Ch.1: Matter and Change1.1 Chemistry

Sciences used to be divided into

strict categories physical (nonliving) biological (living)

Chemistry has parts that fall under both categories

many sciences are so interrelated that you can’t categorize them in those ways anymore.

Chemistry study of matter and the

changes it undergoes chemists use instruments

to improve their ability to observe and make measurements

Chemistry chemists work with chemicals (any

substance with definite composition) all matter has chemical basis

whether it is living or nonliving

Branches of Chemistry1. organic- study of compounds

containing carbon

2. inorganic- study of compounds that aren’t organic

3. physical- study of changes of matter and their energy

Branches of Chemistry4. analytical- study of composition of

materials5. biochemistry- study of substances

and processes in living things6. theoretical- use of math and

computers to understand chemical behaviors and design new compounds

Types of Research1. Basic Research- done to increase

knowledge2. Applied Research- done to solve a

problem3. Technological Development- done to

improve quality of life

technology – application of knowledge (usually scientific) for practical purposes

WRITE A 3 – 5 SENTENCE SUMMARY ON CHEMISTRY

Pause:

Ch. 1: Matter and Change

1.2 Matter and Its Properties

Terms Matter- anything that has mass and

volume Atom- smallest unit of an element that

keeps the properties of element Element- pure substance made of only one

type of atom Compound- substance made of 2 or more

types of atoms that are chemically bonded Molecule- type of compound in which

bonds are covalent bonds

Properties of Matter chemists use characteristic

properties to tell substances apart and to separate them

some properties define a group of substances

Types of Properties Extensive- depend on the amount of

matter Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy

Intensive- do not depend on the amount

Ex: density, boiling point, ability to conduct

Types of Properties Physical-

characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance

Chemical- relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance

Easiest to see when a chemical is reacting

Physical Changes in Matter change in a substance that doesn’t

change the identity of the substance

Ex. grinding, cutting, melting, boiling

Includes all changes of state (physical changes of a substance from one state to another)

Soliddefinite volumedefinite shapeatoms are packed

together in fixed positionsstrong attractive

forces between atomsonly vibrate in place

Liquiddefinite volumeindefinite shapeatoms are close

together atoms can overcome

attractive forces to flow

Gasesindefinite volumeindefinite shapeatoms move very

quicklyatoms are far apartpretty weak

attractive forces

Changes of State

Plasma high temperature state in which

atoms lose their electrons Ex. the sun

Chemical Changes in Matter

a change in which a substance is converted into a different substance

same as chemical reaction doesn’t change the amount of matter

present reactants- substances that react products- substances that form

mercury + iodine mercuric iodide

Energy Changes in Matterwhen any change occurs, energy

is always involvedenergy can be in different forms

(light, heat, etc.) energy is never destroyed or

created (law of conservation of energy)

Energy Changes in Matter Exothermic Reaction- reaction that

gives off energy (feels warm on outside)

Endothermic Reaction- reaction that uses up energy (feels cold on outside)

Go on to Classification of Matter

Starter 9/14 Determine whether each of the

following is an extensive or intensive property: volume density mass melting point

Ch. 1: Matter and Change

1.2 Classification of Matter

Pure Substances every sample has

same: characteristic

properties composition

are made of: one type of atom:

element• Ex: iron, gold, oxygen

2 or more types of atoms: compound• Ex: salt, sugar, water

Chemical Purity chemicals in lab are treated as pure all chemicals have some level of

impurity different grades of chemical are used

for different purposes

Which are pure substances?

Mixtures blend of 2 or more types of matter each component keeps its own

identity and properties the components are only physically

mixed can be separated using physical

means properties of the mixture are a

combination of the properties of the componenent’s properties

Homogeneous Mixtures also called solution uniform in composition no visible parts

Ex: vinegar clear air salt

water brass

Heterogeneous Mixtures not uniform in composition visible parts

Ex: soil concrete blood chocolate chip

cookies sand in water iced tea with ice

Mixtures

Physical Separation Techniques Filtration- solid part is

trapped by filter paper and the liquid part runs through the paper

Vaporization- where the liquid portion is evaporated off to leave solid

Physical Separation Techniques Decanting- when

liquid is poured off after solid has settled to bottom

Centrifuge- machine that spins a sample very quickly so that components with different densities will separate

Physical Separation Techniques Paper Chromatography- used to

separate mixtures because different parts move quicker on paper than other

PracticeDetermine whether each of the following is element,

compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture.

air wood chlorine granite aluminum sugar in water blood sucrose stainless steel sodium chloride

brass whole milk apple table salt soft drinks vinegar concrete sodium baking soda (NaHCO3) gravel

Ch.1 Matter and Change1.3 Elements

Elements elements are pure substances organized by properties on periodic

table

Elementseach square shows the name

and letter symbol for each element

usually the symbols relate to the English names but some come from older names (usually Latin) Ex: gold’s symbol is Au from aurum Ex: iron’s symbol is Fe from ferrum

Periodic TableGroups

also called families vertical columns numbered 118 have similar chemical properties

Periods horizontal rows properties changes consistently across a

period numbered 1-7

Periodic Table

Periodic Table two rows below the periodic table are

the lanthanide and actinide series

these rows fit after #57 and #89

they are only at the bottom to keep the width of the chart smaller

Types of Elements Metals

an element that is a good conductor of electricity

at room temperature, most are solids

malleable- can be rolled or hammered into sheets

ductile- can be made into wire high tensile strength- can resist

breakage when pulled most have silvery or grayish white

luster

Types of Elements Nonmetals

an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

many are gases at room temperature some are solids: usually brittle, not

malleable

Types of Elements Metalloids

an element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals

appear along staricase line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te all are solids at room temperature less malleable that metals but less brittle

than nonmetals are semiconductors

Types of Elements Noble Gases

generally unreactive gases in far right column of periodic table

(Group 18)