Chapter 2 Section Chapter 2 Section 3:3: The Middle The Middle KingdomKingdomMain Idea: Main Idea:

The Middle Kingdom was a The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of peacegolden age of peace, ,

prosperityprosperity, and advances in , and advances in the the artsarts and and architecturearchitecture..

The MiddleThe Middle KingdomKingdom About 2,300 B.C., the pharaohs About 2,300 B.C., the pharaohs

lost control of Egypt.lost control of Egypt. After 200 years of chaos, a new After 200 years of chaos, a new

dynasty came to power and dynasty came to power and moved the capital of Egypt to moved the capital of Egypt to Thebes Thebes where they restored where they restored orderorder andand stability.stability.

During the Middle Kingdom, During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt took control of new lands Egypt took control of new lands and forced conquered people to and forced conquered people to pay pay tribute.tribute.

Within Egypt, new riches were Within Egypt, new riches were used to build used to build waterwayswaterways, dams, , dams, and a and a canal canal between the Nile between the Nile River and theRiver and the Red Sea. Red Sea.

Painters covered the walls of

tombs and temples withcolorful scenes of the dieties and daily life

Sculptors created Sculptors created large wall carvings large wall carvings and statues of and statues of pharaohs showing pharaohs showing them as them as ordinary ordinary peoplepeople rather than rather than god-likegod-like

Poets wrote love songsand tributes to the

pharaohs

Architects created a new Form of architecture in

Which pharaohs had their Tombs cut into cliffs

West of the Nile in theValley of the kings

Arts, Literature,

and Architecture

flourish During the Middle

Kingdom

The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings

Who Were the Hyksos?Who Were the Hyksos? By about 1670 B.C., the Middle Kingdom ended By about 1670 B.C., the Middle Kingdom ended

and Egypt faced threats from outsiders known and Egypt faced threats from outsiders known as the as the Hyksos Hyksos fromfrom Western Asia Western Asia..

The Hyksos were mighty The Hyksos were mighty warriors warriors who who crossed the deserts oncrossed the deserts on horse-drawn chariots horse-drawn chariots and used weapons made and used weapons made of bronze and iron.of bronze and iron.

Egyptians fought on foot with Egyptians fought on foot with copper and copper and stone weaponsstone weapons and were no match for the and were no match for the Hyksos.Hyksos.

The Hyksos conquered Egypt and ruled for The Hyksos conquered Egypt and ruled for 150 150 years.years.

Ahmose 1550 Ahmose 1550 B.C.B.C.

An Egyptian prince who led an An Egyptian prince who led an uprising that uprising that drove the Hyksos out drove the Hyksos out of Egypt.of Egypt.

His rule beganHis rule began a period known as a period known as the New Kingdom.the New Kingdom.

During the period from 1550 B.C. to During the period from 1550 B.C. to 1080 B.C., Egypt became richer and 1080 B.C., Egypt became richer and more powerful.more powerful.

Egyptians marched their armies Egyptians marched their armies into western Asia and brought into western Asia and brought other lands under control.other lands under control.

During the New Kingdom, Egypt During the New Kingdom, Egypt reached the height of its glory.reached the height of its glory.

Hatshepsut 1480 Hatshepsut 1480 B.C.B.C. A queen who became the A queen who became the first first

woman to rule Egypt woman to rule Egypt in her own in her own right.right.

More interested in trade than More interested in trade than conquest.conquest.

During her reign she During her reign she expanded expanded trade and brought great wealth to trade and brought great wealth to Egypt.Egypt.

Used some of her wealth to build Used some of her wealth to build monuments.monuments.

One of her greatest projects was a One of her greatest projects was a greatgreat temple and tomb in temple and tomb in the the limestone cliffs of limestone cliffs of the Valley of the the Valley of the Kings.Kings.

The Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

1473-1458 B. C. E.

1473-1458 B. C. E.

