Chapter SevenSection 1Section 2Section 3

Unit Three

Chapter EightSection 1Section 2Section 3

Chapter NineSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4

Chapter 7

Section 1: The Imperialist Vision

Becoming a World Power

• Imperialism– Economic and political domination of a strong

nation over weaker ones.

Becoming a World Power

• Europe– Lacked resources.– Tariffs force countries to look for other markets overseas.– Begin to invest in other countries.– Some areas become colonies.– Protectorates – Imperial power allows local rulers to stay

in control and protect them against rebellion and invasion.– Local rulers had to accept advice on how to govern their

country.

• America – needs new overseas markets to keep its economy strong.

Becoming a World Power

• Social Darwinist– Nations competed politically, economically, and

militarily.– Only the strongest would survive.– American influence needed to be increased abroad.

• John Fiske – Anglo Saxonism– English speaking nations had superior character,

ideas, and systems of government.

• United States destined to expand overseas – spread American civilization.

Becoming a World Power

• America Asserts Itself– Become more assertive in foreign affairs– 1888 – Prevented Germany from taking control of

Samoa.– 1891 – American sailors attacked in Chile;

demanded reparations.– 1895 – Backed Venezuela in a border war with Great

Britain (British Guiana).– All three resolved peacefully.

Becoming a World Power

• Defending American interests overseas– Need for a large modern navy.– Acquire bases overseas.

Pacific Expansion

• Trade with Japan and China• Isolationist Japan– Only allows Chinese and Dutch to trade with them.

• U.S. decides to force Japan into a trade agreement.– Commodore Matthew C. Perry (Video 7:20)– Sent to negotiate a trade treaty.– 1853 – Perry enters Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay)– Japanese impressed by the steamships.– Could not resist modern technology and warfare.– Sign the Treaty of Kanagawa.– Japan decides to industrialize and begin to build their own

empire.

Pacific Expansion

• U.S. establishes bases in the Pacific– 1878 – Pago Pago in Samoa.

• Hawaii– Sugar plantations established in the mid-1800s.– 1887 – Plantation owners pressure Hawaiian king into

accepting a constitution that limited his authority.

• 1891 – Queen Liliuokalani (Video)– Dislikes American influence.– 1893 – Tries to impose a new constitution and reassert

authority.

Pacific Expansion

• Planters and marines overthrew the monarchy.– Ask for the U.S. to annex Hawaii.

• President Cleveland– Opposed imperialism and tried to return Queen to

power.

• Hawaii is annexed five years later.

Chapter 7

Section 2: The Spanish-American War

Spanish

• Spanish– 1898 – Cuba and Puerto Rico last remaining

Spanish colonies.– Americans view Spanish as tyrants.

Cuban Rebellion

• Cuba– Sugarcane plantations produce one-third of the world’s sugar.

• 1868 – Cuban rebels declared independence – Fight a guerilla war against the Spanish.– Rebellion collapses ten years later.

• Jose Marti– Cuban military leader exiled to the United States.– Brought together Cuban exile groups living in the U.S.

• 1894 – U.S. imposes a new tariff on sugar that devastates Cuba’s economy.

• 1895 – Marti and his followers launch a new rebellion.

Cuban Rebellion

• Support for Cuba?– President Cleveland declared the U.S. neutral.

• Support grows– Spurred on by stories of Spanish atrocities in newspapers.– Most stories were sensationalized or made up to attract readers.– Becomes known as yellow journalism.

Cuban Rebellion

• Cuban rebels burned plantations and sugar mills– Destroyed American property in Cuba – hoped it

would bring them into the war.

• Reconcentration Camps– To prevent villagers from helping the rebels the

Spanish put hundreds of thousands into camps.– Tens of thousands died of starvation and disease.

USS Maine

• William McKinley– Does not want to intervene.– Offers to negotiate an end to the conflict.

• Cuban rebels offered Autonomy– The right to their own government.– Rebels refuse to negotiate – still a Spanish colony.

• Cubans begin to riot.–McKinley sends the USS Maine to Havana.

USS Maine

• February 15, 1898– The Maine explodes in Havana Harbor.– No one sure why the ship exploded.– “Remember the Maine!” – Americans believe the

ship was sabotaged.

• McKinley decided to go to war.

Two Fronts

• Navy begins blockade of Cuba.• Pacific fleet sent to attack the Spanish fleet in

the Philippines.• Wanted to prevent the Spanish fleet there from

attacking the U.S. West Coast.

