Legacy of Eco2 city Theory

Industrial RevolutionNegative outcome on the environment and the quality of life

The birth of modern Urban Planning

* Ebenezer Howard &Patrick Geddes - 1890sHow rapidly growing

cities might achieve

greater harmony with

surrounding regional

Ecologies and improve

social condition at the

same time

Howard’s Garden City

The specific term eco city in use since 1970

Regional PlanningNew townsGreenbelt cityDesign with natureEcological planThe new urbanismGreen informationLow carbon cities Sustainability(1990)Eco city

Theories based this them :

Background

About 120 cities with population over 1 million in 2000

160 cities in 201526 mega cities in 2025 (<10 million) DC in Asia will has 12 cities

It is projected that the entire build-up urban area in developing countries will triple between 2000-2030

• From 200,000SqKm to 600,000SqKm• Natural Resources – consumption & lose

The Eco2 Cities initiative is an central part of the world Bank Strategy that was launched in Singapore in November 2000

Objective : “Eco2 cities initiative is to help cities in developing countries achieve a greater degree of ecological and economic sustainability”

Ecological Cities ?

Ecological Cities enhance the well-being of citizens and society through integrated urban planning and management that harness the benefits of ecological systems and protect and take care of these assets for future generation

Economic Cities ?

Economic Cities create value and opportunities for citizens, businesses and Society by efficiently using the tangible and intangible assets of cities and enabling productive, inclusive, and sustainable economic activity

Eco2

Eco2 city builds on the synergy and interdependence of ecological sustainability and economic sustainability and fundamental ability of these reinforce and strength each other in the urban context

Goal of Eco2 City

Four Principles / Foundation of Eco2 City

Enable local governments to lead a development process that takes into account their specific circumstances, including their local ecology

1. A development program that supports cities in making good decisions and implementing these decisions using all levers of city influence and control

2. A planning philosophy that recognises the fundamental role played by local ecological assets in the health and wealth of cities and their surrounding rural communities

3. An action-oriented network that provides city leaders with the full support of national governments, the international development community (including the World Bank), and global best practice cities

4. A decision support system with methods and tools that adapt to varying levels of knowledge and skill and provide cities with the technical, administrative, and financial capacity to develop an Eco2 pathway

A city - based approach

PRINCIPLES CORE ELEMENTS

CORE ELEMENTS

2. A shared long-term planning framework for aligning and strengthening the policies of the city administration and key stakeholders and for guiding future work on Eco2 projects

That accomplishes sustained synergy by coordinating and aligning the action of key Stakeholders

PRINCIPLES

An expanded platformfor collaborative designand decision-making

1. A three-tier platform that enables a city to collaborate (1) as a model corporation, engaging all city departments; (11) as a provider of services, engaging residents, businesses, and contractors; and (111) as a leader and partner within the urban region, engaging senior government officials, utilities, rural settlements, private sector stakeholders, nongovernmental organizations, and academia

CORE ELEMENTS

3. Integrated implementation by I. Correctly sequencing investments,II. Creating a policy environment that

enables an integrated approach,III. Coordinating a full range of policy tools,IV. Collaborating with stakeholders to align

key policies with long-term goals,V. Targeting new policies to reflect the

differing circumstances involved in urbanization in new area and in improving existing urban area

Enable cities to realize the benefits of integrated planning, designing and management the whole urban system

PRINCIPLES

A one - system approach 1. Integrated infrastructure system design and management that focusing on enhancing the

efficiency of resource flows in an urban area

2. Coordinated spatial development that integrates urban forms with urban flows, combining land use, urban design, urban density, and other spatial attributes with infrastructure scenarios

CORE ELEMENTS

An investment frameworkthat values sustainability and resilience

3. Proactive attention to managing all kinds of risk: financial risk, sudden disruptions to systems, and rapid socioeconomic environmental change

By incorporating and accounting for life – cycle analysis, the value of all Capital assets (manufactured, natural, human, and social) and a broader scope for risk assessment in decision making

PRINCIPLES

1. Incorporation of life-cycle costing in all financial decision making

2. Equal attention to protecting and enhancing all capital assets: manufactured capital, natural capital, social capital, and human capital

City 1. Curitiba, Brazil

Profile of Curitiba and Metropolitan RegionalCuritiba• The Capital of the State of Parana in the south of Brazil• Land area: 432 km2• Population (2008): 1.83 million• Annual Population Growth Rate: 1.86%• The city is bordered by the Iguaçu River in the east and Passaúna Park in the west.• The city is located at the center of Brazil’s largest economic corridor comprising major cities such as Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paolo, and Porto Alegre, and South American cities such as Montevideo and Buenos Aires,Curitiba Metropolitan Region (RMC)• RMC consists of 26 municipalities including Curitiba.• Land area: 15,622.33 km2• Population (2008): 3.26 million• Population Growth Rate: 2.01%

“ Cost is No Barrier to Ecological and Economic Urban Planning, Development, and Management ” Limited fiscal resources.

It provided services with a wider coverage and small ecological footprint- The best example in the world of ecological and economic urban development.

