Changes in Europe during the 1800s

During the 1800s

STANDARD WHII.8

The student will demonstrate knowledge of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the nineteenth century by

a) assessing the impact of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, including changes in political boundaries in Europe after 1815.

b) describing unsuccessful revolutions on the continent and political reform in the United Kingdom.

The French Revolution left a powerful legacy for world history: secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas.

Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under French domination was unsuccessful.

The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.

Essential Understandings

Napoleon dominated Europe through conquest

Most of Europe came under his power

His influence was far reaching

In the end, he was unsuccessful at holding it all together

Legacy of Napoleon

His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly

Legacy of Napoleon

His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly

"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code."[

Legacy of Napoleon

His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly

"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code.“

He introduced his set of laws to all the nations he conquered

Legacy of Napoleon

His Napoleonic Code influenced the world greatly

"My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code.“

He introduced his set of laws to all the nations he conquered

Even after his death, the nations kept his code!

Legacy of Napoleon

Legacy of Napoleon He unified Europe

Europe used to be controlled by the Catholic Church known as the Holy Roman Empire

Ever since Martin Luther, Europe was becoming more secular

Napoleon forced the Holy Roman Empire to be dissolved

Legacy of Napoleon

The Holy Roman Empire controlled much of Europe

They were strict

They kept the nations of Europe divided to easily control them

Legacy of Napoleon

The nations of Europe became inspired to divide their land differently

Who became ruler of France as a result of the French Revolution?

A Louis XVI

B Henry IV

C Napoleon Bonaparte

D Marie Antoinette

SOL Question…

Which of Napoleon’s achievements influences governments today?

A The conquest of Portugal

B The unification of Europe

C The codification of the law

D The restoration of the monarchy

SOL Question…

Congress of Vienna

Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent

Congress of Vienna

Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent

This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna

Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent

This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna

It was the first time in history that this many nations came together to discuss treaties and borders

Congress of Vienna

Many ambassadors from all over Europe came together to meet about their continent

This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna

It was the first time in history that this many nations came together to discuss treaties and borders

All the members came to agreement

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

Congress of Vienna

Nationality

A body of people sharing common descent, history, language, etc.

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”

Congress of Vienna

Balance of Power

All nations should have equal power, no nation should be able to become strong

enough to force itself on the rest

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”

• Each nation believed no other nation should be able to become strong enough to force itself on the rest

•This working together became known as the “Concert of Europe”

Congress of Vienna

•New nations were created based on common nationalities

• A new map was created

•All nations attempted to keep a “Balance of Power”

• Each nation believed no other nation should be able to become strong enough to force itself on the rest

•This working together became known as the “Concert of Europe”

•Many monarchies (kings and queens) returned to power

Congress of Vienna

During the Congress of Vienna, what was the goal of the “balance of power” doctrine?

A Granting equal voting rights to all citizens

B Dividing authority between kings and parliaments

C Preventing one nation from becoming more powerful than others

D Sharing power between nations and religious institutions

SOL Question…

• Not everyone was happy with the Congress of Vienna!

• Nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century.

• The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states.

The Rest of Europe!

•Though many nations were united, several were still divided

• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided

The Rest of Europe!

•Though many nations were united, several were still divided

• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided

The Rest of Europe!

•Though many nations were united, several were still divided

• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided

• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided

The Rest of Europe!

•Though many nations were united, several were still divided

• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided

• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided

The Rest of Europe!

Papal States

Territories in the Italian peninsula under the direct rule of the Pope

•Though many nations were united, several were still divided

• The German states (with a common language and heritage) were divided

• The Italian states (known as the Papal States) also remained divided

The Rest of Europe!

•Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions and legislative actions in Europe.

The Rest of Europe!

• In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

• England did NOT have a revolution

• They changed society to allow more equality and created voting reform

The Rest of Europe!

What was the legacy of Napoleon?

What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?

Essential Questions

STANDARD WHII.8c, d

The student will demonstrate knowledge of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the nineteenth century by

c) explaining events related to the unification of Italy and the role of Italian nationalists;

d) explaining events related to the unification of Germany and the role of Bismarck.