Philippines

• May 1, 1898 – Manila Bay– Commodore George Dewey– Four American ships quickly destroy Spanish fleet.– Army was not ready to send troops yet.

• 20,000 troops sent from San Francisco.– Seized the island of Guam along the way.

• Dewey gets the people to rebel in the meantime.

Cuba

• Spanish not prepared for war–Weak from disease and fighting.

• War to be decided at sea.– If U.S. could defeat the Spanish fleet, Spain would

not be able to supply its troops.

• U.S. Army not prepared for war either– Lacked resources to equip and train volunteers.– Hundreds die in training camps from epidemics –

more than killed in battle.

Cuba

• June 14, 1898 – 17,000 troops land in Cuba– “Rough Riders” – a mix of cowboys, miners, and

law officers.– Leonard Wood – Commander– Theodore Roosevelt – 2nd in command.– They will attack Kettle Hill.

• U.S. victorious at El Caney and San Juan Heights.

Cuba

• Spanish commander panics– Orders Spanish fleet out of the harbor.– U.S. Navy destroys them as they leave.

• Spanish troops surrendered two weeks later.• U.S. troops will soon occupy Puerto Rico as

well.

Cuba

• What to do with new lands?– Cuba would receive its independence.– Spain agrees to U.S. annexation of Puerto Rico and

the Philippines.

• Should the U.S. become an imperial power and rule a country without the consent of the people?

Philippines

• Annexation of the Philippines• For– Economic and military benefits to taking the

islands.– Another Pacific naval base.– Large market for American goods.– America has a duty to help less civilized people.

Philippines

• Against–William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie, Jane

Addams, Samuel Clemens, Samuel Gompers.– Costs far outweigh the benefits.– Cheap Filipino labor threatened to drive down

American wages.– Violated American principles.

• McKinley decides to annex them.

Treaty of Paris

• December 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris– Cuba becomes an independent nation.– U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and Guam.– U.S. pays Spain $20 million dollars for the

Philippines.

Platt Amendment

• Steps taken to make sure Cuba stays tied to the U.S.– Cubans allowed to draft a new constitution with

conditions attached.

• Platt Amendment– Cuba had to allow the U.S. to buy or lease naval

stations in Cuba.– U.S. would have the right to protect Cuban

independence and keep order.– Remains until 1934.

Puerto Rico

• Puerto Rico– Foraker Act – established a civil government for the

island.– Allowed for an elected legislature.– Governor and executive council appointed by the

president.

• Supreme Court rules that Puerto Ricans are not U.S. citizens.– 1917 – Given citizenship.– Statehood? – the debate continues today.

Philippine-American War

• Philippine-American War– American annexation viewed as “violent and

aggressive seizure.”– Philippine Insurrection starts.– Last more than three years.

• U.S. military adopts strategies that Spain was condemned for.– Reconcentration camps were established.– Thousands died from disease and starvation.

Philippine-American War

• Governor William Howard Taft– Improved education, transportation, and health care.– Hostility is reduced.

• U.S. will eventually allow Filipinos a greater role in governing themselves.

• 1946 – Philippines granted independence.

Chapter 7

Section 3: New American Diplomacy

Open Door Policy

• Japan– Goes to war with China over Korea.– Japan wins.– Korea given independence and territory in

Manchuria given to Japan.

• What do we learn?– Japan had mastered Western technology.– China was weak.

Open Door Policy

• Russia– Concerned about Japan.– Did not want Japan in Manchuria.– Force the Japanese out; force the Chinese to lease it

to them instead.

• Germany, France, and Britain demand “leaseholds” in China.– Spheres of influence created.

Open Door Policy

• U.S. worried• Open Door Policy– All countries would be allowed to trade with China.– Each sphere would not interfere with others wanting

to do business with China in their sphere.

Boxer Rebellion

• Secret Chinese societies organize to fight foreign control.

• Society of Harmonious Fists – The Boxers.– 1900 – Decide to destroy the “foreign devils.”

• Boxer Rebellion– Begin to besiege foreign embassies.–More than 200 foreigners killed.– International force including U.S. troops intervened

to end the rebellion.

Election of 1900

• Election of 1900– President William McKinley (R) vs. William

Jennings Bryan (D)–McKinley chooses Theodore Roosevelt as his

running mate.–McKinley won the election easily.

