Absolutism, Capitalism, Absolutism, Capitalism, Scientific Revolution and the Scientific Revolution and the

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Beginning of Modern EuropeBeginning of Modern Europe

1500-17501500-1750

Consolidation of Sovereign StatesConsolidation of Sovereign States

Attempted revival of the Holy Roman Attempted revival of the Holy Roman EmpireEmpireCharles VCharles V Imperial fragmentation as a result of the Imperial fragmentation as a result of the

ReformationReformationForeign challengesForeign challenges

Henry VIIIHenry VIIILouis XILouis XIFerdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

Struggle for SovereigntyStruggle for Sovereignty

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – Internal Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – Internal struggle between Catholics and struggle between Catholics and Protestants.Protestants.

Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Introduced Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Introduced the idea that individual states were the idea that individual states were sovereign and equal. They also had the sovereign and equal. They also had the right to run their domestic affairs.right to run their domestic affairs.

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) – First Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) – First global war.global war.

Struggle for SovereigntyStruggle for Sovereignty

These wars produced the idea in Europe These wars produced the idea in Europe of a “balance of power.” This was to of a “balance of power.” This was to ensure that no nation became stronger ensure that no nation became stronger than the others.than the others.

However, these wars actually caused an However, these wars actually caused an increase in technology.increase in technology.

They also caused the countries in Europe They also caused the countries in Europe to follow two distinct political paths: to follow two distinct political paths: absolutism and constitutionalism.absolutism and constitutionalism.

AbsolutismAbsolutism

Absolutism is based upon the divine right Absolutism is based upon the divine right of the monarch. of the monarch.

Under absolutism, the monarch had Under absolutism, the monarch had absolute authority over all affairs in the absolute authority over all affairs in the country.country.

The monarch determined and made the The monarch determined and made the law and his authority was above question.law and his authority was above question.

The most successful absolute monarchy The most successful absolute monarchy was in France.was in France.

FranceFrance

The architect of The architect of absolutism in France absolutism in France was Cardinal was Cardinal Richelieu.Richelieu.

He worked to He worked to undermine the undermine the authority of the authority of the nobility and nobility and strengthen the power strengthen the power of the King.of the King.

Absolutism Absolutism “L’etat c’est moi”“L’etat c’est moi”

After the civil-political After the civil-political wars in France, Louis wars in France, Louis XIV assumes the XIV assumes the throne as the first throne as the first absolute monarch in absolute monarch in France.France.

Louis faced no Louis faced no political, legal, social, political, legal, social, or religious opposition or religious opposition to his rule.to his rule.

Louis XIV-”The Sun King”Louis XIV-”The Sun King” Louis ruled from his Louis ruled from his

palace at Versailles.palace at Versailles. His authority was based His authority was based

on divine right.on divine right. There was no position of There was no position of

power for the common power for the common citizen or the nobles citizen or the nobles under his rule.under his rule.

Nobles were moved into Nobles were moved into apartments at Versailles apartments at Versailles and required to attend and required to attend court functions. court functions.

Rule under the Sun KingRule under the Sun King

Maintained a large standing army.Maintained a large standing army.Promoted new economic growth by Promoted new economic growth by

encouraging new industries.encouraging new industries.Built and improved roads, canals, and Built and improved roads, canals, and

other public buildings.other public buildings.Abolished internal tariffs.Abolished internal tariffs.Encouraged exports.Encouraged exports.Expanded French territories.Expanded French territories.

Absolutism outside of FranceAbsolutism outside of France

Spain – Philip II established an absolute Spain – Philip II established an absolute monarch in the 16monarch in the 16thth century. Hapsburg century. Hapsburg heirs attempted to continue the rule heirs attempted to continue the rule however, their spending exceeded their however, their spending exceeded their revenues.revenues.

Austria, Russia, and Prussia all modeled Austria, Russia, and Prussia all modeled themselves after France’s government.themselves after France’s government.Prussia and Russia will play major roles in Prussia and Russia will play major roles in

Europe from the 18Europe from the 18thth century onward. century onward.

ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism

As France and others followed absolutism, the As France and others followed absolutism, the nobility of England and the Netherlands nobility of England and the Netherlands attempted to limit the power of the monarchs.attempted to limit the power of the monarchs.

In England, constitutionalism could be traced In England, constitutionalism could be traced back to 1215 and the signing of the Magna Carta back to 1215 and the signing of the Magna Carta by King John.by King John. One of the provisions was that the king consult with a One of the provisions was that the king consult with a

group of nobles before enacting laws and taxes. This group of nobles before enacting laws and taxes. This would evolve into Parliament.would evolve into Parliament.

