City Cooperation for Sustainable Waste Management...• ECO2 cities by WB (Ecology and Economy) • Future of Cities Forum (since 2011, Bali, New Delhi, Hamburg) • CCAC initiative

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

City‐City Cooperation for Sustainable Waste Management

‐

Technology Transfer through N‐S‐S network

9 Sep 2013IPLA Global Forum 2013

Boras, Sweden Kazunobu Onogawa


2

Waste Management & Future of Cities

• Global Perspectives ‐

emerging economies and population booming

‐

limited resources’

availability ‐

global environmental concerns

• National/Local Perspectives ‐

sustainable management of the society

(social, environmental & economic: shortage of landfill sites, management cost, NIMBY etc)

• Well shared unique position of “Cities”; Only cities;

‐

know the real condition, ‐

can take integrated approach, etc.


3

Planning and Implementation

• Implementation is “ALL”• Critical components for implementation

‐

level of commitment (leadership and citizen participation)

‐

capacity (technical, financial) • Understanding of different conditions & different

solutions, ‐

No single answer applicable to all

• Goals and Tools ‐

zero waste/3R approach

• Cooperation with, and support of other stakeholders

• IPLA ?

Structure of national regulations and local functions for waste management in Japan

4

The Basic Environment

Law

The Basic Law for Establishing

the Recycling‐based Society

Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material‐

Cycle Society (revised every 5 yrs)

Waste Management and Public

Cleansing Law

Basic principle of waste

management

Development plan of waste

treatment facility

Law for the Promotion of

Effective Utilization of

Resources

Containers and Packaging

Recycling Law

Home Appliance Recycling Law

Food Waste

Recycling Law

Construction and Demolition

Waste

Recycling Law

End‐of‐life Vehicle Recycling

Law

Green Purchasing Law(Public procurement )

Waste Management Plan of

Provincial Govt.

Action Plan of Waste

Management (Every year)

Master Plan of Waste

Management (10~15 yr)

Basic Environmental Plan

National G

ovt.

Mun

icipalities

Provincial

Govt.

Sound waste

management Promotion of

recycling

National G

ovt.

Law/Regulation

Plan/Guideline

PCsBatteries

Guideline for

Development of a MP of

Waste Management at

local authority

National Guideline

National Plan

Local Plan


5

Japanese approach based on 3R (Material flow)

FY2000 FY2009

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27

最終

処分

量（

100万

t）

年度

【目標値】

23百万トン

FY2000:56 million

tonsFY2009:

19 mil. tons

１９８５

１９９０

１９９５

２０００

２００５

２０１０

２０１５

Inlet: resource productivity Cycle: cyclical use rate

Outlet: final disposal amountAll indicators in steady progress toward targetsFY2000(base yr)

FY2009 (% change over FY2000)

FY2015

(target yr)

Resource

productivity

(Y10,000/t)

２６．３４０．３

（＋５３％）４２

Cyclical use

rate (%) １０．０

１４．９（＋４．９

points）１４～１５

Final disposal

amount (mil. t) ５６１９

（‐

６７％）２３

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27

循環

利用

率（

％）

年度

【目標値】

14～15%

FY2009:14.9%FY2000:

10.0%

１９８５

１９９０

１９９５

２０００

２００５

２０１０

２０１５0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27

資源

生産

性（

万円

/t）

年度

【目標値】

42万円/トン

FY2009:Y403,000/tonsFY2000:

Y263,000/tons

１９８５

１９９０

１９９５

２０００

２００５

２０１０

２０１５

GDP/natural resources input Cyclical use/(natural resources input + cyclical use )

Progress Measured by Material Flow IndicatorsProgress Measured by Material Flow Indicators

Fiscal YearFiscal Year

Fiscal Year

Target:Y420,000/t

Target:Y23 mil. t

Target:14-15%


7

Future trend of Asian cities

• Global population 8 billion by 2025

‐

5 billion in cities• 33 mega cities in 2015

‐

27 in developing countries ‐

2/3 are in Asia

• MSW in Asia is 1 million t/day (currently) ‐

1.8 million t/day in 2025

• Examples of actions in 2 cities in Asia Cases of Nagoya, Japan and Surabaya, Indonesia


8

Case of Nagoya: Case of citizen participation

• 1994 new plan of landfill site development

• 1996‐98

emerging concern on protection of wetland for migratory birds

• Jan 98

give up the plan Feb 98

emergency declaration on W/M

• ‐2000

further promotion 3R, utilizing economic, legislative and social measures

Jun‐Aug

citizen discussion meetings (2,300 times)• 2000‐02

further strict waste management

Nov 02

registration as Ramsar Convention site• ‐

2011

80% reduction

of landfill (compared to

1998) 20% reduction

of W/M expense


9

Thank you very much for your attention!

Surabaya CitySurabaya City

Main cities where

Surabaya’s composting

practices were

replicated

Main cities where


practices were

replicated

Tarakan

Surabaya CitySurabaya City

Main cities where


practices were replicated

Main cities where


practices were replicated

Tarakan

Environmental cooperation with

Kitakyushu City since 2001

Environmental cooperation with

Kitakyushu City since 2001

Population: 3 million

2nd

largest in Indonesia

Population: 3 million

2nd

largest in Indonesia

Case of Surabaya city: leadership and cooperation


10

Composition of wastes in Surabaya, Indonesia

11

DE‐CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING

Figure 8 Operational flow of Takakura Composting Method(Prepared by Maeda (2009) with technical supervision by Kouji Takakura, JPec Co., Ltd.)