McKinley Assassination

• September 6, 1901 (Video)– McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY.– Leon Czolgosz – anarchist who opposed all forms of

government.– Shoots McKinley twice in the abdomen.

• McKinley will live until the 14th before dying from gangrene.– An x-ray machine is sent by Thomas Edison but is not

used.

• Theodore Roosevelt will assume the presidency at age 42.

McKinley Assassination

• Aftermath– Czolgosz will be tried on the 23rd. – Sentenced to death on the 26th. – Executed by electric chair on October 29th.– The electric chair was developed in Thomas

Edison’s lab.

• Congress directs the United States Secret Service to begin protecting the president.

Roosevelt

• 1905 – War breaks out between Russia and Japan– Roosevelt convinces Russia to recognize Japanese

territorial gains.– Persuades Japan to stop fighting.–Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

• U.S. Japan relationship begins to worsen.

Roosevelt

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”– A strong military would promote peace.–Make countries think twice about fighting us.– Having a canal through Central America was vital.

Panama Canal

• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty– Gave U.S. exclusive right to build a canal through

Central America.

• French– Began digging a canal through Panama in 1881.– French suffer from disease and bankruptcy.– Offer to sale operation to the U.S.

• 1903 – Panama is part of Colombia– U.S. offers Colombia $10 million and $250,000 a year

for the canal zone.– Colombia refused the offer.

Panama Canal

• Panama fears losing the canal to Nicaragua– They oppose Colombian rule.– French organize an uprising in Panama.

• U.S. recognizes Panama’s independence.– Treaty signed allowing the canal to be built.

• Canal completed in 1914– Cost = $275,000,000.– Trip from New York to L.A. reduced 8,000 miles.– (Video)

Roosevelt Corollary

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine– U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs

when necessary to maintain economic and political stability.

– Goal: Prevent European powers from using the debt problems of Latin America to justify intervening.

Dollar Diplomacy

• Dollar Diplomacy – William Howard Taft– American business leaders should support industry

in Latin America.– American businesses would increase trade and

profits.– Latin America would rise out of poverty and social

disorder.

Mexico

• Porfirio Diaz – Dictator for more than 30 years.–Mexico becomes more industrialized.–Most Mexicans remain poor and landless.

• 1911 – Mexican Revolution– Led by Francisco Madero.– Supported democracy, land reform, and

constitutional government.

• Victoriano Huerta– His conservative forces seize power and murder

Madero.

Mexico

• President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the new government– Those that seized power would have to establish a

“just government” to get U.S. recognition.– Allows Americans to arm Huerta’s opponents.

• American troops are arrested in Mexico; quickly released.–Wilson decides to use force to overthrow Huerta.– International mediation used to settle the dispute.– Venustiano Carranza becomes president.

Mexico

• Carranza opposition conducts raids into the U.S.– Pancho Villa – leads a group of guerillas into the

U.S.– Burn the town of Columbus, New Mexico killing 16

Americans.

• General John J. Pershing– Sent to find and capture Villa.– The search was unsuccessful.

Chapter 8

Section 1: The Roots of Progressivism

The Progressives

• Progressivism– Belief that industrialization and urbanization had created

many problems.– Poverty and Crime.

• Members – journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, etc…

• Belief – Government should be more active in solving those problems.

• Could government do that?– Needed to be fixed first.

• Solution – Science and Technology.

The Muckrakers

• Muckraker – A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society.– Journalists were obsessed with scandal and corruption.– Many exposed unfair practices of large corporations.

The Muckrakers

• Key muckrakers:– Charles Edward Russell – beef industry– Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil Company– Lincoln Steffens – Shame of the Cities – vote stealing,

corrupt political machines.– Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives – poverty, disease,

and crime in cities.– Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – meat packing industry.

Government Efficiency

• City corruption– Mayor or council chose heads of departments.– Jobs given to supporters or friends.

• Two approaches to fixing the problem:– Divide government in several departments each controlled

by an expert.– Council-manager system – city manager would run the city

instead of a mayor.

Democratic Reforms

• Improving government?– Make elected officials more responsive and accountable.

• Primaries before – party bosses chose selected convention delegates.

• Primaries after – Robert M. Lafollette – Direct Primary – A vote held by all members of a political party to decide their candidate for public office.

Democratic Reforms

• Other reforms:– Initiative – citizens could introduce legislation and

legislature vote was required.– Referendum – citizens could vote on proposed laws

directly.– Recall – citizens could demand a special election to

remove an elected official from office.

Direct Election of Senators

• Before – State legislatures elect two senators.– Political machines and businesses influenced this.– Once elected Senators would “pay back” their supporters.

• 17th Amendment (1913) – Allowed for direct election of Senators.

Suffrage

• What is suffrage?– The right to vote.

• Woman Suffrage Movement – get women the vote.• Two groups:– National Woman Suffrage Association – Elizabeth Cady

Stanton and Susan B. Anthony – want an amendment.– American Woman Suffrage Association – Lucy Stone and

Julia Ward Howe – convince state governments to give them the vote.

Women’s Suffrage

• The two groups unite in 1890.– National American Woman Suffrage Association

(NAWSA)

• Women begin to lobby lawmakers, organize marches, give speeches.– They needed the vote to promote their reforms.

• Alice Paul– More radical in her views.– Used protests. (Video)

Women’s Suffrage

• Carrie Chapman Catt – NAWSA’s leader.– Supports President Wilson’s reelection.

• 1920 – 19th Amendment – guarantees women the right to vote.

Societal Reforms

• Child Labor– Work in factories and mines – dangerous and unhealthy

working conditions.

• Coal Mines– Hired 9 and 10 year olds as “breaker boys” to pick slag out

of coal for $0.60 for ten hours.

• Laws passed that set minimum age and maximum work hours.

Societal Reforms

• Adult workers also face problems.• Worker’s compensation laws.– Worker’s injured on the job would receive payments

• Two court cases:– Lochner v. New York – State could not decide to limit

working hours.– Muller v. Oregon – States could limit working hours.

• The difference?– The Oregon case dealt with women, healthy mother’s was

the states concern.

Societal Reforms

• Other Reforms:– Zoning Laws – cities divided into zones for commercial or

residential use.– Triangle Shirtwaist Company (Video)– Building Codes – minimum standards for light, air, room

size, sanitation, and required fire escapes.– Health Codes – required restaurants and other facilities to

maintain clean environments.

Prohibition

• Alcohol was the cause of society’s problems.– Wages spent on alcohol.– Drunkenness led to abuse, sickness, and inefficiency.

• Temperance Movement– People should stop or moderate their alcohol consumption.

• Women led temperance movements– Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)

• Focus later changes to Prohibition – laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.– 18th Amendment (Video)

Chapter 8

Section 2: Roosevelt and Taft

Teddy Roosevelt

• Teddy Roosevelt – A committed progressive.– His reforms become known as the Square Deal.

• Goal– make sure that trusts (monopolies) did not abuse their

power.

Taking on the Trusts

• Takes on J.P. Morgan’s railroad holding company.– Try to create a monopoly on railroad traffic in Northwest.

• Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904)– Court ruled that Northern Securities had violated the

Sherman Antitrust Act.

• Roosevelt becomes a “trustbuster.”– Popularity soars.

Coal Strike of 1902

• Coal Strike of 1902– Workers demand higher pay and better working conditions.– Coal prices begin to rise.– No coal? – Factories would shut down and homes would

have no heat.– Roosevelt encourages arbitration – a settlement negotiated

by an outside party.– Unions agreed; owners did not.– Roosevelt threatens military intervention.– Owners agree.

Commerce and Labor

• Roosevelt believed big business was good – economically efficient.

• Creates a federal agency to investigate corporations – Department of Commerce and Labor.

• Investigation of US Steel– To avoid an antitrust lawsuit they made a “gentlemen’s

agreement” with Roosevelt.– Allowed to correct problems privately.

Hepburn Act

• Hepburn Act– Interstate Commerce Commission– Given power to set railroad rates.

Consumer Protection

• Samuel Hopkins Adams – patent medicine business.– Companies produced potions they claimed could cure

many illnesses.– Little more than colored water, alcohol, or sugar.– Some contained caffeine, opium, and cocaine.– Consumers had no idea what they were taking or even if it

would work.– Americans are outraged.

Consumer Protection

• Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906)– Observations of the slaughterhouses of Chicago.– People become vegetarians after reading his book.

• Food and Drug Administration (1906)• Meat Inspection Act (1906)– Federal inspection of meat through interstate commerce.– Standards set for cleanliness in meatpacking plants.

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)– Prohibits the manufacture, sale, and shipment of impure or

falsely identified food and drugs.

