Chapter 4 First Age of EmpiresChapter 4 First Age of Empires

1570 BC – 200 BC1570 BC – 200 BC

I. The Egyptians and NubiansI. The Egyptians and Nubians

A. Nomadic Invaders A. Nomadic Invaders Rule Rule EgyptEgyptHyksos ruled Egypt from Hyksos ruled Egypt from

1640 to 1570 BC1640 to 1570 BCHad Had chariotschariots

1. Hebrews Migrate to 1. Hebrews Migrate to EgyptEgyptArrived around 1650 BCArrived around 1650 BC

2. Expulsion and Slavery2. Expulsion and SlaveryBy 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew strongBy 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew strong

Under Queen Ahhotep and Pharaoh Under Queen Ahhotep and Pharaoh KamosKamos

Drove the Hyksos out and Drove the Hyksos out and enslavedenslaved the the HebrewsHebrews

B. The New Kingdom in EgyptB. The New Kingdom in Egypt

1570-1075 BC1570-1075 BC Built an Built an empireempire: control of : control of

several peoples or states several peoples or states under one rulerunder one ruler

1. 1. Hatshepsut'sHatshepsut's Prosperous RuleProsperous Rule She began ruling in 1472 She began ruling in 1472

BCBC Encouraged Encouraged tradetrade instead instead

of of warwar Her fleet started trade w/ Her fleet started trade w/

Punt (Somalia)Punt (Somalia)

2. 2. ThutmoseThutmose the Empire Builder the Empire BuilderStepson, who may have murdered Stepson, who may have murdered

HatshepsutHatshepsutThutmose III armies took Syria and Thutmose III armies took Syria and

northern part of the Euphratesnorthern part of the EuphratesPushed into Pushed into NubiaNubiaConquered an empireConquered an empire

Grow rich, no longer isolatedGrow rich, no longer isolated

B. The New Kingdom cont.B. The New Kingdom cont.3. The Egyptians 3. The Egyptians

and the Hittitesand the HittitesConflict erupted over Conflict erupted over

SyriaSyria and and PalestinePalestineArmies clashed at Armies clashed at

Kadesh in 1285 BCKadesh in 1285 BCRamses II and their Ramses II and their

king signed a treatyking signed a treatyThe two empires The two empires

became alliesbecame allies

4. An Age of 4. An Age of BuildersBuildersHidden tombs in desert cliffsHidden tombs in desert cliffsValley of the Kings Valley of the Kings near Thebesnear ThebesRamses Ramses commissioned monumental commissioned monumental

statues and templesstatues and templesRamses’ tomb was found in 1995 with 50 Ramses’ tomb was found in 1995 with 50

of his 52 sons buried with himof his 52 sons buried with him

C. The Empire DeclinesC. The Empire Declines

1. Invasions by Land 1. Invasions by Land and Seaand Sea1208 BC, 1208 BC,

Mediterranean sea Mediterranean sea raiders weakened the raiders weakened the areaarea

Also faced Also faced Palestinian Palestinian revolts revolts and and Libyan Libyan invadersinvaders

2. Egypt’s 2. Egypt’s Empire FadesEmpire FadesIt never recovered its previous power or It never recovered its previous power or

prestigeprestigeLibyans ruled from 950 to 730 BCLibyans ruled from 950 to 730 BC

Adopted Egyptian cultureAdopted Egyptian cultureThe The NubiansNubians later do the same thing later do the same thing

D. The Kushites Conquer the NileD. The Kushites Conquer the Nile

Egypt dominated Egypt dominated NubiaNubia and and KushKush for centuries for centuriesThe region emerged The region emerged

during the Hyksos reignduring the Hyksos reignConquered EgyptConquered Egypt1. The People of Nubia1. The People of Nubia

People overcame the People overcame the cataractscataracts to trade on the to trade on the NileNile

