Chapter 4 change state of matter

8/9/2019 Chapter 4 change state of matter

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MATTER AND SUBSTANCESMATTER AND SUBSTANCES


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When we go sightseeing in a park,

we are surrounded by a ariety o!physi"a# ob$e"ts% There are ariety&ateria#s su"h as trees, swingsand s#ides% 'n addition, there are a

ariety o! a(uati" #i!e in o"ean and"ertain#y !resh air in the park%

C)AN*ES + STATE +

MATTER


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Matter is anything that has &ass and o""upies spa"e % The kineti" theory o! &atter states that-

Matter is &ade up o! tiny and dis"rete parti"#es % The parti"#es are "onstant#y ibrating , rotating or&o ing !ree#y %

There are !or"e o! attra"tion and kineti" energy

between the parti"#es%.arti"#e ha e kineti" energy and are "onstant#y"o##iding into ea"h other%

The te&perature in"reases the kineti" energy a#soin"reases%

/ineti" theory


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The "hara"teristi" o!&atter in the so#id,

#i(uid and gas states


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or"es o!attra"tionbetween parti"#es

0ery strong Not ery strong 0ery weak

/ineti" energy o!the parti"#es

0ery #ow Moderate strong 0ery high

Density )igh Moderate 0ery #ow

Shape i1ed i1ed but o##owsthe shape o! the"ontainer

Not 21ed but!o##ows the shapeo! "ontainer%

0o#u&e i1ed i1ed Not 21ed but!o##ows the

o#u&e o! the"ontainer

Co&pression Cannot "o&press 0ery di3"u#t to"o&press

Easi#y"o&pressed


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Changes in state o!

&atterSublimation

Sublimation


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A "hange in state , in o# es the #oss orabsorption o! heat%


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Me#ting

Melting point Occur at the melting point

of a solid for ice it is 0ºc.Heat is absorb causing the particles tovibrate faster and more vigorously.The force attraction between theparticles will lower and this causes theparticles to move further apart andbecome a liquid.


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ree4ing

Opposite of melting at the freezing pointwater freezes at 0ºc.

! liquid is cooled and heat is released fromthe liquid.

The "inetic energy decreased and the forcesof attraction between the particles increases.The particles get closer to one another and

liquid freeze


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Boi#ing

)appens at boi#ing point o! a #i(uid !orwater it is 5667C%8i(uid is heated to boi#ing, heat energy isabsorbed and the kineti" energy betweenparti"#e in"reased%

The #i(uid parti"#es ha e higher kineti"energy to o er"o&e the !or"es o!attra"tion between the parti"#es and turninto a #i(uid %


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Condensation

+pposite o! boi#ing

When apour9gas: is "oo#ed,heat is re&o ed , kineti" energybetween parti"#e de"reases%

or"e attra"tion between&o#e"u#es in"rease The gas turns into #i(uid !or& %


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Sub#i&ation

'n the pro"ess o!

sub#i&ation , a so#id "hangesdire"t#y to the gaseous stateor a gas "hange dire"t#y to

the so#id state without goingthrough the #i(uid state%


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We know that &atter "onsists

o! tiny parti"#es that aredis"rete% The parti"#es areknown as ato&s % An ato& is

&ade up o! three subato&i"parti"#es "a##ed e#e"tron ,neutrons and e#e"trons%

Ato&i" stru"ture


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De e#op&ent o! ato&i"

&ode#5;6;, @ , Nie#s Bohr= proposed orbiting the nu"#eus


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There are three type o! subato&i"parti"#es in an ato&s% ',e - protons,neutrons and e#e"tron %.roton and neutrons &ake up theato&i" !or& in the "entre

Ato&Ato& "ir"#e around the nu"#eus at ahigh speed in 21ed routes "a##ede#e"tronse#e"trons

Subato&i" parti"#es


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Properties

Electrons Protons Neutrons

Sy&bo#s ee pp nn8o"ation AroundAround

thenu"#eus

'n the"enter"enter

'n thenu"#eus

The&o e&ent


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'n nature a## the ato&s arenatura#natura# %, ie- the nu&ber o! protonsis e(ua# to the nu&ber o!e#e"trons% An ato&s that a""eptse#e"trons wi## be"o&e negati ene gati e "harged% An ato& that #osese#e"trons wi## be"o&e positi epositi e "harged%

.roton nu&ber and

nu"#eon nu&ber


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.roton Nu&ber# The proton nu&ber is the nu&bernu&ber o! protons in theato&s

.R+T+N NUMBER F NUMBER + .R+T+NS

Nu"#eon Nu&ber The nu"#eon nu&ber o! an ato& is the su&su& o! protonsand neutrons in the nu"#eus o! the ato&%

NUC8E+N NUMBER F NUMBER + .R+T+NS G NUMBER+ NEUTR+NS%

# The ato&i" &ass is near#y sa&esa&e to the &ass o! theprotons and neutrons in the ato&i" nu"#eus as the &ass

o! the ato&ato& is too s&a## and "an be ignored%


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Atom Number of

nucleon (A)

Number of

Protons

(Z)

Numberof

Electrons (=Z)

Number of

neutrons (A-

Z=N)Hydrog

en5 5 1

Helium

!it"ium ? @ #$"lorin

e#% 1& 1&

E1a&p#es-


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'sotopes

'sotopes are e#e&ents that ha e the sa&enu&ber o! protonsprotons but diHerent nu&ber o!

neutronsneutrons %'sotopes o! the sa&e e#e&ent ha e the sa&e"he&i"a#"he&i"a# properties but diHerent physi"a#physi"a# properties%

+1ygen has three isotopes, o1ygen=5 , o1ygen=5?, and o1ygen=5;% The proton nu&ber is ; butthree isotopes ha e diHerent nu&ber o! neutrons%neutrons%


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A## the e#e&ente#e&ent &ust be "#assi2ed andarranged in a proper way% S"ientist ha earrangearra nge these e#e&ent based on theirphysi"a# properties and "he&i"a#properties%D&itri Mende#ee 9 !ather o! the periodi"tab#e: had "#assi2ed the e#e&entsa""ording to a""ending order nu&ber o!nu&ber o!proton%proton%

C#assi2"ation o!

e#e&ent


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The periodi" tab#e has 5; groups% The erti"a# "o#u&n is "a##ed a group%

A## the e#e&ents in ea"h group ha e sa&e "he&i"a#"he&i"a# properties they ha e sa&e nu&ber o! proton in theouter&ost she##%

The hori4onta# rows in the periodi" tab#e are knownas periodperiod %

There are ? periods in the periodi" tab#e and thee#e&ent o! ea"h period is arranged in as"endingorder o! proton nu&ber !ro& the #e!t to the right%A## the e#e&ents that are in the sa&e period ha e

sa&e nu&ber e#e"trone#e"tron in the outer&ost she##%

The groups and

periodi" tab#e


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' *P

$ NS+S,S P PE ,+ES

5 A#ka#i Meta# )igh#y rea"ti eEarth a#ka#i &eta# )igh#y rea"ti e

5? Non &eta# 9ha#ogens: ha#ogens

5; Nob#e gases Che&i"a##ystab#e andunrea"ti e

@=5@ Transition &eta# )ard, and shiny,good "ondu"toro! e#e"tri"ity%

Su&&ary o! in!or&ation -

Meta# - group 5, , 5@and transition &eta#

Non=Meta# - group5 ,5?,5;


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The e#e&ente#e&ent in the periodi" tab#e "an be di ided intothree &ain groups, na&e#y &eta# , se&i=&eta#, se&i=&eta# and

non=&eta#s%When &o ing a"ross the period, the e#e&ents ary-

.roperties o! physi"a#physi"a# I the e#e&ents "hange !ro&&eta#s to non=&eta#s

StateState "ondition= the e#e&ents "hange !ro& so#id tothe gaseous state%E#e&ents a#so "hange !ro& being e#e"tri""ondu"ti ity"ondu"ti it y to being e#e"tri" insu#ator%

The ato&i" si4e in"reasesin"reases %

'&portan"e o! the

periodi" tab#e


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Matter "onsists o! parti"#es known as e#e&ente#e&ent %E#e&ent are substan"es that "onsist o! ato&s o! one

type on#y%Meta# substan"es &ade up o! ato&s he#d in p#a"e bystrong !or"es o! attra"tion "a##ed &o#e"u#es&o#e"u#es %Most non=&eta# !ro& &o#e"u#es , a &o#e"u#e "onsists

o! oneone or &ore ato&s o! the sa&e type or diHerenttypes whi"h are "he&i"a##y "o&bined together%So&e &eta# "o&bine with non=&eta# by KKKK% +!e#e"trons to !or& KKKK%"o&pounds%