Conservation

• Roosevelt’s biggest contribution was through environmental conservation.– Urged conserving resources.– Values the country’s minerals, animals, and rugged terrain.

• Saving the nation’s forests– Appoints Gifford Pinchot to head the US Forest Service.– Regulate logging on federal lands.

• Roosevelt will add 100 million acres of protected lands.– 5 new national parks and 51 wildlife reservations created.

Taft’s Reforms

• William Howard Taft becomes president in 1909.– Defeats William Jennings Bryan who loses for a third time.

• Taft – high tariffs limited competition and hurt consumers.– Sought to lower tariffs.– Loses support.

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff– Barely cuts tariffs and raises some.– Upsets progressives.

Taft’s Reforms

• Taft creates controversy.– Replaces Secretary of the Interior Garfield with Richard A.

Ballinger.– Garfield was a conservationist.– Ballinger tries to make one million acres available for

private development.– When Gifford Pinchot questioned Ballinger’s actions he

was fired by Taft.

• Taft loses support and respect with Americans.• Conservative Republicans lose control of the House

and Senate in 1910.

Taft’s Achievements

• Strong opponent of monopolies.• Children’s Bureau (1912)– Publicized problems with child labor.– Still exists today.

• He was a dedicated conservationist.

Roosevelt Returns

• Taft goes after US Steel.– Roosevelt had supported the gentleman’s agreement.

• 1911 – Roosevelt breaks with Taft.• 1912 – Roosevelt decides to enter the election to

replace Taft.

Chapter 8

Section 3: The Wilson Years

Roosevelt Returns

• Election of 1912– National Convention in Chicago – Roosevelt loses

nomination to Taft.– Roosevelt runs as an independent.

• Progressive/Bull Moose Party– Election comes down to two progressives – Roosevelt and

Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

Wilson vs. Roosevelt

• Wilson rises to prominence on his progressive record as governor of New Jersey.

• Roosevelt platform – New Nationalism– Large trusts were a fact of life.– Protection for women and children in labor force.– Supported worker’s compensation.

• Wilson platform – New Freedom– Monopolies should be destroyed.– Roosevelt’s plan gave government too much power.– Sought to restore competition.– No free enterprise; no freedom at all.

Election of 1912

• Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote• Wilson wins with less that 42% of the popular

vote.

Wilson’s Reforms

• Wilson goes before Congress for support of tariff reduction bill.– First president to go before Congress since John Adams.– Lowering tariffs would lead to foreign competition.– Foreign competition would lead Americans to improve

products and lower prices.

• Underwood Tariff– Average tariff on imported goods reduced to 30%– Also provided the levying of an income tax.– 16th Amendment – power to tax individuals.

Banking Reforms

• Later half of 1800s– Hundreds of small banks collapse.

• Federal Reserve Act– Banks would keep a portion of deposits in a regional

reserve bank.– Would help deal with unexpected losses.– Allowed national supervision of the banking system,

setting interest rates, and controlling the amount of money in circulation.

Antitrust Action

• Wilson began to agree with Roosevelt on monopolies.• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)– Advise businesses on the legality of their actions.– Protect against false advertising.– Investigate unfair trade practices.– Not meant to break up big business, just monitor them.

• Progressive response – Clayton Antitrust Act– Banned price discrimination.– Restricted companies from selling one companies product

and agreeing not to sell a competitor’s.– Manufacturers could not offer discounts for large orders.

Child Labor Act

• Keating-Owen Child Labor Act– Prohibited the employment of children under 14 in

factories producing goods for interstate commerce.– Declared unconstitutional.– Helps solidify his reelection in 1916.

NAACP

• Progressivism failed to address racial and religious discrimination.

• W.E.B. Du Bois – Niagara Falls– Had to meet on Canada side because no American hotel

would take them.

• Niagara Movement– Leads to the formation of the National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

NAACP

• NAACP founders believed:– Voting rights were essential.– Freedom of life and limb, to work and think, to love and

aspire.– Work, culture, liberty – all needed together.

Anti-Defamation League

• Jewish people also had problems.• Sigmund Livingston – Anti-Defamation League.– Worked to remove negative portrayals of Jews.

Chapter 9

Section 1: The United States Enters World War I

Causes of WWI

• 1. Alliances• 1860s – The rise of Germany– Invades and conquers part of France.– Signs alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary.– Known as the Triple Alliance.