Linked the Linked the Mediterranean world to Mediterranean world to AfricaAfrica

2. The Interaction of 2. The Interaction of Nubia and EgyptNubia and Egypt Forced rule on Nubia Forced rule on Nubia

during the during the New New KingdomKingdom

Heavily influenced Heavily influenced NubiaNubia

Nubian princesNubian princes lived in lived in Egypt and adopted Egypt and adopted their culturetheir culture

Regained Regained independence around independence around 1200 BC1200 BC

D. The Kushites cont.D. The Kushites cont.

3. Piankhi Captures the 3. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian ThroneEgyptian Throne 751 BC, Piankhi overthrew 751 BC, Piankhi overthrew

the Libyan pharaohthe Libyan pharaoh United the entire United the entire Nile River Nile River

valleyvalley Started the 25Started the 25thth dynasty of dynasty of

EgyptEgypt Erected a monument in Kush Erected a monument in Kush

to celebrateto celebrate The The AssyriansAssyrians conquered conquered

Egypt in 671 BC, ending the Egypt in 671 BC, ending the dynastydynasty

E. The Golden Age of MeroE. The Golden Age of Meroëë

The Kushite royal The Kushite royal family moved to family moved to MeroMeroëë

1. The Wealth of 1. The Wealth of KushKushTraded with Traded with AfricaAfrica, ,

IndiaIndia, and , and ArabiaArabiaPlentiful rainfall Plentiful rainfall

and and iron iron suppliessupplies

2. The Decline of 2. The Decline of MeroMeroëëDeclined around Declined around

250 to 150 BC250 to 150 BCAnother city, Another city,

AksumAksum, , dominated their dominated their tradetrade

II. The AssyriansII. The Assyrians

A. A Mighty A. A Mighty MilitaryMilitary MachineMachineLearned to fight while Learned to fight while

defending their landdefending their landMost feared and hated Most feared and hated

empire in the regionempire in the regionFoot soldiers, chariots, Foot soldiers, chariots,

iron weapons, cavalryiron weapons, cavalry

Treated People poorlyTreated People poorlyBurned cities, Burned cities, torturedtortured and killed captives, and killed captives,

heavy taxesheavy taxesDeportedDeported entire populations entire populationsOne king, Sennacherib, claimed to destroy 89 One king, Sennacherib, claimed to destroy 89

cities and 820 villagescities and 820 villages 1. Military Organization and Conquest1. Military Organization and Conquest

NinevehNineveh the capital the capitalStart conquering 900 BCStart conquering 900 BC

Well equipped with iron weaponsWell equipped with iron weaponsTiglath-pileser and Ashurbanipal led campaignsTiglath-pileser and Ashurbanipal led campaigns

The Assyrians Cont.The Assyrians Cont.

B. The Empire ExpandsB. The Empire ExpandsConquered Conquered SyriaSyria, ,

PalestinePalestine, , BabyloniaBabylonia, , AnatoliaAnatolia, and , and EgyptEgypt

1. Assyrian Rule1. Assyrian RulePeaked around 650 BCPeaked around 650 BCRoyal RoadsRoyal RoadsDivided empire into Divided empire into

provinces w/ local rulersprovinces w/ local rulers

Crushed revolts quicklyCrushed revolts quicklyLeft Left markersmarkers so others wouldn’t revolt so others wouldn’t revoltDestroyed cities and exiled the people Destroyed cities and exiled the people

in places who refused to pay tributein places who refused to pay tributeBurned cities, hung skin on walls, Burned cities, hung skin on walls, piled piled

skullsskullsNever found a niche for making Never found a niche for making

money, only knew conquering and money, only knew conquering and pillagingpillagingNineveh did have a huge Nineveh did have a huge librarylibrary

C. The Empire CrumblesC. The Empire Crumbles A universal hatred of A universal hatred of

Assyria led to an alliance Assyria led to an alliance conquering Nineveh in conquering Nineveh in 612 BC612 BC

The army of Medes, The army of Medes, Chaldeans, and others Chaldeans, and others burned and leveled the burned and leveled the citycity

