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Chapter 1 Matter and Change. Laura Peck Pre-AP chemistry Dickson County High School Accompanies: Holt Modern Chemistry Text. Objectives. The science of chemistry Matter and its Properties Elements. Chemistry is a Physical Science. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 1
Matter and ChangeLaura PeckPre-AP chemistryDickson County High School
Accompanies: Holt Modern Chemistry Text
Objectives
●The science of chemistry
●Matter and its Properties
●Elements
Chemistry is a Physical
Science●Chemistry: is the study of the
composition, structure, and properties of
matter, the processes that matter
undergoes, and the energy changes that
accompany these processes.
Six Branches of Chemistry●1. Organic: studies carbon molecules created
by life. (Petroleum, Plastics, biofuels, etc)
●2. Inorganic: studies non-organic molecules. (organometallics, metal alloys, ion batteries, glass, etc)
●3. Physical: The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy (plasma TVs, energy production, etc)
Six Branches cont…….●4. Analytical: the identification of the components and
composition of materials. (blood testing, water analysis, pollution, EPA, etc)
●5. Biochemistry: the study of substances and processes occurring in living things. (Medical, pharmaceuticals, treatments, allergies, etc)
●6. Theoretical: the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds. (everything above)
3 Types of Research
●1. Basic Research: carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. (NASA, HUBBLE, etc)
●2. Applied Research: Generally carried out to solve a problem (developing new drugs.. Etc)
●3. Technological Development: involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. (iPads, iPhones, Droids, etc..)
Matter and Its Properties●Atom: smallest unit of an element that maintains the
chemical identity of that element.
●Mass: measure of the amount of matter.
●Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space.
●Element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.
●Compound: substance that can be broken down into simpler stable substances. Made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
Properties and Changes in
Matter●Extensive properties: depend on the amount of
matter that is present. (volume, mass, etc)
●Intensive properties: do not depend on the amount of matter present. (melting point, boiling point, etc)
●Physical Property: characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. (melting, boiling, etc)oPhysical Change: change that does not involve a
change in the identity of the substance. (cutting, melting, etc)
Change of state: physical change from
one state to another. ●Solid: definite volume definite shape
●Liquid: definite volume indefinite
shape
●Gas: neither definite volume nor
shape
●Plasma: high-temperature state where
most atoms lose their electrons.
Chemical Properties and
Chemical Changes●Chemical properties is the substance’s ability
to change into another substance.
●Chemical Change ( ) or Reaction is when
substances are converted into other
substancesoReactants: the ‘ingredients’ – wood, oxygen & heat
oProducts: what are formed – ash, CO2 & steam
CO2 H2O(Oxygen)
Energy and Changes in Matter●Enthalpy is the amount of energy released
or absorbed during a chemical or physical
change (. )
oTo melt from Ice to liquid, the H2O must absorb
energy from the environment.
oTo freeze from liquid to ice, the H2O must release
energy to the environment.
o(energy levels) solid<liquid<gas<plasma
oThe Law of Conservation of Energy dictates that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
Classification of Matter
●Mixtures are made from 2 or
more substances that retain their
identities.oHomogeneous = same throughout
oHeterogeneous = not uniform
●Pure Substance has fixed
composition and the same
characteristic properties
throughout.oCompound = 2 or more elements
chemically bonded together
oElement = identical atoms throughout.
Laboratory Chemicals and Purity
●Grades of Purity, but none are 100% purePrimary Standard Reagents highest
ACS (American Chemical Society
Specified reagents)
USP (U.S. Pharmacopoeia standard)
CP (Chemically Pure)
NF (National Formulary specifications)
FCC (Food Chemical Code specifications)
Technical (industrial chemicals) lowest
●You NEVER EVER
Return a reagent back
To the original bottle.
This will contaminate
The purity of your
Master reagent!
Elements●Groups/families: vertical columnsoSimilar chemical properties
●Periods: horizontal rowsoPhysical/chemical properties change regularly
across.
…
…
…
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…
…
…
…
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…
…
…
…………………………………………………………………………….
Types of Elements●Metals: an element that is a good
electrical conductor and heat conductor.
Properties: most are solid
at room Temperature,
malleability, ductile,
Tensile strength, luster.
Discuss the differences
between
Copper and mercury.
●Nonmetals: poor conductors of heat and
electricity.oMany are gases at room temperature.
Bromine is a liquid. Carbon, Phosphorous,
selenium, sulfur and iodine are solids.
oTend to be brittle.
●Metalloids: Has some characteristics
of metals and some characteristics of
nonmetals.oSolid at room temperature, less malleable,
semiconductors, some have luster.
Which metalloid is
Essential for our
Computer-driven
Technology?
What State has a
Valley named
After it?
●Noble Gases: Part of the nonmetals,
these elements are gases at room
temperature.oGenerally unreactive with other elements
Which noble gas is
Close to ‘running out’
In commercial
production?
Discuss why its
production Is limited
by radioactive
Decay.