Thutmose III 1450 Thutmose III 1450 B.CB.C. . Nephew of Hatshepsut.Nephew of Hatshepsut. BeganBegan aggressive wars of conquest aggressive wars of conquest

and expanded Egypt’s bordersand expanded Egypt’s borders north north into Mesopotamia and south into into Mesopotamia and south into Nubia.Nubia.

Under Thutmose, Egypt controlled Under Thutmose, Egypt controlled more land than it ever had.more land than it ever had.

Thutmose’ empire grew rich through Thutmose’ empire grew rich through trade and tribute.trade and tribute.

Claimed gold, copper, ivory and other Claimed gold, copper, ivory and other valuable goods from conquered valuable goods from conquered people.people.

Enslaved many prisoners of war as Enslaved many prisoners of war as slavery became widespread during the slavery became widespread during the New Kingdom.New Kingdom.

Built palaces, temples and monuments Built palaces, temples and monuments in the capital city of Thebes.in the capital city of Thebes.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

1352-1336 B. C. E.

1352-1336 B. C. E.

Akhenaton Akhenaton (Amenhotep)(Amenhotep) 1370 1370 B.C.B.C. Came to the throne with his Came to the throne with his wife, wife, NefertitiNefertiti and tried to lead Egypt and tried to lead Egypt in a new direction.in a new direction.

Introduced a new religion that Introduced a new religion that swept away the old gods and swept away the old gods and goddesses. goddesses.

Reduced the priest’s power by Reduced the priest’s power by seizing their lands and closing seizing their lands and closing temples. temples.

Called for worship of only one Called for worship of only one god called Aton.god called Aton.

ChangedChanged namename to Akhenaton to Akhenaton whichwhich means Spirit of “Aton”means Spirit of “Aton”

AkhenatoAkhenatonn HeHe introduced the idea of introduced the idea of belief in one god or belief in one god or monotheism.monotheism.

Made enemies with the Made enemies with the priests who refused to priests who refused to accept Aton as the only accept Aton as the only god.god.

Became so devoted to the Became so devoted to the new religion that he new religion that he neglected his duties neglected his duties as as pharaoh.pharaoh.

Took no action when Took no action when attacked by the Hittites and attacked by the Hittites and lost most of Egyptian lands lost most of Egyptian lands in western Asia.in western Asia.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life - Immortality

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life - Immortality

QueenNefertitiQueen

Nefertiti

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

1336-1327 B. C. E.

1336-1327 B. C. E.

King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

D:\Animations\whs05_02_39B.html

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Tutankhamen Tutankhamen Inherited the throneInherited the throne from from

AkhenatonAkhenaton when he was 10when he was 10 years old.years old.

Relied on help from palace Relied on help from palace officials andofficials and priestspriests who who convinced him to restore convinced him to restore the old religionthe old religion..

Ruled for only 9 years and Ruled for only 9 years and died died unexpectedly.unexpectedly.

King Tut is King Tut is best known best known because his grave was because his grave was

found undisturbedfound undisturbed and held and held incredible treasures.incredible treasures.

Ramses 1279 Ramses 1279 B.C.B.C. Reigned for 66 yearsReigned for 66 years and and

regained lands in western regained lands in western Asia.Asia.

Rebuilt the Egyptian Rebuilt the Egyptian empireempire

Constructed Constructed many new many new temples and monumentstemples and monuments..

Most magnificent temple Most magnificent temple built wasbuilt was Karnak Karnak at Thebes at Thebes with a columned hall with a columned hall decorated with colorful decorated with colorful paintings.paintings.

Most important monument Most important monument built was at built was at Abu SimbelAbu Simbel..

Forced enslaved people to Forced enslaved people to work on building projectswork on building projects

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

1279-1213 B. C. E.

1279-1213 B. C. E.

The Battle of KadeshThe Battle of Kadesh

Treaty of Kadesh

Treaty of Kadesh

Ramses II at KadeshRamses II at Kadesh

Who Are These Strange People?Who Are These Strange People?