EnglandEngland

By the 1600’s, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I By the 1600’s, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had consolidated their power. Although had consolidated their power. Although there was a Parliament, it could not meet there was a Parliament, it could not meet unless called by the king.unless called by the king.

In 1603, James I succeeded Elizabeth as In 1603, James I succeeded Elizabeth as King of England. James was a divine right King of England. James was a divine right monarch.monarch.This brought him into almost immediate This brought him into almost immediate

conflict with Parliament.conflict with Parliament.

James IJames I

In 1608, he ended a long standing conflict In 1608, he ended a long standing conflict with the Spanish, much to the dismay of with the Spanish, much to the dismay of the English people.the English people.

He also ended foreign involvement. He also ended foreign involvement. The group that was most vehement in their The group that was most vehement in their

protest of the king’s policies were the protest of the king’s policies were the Puritans.Puritans.

In 1625, James was succeeded by his In 1625, James was succeeded by his son, Charles I.son, Charles I.

Charles I (1625-1649)Charles I (1625-1649) Charles immediately Charles immediately

comes into conflict with comes into conflict with the Puritan controlled the Puritan controlled Parliament.Parliament.

Charles needs Parliament Charles needs Parliament support to raise taxes and support to raise taxes and when they refuse, he when they refuse, he begins to sell off common begins to sell off common lands.lands. He also begins to imprison He also begins to imprison

people who speak out people who speak out against him.against him.

Parliament reacts by Parliament reacts by sending the king the sending the king the Petition of Rights (1628).Petition of Rights (1628).

Charles ICharles I Charles reacts to the Petition of Rights by Charles reacts to the Petition of Rights by

disbanding Parliament.disbanding Parliament. From 1629 to 1640, Charles rules without From 1629 to 1640, Charles rules without

Parliament.Parliament. In 1640, Charles is forced to reconvene In 1640, Charles is forced to reconvene

Parliament because of a threat from Scotland Parliament because of a threat from Scotland (Short Parliament-3 weeks).(Short Parliament-3 weeks).

Charles needs to call Parliament back into Charles needs to call Parliament back into session (Long Parliament – 20 years).session (Long Parliament – 20 years).

Parliament attempts to take control of the Parliament attempts to take control of the government.government.

Conflict with ParliamentConflict with Parliament

Parliament enacts a law that prohibits the Parliament enacts a law that prohibits the king from dissolving Parliament.king from dissolving Parliament.

In 1642, Charles attempts to take control f In 1642, Charles attempts to take control f Parliament by force.Parliament by force.He orders the arrest of several Puritans He orders the arrest of several Puritans

leaders in the House of Commons.leaders in the House of Commons.The members of Parliament that react by The members of Parliament that react by

charging Charles with treason.charging Charles with treason.

Chucky versus OlyChucky versus Oly

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War 1642-1649, England is 1642-1649, England is

involved in a civil war that is involved in a civil war that is both political and religious in both political and religious in nature.nature. The supporters of the The supporters of the

monarchy are called monarchy are called cavaliers.cavaliers.

The supporters of The supporters of Parliament and the Parliament and the Puritans are called Puritans are called roundheads.roundheads.

The leader of the The leader of the Parliamentary armies is Parliamentary armies is Oliver Cromwell.Oliver Cromwell.

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War

In 1649, Charles is beheaded by In 1649, Charles is beheaded by Parliament and Oliver Cromwell becomes Parliament and Oliver Cromwell becomes “The Lord Protector” and establishes a “The Lord Protector” and establishes a commonwealth in England.commonwealth in England.

The Parliament had little power as The Parliament had little power as Cromwell had effectively established a Cromwell had effectively established a military dictatorship in England. (Rump military dictatorship in England. (Rump Parliament).Parliament).

In 1653, Cromwell disband the Parliament.In 1653, Cromwell disband the Parliament.

English CommonwealthEnglish Commonwealth

Cromwell writes “The Instrument of Cromwell writes “The Instrument of Government” which is England’s first Government” which is England’s first constitution.constitution.Extensive powers were given to CromwellExtensive powers were given to Cromwell

Lord Protector for LifeLord Protector for LifeThe office of Lord Protector was hereditary.The office of Lord Protector was hereditary.Parliament had limited power to tax and make Parliament had limited power to tax and make

laws.laws.By 1655, Cromwell had established an absolute By 1655, Cromwell had established an absolute

hold on power.hold on power.

Restoration of the MonarchyRestoration of the Monarchy

When Cromwell dies in 1658, Parliament When Cromwell dies in 1658, Parliament calls for elections for a new Parliament.calls for elections for a new Parliament.

