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this is an article for International Business task. this article telling us about trade policies.trade policies in some country in europe, USA and Asia
Citation preview
9-1
chapter 9
Formulation of National
Trade Policies
International Business, 6th E
dition
Griffin & Pustay
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-2
Rationales for Trade Intervention
• Should a national government intervene to protect the country’s domestic firms by taxing foreign goods entering the domestic market or constructing other barriers against imports?
• Should a national government directly help the country’s domestic firms increase their foreign sales through export subsidies, government-to-government negotiations, and guaranteed loan programs?
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-3
Free Trade or Fair Trade?
Free Trade Fair Trade
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-4
Industry-Level Arguments
National Defense
Infant Industry
Maintenance of Existing Jobs
Strategic Trade
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-5
National Defense Argument
• Country must be self-sufficient in critical raw materials, machinery, and technology or else be vulnerable to foreign threats
• Appeals to general public
• Protects steel, electronics, and machine tools industries, and merchant marines
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-6
Infant Industry Argument
• Imposition of tariffs to give U.S. firms temporary protection from foreign competition until firms are fully established
• Powerful economic development strategy
• Which industries should be protected? For how long?
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-7
Maintenance of Existing Jobs
• Jobs in high-wage countries threatened by imports from low-wage countries
• Forms of assistance
– Tariffs
– Quotas
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-8
Strategic Trade Theory
Strategic trade theory suggests that a national government can make its country better off if it adopts trade
policies that improve the competitiveness of its domestic firms
in such oligopolistic industries.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-9
STP Example
Boeing
Airbus
Develop
Do not develop
Develop
Do not develop
0
000
10
10- 1- 1
9-10
STP Example: Subsidy Effects
Boeing
Airbus
Develop
Do not develop
Develop
Do not develop
0
000
10
10 + 2 = 12- 1 + 2 = 1
- 1
9-11
In the News: EADS Deal
• EADS – European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company• Was fighting for a $35bn order to build refuelling tankers for U.S. Air Force• Boeing was supplying tankers to Air Force for the last 50 years• Pros: Business reasons; EADS domestication; Boeing 2002 scandal• Cons: Security implications; employment in US• Boeing wins
9-12
National Trade Policies
Economic Development Programs
Industrial Policy
Public Choice Analysis
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-13
Economic Development Programs
ExportPromotionStrategy
ImportSubstitution
Strategy
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-14
Industrial Policy
When industrial policy is pursued, the national government identifies
key domestic industries critical to the country’s future economic growth
and then formulates programs that promote their competitiveness.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-15
Public Choice Analysis
Special interest groups are willing to work harder for the passage of laws favorable to their interests than the general public is willing to work for
the defeat of laws unfavorable to its interests.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-16
Map 9.1 An Effect of the Jones Act
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-17
Barriers to International Trade
• Tariffs: tax placed on a good that is traded internationally
• Non-tariff Barriers: governmental controls on international trade
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-18
Tariff Barriers to International Trade
Exporttariffs
Importtariffs
Ad valorem
Specific
Compound
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-19
Reasons for Tariffs
• Tariffs raise revenues for national governments
• Tariffs act as a barrier to trade
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-20
Figure 9.3 Impact of an Import Tariff on Demand for U.S.-Made SUVs
Quantity of U.S.-made SUVs
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-21
Nontariff Barriers
• Quotas
• Numerical export controls
• Product and testing standards
• Restricted access to distribution networks
• Public-sector procurement policies
• Regulatory controls
• Currency controls
• Investment controls
• Local-purchase requirements
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-22
Figure 9.4 Tariff Rate Quota on Widgets
A tariff rate quota imposes high tariff rates on imports above the threshold level.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-23
These Indian sugarcane workers receive less for their crops because of the tariff-
rate quota imposed by the U.S.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-24
Other Nontariff Barriers
• Product and testing standards
• Restricted access to distribution networks
• Public-sector procurement policies
• Local-purchase requirements
• Regulatory controls
• Currency controls
• Investment controls
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-25
Figure 9.5 Types of Barriers to International Trade
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9-26
Promotion of International Trade
Subsidies
Foreign Trade Zones
Export Financing Programs
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9-27
Map 9.2 Foreign Trade Zone on Mauritius
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-28
Controlling Unfair Trade Practices
• International Trade Administration (ITA)
– Division of U.S. Department of Commerce
– Determines whether an unfair trade practice has occurred
– Confirmed cases transferred to U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)
• Two types of unfair trade practices
– Government subsidies
– Unfair pricing practices
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-29
Controlling Unfair Trade Practices
CountervailingDuties
AntidumpingRegulations
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
9-30
Objectives of Unfair Trade Practice Laws
• Promote global efficiency by encouraging production in those countries that can produce a good most efficiently
• Ensure that trade occurs on the basis of comparative advantage, not the size of government subsidies
• Protect consumers from predatory behavior
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall