Cleat (Shoe) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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5/26/13 Cleat (shoe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)

Football boots have studs on their

soles

Cleat (shoe)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cleats orstuds are protrusions on the sole of a shoe, or on an external

attachment to a shoe, that provide additional traction on a soft or slippery

surface. In American English the term cleats is used synecdochically to

refer to shoes featuring such protrusions.

Contents

1 History

2 Grass cleats

2.1 Association football

2.2 Gridiron football2.3 Australian rules football

2.4 Baseball

3 Bicycle cleats

4 Ice cleats

5 References

History

Athletes have worn cleats since at least the 1500s.[1] Although there are no images or surviving examples of cleats

from that time period, the first written documentation of cleats comes from 1526, when footballboots were liste

in King Henry VIIIs Great Wardrobe.[2] According to researchers, the English monarch ordered the royal

cordwainer (shoemaker), Cornelius Johnson, to make him a pair ofhand-stitched boots to play football. The

shoes cost four shillings (about $200 today) and were probably made of especially strong leather.[3] A clothes

historian in England discovered the order for the boots among records of Henry's wardrobe.[4]

Football remained a popular sport in England throughout the ensuing centuries, but it wasnt until the emergence of

The Football Association in 1863 that the sport of football emerged as an actual organized game in England.[5]

With this, the sport took off in popularity, and understandably a demand for equipment began to emerge to ensure

player safety and comfort. More importantly, technological innovations during this time period played a key role in

new methods and materials used for production of cleats. In the 1840s, a method of hardening rubber and stoppin

it from decaying, called vulcanization, was developed in both England and the United States.[6] Vulcanized rubber

used in the production of all types of shoes, but is especially beneficial in the production of cleats, in that one of the

primary purposes of football cleats is to protect the players feet. Technology continued to improve in the coming

decades, and by the 1890s studs are first used to make football cleats. The concept of spiked and studded shoes

for other sports began to emerge as well in the late 19th century. In the 1890s, a British Company (now known as

Reebok), developed the earliest known spiked leather running shoes.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Bicycle_cleatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Grass_cleatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdochehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordwainerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Ice_cleatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Bicycle_cleatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Australian_rules_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Gridiron_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Grass_cleatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdochehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F50_2009_in_yellow_black.jpg


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Cleats began to be used in the United States in the 1860s when metal spikes were first used on baseball shoes. [8]

baseball shoe, as defined by the Dickson Baseball Dictionary (3rd Ed), is a special type of shoe designed and

worn by baseball players that features cleats for traction and a full set of laces for support.[9] The first official

baseball shoe was invented and produced by Waldo M. Claflin, of Philadelphia in 1882.[10] The use of cleats

gained further notoriety in the United States with the birth of American football in the early 20th century. The

original football shoes were actually baseball shoes, but innovations quickly emerged. In the 1920s, detachable

cleats were first introduced. As the game continued to grow, cleats had to adapt to technological advances in

playing surfaces, most notably artificial turf. By the 1970s, players were wearing footwear with short, rubber cleatfor use on artificial turf.[11]

Innovations in cleat technology continued to take place throughout the mid to late 20th century. In 1954, the first

modern football boots were made by Adidas. They were lighter, had a non-leather sole, an upper portion made

from kangaroo skin, and included replaceable rubber or plastic studs, which could be screwed in at different

lengths. Later, in the 1990s, Adidas introduced another innovation in the form of rubber blades instead of studs,

which faced different directions and allowed for better grip. Today, different types of cleats exist for different

surfaces: replaceable aluminum cleats which are worn in wet dirt, firm plastic cleats which are for regular surfaces,

and short, plastic or rubber cleats for very hard surfaces.[12]

Grass cleats

Unlike track spikes that appear on shoes for sports such as track and field and golf, the shoes for team sports

played on grass generally have large studs on the bottom to assist in gripping the surface, preventing sliding and

assisting in rapid changes of direction. The stud itself is often called a cleat. [13]There are three main types of socce

cleats: round, hard ground, and bladed. Active outdoorsman and philanthropist Erik Van Till is credited as a creat

of the round cleat. While the studs are sometimes made out of metal, this is less common, as they are illegal in som

sports for safety reasons.