In 1660, Parliament asks Charles II to In 1660, Parliament asks Charles II to return from France and resume the throne.return from France and resume the throne.

Charles agrees to Parliamentary controls Charles agrees to Parliamentary controls over the monarchy and returns as king in over the monarchy and returns as king in 1661.1661.

Cromwell’s HeadCromwell’s Head

Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy

With the return of Charles II (Merry With the return of Charles II (Merry Monarch) from France, he agrees to follow Monarch) from France, he agrees to follow Parliament and the restriction of certain Parliament and the restriction of certain rights.rights.

Clarendon Code – restores the Church of Clarendon Code – restores the Church of England as the state religion. This results England as the state religion. This results in a loss of power for the Puritans.in a loss of power for the Puritans.

When Charles dies, there is a controversy When Charles dies, there is a controversy about his successor, James II.about his successor, James II.

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution James II, brother of Charles was a Catholic and believed James II, brother of Charles was a Catholic and believed

in divine right.in divine right. 1679 – Exclusion Act attempts to bar Catholics from 1679 – Exclusion Act attempts to bar Catholics from

becoming monarch of England. (Whigs v Tories - becoming monarch of England. (Whigs v Tories - Defeated)Defeated)

A royal birth sparked Parliament into action.A royal birth sparked Parliament into action. William and Mary become the co-rulers of England.William and Mary become the co-rulers of England. In 1689, James tries to regain power with the help of In 1689, James tries to regain power with the help of

Irish Catholics. It fails.Irish Catholics. It fails. 1701 – Act of Settlement barring Catholics from the 1701 – Act of Settlement barring Catholics from the

throne passes Parliament.throne passes Parliament.

Political Parties and the Formation Political Parties and the Formation of the Cabinetof the Cabinet

WhigsWhigsToriesToriesPrime Minister (Sir Robert Walpole) Prime Minister (Sir Robert Walpole) George I – GermanGeorge I – GermanAct of Union (1707) joins England and Act of Union (1707) joins England and

Scotland together. Great Britain.Scotland together. Great Britain.

European States SystemEuropean States System

Peace of Westphalia did not end conflict in Peace of Westphalia did not end conflict in Europe.Europe.

There were numerous conflicts to extend There were numerous conflicts to extend or recapture territory.or recapture territory.

The Europeans attempted to end these The Europeans attempted to end these conflicts by diplomacy. This diplomacy conflicts by diplomacy. This diplomacy was to establish a balance of power was to establish a balance of power between the rival countries.between the rival countries.

This lead to a military arms race in EuropeThis lead to a military arms race in Europe

Early CapitalismEarly Capitalism

Population Growth and UrbanizationPopulation Growth and Urbanization Introduction of crops from the Americas led to Introduction of crops from the Americas led to

better nutrition and an increase in the better nutrition and an increase in the population of Europe.population of Europe.

People became more resistant to the old People became more resistant to the old diseases that had plagued Europe in early diseases that had plagued Europe in early centuries.centuries.

Urbanization resulted as governments began Urbanization resulted as governments began to establish their capitals in cities.to establish their capitals in cities.

CapitalismCapitalism

Economic system that developed as a Economic system that developed as a result of private citizens providing goods result of private citizens providing goods and services to others. and services to others.

Supply and demand.Supply and demand.Joint Stock companies (BEIC and VOC) – Joint Stock companies (BEIC and VOC) –

spread the risk of doing business among spread the risk of doing business among many.many.

Adam Smith “The invisible hand” and Adam Smith “The invisible hand” and “laissez faire” way of doing business“laissez faire” way of doing business

ProtoindustrializationProtoindustrialization

““Putting Out” system – piece work by rural Putting Out” system – piece work by rural workers.workers.

This avoided the guilds and the power they had This avoided the guilds and the power they had over business and profit.over business and profit.

Rural workers would produce goods that were Rural workers would produce goods that were sold by the business people. Cheap labor of the sold by the business people. Cheap labor of the rural workers = huge profits for the business rural workers = huge profits for the business people in the city.people in the city.

This was also referred to as the cottage system This was also referred to as the cottage system of production.of production.

Changes in SocietyChanges in Society

Nuclear family – increased in importance.Nuclear family – increased in importance.Business ethics.Business ethics. Individual wealth as opposed to the Individual wealth as opposed to the

welfare of the community.welfare of the community.Hostility towards women. Why?Hostility towards women. Why?

