Chapter 10Blue Azar, 4th ed.

10-1: Certainty, Present Timemodal + simple verbWhere is Sarah today?

A. She is at home.B. She must be at home.C. She may be at home.D. She might be at home.E. She could be at home.

100% sure

probably, most likely

I don’t know, I’m guessing

10-1: 100%, probably, guess 1. Chad might be home by now.

guess

2. Phil must be home now. probably, most likely

3. Mr. Brown is at home now. 100% sure

4. Lily must know the answer to this question. probably, most likely

5. You may remember me from high school. guess

6. We could be related! guess

10-2: Certainty, Present Negative modal + not + simple verbWhere is Sarah?

A. She isn’t at home.B. She couldn’t be at home.C. She can’t be at home.D. She must not be at home.E. She may not be at home.F. She might not be at home.

100% sure

That’s impossible!

Best guess

Possibility

10-3: Certainty, Past Time modal + have + past participle+ noun/adj.Where was Sarah?

A. She was at home.B. She must have been at home.C. She may have been at home.D. She might have been at home. E. She could have been at home.

100% sureprobably, most

likely

I don’t know, I’m guessing

10-3: Certainty, Past Negative modal + not + have + past participle + noun/adj.Where was Sarah?

A. She wasn’t at home.B. She couldn’t have been at home.C. She can’t have been at home.D. She must not have been at home. E. She may not have been at home.F. She might not have been at home.

100% sure

That’s impossible!

Best guess

Possibility

10-3: PracticeWrite a sentence that describes the given

sentences:1. The little boy is crying. His knees are

scraped and bleeding.2. Someone called, but I don’t know who it

was. Maybe it was Alice, but I’m not sure.3. I’ve lost track of my old friend from high

school. Maybe she moved away. Maybe she got married and has a different last name.

10-3: PracticeWrite a sentence that describes the given

sentences:1. The little boy is crying. His knees are scraped

and bleeding. He must have fallen down.

2. Someone called, but I don’t know who it was. Maybe it was Alice, but I’m not sure.

It may have been Alice.

3. I’ve lost track of my old friend from high school. Maybe she moved away. Maybe she got married and has a different last name.

She could have moved away.

10-4: Certainty, Future Time

100% SURE90% SURE

50% SURE or less

Is John going to be at the party tomorrow?

He will be at the party.He should be at the party.He may be at the party.He might be at the party.He could be at the party.

10-4 PracticeSituation: The students are taking a two-page

quiz. There are five minutes left for the quiz. Who will finish the quiz?

Information: The last two questions on Ron’s paper are still blank. Sarah is working on the last question. Wendy is still working on the first page of the quiz.

_______won’t finish the quiz._______ might finish the quiz._______ should finish the quiz.

RONSARAH

WENDY

10-4 PracticeSituation: We are at the airport in Chicago.

Whose flight will arrive on time?Information: Alice’s plane left on time and

has had no problems in the air. Kay’s plane had a mechanical problem and left an hour late. Jack’s plane left fifteen minutes late, but a strong tail wind helped the plane go faster.

_______should arrive on time._______ won’t arrive on time._______ might arrive on time

KAYJACK

ALICE

10-5: Progressive form, PRESENTmodal + BE + VERB-ing

A: Call Phil. He’s at work right now.B: Let’s email him instead. He could be

working on something important at the moment. Or maybe he’s with a client.

A: Listen, I just heard that Mr. M isn’t going to be our teacher anymore. He has joined the military.

B: You must be kidding! That can’t be true.

10-5: Progressive form, PASTmodal + have been + VERB-ing

A: Sara told me that she had won the lottery, and so she invited us all to dinner at Henri’s French restaurant.

B: Oh, she must have been kidding when she said that. She never plays the lottery!

Joe looked really sleepy when he came to the door. I’m not sure, but he could have been taking a nap when I arrived.

10-6: Ability, Can & CouldShe can draw.When I was a child, I could draw.

What modal is used in #1? What verb follows it?

What modal is used in #2? What verb follows it?

Which sentence describes a current ability?Which sentence describes a past ability?

10-6: PracticeAsk your neighbor these questions:

1. What can you do that not many people can do?

2. What is something you could do as a child that you can’t do now?

Now let’s review…

1) could – past ability2) could – to ask permission

Could you sing when you were a kid?1) could – pastCould I borrow your pen?2) could – to ask permissionCould you take a picture for us?2) could – to ask permissionCould your father run 20 miles?1) could – pastCould you open the door?2) could – to ask permission

10-7: WouldHabitual Past ActionsWhen I was a child, my parents would take me to

the beach every weekend.Pablo would play basketball everyday afterschool

when he was a teenager.My friend used to live in Uzbekistan when she was

in college.Her father used to have a successful business.

Which sentences express a habitual action in the past?

Which sentences express a situation that existed in the past?

10-8: Would ratherTo Express PreferenceA: Let’s go to Mike’s party!B: I would rather stay at home.B: I would rather not go to his party. (negative)B: I would rather have gone to Mike’s party.

(past)B: I would rather be partying at Mike’s house

than staying at home. (progressive)

How many choices are there? What does B prefer to do?Practice: Would you rather be beautiful and

not smart or ugly and very smart? Why?

10-9 Modals + Phrasal ModalsKhaled: Are you still sick?Saud: Yes, but I will be able to go to school

tomorrow.Saud: No, I still feel really sick. I am not

going to be able to go to work tomorrow.

What modals do you see in Saud’s first response?

modal + phrasal modal + base verbWhat modals do you see in Saud’s second

response?phrasal modal + phrasal modal + base verb

modal + modal + base verb