Association football

In association football, where the shoes themselves are known as football boots, there are three different cleat

types. There are soft ground cleats which are made for wet weather. The soft ground cleats are always replaceabl

and are almost always metal, so when they wear down they are easy to replace. There are firm ground cleats whic

are made for firm natural surfaces. In the UK, 'cleats' are universally known as studs. The term "studs up challenge

is considered a dangerous tackle made with the feet raised and the potentially damaging metal studs impacting on

the legs or feet of the opponent.

Gridiron football

In the United States, college football coach Joseph Pipal has been credited as one of the creators of "mud cleats"

for football shoes.[14]

Australian rules football

In Australia, the studs on Australian rules football boots are traditionally referred to as "stops".[15] Prior to modern

molded plastic soles, these were often composed of a replaceable screw-in wooden stud.
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Baseball

In baseball, in laymen's terms, they are referred to as "cleats" or "spikes". The spikes can be made of rubber,

plastic, or metal. The spikes will be rectangular. Rubber cleats may feature grooves and smaller protrusions in the

middle of the sole, while soft rubber spikes would be around the edges of the sole and at the heel. Plastic cleats ar

similar to rubber spikes. However, they have feature a hard bottom and thick hard plastic spikes, with few to no

grooves at all, and instead of as the edge of the sole, the spikes compose the outsole of the shoe where the toes

and ball of the foot would hit the ground during running, similar to track spikes and football cleats. Metal spikes arsimilar to plastics spikes, but instead of being thick pieces of plastics as spikes, they are thin pieces of metal to

make it easier to dig into grass and sand, and thereby increase traction.

Bicycle cleats

A metal or plastic piece that attaches to the bottom of a shoe is also called a cleat, especially a cycling shoe that

interfaces with a clipless pedal system.

Ice cleats

Ice cleats or crampons are a type of spikes that usually are attachable under the soles of shoes (in such cases also

called "shoe chains") to prevent slipping, especially on ice. There are several variations on the way they are

mounted, sometimes with rubber bands or a fixed mount in front of the heel, making them easy to remove when no

in use.

References

1. ^ Raatman, Lucia (2012). The Curious, Captivating, Unusual History of Sports. North Mankato MN: Capstone.

p. 12. ISBN 1429675373.2. ^ Lennox, Doug (2009).Now You Know Soccer. Toronto: Dundurn. p. 12. ISBN 1770706135.

3. ^ Risolo, Donn (2010). Soccer Stories: Anecdotes, Oddities, Lore, and Amazing Feats. Lincoln: University of

Nebraska Press . p. 29. ISBN 0803233957.

4. ^ "Was Henry VIII a football lad" (http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/18/king.henry.wives.reut/).

CNN.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved 27 March 2013.

5. ^ "The History of the FA" (http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/history). TheFA.com. The Football

Association. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

6. ^ Blaxland, Wendy (2009). Sneakers: How are they made?. Tarrytown NY: Marshall Cavendish. p. 6.

ISBN 0761438106.

7. ^ Blaxland. p. 6. ISBN 0761438106. Missing or empty |title= (help)

8. ^ Phillips, Thomas D. (2012). Touching all the bases : baseball in 101 fascinating stories. Lanham, MD:Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 0810885522.

9. ^ Dickson, Paul; McAfee, augmented by Skip (2009). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (3rd ed., rev. and

expanded. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 74. ISBN 0393340082.

10. ^ Dickson. p. 74. ISBN 0393340082. Missing or empty |title= (help)

11. ^ Johnston, Daryl (2005). Watching Football : Discovering the Game within the Game (1st ed. ed.). Guilford, C

Globe Pequot Press. pp. 3031. ISBN 0762739061.

12. ^ DeMello, Margo (2009).Feet and footwear : A Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood

Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 72. ISBN 0313357145.

13. ^ "The Effects of Soccer Cleats" (http://soccersupremacy.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-effects-of-soccer-cleats-if-

you.html).Blog. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
http://soccersupremacy.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-effects-of-soccer-cleats-if-you.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313357145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0762739061http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_titlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393340082http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393340082http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810885522http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_titlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761438106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761438106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-6http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-5http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/18/king.henry.wives.reut/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803233957http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770706135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1429675373http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(shoe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pedal#Clipless_pedalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_shoe


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14. ^ Sports Illustrated (http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1130090/5/index.htm) "A

Roundup Of The Week's News" August 22, 1955

15. ^ [1] (http://www.totalcarepodiatry.com.au/football-boot-update-2009-season/) "Football Boot Update 2009

Season"

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