ch1 - thetestbank.euthetestbank.eu/sample/-Test-Bank-for-Children-11th-Edition-Santrock-.pdf · ch1 Student: _____ 1. According to your text, which of the following istrue? A. Development

ch1Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. According to your text, which of the following is true?

A. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and ends in early adulthood.B. All development involves growth.C. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decay.D. Approximately 95 percent of all development occurs in the first nine years of life.

2. Understanding the nature of children's development

A. can help you become a better parent or educator.B. is seldom helpful in becoming a better parent or educator.C. usually conflicts with what children learn about child development from their own parents.D. usually agrees with what children learn about child development from their own parents.

3. Most researchers would agree that

A. most public schools around the United States are doing an excellent job in educating our nation'schildren.

B. the education of our children needs very little improvement.C. something needs to be done to improve the education of our nation's children.D. inner-city schools seem to have adequate funding and teachers to educate the children who attend

those schools.

4. Context refers to

A. one's cultural heritage and nationality characteristics.B. the settings in which development occurs.C. the behavior, patterns, and beliefs that are passed from one generation to another.D. one's race, religion, and language.

5. Madison grew up in a single-parent, poor, urban home with her mother and three siblings. This wasMadison's

A. context.B. culture.C. ethnicity.D. historical setting.

6. A researcher who wants to study the effect of parenting styles on development would need to take intoconsideration the socioeconomic status and cultural settings of the families being studied. This is anexample of concern with the _______ of development.

A. generational inequityB. consistencyC. social policyD. context

1

Full file at https://thetestbank.eu/-Test-Bank-for-Children-11th-Edition-Santrock-

7. Culture encompasses

A. one's ethnic heritage and nationality characteristics.B. the settings in which development occurs.C. the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed on from one generation to another.D. one's race, religion, and language.

8. Passing beliefs and attitudes from one generation to the next is an important aspect of a(n)

A. race.B. culture.C. ethnicity.D. ethnic identity.

9. The Amish teach each generation their traditions for weddings, funerals, and how to manage theirhouseholds. These traditions are part of the Amish

A. cross-cultural context.B. context.C. culture.D. ethnic diversity.

10. To determine what aspects of development are similar across cultures versus those that are culturespecific, one would perform a

A. cross-cultural study.B. cross-sectional study.C. longitudinal study.D. case study.

11. Ethnicity is rooted in

A. race.B. cultural heritage.C. religion.D. All of these.

12. Miyako considers herself to be a member of the Ainu tribe because she speaks their language, followstheir customs, practices their religion, and knows a lot about their history. Miyako's membership in theAinu tribe is an example of her

A. race.B. ethnicity.C. socioeconomic status.D. cultural context.

13. Socioeconomic status refers to a person's position within society based on

A. occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.B. behavior patterns, beliefs, and other practices.C. historical, social, and interpersonal settings.D. cultural heritage, language, race, and religion.

2


https://thetestbank.eu/-Test-Bank-for-Children-11th-Edition-Santrock-

14. Generally, around the world, the experiences of male and female children and adolescents continue tobe

A. very much the same.B. quite different.C. very much the same for young children, but very different for adolescents.D. very much the same for adolescents, but very different for young children.

15. Research has found that resilience in children is related to

A. good intellectual functioning.B. having a close relationship with a caring parent.C. having bonds to caring adults outside the family.D. All of these.

16. Recent research by Marsten and her colleagues on resilience in children has shown that __________factors characterize resilient children and adolescents.

A. individualB. familyC. extrafamilialD. individual, family, and extrafamilial

17. When a government's course of action is designed to promote the welfare of the society's citizens it iscalled

A. socialized equity programs.B. generational policy.C. programmatic legislation.D. social policy.

18. A U.S. politician giving a speech at a school function looks out over a crowd of 100 children. If thecrowd were representative of the children in the United States in 2006, approximately how many of thechildren would be living in poverty?