.roperties o! substan"esbased on the parti"#es

present in the&


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A &o#e"u#e is a parti"#e that is &ade up o! twoor &ore ato&s that are "o&bined together%

There are two type o! &o#e"u#esLMo#e"u#es that ha e two or &ore ato&s o! thesa&e type%

Mo#e"u#es that "onsist o! diHerent or &ore typeo! ato&s%

Mo#e"u#es


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There are weak !or"es o!attra"tion between the &o#e"u#eswhi"h are known as attra"tion!or"es% There are a group o! so#ids knownas KKKKK%&a"ro&o#e"u#eswhi"h are he#d by ery strong"o a#ent bonds% Dia&ond andgraphite are the best e1a&p#es o!"o a#ent &a"ro&o#e"u#es whi"hareKKKK%%so#ids%


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'ons


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Physicalproperty

AtomicSubstance

Molecular Substance IonicSubstances

Physical state at

roomtemperature

$olid$olid e%cept

mercury

$olid & 'odine

(iquid & )ater *as & O%ygen+ *as liquid and solidsfor macromolecules

$olid$olid ,crystalline-

Arrangement ofparticles

ac"ed veryclosely

$olid & ac"ed(iquid & /ot pac"ed/ot pac"ed

*as & ar apart

ac"ed veryclosely

Forces ofattractionbetweenparticles

1ery strongthrough metallicbonding

)ea" through attractionattraction forces

1ery strong bychargedcha rged bonding

.hysi"a# .roperties


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eltingpoint andboilingpoint

)igh)i gh&e#tingand boi#ingpoints

8ow )igh)i gh&e#tingandboi#ingpoints

Electricalconducti.

ity

"ondu"ti it"ondu"ti ityy e#e"tri"ity

in water ororgani"so# ents

Does notDoes not"ondu"t"ondu"t

e#e"tri"ity inwater butso#ub#e inorgani"so# ents

Condu"tse#e"tri"ity

in &o#tenstate

Solubility Does notDoes notdisso# edisso# e inanything

Undisso# eUndisso# e inwater butso#ub#e inorgani"so# ents

disso# edisso# e in waterbutinso#ub#ein organi"


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.hysi"a# properties

etals /i0erences Non-metals


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Ha.e s"inysurfaces

8u&inosity Ha.e dullsurfaces

/uctile Du"ti#ity Not ductile

Easily rolled or"ammered intofoils or t"ins"eets

Ma##eabi#ity $annot beforged

Hig" Tensi#e strength

!o'ood conductorof electricity

E#e"tri"a#"ondu"ti ity

/o not conductelectricity

e2cept carbon'ood conductorof "eat

)eat "ondu"ti ity Poor conductorof "eat

Hig" Me#ting point andboi#ing point

!o

Hig" Density !o

Solid (e2cept State of matter Solid4 li3uid4 or

Uses o! &eta# non=


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etal P"ysical Property *se

+ron )igh tensi#e strength ail ay trac5s andframe or5 forbridges

Aluminium

8ight, good "ondu"tor o!e#e"tri"ity and heat

6itc"en utensilsand electric cables

$opper Du"ti#e and &a##eab#e,good "ondu"tor o!e#e"tri"ity and heat

Electrical ires

,in Do not rust Electroplating offood cans

'old Does not rust and isshiny

7e ellery

!ead /uctile4 malleable $able casing

Uses o! &eta# non=&eta#


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Non-metal P"ysical Property *se

$arbon

(grap"ite)

So!t and s&ooth,

good "ondu"tor o!e#e"tri"ity

!ead of pencils4

used as t"eelectrodes inelectrolysis andin dry cell

$arbon(diamond) )ard /rill bits forcutting stoneNeon gasand 5rypton

.oor "ondu"tor o!heat

!ig"ts used forbillboards

$"lorine Acidic *sed to 5ill germsin drin5ing ater


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Uses o! non=&eta#s

Dia&ondsare &ost#y

used to&ake

$ewe##ery

Su#phur isingredient in

&aking paint

Su#phur isused to&ake

&at"hsti"k tips

M h d ! i! i


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$"aracteristics of pure substances8pure substan"es do not "ontain any i&purities%pure substan"es a#ways ha e spe"i2" &e#ting9!ree4ing: point and boi#ing point%!or e1a&p#e - pure water boi#s at 566 oC and i"e&e#ts or !ree4es at 6 oC at nor&a# at&ospheri"pressure% pure iron &e#ts at 5O 6 oC and boi#sat ;66 oC at nor&a# at&ospheri" pressure%

