Chapter 24 Section 1

Giuseppe Marconi Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Red shirts Victor Emmanuel

Prince Metternich wanted to maintain old Europe

15 years later Metternich said old Europe is nearing the end

Nationalism a growing force during the 1800’s

Fostered by some of the decisions made at the Congress

Congress created political boundaries

They ignored national groups

Placed group under control of large empires

Some had different ethnic groups

Austria empire home to Croats Czechs Germans Hungarians Italians Poles Serbs Slovenes

Italians split into three groups

Much of northern Italy under Austrian rule

Some Italian states under Hapsburg rule

Some under French Rule

Italian nationalism grew under opposition to this rule

• Artists,, writers, thinkers celebrate Italy’s traditions

• Italians in Austria formed secret societies

• Plotting overthrow of Austrian government

• 1831 Giuseppe Mazzini helped launch the group Young Italy

• Fight for the unification of Italian states

• He had been exiled for being outspoken

• Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy

• Mazzini believed Europe needed to redraw the lines set by the Congress of Vienna

Mazzini attracted tens of thousands of Italians

Italy ready to unite behind a strong national leader

Nationalists revolutions spread throughout Europe in 1848

State of Piedmont declared war against Austria and was defeated

1849 Revolutionaries seized Rome

French troops helped Pope regain control

Sardinia was the only successful revolution

Camillo di Cavour- leader for Italian reunification

Thought Italian nationalist movement was strong enough to unite Italy

Founded nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento (rebirth)

1852 Cavour becomes

prime minister Believe thriving

economy was important

Believed Italy should be a monarchy

Supported France in its war with Russia

France supported them with the war with Austria

1860 northern Italian states were liberated from Austria

Giuseppe Garibaldi- was called the sword of Italy

1833 joined the Young Italy movement

Learned guerilla warfare from his exile in South America

Returned to Italy in 1854

Named after their colorful uniforms

Using guerilla warfare gained control of Sicily in 1860

Cavour annexed territory in central Italy

1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome

Italian troops enter Rome

Italy unified King Victor

Emanuel their leader

Strong regional differences led to lack of unity

Italians resented being governed by Rome

Rome became new capitol in 1871

Catholic church did not recognize Italy as a legitimate nation

Pope prohibited Catholics from voting

Poverty was a serious problem

Rising taxes led to revolts

Poverty led Italians to emigrate

At the time of unification only the wealthiest men could vote

As Italy industrialized reforms were passed Limiting working

hours Prohibiting child labor Built transportation

and water systems Encouraged industry

1882 Italy formed a military alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany

Would defend each other if attacked

This alliance brought most of Europe into war in 1914

Tried to gain control of Ethiopia

1896 defeated by Ethiopian army

1911 Italy declare war on the Ottoman Empire

Italy gained territory in Africa