• 1890s – Russia reacts– Want to support the Slavs of SE Europe.– Sign alliance with France.

Causes of WWI

• 2. Militarism– Aggressive build-up of armed forces to intimidate and

threaten other nations.

• 1890s – Britain gets involved– Policy to protect weaker nations from stronger ones.– Germany is the strongest nation.– Both begin building warships.– Britain sides with France and Russia.– Becomes the Triple Entente (refuse to sign an alliance so it

becomes an entente – a friendly understanding).

Causes of WWI

• 3. Nationalism – a feeling of intense pride in one’s homeland.– Each nation viewed others as competitors.– Willing to go to war to expand their nation.

• Self-Determination – the idea that people who share a national identity should have their own country.

• 4. Imperialism – the idea that a country can increase power and wealth by controlling other people.

Causes of WWI

• Push for independence• Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes– All spoke similar language.– Called themselves Yugoslavs.– Serbs create their own nation – Serbia.– Serb mission: unite the Slavs.

• 1908 – Austria-Hungary takes over Bosnia– The Serbs are furious.

Causes of WWI

• June 1914– Archduke Franz Ferdinand – heir to the Austro-Hungarian

throne – visits Sarajevo.– A Bosnian named Gavrilo Princip assassinates the

Archduke.– Serbian officials knew about it – wanted war.– Video

Causes of WWI

• Alliances set off.• Austria-Hungary decides to crush the Serbs to

prevent Slavic nationalism.– Problem: May trigger war with Russia.– Solution: Ask the Germans for support.

• Serbs rely on Russia– Russia in turn relies on France.

• July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

• August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia.

More Join the War

• Germans focus on French– Their plan required them to go through Belgium.– The British had vowed to help Belgium– Britain declares war on Germany.

• The Allies: France, Russia, Great Britain, and Italy (note: Italy has changed sides).

• The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

• Fighting will go on for three years– End result: Stalemate.– Millions killed.

U.S. Gets Involved

• Wilson initially declares U.S. neutrality.• Most Americans favor the Allies.– Shared heritage and language with Britain.– Relationship with France.

• Neutrality continues for two years.– “Preparedness” movement – be prepared just in case.– Others call for no military buildup.

U.S. Gets Involved

• Government officials back Britain– Use propaganda to win American support.– Propaganda – information used to influence opinion.

• Businesses support Britain.– American banks loan money to allies. – Some in Midwest loan to Germany – these loans are

limited.– What if the Allies lost the war?

The Lusitania

• May 7, 1915 – the British ship Lusitania is sunk by a German sub. (Video)– 1,200 passengers killed.– 128 Americans– Americans outraged.– Wilson issues warning to Germany: stop submarine

warfare or war with U.S.

• Germans do not want U.S. in the war.– Sussex Pledge – promise to no longer sink merchant ships

without warning.

U.S. Declares War

• Zimmerman Telegram– German Arthur Zimmerman send telegram to Mexico.– If Mexico becomes an ally, Germany promises return of

territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

• Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare.– Germans sink 6 American ships.

• April 4, 1917 – America declares war.

Chapter 9

Section 2: The Home Front

Managing the Economy

• War Industries Board (WIB)– Coordinated the production of war materials.– Determined what could be produced, allocated raw materials,

and set prices.

• Food Administration (Video)– Increase food production; decrease civilian consumption.– Encouraged people to grow own food; victory gardens.– Wheatless Mondays; Meatless Tuesdays; Porkless

Thursdays.

• Fuel Administration– Manage coal and oil.– Daylight savings time introduced; shorter workweek for non

war related factories.

Paying for the War

• Total Cost = $32 billion.• Congress raises income taxes and taxes on

businesses.• Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds– Government borrows $20 billion.– Americans bought bonds – repaid with interests in a

specified number of years.

Mobilizing the Workforce

• National War Labor Board (NWLB)– Mediated labor disputes that may lead to strike.– Pressured to increase wages, eight hour work day, and

collective bargaining.– Laborers agree not to strike.

• Women Workers– Take over jobs once held by men – factories, shipyards,…– Temporary – proves that women can do what men do.

Mobilizing the Workforce

• African Americans– “Great Migration” (Video)– Migration of blacks from south to north to work in

factories.– They could vote in the north.

Shaping Public Opinion

• Committee on Public Information (CPI)– Used to sell the war to Americans.– Artists, ad executives, songwriters, entertainers, and

motion picture companies.