Unification of Italy

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.

The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

Unification of Germany

Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.

Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.

Essential Knowledge

Italy and Germany became nation-states

long after the rest of Europe.

Essential Understandings

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

Italy

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

Italy

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

These states were controlled by the country of Austria

Italy

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

These states were controlled by the country of Austria

Italy

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

These states were controlled by the country of Austria

Italy Not Australia!

Italy was divided into the Papal States still based on the old Roman Empire

These states were controlled by the country of Austria

Italy

Not Australia!

Camillo di Cavour became the leader of the Italian state of the Kingdom of Sardinia

Italy

Camillo di Cavour became the leader of the Italian state of the Kingdom of Sardinia

Italy

Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!

Italy

Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!

The French cut a deal with Austria and turned against Cavour

Italy

Cavour joined with the leader of France to fight Austria for independence!

The French cut a deal with Austria and turned against Cavour… he was left to fight on his own

Italy

Soon, Cavour won and united all of Northern Italy

Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Lead an army to conquer the Austrian control of southern Italy

Italy

Italy The two men would soon combine the north and south of Italy

Italy The two men would soon combine the north and south of Italy

Italy The Papal States were the last to join, but soon all of Italy was united

This square was named for the –

A Noble who unified the states of northern Italy

B General who led Italian troops during World War I

C Sculptor who contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance

D Pope who took office just after the Protestant Reformation

SOL Question…

This person is important because he —

A convinced the Papal States to support independence for Italy

B developed the Italian fascism adopted after World War I

C conquered southern Italy to unite it with northern Italy

D commanded the Italian forces during World War I

SOL Question…

Giuseppe Garibaldi played a major role in the —

A forming of the Kingdom of Sardinia

B unification of Italy

C strengthening of the powers of the Pope

D destruction of the Italian republican movement

SOL Question…

Germany was divided into several states

Germany

Germany was divided into several states

Prussia was the largest

Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government

Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government

He believed in ruling with an iron fist

Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government

He believed in ruling with an iron fist

This is known as “Realpolitik”

Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia – the head of the government

He believed in ruling with an iron fist

Germany

Realpolitik

Doing anything to hold power

Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also

Germany

Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also

Bismarck’s armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire

Germany

Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also

Bismarck’s armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire

The ruler of Germany became known as the Kaiser

Germany

Prussia was at war with the Austrians and the French also

His armies defeated both and he united the German lands under the German empire

The ruler of Germany became known as the Kaiser

The only German land he could not unite with the rest of Germany was Austria

Germany

AUSTRIA

What term is used to describe Bismarck’s beliefs expressed in this quote?

A Realpolitik

B Perestroika

C Imperialism

D Appeasement

SOL Question…

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Great Britain

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it

Great Britain

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it

Great Britain

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it

After the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Britain didn’t want any more large wars

They gave Canada the right to “Self-rule”

Great Britain

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Britain’s empire had grown so large, the sun was always shining on some part of it

After the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Britain didn’t want any more large wars

Great Britain

Self-Rule

A country can rule itself in almost all matters!

These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule

Great Britain

Canada is given

self-rule

These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule

Great Britain Australia:

Originally a prisoner

colony

Gold is found in 1851, thousands

rush in

The native Aborigines were moved and died

from disease

Canada is

given self-rule

These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule

Great Britain

Canada is

given self-rule

Australia:

Originally a prisoner colony

Gold is found in 1851, thousands

rush in

The native Aborigines were moved and died

from disease

New Zealand:

Native inhabitants – Maori – give

British control of the island

These countries became part of the huge British Empire, but all were given the right of self-rule

Great Britain Australia:

Originally a prisoner

colony

Gold is found in 1851, thousands

rush in

The native Aborigines were moved and died

from disease

Canada is

given self-rule

New Zealand:

Native inhabitants – Maori – give

British control of the island

Unlike the rest of Europe (they had to fight for the right to unite and rule their own countries) Britain was giving many of its countries the power to run themselves

Of course, Britain owned the countries and had the benefits of ownership

Great Britain

Essential Questions

• What events led to the unification of Italy?

• What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany?