Chapter 23: State Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 Chapter 23: State Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

Independence in Latin AmericaIndependence in Latin AmericaRoots of RevolutionEnlightenment, Am Rev, Fr Rev, Napoleon, Congress of Vienna (1814-5)

Junta – political/military group ruling a country after taking it over

Spanish South America Revolutions begin – Creole junta declare Venezuela independentSimon Bolivar – the (northern) liberator general

Influenced by Enlightenment, Am Rev, Fr RevSan Martin (southern) liberator general

Eventually turns army over to Bolivar

Bolivar defeats Spanish at battle of Ayacucho 1824, freeing all of Spanish South America Independence of Argentina

Junta (1810), United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (1816)

Mexico, (1810 – 1823) – Spain's wealthiest and most populous colony

Hidalgo and Morelos – 2 priests, 2 firing squads (1811, 1815)

Would be plagued by violence and unstable govt; which continue to today

*Rio de la Plata and Bolivar’s United Gran Columbia both undone by local ldrs/groups unwilling to cooperate as well as geography

BrazilPedro I and Brazilian Independence – constitutional monarchy (1822)

Bloodless Rev

Constitutional Experiments

Canadian Government – Confederation of 1867; self-govt as part of British Empire

Creating Latin American Nations – Catholic church & military played a great role in politics; and wielded tremendous influence

Military Strongmen (dictators) = CaudillosPaez (Venezuela)

One of the strongest opponents of Gran Columbia

Dictatorship = experienced in every Latin American nation

The threat of regionalism – disputes & civil wars determine boundaries

Andrew Jackson – Jacksonian democracy, ignored Marshall’s ruling, “common man”

War with Britain War of 1812 – US vs. English over maritime rights

Impressment? Battle of New Orleans

, Amerindians, Canada

Spanish-American war 1898-9 San Juan Hill (Rough Riders)

US gains Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam (also annexes Hawaii, Cuba comes under American influence)

Barbary Pirates (Marine Corp Hymn), 1801-1805

XYZ Affair – Psuedo war with France

Threats to Mexican Sovereignty Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (creole) – wins at Alamo

Sam Houston – “Remember the Alamo” (San Jacinto)

Mexican-American War (1845) – Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California

Benito Juarez (Zapotec Indian) La Reforma (land redistribution) – book end president http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/495412/La-Reforma

Napoleon establishes Austrian Hapsburg Emperor Don Maximilian I Cinco de Mayo- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482737/Battle-of-Puebla

Wars among American Nations – South American borders determined

Native peoples and the Nation-stateThe US and Native Peoples

Settlers entered areas previously forbidden by British treaties

Tecumseh – Shawnee allied with British in War of 1812

Indian Removal Act of 1830 – “Trail of Tears” to Oklahoma

Battle of Little Bighorn – Custer’s last stand

Defeat of the Amerindians of Argentina & Chile

Wild cattle had helped Indians

Caste War – Mayans vs. Mexico

The Challenge of social and economic changeThe Challenge of social and economic changeAbolition of slavery – struggle between economic demand and civil rights

Abolition in the US Frederick Douglass

Newly formed Republican Party brought issue to a head

Lincoln elected in 1860

1863 – Emancipation Proclamation – freeing confederate slaves

1865 – 13th Amendment – abolished slavery

Jim Crow laws = segregation

Abolition in Brazil – war with Paraguay, slaves exchanged service for freedom

Abolition in the Caribbean – Cuba & Puerto Rico final holdouts (1886)

ImmigrationEuropean Immigration – initially western, then shift to South/EastAsian Immigration – increased after 1850Anti-Immigrant Movements brought on by nativists

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Canadian head taxJews escaping pogroms met with restrictions in new worldAssimilation through public education

American Cultures – acculturationThe Immigrant legacy – abandon home language, change of diet, political beliefs

Women’s rights and the struggle for social justice – Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention

Access to education and the professions – Canadian female doctors educated in US

The search for Racial Justice – segregation

Development and underdevelopment – western hemisphere got richer

The role of technology – governments cede land to encourage investments, exports

Rich & poor nationsDevelopment

Democracies Highly educated masses Industrialization and prosperity

Underdevelopment Caudillos Poorly educated masses Exporting raw materials on low wages

Altered environments – ranchers, abandonment of crop rotation, urbanization, mining