Methods o! puri!ying

substan"es


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any i&purities added to a puresubstan"e wi## in"rease the boi#ingpoint or #ower the !ree4ing 9or&e#ting: point o! that substan"e%!or e1a&p#e - water that is addedwith sa#t wi## boi# at a te&peraturehigher than 566 oC and wi## !ree4e ata te&perature #ower than 6 oC%

et"od of substance


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i&purities "an be separated !ro& puresubstan"es%the pro"ess o! separating i&purities!or& a substan"e is "a##ed puri2"ation%there are two &ethods o! puri2"ation -

disti##ation"rysta##isation

et"od of substancepuri9cation8

e o s o


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e o s opuri2"ation

.uri2"ation is a pro"ess o! re&o ing i&purities !ro& asubstan"e%

The &ethods are-a: i#tration - pro"ess o! separating so#id !ro& #i(uid

Mi1ture o! so#idand #i(uid

i#ter paper

Residue 9so#id:

i#trate 9#i(uid:

b: Crysta##isation pro"ess o! !or&ing "rysta#s !ro& a


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b: Crysta##isation - pro"ess o! !or&ing "rysta#s !ro& a#i(uid or gas= produ"tion o! sa#t !ro& sea water

= produ"tion o! pure so#id "opper9'':su#phate !ro&its so#ution

Substan"e in "rysta# !or&


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"rysta##isation is a puri2"ation &ethod"arried out to obtain pure "rysta#s !ro&a saturated so#ution o! the substan"es%e1a&p#e - puri2"ation o! sa#t !ro& itssaturated so#ution%

saturated so#ution is a so#ution"ontaining &a1i&u& (uantity o!so#ute%

": Disti##ation a pro"ess to obtain a pure #i(uid !ro& a


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": Disti##ation- a pro"ess to obtain a pure #i(uid !ro& aso#ution o! #i(uid &i1ture%= produ"tion o! disti##ed water= petro#eu& !ra"tions 9 !ra"tiona# disti##ation :

.or"e#in "hips- To break up theair bubb#es

Tap water Pows to "oo# the apour"ondense it into #i(uid

To &ake sure the"ondenser

is !u##y 2##ed withwater

is used to obtain pure #i(uid !ro& a so#ution


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p (whi"h "ontains i&purities%this &ethod is used to separate two #i(uids

9#i(uid &i1ture: that -disso# e one anotherdo not rea"t

possess diHerent boi#ing pointsdisti##ation in o# es the pro"ess o! heating#i(uid unti# it be"o&es apour 9gas:this apour is then "ondenses to be"o&e pure#i(uid%


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disti##ation "an be "ondu"ed to separate&i1tures o! substan"es su"h as puri!ying a#"oho#

!ro& a &i1ture o! a#"oho# and water and a#sopuri!ying water !ro& a &i1ture o! water and sa#t%the substan"e with a #ower boi#ing point boi#sand aporises ear#ier%

then the gas 9 apour: wi## go through"ondensation to !or& the pure produ"t o!disti##ation%


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ra"tiona# disti##ation


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disti##ation and "rysta##isation

are o!ten used to obtain puresubstan"es%these puri2"ation &ethods

ha e produ"ed &anysubstan"es !or our dai#y needs%

Puri9cation

et"od8

e1a&p#es o! the app#i"ation o! disti##ation -


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p ppbreaking "rude petro#eu& into its !ra"tionssu"h as petro#, kerosene and diese# to produ"e

!ue#s and to &ake arious kinds o! p#asti"&ateria#%produ"tion o! pure water or disti##ed water !orthe preparation o! "he&i"a# so#ution,

&edi"ine, as we## as !ood and be erages%obtaining pure ethano# !ro& !er&entation o!sugar so#ution and yeast%

e1a&p#es o! the app#i"ation o! "rysta##isation-

produ"tion o! sa#t !ro& seawater%preparation o! white sugar "rysta#s !ro&

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Chapter 4 change state of matter