• Propaganda Examples

Civil Liberties Curtailed

• Legislation used to limit opposition to the war.• Espionage Act 1917– Illegal to aid the enemy or interfere with the war effort.– Espionage – spying to acquire government information.

• Sedition Act 1918– Illegal to speak out against the war in public.

Building the Military

• When U.S. enters the war – 300,000 in Army/National Guard.

• Progressives believe that conscription – forced military service – is a violation of democratic freedoms.

• Selective Service Act 1917– All men between 21 and 30 required to register for draft.– Lottery used to call them to a draft board.– Board made up of local people who would better

understand a communities needs.– 2.8 million are drafted.

Building the Military

• Volunteers– About 2 million volunteer.– Some want to fight back against German atrocities.– It was their duty/an adventure.

• Casualties– 50,000 die in combat– 200,000 are wounded– 60,000 die from disease

• Flu Epidemic of 1918– Kills 50 million people worldwide.– 500,000 Americans.

Building the Military

• Women in the Military– First war in which women officially serve in the armed

forces.– Only in non-combat positions – clerical workers, radio

operators, etc…– Army nurses were the only women sent overseas during the

war.

Chapter 9

Section 3: A Bloody Conflict

Trench Warfare

• Artillery– Can now be placed miles behind the front lines.– More killed by artillery fire than any other weapon.– Begin to build trenches for protection.– Leads to the creation of a new weapon – the machine gun.

• No-man’s-land– Space in between trenches.

• To break through enemy lines:– Leave trenches and charge across no-man’s-land with fixed

bayonets. (Video)– Neither side gains ground.

In the Trenches

• Daily Death in the Trenches– Shellfire directed by the enemy brought random death.

Many were buried as a consequence of large shell bursts.– Novices who were curious would peer over the edge and

get taken out by precisely aimed sniper’s bullets.– An estimated 1/3 of Allied casualties on the Western Front

were actually sustained in the trenches.

In the Trenches

• Rats– Rats infested the trenches in the millions.– They would gorge themselves and could grow to the size of

a cat.

• Lice– Lice was a constant issue.– Lice caused Trench Fever that took up to twelve weeks to get

over.

• Trench Foot– A fungal infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and

unsanitary trench conditions. – It could turn gangrenous and result in amputation.

In the Trenches

• Daily Routine• “Stand To”– Soldiers woken up to climb on the fire step to guard against

a dawn raid.– Both sides did this and they would still attack.

• “Morning Hate”– Both sides would randomly shoot into no-man’s-land to

relieve tension.

• Rum was issued.• Cleaning equipment.

In the Trenches

• Daily Routine• “Breakfast Truce”

– An unofficial truce was adopted by both sides during breakfast.

• Inspection and Chores– Chores included refilling sandbags and repairing the trench.

• During the day – read and write letters.• Dusk

– Stand to was repeated to protect against a night attack.

• Sentry Duty – limited to two hours or soldiers might fall asleep. – Penalty for falling asleep was death by firing squad.

In the Trenches

• Daily Routine• Patrolling No Man’s Land

– Soldiers would repair barbed wire or try to pick up enemy information.

– If they met the enemy in no man’s land they would either engage in hand-to-hand combat or go about their separate ways. They would not shoot each other out of fear of attracting machine gun fire.

• The Smell– Thousands of rotting corpses.– Overflowing latrines.– Men who had not bathed in weeks or months.– Trench foot infected feet.

New Technology

• New Technology (Video)• Poison Gas– Leads to creation of the gas mask.

• Armored Tanks– Used to break through barbed wire and cross no-man’s-

land.

• First and only time Zeppelins are used in battle. (Video)

New Technology

• Airplanes (Video 1) (Video 2)– First used for scouting.– Later equipped with machine guns – timed to shoot through

propeller blades.– Battles between planes become known as dogfights.– Planes covered in cloth and susceptible to fire.– Pilots did not carry parachutes.– Average life expectancy of combat pilots = two weeks.

American Arrival

• Doughboys – nickname for American soldiers.• Germans demoralized by American arrival.• John J. Pershing– Commander of the American Expeditionary Force.– British and French want to integrate American troops.– Pershing refuses – American soldiers would fight in

American units under American command.

Russia Leaves the War

• March 1917 – riots break out in Russia over the Governments handling of the war.