2. Rebirth of 2. Rebirth of BabylonBabylon Under the ChaldeansUnder the Chaldeans

Started a revival for Started a revival for BabylonBabylon Built into a monumental Built into a monumental

citycity

Reached its height under Reached its height under King King Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562)(605-562)Extended the empireExtended the empireDeported the Deported the JewsJewsBuilt the Built the Hanging Hanging

GardensGardensLoved Loved astronomyastronomy and and

mapsmapsPoor harvest and slow Poor harvest and slow

trade hurt themtrade hurt them

III. The PersiansIII. The PersiansA. The Rise of A. The Rise of PersiaPersia

Modern day Modern day IranIran1. Cyrus Founds an 1. Cyrus Founds an

EmpireEmpireConquered the Medes in Conquered the Medes in

the 540sthe 540sSwept down from the Swept down from the

mountains of Iran in 539 mountains of Iran in 539 BCBC

Cyrus II Cyrus II conquered conquered BabylonBabylon

Allowed the Jews to return to their Allowed the Jews to return to their homeland in 538 BChomeland in 538 BCEventually took over Mesopotamia, Syria, Eventually took over Mesopotamia, Syria,

Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Greek city-Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Greek city-states of Asia Minor (Ionia)states of Asia Minor (Ionia)

TolerantTolerant to others cultures to others culturesAllowed to retain their own language, Allowed to retain their own language,

religions, and customsreligions, and customsKilled in battle on the eastern borderKilled in battle on the eastern border

B. Persian RuleB. Persian Rule

1. Cambyses 1. Cambyses and Dariusand DariusConquered Conquered

Egypt in 525 BCEgypt in 525 BCRuled Ruled harshlyharshly, , unlike his fatherunlike his father

Died eight years Died eight years later, revolts later, revolts eruptederupted

Darius seized the Darius seized the throne with the help throne with the help of the Ten of the Ten Thousand Thousand Immortals in 522 Immortals in 522 BCBC

Spent the next Spent the next three years putting three years putting down revoltsdown revolts

Then began Then began conquering conquering AfghanistanAfghanistan

• Empire went from the Nile to the Empire went from the Nile to the Indus River, 3,000 miles with 50 Indus River, 3,000 miles with 50 million peoplemillion people

B. Persian Rule cont.B. Persian Rule cont.

22. Provinces and Satraps. Provinces and Satraps Divided it into Divided it into provincesprovinces or or

satrapssatraps Military officials and tax Military officials and tax

collectors helped the kingcollectors helped the king InspectorsInspectors were the “eyes were the “eyes

and ears” of the kingand ears” of the king People only had to pay a People only had to pay a

tributetribute They would crush a They would crush a rebellionrebellion

quickly thoughquickly though

Brought artisans from the various regions to Brought artisans from the various regions to build Persepolisbuild Persepolis

Encouraged trade: used coinsEncouraged trade: used coinsThe The Royal Road Royal Road stretched 1,677 miles and stretched 1,677 miles and

had stops every 14 miles with food, water, and had stops every 14 miles with food, water, and horseshorses

Messengers could travel it in seven daysMessengers could travel it in seven days

C. The Persian LegacyC. The Persian Legacy

1. 1. Zoroaster’s TeachingsZoroaster’s TeachingsHad a strict Had a strict moral codemoral codeStressed bravery and honestyStressed bravery and honestyBefore 500s BC, they Before 500s BC, they

worshipped worshipped many godsmany gods570 BC, Zoroaster reformed 570 BC, Zoroaster reformed

the religionthe religionTalked about a struggle Talked about a struggle

between good and evilbetween good and evil

Ahura MazdaAhura Mazda: good, : good, AhrimanAhriman: : BadBad

Humans had to chooseHumans had to choose Teachings linked to glorifying Teachings linked to glorifying

the kingsthe kings Lots of pomp and Lots of pomp and pageantrypageantry ZoroasterZoroaster influenced Judaism, influenced Judaism,

Christianity, and Islam: heaven, Christianity, and Islam: heaven, hell, Last Judgmenthell, Last Judgment