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Ptolemaic Universe – Earth centered universe.Ptolemaic Universe – Earth centered universe. Planetary movementsPlanetary movements Copernican Universe – Earth was just another Copernican Universe – Earth was just another

planet.planet. Copernicus will influence others to question and Copernicus will influence others to question and

use observations to collect data.use observations to collect data. Galileo Galilei and Isaac NewtonGalileo Galilei and Isaac Newton Works of these scientists will spark a revolution Works of these scientists will spark a revolution

in anatomy, microbiology, chemistry, botany, etcin anatomy, microbiology, chemistry, botany, etc

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

From the scientists questioning the early From the scientists questioning the early scientifc works of the Greeks, others scientifc works of the Greeks, others began to question the philsophies of the began to question the philsophies of the Greeks.Greeks.

As the scientific revolution was tied to As the scientific revolution was tied to natural laws, philosophers began to natural laws, philosophers began to believe that there were natural laws that believe that there were natural laws that governed human society.governed human society.

The center of the movement was France.The center of the movement was France.

Enlightenment PhilosophersEnlightenment Philosophers

Most rejected religion. (Deism)Most rejected religion. (Deism)Freedom and equality for all (exception: Freedom and equality for all (exception:

women, peasants, laborers, slaves, or women, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color).people of color).

Demands for freedom of religion.Demands for freedom of religion.Demands for freedom of speech.Demands for freedom of speech.Had a global impact.Had a global impact.

Thomas Hobbs and John LockeThomas Hobbs and John Locke

Thomas Hobbs Thomas Hobbs In his book, In his book,

Leviathan,Leviathan, Hobbs Hobbs supported the absolute supported the absolute monarchy by writing monarchy by writing that people should that people should give up some rights if give up some rights if the monarch supports the monarch supports and protects them.and protects them.

John LockeJohn Locke In the In the Theory of Theory of

Contractual Contractual Government,Government, Locke Locke argues the authority in argues the authority in government comes government comes from the consent of from the consent of the people and that all the people and that all people are entitled to people are entitled to life, liberty, and life, liberty, and property.property.

Montesquieu and RousseauMontesquieu and Rousseau Montesquieu Montesquieu (Spirit of Laws) –(Spirit of Laws) –

Principles of political liberty Principles of political liberty within a prosperous state.within a prosperous state. Believed in the rights of the Believed in the rights of the

individual.individual. Concept of the three Concept of the three

branches of government: branches of government: executive, legislative, and executive, legislative, and judicial.judicial.

Rousseau (Rousseau (The Social The Social Contract) – “Man is born free Contract) – “Man is born free and everywhere he is in and everywhere he is in chains” chains” HeHe wrote that the wrote that the government rules by the government rules by the consent of the people and consent of the people and condemned the legal and condemned the legal and social privileges of the social privileges of the aristocracy.aristocracy.

He believed that people were He believed that people were naturally good but corrupted by naturally good but corrupted by society.society.

People would give up some People would give up some individual rights to the “general individual rights to the “general good.”good.”

Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Attacked any institution in France that was Attacked any institution in France that was intolerant and oppressive.intolerant and oppressive.

““I disapprove of what you say, but I will I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it!”defend to the death your right to say it!”

Voltaire was exiled to England and came Voltaire was exiled to England and came to admire the English freedom of religion to admire the English freedom of religion and freedom of the press.and freedom of the press.

Women and the EnlightenmentWomen and the Enlightenment Although the Enlightenment advocated equality Although the Enlightenment advocated equality

and freedom, the movement did not apply to and freedom, the movement did not apply to women or minorities in society.women or minorities in society.

However, middle and upper class women in However, middle and upper class women in Paris would often sponsor Paris would often sponsor salonssalons where the where the Enlightened philosophers would come and Enlightened philosophers would come and speak.speak.

As a result of the Enlightenment, some women As a result of the Enlightenment, some women began to call for equal rights. began to call for equal rights. A Vindication of A Vindication of the Rights of Women the Rights of Women written by Mary written by Mary Wollstonecraft called for the education of Wollstonecraft called for the education of women.women.

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

Catherine the Great – RussiaCatherine the Great – RussiaFrederick the Great – PrussiaFrederick the Great – PrussiaMaria Theresa – AustriaMaria Theresa – AustriaAll of these monarchs attempted some All of these monarchs attempted some

enlightened principles in ruling their enlightened principles in ruling their respective countries.respective countries.

Effects of Absolutism, Capitalism, Scientific Effects of Absolutism, Capitalism, Scientific Revolution, and the EnlightenmentRevolution, and the Enlightenment

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionAmerican RevolutionAmerican RevolutionFrench RevolutionFrench RevolutionSlave Revolt in the New WorldSlave Revolt in the New WorldAnd on and on and on………And on and on and on………