Features:1. Fast

and less space requirement

2. No foul smell (not rotting)

Features:1. Fast

and less space requirement

2. No foul smell (not rotting)

3. Low‐cost, low‐tech and easy operation4. Using only local materials5. Active microorganism in compost enriches the soil

3. Low‐cost, low‐tech and easy operation4. Using only local materials5. Active microorganism in compost enriches the soil


12

Two types of Composting

• Centralized Composting ‐

Large scale impact

‐

CDM and economic incentives ‐

New job opportunities for management

‐

Large financial investment ‐

Difficulties of finding users of produced compost

• De‐centralized Composting ‐

Small scale (Household based) with small budget

‐

Bottom up approach with strong leadership ‐

Citizen participation = Promotion of Env.

awareness ‐

Easy diffusion of produced compost


13

Case of Surabaya, Social and environmental benefits

14

OUTPUT: WASTE REDUCTION * Note: Benowo is the only final disposal site in Surabaya City.(Data source: Cleansing and Landscaping Department, Surabaya)

20092008

20% reduction in 4 years!20% reduction in 4 years!

1,500t/day

or more

1,500t/day

or more1,300t/day (2007)1,300t/day (2007)

1,150t/day (2008)1,150t/day (2008)

1,000t/day (2009)1,000t/day (2009)

30% reduction in 5 years!!30% reduction in 5 years!!

Average daily amount of waste disposed at Benowo Landfill* in Surabaya, 2004‐2009

[t/day]

Surabaya’s Model

Composting CentreComposting CentreVegetable marketsVegetable markets

householdshouseholds Compost BasketCompost Basket

City parksCity parks

Greenery Greenery

Gardens Gardens

RecyclablesRecyclables

Paper,s metals, glass, cloth,

PET bottles, plastics, e‐waste

Replacing the use of

chemical fertiliser(Cost saving for the city!)

<Inputs> <Outputs><Processing>

Waste Bank

Green waste

(leaves, tree branches)

Green waste

(leaves, tree branches)

Selling plantsand vegetablesSelling plantsand vegetables

Income

Income

Free distribution by

the city (17,000 units)

Monitoring bycommunity leaders

Capital investment

by the city (15 sites)

LandfillLandfill

Collection &

transportation

The whole system is managed by the city government

Decentralized model

Running cost

15

Spreading Surabaya’s model in other cities and countries

16

SurabayaSurabayaBagoBago

BangkokBangkok

LalitpurLalitpur

SibuSibu

CebuCebu

Cavite

Puerto

Princesa

Talisay

Sankamphaeng

Sri Lacha

Semarang

Medan

Makassar

Palembang

Central Jakarta

Balikpapan

Tarakan

INDONESIAPHILIPPINES NEPAL

MALAYSIATHAILAND

Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur


17

Expansion of City – City network and CCAC

• Case of Kitakyushu & Surabaya cooperation, and further extension to other cities and countries

‐

Good example of City – City cooperation (N‐S‐S)

• Currently Japan (MOEJ) is interested in such City‐ City cooperation

• Interest in CCAC


18

CCAC and Waste Management

• 3R & CCAC frame work ‐

Japan joined CCAC since 2013 with strong interest,

among others, in waste management initiative• Targets: CH4 and Black Carbon (Short Lived Climate

Pollutants = SLCP)• Support for Assessments, Action Plan Development,

Capacity Development, and

CCAC is not a funding mechanism for implementation, construction of big facilities,

But……..


19

CCAC: Supporting mechanism for ownership based actions

• Better waste management for their own interests such as;

‐

less waste, less cost for waste management ‐

interest in green city

• Through; ‐

getting advice to materialize green city

‐

getting support for action plan development, ‐

utilizing own capacity and activities

‐

networking among cities under similar conditions South‐South Cooperation


20

Potential Cities in Asia for further consideration

Potential (semi)mentor Cities Recipient CitiesCountry City Country City Country CityJapan Kitakyushu Indonesia Balikpapan Cambodia KampotJapan Tokyo Indonesia Banjarmassin Cambodia Phnom PenhCambodia Battambang Indonesia Makassar Cambodia PreahIndonesia Jogjakarta Indonesia Palembang Cambodia PursatIndonesia Palembang Indonesia Tarakan Cambodia Siem ReapIndonesia Surabaya1 Indonesia Semarang Cambodia SihanoukvilleMalaysia Hang Tuah Jaya Malaysia Kampar Lao PDR VangviengMalaysia Iskandar Malaysia Kuching North Lao PDR XamneuaPhilippines Cebu Malaysia Melaka Lao PDR Luang PrabangPhilippines Puerto Princesa Malaysia Putrajaya Lao PDR SavannakhetThailand Muangklang Malaysia Sibu Lao PDR Vientiane CapitalThailand Nonthaburi Philippines Naga Myanmar MandalayThailand Phitsanulok Philippines Palo Myanmar TaunggyiThailand Bangkok Philippines San Fernando Myanmar YangonThailand Nakorn Rachasima Philippines Santiago Viet Nam Can Tho

Thailand Maehongson Viet Nam Cao LanhThailand Pattaya Viet Nam Da NangThailand PichitThailand Rayong

This table does not suggest collaboration pairs, it is in alphabetical order by country then city


21

W/M and cooperation with related activities

• IPLA• 3R Regional Forum in Asia and Pacific (islands)

‐

4th meeting in Indonesia, Feb 2014• ESC

Model Cities Programme

(by ASEAN)

‐

Demand based support (initiation of local governments)

• ECO2 cities by WB (Ecology and Economy)• Future of Cities Forum (since 2011, Bali, New Delhi,

Hamburg)• CCAC initiative (short lived climate pollutants , SLCP)

‐‐‐


22

Thank you

Documents

City Cooperation for Sustainable Waste Management...• ECO2 cities by WB (Ecology and Economy) • Future of Cities Forum (since 2011, Bali, New Delhi, Hamburg) • CCAC initiative