Chapter 19: Southwest Asia Chapter 19: Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean 1500 and the Indian Ocean 1500

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1.1. The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire2.2. The Safavid EmpireThe Safavid Empire3.3. The Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire

Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireMongol invasion of Turkey in 1243 led to the downfall of the Mongol invasion of Turkey in 1243 led to the downfall of the Seljuk Turks and the rise of the Ottomon TurksSeljuk Turks and the rise of the Ottomon TurksOttomans migrated into “Anatolia” (Turkey)Ottomans migrated into “Anatolia” (Turkey)– Named after their leader Named after their leader Osman BeyOsman Bey– By the late 14By the late 14thth century they controlled much of the century they controlled much of the BalkansBalkans1453 Ottomans conquered 1453 Ottomans conquered ConstantinopleConstantinople then became then became IstanbulIstanbul– Christian Church of Christian Church of Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia was converted to a mosque was converted to a mosqueMajor naval power until 1571 when they were defeated by the Major naval power until 1571 when they were defeated by the Spanish at the Spanish at the Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto

Ottoman SocietyOttoman SocietyFocused on warfare and Focused on warfare and composed of soldiers composed of soldiers called called JanissariesJanissaries– Christian boys caught and Christian boys caught and

enslavedenslaved– Sometimes turned over by Sometimes turned over by

their parentstheir parents– Selection process of Selection process of

placing boys in Turkish placing boys in Turkish families was called families was called DEVSHIRMEDEVSHIRME

Women had little Women had little opportunity to gain opportunity to gain education or participate in education or participate in societysociety

Ottoman DeclineOttoman Decline

1717thth century the century the empire was too big to empire was too big to controlcontrolTaxes became to highTaxes became to highFell behind Western Fell behind Western Europe in technologyEurope in technology

The Safavid Empire 1502-1722The Safavid Empire 1502-1722

Persia = Iran = Safavid EmpirePersia = Iran = Safavid EmpireIsmail declares himself “Shah” in 1502 and Ismail declares himself “Shah” in 1502 and orders his followers to adopt shi’ite Islamorders his followers to adopt shi’ite IslamRelied on Islam as a defining part of their Relied on Islam as a defining part of their culturecultureIsfahan (inland city) and Istanbul (port city) Isfahan (inland city) and Istanbul (port city) important commerce areasimportant commerce areasAfghanistan's captured the city and ended Afghanistan's captured the city and ended Safavid rule in 1722Safavid rule in 1722

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire

Religion and SocietyReligion and Society

Converted to Shi’ite Islam making a permanent Converted to Shi’ite Islam making a permanent difference between Iran and the rest of the Arab difference between Iran and the rest of the Arab nations and adopted the concept of the “Hidden nations and adopted the concept of the “Hidden Imam”Imam”Persian and Arab literature and decorative styles Persian and Arab literature and decorative styles had been diverging since the 10had been diverging since the 10thth century centuryWomen were seldom seen in public but records Women were seldom seen in public but records show they were active in the real estate market show they were active in the real estate market and appeared in court cases.and appeared in court cases.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Imam_Square,_Isfahan_Iran.jpg/300px-Imam_Square,_Isfahan_Iran.jpg

Istanbul vs. IsfahanIstanbul vs. Isfahan

IstanbulIstanbul IsfahanIsfahanPort city-Port city-Colony of European Colony of European

MerchantsMerchantsCity built for walking—small City built for walking—small

roads—irregular streets—roads—irregular streets—used by artisans and used by artisans and merchantsmerchants

Women seldomly in publicWomen seldomly in publicSome Ottoman women Some Ottoman women

work in real-estatework in real-estateCosmopolitan type cityCosmopolitan type city

Inland cityInland cityVery few EuropeansVery few EuropeansCity built for walkingCity built for walkingWomen seldomly in Women seldomly in

publicpublicNot Cosmopolitan-Not Cosmopolitan-

small Armenian group of small Armenian group of merchantsmerchants

IstanbulIstanbul IsfahanIsfahan

Hindu vs. Muslims in Mughal IndiaHindu vs. Muslims in Mughal IndiaGrowing tensions between the Growing tensions between the two groupstwo groupsOnly 14% of Hindus hold Only 14% of Hindus hold government officesgovernment officesAkbar-Leader of the Empire seeks Akbar-Leader of the Empire seeks tranquility of the Muslims and tranquility of the Muslims and HindusHindus– Takes throne at 13 years oldTakes throne at 13 years old– Commands the Army by age 20Commands the Army by age 20– Worked to heal the tension of the Worked to heal the tension of the

Hindus and the MuslimsHindus and the Muslims– Married Hindu Rajput PrincessMarried Hindu Rajput Princess– Also reduces taxation for HindusAlso reduces taxation for Hindus

Mughal IndiaMughal India1528, 1528, BaburBabur, a descendant of Mongols and Turks, , a descendant of Mongols and Turks, migrated to India to establish Mughal Indiamigrated to India to establish Mughal India– Used his superior technology of gunpowder to conquer IndiaUsed his superior technology of gunpowder to conquer India

Greatest leader was Greatest leader was AkbarAkbar (1560 – 1605) (1560 – 1605)– Brought Northern and central India under controlBrought Northern and central India under control– Encouraged cooperation of Muslims and HindusEncouraged cooperation of Muslims and Hindus– Outlawed “Outlawed “satisati” for women” for women– Encouraged woman to break “Encouraged woman to break “purdahpurdah” (confinement to their ” (confinement to their

homes)homes)Known for architectureKnown for architecture– Taj MahalTaj Mahal built by Shah Jahan built by Shah Jahan

Cost of warfare added to the downfallCost of warfare added to the downfallUnable to make Hindu’s and Muslims cooperateUnable to make Hindu’s and Muslims cooperateDecline of centralized authority opened the door for Decline of centralized authority opened the door for British colonizationBritish colonization

Trade Empires in the Indian Trade Empires in the Indian OceanOcean

Islam spread to port cities in Southeast Islam spread to port cities in Southeast Asia and the port cities of the East IndiesAsia and the port cities of the East IndiesPortuguese conquered the Swahili coast Portuguese conquered the Swahili coast from the Muslim Arabsfrom the Muslim ArabsThe Dutch took the Malacca from the The Dutch took the Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641 because they were Portuguese in 1641 because they were more organizedmore organizedThe Dutch lost their monopoly on the spice The Dutch lost their monopoly on the spice trade and turned to lumber and coffee.trade and turned to lumber and coffee.