Chapter 5 section 3. KEY TERMS: 1.Sharecropping (sig.) 2.Tenant farming 3.Infrastructure Chapter 5 section 3

Chapter 5 section 3

KEY TERMS:1. Sharecropping (sig.)2. Tenant farming3. Infrastructure

Chapter 5 section 3

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How did farming in the South change after the Civil War?2. How did the growth of cities and industry begin to change

the South’s economy after the war?3. How was the money designated for Reconstruction projects

used?

THE BIG IDEAThe end of slavery brought about new patterns of agriculture in the South, while expansion of cities and industry led to limited economic growth.

THE ORIGINS OF THE NEW SOUTH

Reconfiguration of southern agriculture: sharecropping and tenant farming

Both sharecropping and tenant farming held the promise of freedmen gaining some economic independence, which they did but at a heavy cost: they lost their freedom because they remained tied to white-owned land in a cycle of debt

Sharecropping family in the post war era

The practice of sharecropping developed in theyears after the Civil War and persisted until the mid-twentieth century.

Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, & no money to buy land.

Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, & no money to buy land.

Poor whites & freedmensign contracts to work in exchange for part of the crop

Landlords keeps track of the money that sharecroppersowe him for housing & food

At harvest time, the sharecropperowes more to the landlord thanhis share of the crop is worth

Sharecropper cannot leavethe farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord.

• Tenant farming, which replaced the slave-based agricultural system in the south, enabled farm laborers to rent ground from landowners for a percentage of crops (called crop rent) or cash payments (called cash rent). Terms of contracts varied, dependent on whether the laborer owned any equipment or purchased his own seed and supplies.

• Crop rent contracts generally required that one-fourth to one-third of the crop be paid to the landlord.

• Sharecroppers, at the lowest rung of tenant farming, lacked equipment and capital, which had to be provided by landlords. Thus, they received a smaller percentage of crops, typically 50 percent. /

As a team, discuss the following questions and be ready to share your answers with the class.

In what ways did the end of slavery change agriculture in the South?

a.

b.

c.

How did sharecropping and tenant farming differ?

Sharecroppers –

Tenant farmers –

How did farmers get caught in a cycle of debt?



a. Sharecropping and tenant farming by emancipated African Americans and poor whites allowed destitute planters to get their land worked.

b. Cash crops became the focus.

c. Some former slaves found higher paying non-agricultural jobs. /


Sharecroppers – farmed a portion of a planter’s land in exchange for a share of the crop at harvest, and, oftentimes, housing

Tenant farmers – rented land from a planter, chose which crops to plant, and decided how much to work. /


Sharecroppers always had debts that exceeded what they earned in a given season. Therefore, sharecroppers remained in debt even after the harvest each year. As a result of this debt, sharecroppers were trapped on the plantation (sig.). /

As a team, discuss the following question and be ready to share your answer with the class.

Why did planters have trouble finding people to work for them?

a.

b.



a. The work too closely resembled slavery

b. Workers often left to look for better jobs and more money. /

Cities and Industry

Industrialization in the North produced

Could this happen in the South?

Atlanta

Cities and Industry

Industrialization in the North produced

A new class of wage earners

Ignited city growth Generated wealth

Could this happen in the South?

Atlanta

A major focus of Reconstruction, one ofits successes, was rebuilding and extending southern railroads.

Reconstruction did not transform the South into an industrialized, urban region. most southern factories did not make finished goods. They handled only the early, less profitable stages of manufacturing.Most of the South’s postwar industrial growth came from cotton mills.

Funding Reconstruction

Infrastructure

Infrastructure was being lost to corruption /

Funding Reconstruction

Reconstruction funds Private investors Levying heavy taxes

Infrastructure

Created a public school system

Infrastructure was being lost to corruption /

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Birth of the “New South”StatementEvidence For Evidence Against

Farming in the South after the Civil War changedvery little.

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.


Farming in the South after the Civil War changedvery little.

1.

2.

Many planters managedto hang on to their land

Regained land afterpaying debt

1. 13th Amendment shook theecon. foundations - South

2. Planters couldn’t find workers willing to work for them

3. Sharecropping

4. Tenant farming

5. Changes in labor forcewhite & black laborers

6. Emphasis on cash cropscotton, tobacco, sugar cane

7. Cycle of debtrural poverty deeply rootedin the South

8. Rise of merchantsstores sprang up to sell supplies on credit


Reconstruction transformed the South into an industrialized, urban region

1.

2.

1.

2.

During Southern Reconstruction, the growth of business would bring better times for everyone.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.


Reconstruction Transformed the South into an industrialized, urban region

1.

2.

Southern leaders urgedthe South to build anindustrialized economy

Rebuilding & extensionof southern RRs. turned towns into cities

1. Most southern factories handled only the early, lessprofitable stages of productionlumber, pig iron, undyed fabric

2. Big profits went to northerncompanies that sold finishedproducts.

During Southern Reconstruction, the growth of business would bring better times for everyone.

1.South was one giant business opportunity because the infrastructurehad to be rebuilt

Expand services to Citizens. Public Schools

2.

3. Congress & privateinvestors poured moneyinto infrastructure

1. Reconstruction funds wereraised by heavy taxes onindividuals, still in debt from war

2. Spending by Reconstructionlegislatures added 130 millionto Southern debt

3. Much of the big spending forInfrastructure was lost to corruption

4. Blacks, whites, Rep.& Dem.,Southerners & Northerners allParticipated in corrupt deals



a.

b.

c.


Sharecroppers –

Tenant farmers –




a. Sharecropping and tenant farming by emancipated African Americans and poor whites allowed destitute planters to get their land worked.

b. Cash crops became the focus.

c. Some former slaves found higher paying non-agricultural jobs. /


Sharecroppers – farmed a portion of a planter’s land in exchange for a share of the crop at harvest, and, oftentimes, housing

Tenant farmers – rented land from a planter, chose which crops to plant, and decided how much to work. /


Sharecroppers always had debts that exceeded what they earned in a given season. Therefore, sharecroppers remained in debt even after the harvest each year. As a result of this debt, sharecroppers were trapped on the plantation (sig.). /

As a team, discuss the following questions and be ready to share your answer with the class.


a.

b.

In what ways did the economy of the South after the Civil War andin what ways did it remain unchanged?



a. The work too closely resembled slavery

b. Workers often left to look for better jobs and more money. /

In what ways did the economy of the South after the Civil War andin what ways did it remain unchanged?

a.

Video:

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Chapter 5 section 3. KEY TERMS: 1.Sharecropping (sig.) 2.Tenant farming 3.Infrastructure Chapter 5 section 3