City planning: grow from the city core outward in a radial linear branching pattern, thereby opening up the city while preserving urban density and protecting green areas encourage effective linear urban growth along major structural axis. Land use and zoning simultaneously encouraged higher – density commercial and residential development along each structural axis

Thereby providing the economic density and user base to make the system financially sustainable

Lesson Learned from the Curitiba Case

2. Institutionalized Planning and Expertise: Institute for Research and Urban Planning of Curitiba - IPPUC (Brazil ) is the integrated planning institute that researches, formulates, implements, and supervise urban plan

1. Leadership and Continuousness: Mayors in Curitiba background with technical knowledge –engineering or architecture

3. Local Character:• Considering budget, capacity, and social condition to develop

innovative solution.• BRT (bus rapid transit) system – affordable and implement

quickly

4. Citizen Ownership and Eco-consciousness:

• Public hearing with the Mayor held frequently

• Proposed plans are evaluated and discussed with the community

• People may speak directly to the mayor and city officials

• People have made the link between good urban planning and a better quality of life

• People participation: collecting garbage, constructing neighborhood road , and maintaining green area

• Children education : urban waste programm

2. Stockholm, Sweden“ Integrated planning and management through systematic stakeholder collaboration can lead to significantly greater lifecycle benefit its ”

Profile of Stockholm• The capital city of Sweden, located in thenorthern part of Europe• Total area: 209 km2 (Land area: 188 square kilometers,water area: 21 km2)• Population (2008): 795,000• By 2030, Stockholm’s population is expectedto increase by150,000Note: Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics. 2008.Data Guide Stockholm 2008

Lessons Learnt from Stockholm Case

• Expanding the ELP(Environmental Load Profile) to include assessments of other input variables, such as the impacts that efficient spatial planning, integrated land use, and improved management of solid waste can have on output indicators.

• Improving and fine-tuning the existing program by filling in gaps and streamlining the inclusion of the inputs noted above. Moreover, the complete model needs to be adapted to large scale use, and adjusted to fit developing country contexts.

• Outputs in the current ELP(Environmental Load Profile) have environmental indicators, such as carbon emissions. Converting these indicators from environmental indicators to economic and fiscal indicators is necessary to help policymakers make better decisions.

3.Singapore

Integrated urban planning and efficient land and natural resource use through a “one-system” approach

Profile of SingaporeSingapore• An Island city-state at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 136.8 Km north of the equator; located southern of the Malaysian State of Johor and north of Indonesia’s Riau Island• Population (2008): 4.84 million, including resident and nonresident population• Land area: 700 Km2

• Population density(2008): 6814 people per Km2

• GDP at current price (208): US$181.9 billion• Water and sewerage coverage: 100 percent• Center of commerce and industry in Southeast Asia• Global financial center and trading hub with one of business seaports in the world

Lesson Learnt from Singapore

• scarcity of land and natural resources: innovative and comprehensive management of land and other resources

• preserves green and open spaces

• Public transport works efficiently, and is financially viable and integrated with land uses.

• comprehensive and integrated management of resources : successfully addressing ecological, economic and social concerns while ensuring sustainability and productivity

4. Yokohama, Japan“ Waste reduction by engaging stakeholders in the private sector and civil society “ Profile of Yokohama

• The second largest city after Tokyo in Japan• Population (2009): 3.65 million• Land area: 435 km2• Population Density (2009): 8,409 persons/km2• Yokohama Port was opened for international trade in 1859 when Japan decided toabandon its isolationist policy and initiate modernization and opening to foreigncultures. The city celebrates the 150th anniversary of the port’s opening in 2009.• About 21 percent of people commute out of the city for employment or education(in 2005).• People are active in participatory civil activities.• The city was selected as one of the “Eco-Model Cities” in Japan in 2008.

Lesson Learned from the Yokohama Case

“citizen power”: Reduce GHGs, increase its use of renewable energy, fund the construction of a new wind-power generator.

5. Brisbane, Australia

Profile of Brisbane• Capital city of Queensland, Australia.• Located on a coastal plain in South East Queensland. Brisbane’s eastern suburbs line the shores of Moreton Bay, and the city’s Central Business District is just 27kilometers away from the mouth of the Bay.• As a subtropical river city, Brisbane has hot, humid summers and dry, mild winters.• 2007 Population: 1.01 million• Population Increase (2006-2007): 2.0 percent• The largest populated local government area in Australia

Summary of Measures in CitySmartProgram

• Shifting to energy efficient light fittings

• Installing a rainwater tank in the home

• More efficient use of air-conditioners

• Continuing to recycle and preserve water

• Installing solar panels and solar hot water systems

• Signing up for green energy

• Thinking about alternative public transport solutions

• Reducing vehicle emissions

• “2 Million Trees” planting project

Example of Grants and Rebates(AUS$)

• $50 rebate on the installation of an in-home energy monitor

• $400 rebate for solar hot water

• Rebates for installing a rainwater tank and internal connections to toilets and/or cold water washing machine taps

• Funding up to $50,000 to local non-profit community groups for installing energy and water saving devices

Lesson Learned from Brisbane

Climate change impact : protects water resources, plants trees to improve its (water ,temperatures urban ecology, and promotes a sustainable builthigher ) environment

.