2. Political Order2. Political Order Tolerance and good govt. Tolerance and good govt.

brought brought orderorder to the region to the region

IV. The Unification of ChinaIV. The Unification of ChinaA. A. ConfuciusConfucius and the and the

Social OrderSocial OrderBorn Kongfuzi in 551 BCBorn Kongfuzi in 551 BC

1. Confucius Urges 1. Confucius Urges HarmonyHarmonyGood govt. and social Good govt. and social

harmony achieved if harmony achieved if people used people used ethicsethics

ReciprocityReciprocityGolden RuleGolden Rule

Five RelationshipsFive RelationshipsFor moral behaviorFor moral behaviorLearn by exampleLearn by exampleStressed filial pietyStressed filial piety

Family a mini societyFamily a mini societyAfter his death, 479 BC, work collected for the After his death, 479 BC, work collected for the

book book AnalectsAnalects 2. Confucian Ideas About Govt.2. Confucian Ideas About Govt.

Education Education could transform anyone into a could transform anyone into a gentlemangentleman

Laid the groundwork for Laid the groundwork for bureaucracybureaucracyA trained civil serviceA trained civil service

A. Confucius cont.A. Confucius cont. 3. 3. LegalismLegalism

Rejected Rejected ConfucianismConfucianism

Strict laws Strict laws and and harsh harsh punishmentspunishments

HanfeiziHanfeiziHumans Humans evilevil by nature by natureFavored by the Favored by the QinQinVanished with their Vanished with their

dynastydynasty

A. Confucius cont.A. Confucius cont. Harmony w/ natureHarmony w/ nature

4. 4. TaoistTaoist Ideas Ideas Laozi, 500s BCLaozi, 500s BC Could be a Taoists and Could be a Taoists and

ConfucianistsConfucianists Govt. vs. individualGovt. vs. individual

5. 5. YinYin and and YangYang Two opposing forcesTwo opposing forces Yin: cool, dark, Yin: cool, dark, femalefemale, ,

submissivesubmissive Yang: warm, light, Yang: warm, light, malemale, ,

aggressiveaggressive Need Need balancebalance

B. The Qin DynastyB. The Qin Dynasty

Local lords revolted Local lords revolted against the against the ZhouZhou

1. A New Emperor1. A New EmperorBy 221 BC, QinBy 221 BC, Qin wiped wiped

out the Zhouout the ZhouQin Shi HuangdiQin Shi Huangdi

United the area under a strong, central govt.United the area under a strong, central govt.Attacked invaders north of the Attacked invaders north of the Huang He Huang He and and

pushed as far south as Vietnampushed as far south as Vietnam36 Military districts, standardized 36 Military districts, standardized coins, laws, and coins, laws, and

writingwritingCommanded all nobles live in his capitalCommanded all nobles live in his capital

Uprooted 120,000 familiesUprooted 120,000 familiesForced labor for roads and canalsForced labor for roads and canalsLegalists Legalists murderedmurdered hundreds of Confucian hundreds of Confucian

scholars to prevent criticismscholars to prevent criticismBurned useless booksBurned useless books

B. The Qin cont.B. The Qin cont.2. A Program of 2. A Program of

CentralizationCentralizationBuilt a network of Built a network of

4,000 miles of roads4,000 miles of roadsTrade boomedTrade boomed

Set standards Set standards throughout China for throughout China for writing, law, currency, writing, law, currency, and weights and and weights and measuresmeasures

3. 3. Great Wall Great Wall of Chinaof China300,000 troops worked to build the 4,000 mile 300,000 troops worked to build the 4,000 mile

wallwallKeep Keep MongoliansMongolians out outThousands diedThousands died

4. The Fall of the Qin4. The Fall of the QinCruel tyrantCruel tyrant210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynasty210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynastyPeasants rebelled against the sonPeasants rebelled against the sonBy 202 BC, the By 202 BC, the Han Dynasty Han Dynasty replaced the Qinreplaced the Qin