime Operations around the Southern African
Coast by Mr. Marius Rossouw and Mr. Andre Theron CSIR, South Africa
(Photo: A Theron)] 12
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Another potential impacts on port structures include changes in
overtopping and even stability of breakwaters due to increased
force from wave action coupled with attack at a higher level on a
structure due to sea level rise. Increased sedimentation in
harbors, inlets and channels will result in the need for more
maintenance dredging to maintain exists access. 13 Potential
Impacts of Climate Change
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1 METER RISE = LOSS OF NEW ORLEANS 14
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it may lead to decreased regularity of ports, increased
downtime and the requirement for more storage capacity at container
terminal for use in times of closure. higher thunderstorm activity
is expected in higher latitudes, this would put higher demand on
lightning systems and electronics 3. Change in wind conditions
According to PIANC an increase in wind speed have some direct
effects on navigation. Maneuvering through curved narrow sailing
channels would be more difficult 15 2. Changes in storm events and
/or frequency
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Related impacts of wind change include increased berthing time
and delayed departure time for ships at terminals which may
required larger areas for anchoring of waiting vessels. Advantage
of this impacts are : An increase in the absolute levels of low and
extreme low sea levels will allow greater under keel clearance for
vessels Possibly reduce the need for dredging in low sedimentation
areas 16
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A wrecked oil platform washes ashore in Alabama in the wake of
Hurricane Katrina. 17
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CONCLUSION Most ports do not have specific information about
the types of impacts that they can expect on their facilities or
the probabilities of different types of impacts occurring. The data
that ports typically use for planning purposes do not incorporate
climate change forecasts. To help these and other ports assess
their risk, more and better data are needed, as well as better
planning tools and methods. Asian ports need to better understand
climate change and how it may affect them. 18
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THANK YOU 19
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References: (1) PIANC (2008). Waterborne transport, ports and
waterways: A review of climate change rivers, impacts, responses
and mitigation. EnviCom Task Group 3, PIANC. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(2007), Climate Change 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability Climate Change Impacts On
International Seaports: Knowledge, Perceptions, and Planning
Efforts Among Port Administrators- Corresponding Author : Austin
Becker Hallegate 2008; PIANC 2008; UNCTAD 2008; EPA 2008 Planning
for Impacts of Climate Change at U.S. Ports; Gallivan, Frank,
Bailey, Kathleen, O'Rourke, Laurence Matthew 20