6. Auckland, New Zealand

“ Successful collaboration at the regional scale, including the creation of an over-arching long-term planning framework112 “

Eight Goals Direct the AucklandFrameworkThe Framework is built around eight interrelated and long-term goals that will enable the region to take a sustainable development approach:

Goal 1 . A fair and connected society

Goal 2. Pride in who we are

Goal 3. A unique and outstanding environment

Goal 4. Prosperity through innovation

Goal 5 . Te puawaitanga o te tangata— Self sustaining Maori communities

Goal 6 . A quality, compact urban form

Goal 7. Resilient infrastructure

Goal 8 . Effective, collaborative leadership

Auckland Sustainability Framework (ASF)

Lessons Learnt

“winning hearts and minds”: Winning hearts and minds acknowledged the importance of the social learning process that councilors, key staff , and stakeholders experienced through the Framework’s development.

Continued dialogue and education on the challenges and solutions involved in achieving sustainability are required among these key decision makers and public.

Limitation/Challenges in Development Countries

1.Limited resources :

Administrative, technical, and financial capacity problems Rapid pace of urbanization

2. Misinformation :

Local decision makers operate under a series of myths and false assumption Dependent on advanced and complex technologies and practice only for wealth neighborhood and well – resource city administrations. Giving import on the styles and technologies used in majority of western cities rather than relaying on local culture and ecology.

3. Institutional Barriers

Inappropriate institutional structures and mind – sets

Eg: 1.Fragmentation of responsibilities ; separated budgets , timeline, and goals - influence of individual interests

2. Excessive specialisation; overpowering complexity ;separated of expertise; and incomplete perspective on urban resources use and the associated costs

3. Single – purpose funding mechanisms; It fail to address cities directly, the urban system or link program objectives

4. Lengthy and challenging political processes; allocating funds at all scales

5. Short term and narrow accounting formats; ignore indirect costs and benefits, separate capital cost from operating and maintenance costs, fail to capitalise the replacement of systems, do not take into account all capital assets (manufactured, ecological, human, and social) and risks, and mislead investors and the public

5. Human inertia

lack of open and innovative mind - set

6. The continuing dominance of 19th century models

difficulty with adopting a program such as Eco2 is that current design and planning practices among cities are rooted in patterns established in the 19th century ; single – purpose , centralised ,supply – oriented utilities that operated in silos and capitalised on economis of scale and abundant resources

4. Lock – in relationships among networks of public and private institutions and existing technologies

Some dimensions of urban planning creates situation get benefit form the statues quo to some groups and same time create obstacles to investment in alternatives.eg:1. highway lobby New investment promotion – policy to prevent innovation approaches

Thank you

Stepping Stones

Review the Eco2 Cities initiative, and adapt the Eco2

principles to the local context, especially current issues of concern and the local political constraints.

Identify champion(s) and the specific group or individual who are vital to success

Obtain commitment from city council and influential groups and people

Work closely with national governments and, where possible, dovetail the Eco2 element so they clearly fit within national priorities.

Seek a partnership with the international development community (including the World Bank), best practice cities, and Eco2 Cities Initiative partner.

Outline a process for building capacity, and enhance the skill and knowledge of local professional staff.

Develop fluency of concepts among local decision makers using case studies from this book and other supporting materials.

Stepping Stones Initiate a process for collaborative decision making and integrated design to develop the Eco2 approach as a corporation, as a provider of service, and as a leader within the larger urban area

prepare a mandate and budget for a secretariat that can support collaborative committees through background research on cross-cutting issues and the facilitation of regular meetings, communication products, and even planning Prepare a long – term planning framework, in collaboration with others, and seek consensus on common goals and indicators of performance, an overarching growth management strategy and an adaptive management approach.

Select a catalyst project suitable for demonstrating the Eco2 principles, aligned with the goals and strategies identified in the long – term planning framework

Provide just –in-time training and capacity building, arrange for multiple opportunities for local professionals to become comfortable with the one-system approach, and make the best use of technical support so it may be truly transformative and value

Stepping Stones

Conduct a series of integrated design workshops to create important opportunities for planners, designers, and engineer to come together and use new methods and information; a series of short workshops can clarify goals and set targets; and the long- term planning framework can guide, design, and stimulate creative solutions.

Align a full set of policy tools to ensure successful implementation, in collaboration with stakeholders, to sequence and enable a one-system approach and to coordinate actions across sectors; a strategic action plan can be prepared to clarify who is responsible for what tasks and to show how policies interact.

Explore design solution and prepared a concept plan for review; an integrated design process should be used to generate alternative proposals on ways to design, construct, and manage the project; an intensive, multiday urban systems design Charrette can facilitate the integrated design process; and the integrated design process should culminate in a recommended concept plan for implementation, including any policy reforms