• Czar Nicholas abdicates the throne.• Russian/Bolshevik Revolution begins.– Bolsheviks under V.I. Lenin – establish communist

government.– Sign treaty with Germans.– Allows Germans to focus on Western front.– Allies upset.

Germany’s Last Offensive

• Argonne Forest– Pershing assembles over 600,000 American troops, 40,000

tons of supplies, and 4,000 artillery.– Largest attack in American history.– Begins September 26, 1918.– By early November German forces are defeated.

• American heroes– Alvin York (Video)– Eddie Rickenbacker

End of the War

• Revolution in Austria-Hungary– October 1918 – Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

declare independence.

• November – Austro-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire surrender to Allies.

• November 11 – German government signs an armistice – truce or agreement to stop fighting.– 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.– Known as Armistice Day in Europe; Veterans Day in U.S.

Peace

• Peace still has to be negotiated. • January 1919 – Sides meet at the Palace of Versailles outside

Paris.• Wilson’s Fourteen Points

– Plan for lasting peace in Europe.– Eliminate the causes of the war through free trade, freedom of

the seas, disarmament, and open diplomacy.– National self-determination – borders of countries should be

determined based on ethnicity and national identity.– A group of people who feel they are a nation should be a nation.– Central Powers had to evacuate all countries invaded during the

war.– #14 – Creation of a League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

• Conditions of Treaty– German armed forces reduced.– Germany specifically blamed for the war.– Germany forced to pay reparations – monetary

compensation for damage caused during the war.– Price was $33 billion.– Intended to keep Germany’s economy weak.– Last payment was due October of 2010.

National Self-Determination

• Four empires dismantled:– Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, Ottoman.

• Nine new nations created:– Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Estonia,

Finland, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia.

• Poland and Czechoslovakia are given land that was German.– The stage is set for more problems in the 1930s.

Treaty Rejected

• U.S. Senate has a problem with the League of Nations. – Constitution requires Congress to declare war.– League of Nations could require member states to aid any

member who was attacked.– Could force the U.S. into a war without Congress approval.– Wilson suffers a stroke.– Senate refuses to ratify the treaty.– League of Nations goes on without the United States.– Active until 1946

Chapter 9

Section 4: The War’s Impact

Returning from the War

• Two million soldiers need jobs.• Government agencies no longer control the economy.– People race to buy once rationed goods.– Businesses raise prices they had been forced to keep low

during the war.– Result: rapid inflation.– 1919 prices soar more than 15 percent.

• Cost of Living goes up.– Cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials needed

for survival.

Strikes

• Workers want higher wages to keep up with inflation.– Inflation raising factories operating costs.– Unions are more powerful and able to strike.

• 1919– 3,600 strikes.– 4,000,000 workers.

Strikes

• Seattle General Strike– Shipyard workers demand higher wages.– Organize a general strike – includes all workers in a

community not just a specific industry.– Involves 60,000 people.– Ends with no real gains.

Strikes

• Boston Police Strike– 75% of police force walk off the job.– Riots and looting ensued.– National Guard called in.– When strikers return to work they are all fired and a new

police force hired.– No right to strike against the public safety by anyone,

anywhere, anytime.

Strikes

• Steel Strike– 350,000 workers strike for higher pay, shorter hours, and

union recognition.– Strike fails.

Racial Unrest

• Returning Soldiers need jobs– Many jobs taken by African Americans.– African Americans blamed.

• Summer 1919– 25 race riots across the nation. (Video)– Chicago riot lasts almost two weeks.– National Guard called in.– 38 dead; 23 blacks and 15 whites.– More than 500 injured.– First time that African Americans organize and fight back.

Red Scare

• Strikes fuel fears of a Communist revolution– Fear that the Reds would takeover – Red Scare.– Leads to more violence.

• Palmer Raids– Attorney General Mitchell Palmer’s home is bombed.– Creates the General Intelligence Division – headed by J.

Edgar Hoover.– Soon becomes the FBI– Raids ordered: Union of Russian Workers, Socialist Party.– Homes entered without search warrants; people jailed and

not allowed to talk to attorneys; deported before hearing.– Fails to find evidence of revolution.– Leads to a call to limit immigration.

Election of 1920

• James M. Cox (D) vs. Warren G. Harding (R)• Democrat Platform– Progressive ideals.– Referendum on Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations.

• Republican Platform– A return to simpler days before progressivism.

• Harding wins the election easily.