A. 12B. 17C. 22D. 27

19. In 2006, approximately _____ percent of U.S. children were living in families below the poverty line.

A. 7B. 12C. 17D. 22

20. Which country has the highest percentage of children living in poverty?

A. CanadaB. SwedenC. United StatesD. None of these

3



21. Historian Philippe Ariès studied medieval art and publications and concluded that European societiesprior to 1600

A. did not give any special status to children.B. considered children to have a "naive wisdom" that adults admired.C. considered children "immature" until at least 18 years old.D. viewed children as "childlike" until they married and led independent lives.

22. Historian Philippe Ariès's conclusions regarding the treatment of children prior to 1600 were primarilybased on a study of how children were

A. discussed in cards, letters, and other correspondence that survived from that time.B. dealt with in the laws and courts.C. portrayed in fictional literature.D. portrayed in art and publications.

23. One criticism of Ariès's understanding of how children were treated in 1600 is that he mostly studied

A. Children in public rather than private schools.B. children from immigrant families living in poverty.C. children who were older than 12 years.D. wealthy, aristocratic children.

24. One assumption of the __________ view of the nature of children was that the goal of raising childrenwas to provide salvation and remove evil from the child's life.

A. innate goodnessB. original sinC. tabula rasaD. mechanistic

25. An assumption of the original sin position is that

A. children's nature cannot be amended by child-rearing techniques or discipline.B. children should not be constrained by parents.C. children are sin-free until they are about three years old.D. children are born evil and need salvation.

26. Frank believes that children are born as evil beings and that it is important to punish bad behavior inchildren. When his children say "bad words," he washes their mouths out with soap. Frank seems toadhere to the ______________ view of childhood.

A. innate goodnessB. tabula rasaC. miniature adultD. original sin

27. The assumption that a child's mind is a "blank tablet" at birth that is "written on" by experiencesrepresents which philosophical view?

A. original sinB. tabula rasaC. determinismD. innate goodness

4



28. Lucy believes that her development has been influenced more by her experiences since birth than by hergenetic inheritance. Her beliefs fit best with

A. those of Rousseau.B. the concept of original sin.C. an emphasis on nature.D. Locke's idea of the tabula rasa

29. Which philosophical view makes the assumption that children should be allowed to grow naturally withlittle parental monitoring or constraint?

A. tabula rasaB. innate goodnessC. original sinD. the maturational view

30. A mother lets her child run freely on the playground and rarely intervenes to correct her child's behavior.When a second mother asks why she is so "laid back," she explains that she trusts that her child willfigure out the best way to play with other children. This mother has faith in which philosophical view ofchild development?

A. tabula rasaB. original sinC. religious originD. innate goodness

31. Which theorist or philosopher believed that children are born inherently good?

A. LockeB. RousseauC. SkinnerD. Watson

32. Locke and Rousseau differed in their views of the

A. importance of childhood.B. roles of continuity versus discontinuity in development.C. roles of nature and nurture.D. desirability of having children.

33. Contrary to the view held centuries ago, today we believe that

A. children are miniature adults.B. childhood is a highly eventful and unique period of life.C. children are born with little choice about who they become.D. children may be expected to grow and develop with very little parental support.

34. Unlike people in past centuries, the current view of childhood assumes that

A. children are similar to adults in most ways.B. childhood is a special time of growth and change.C. children are born with little choice about who they become.D. children are independent and can develop with little support from society.

5



35. The modern era of studying children began with some important developments in the

A. early 1800s.B. middle 1800s.C. late 1800s.D. early 1900s.

36. What major shift took place in the study of psychology in the late 1800s? This was a shift to a

A. strictly philosophical perspective on human psychology.B. perspective that includes systematic observation and experimentation.C. pragmatic, behavioristic perspective on human psychology.D. humanistic perspective on human psychology.

37. During the past 150 years, the study of children has

A. declined.B. evolved into a sophisticated science.C. increased at about the same rate as the study of adults.D. received much less attention than the study of adults.

38. Who developed the first modern test of intelligence?

A. Alfred BinetB. G. Stanley HallC. Arnold GesellD. Charles Darwin

39. Who pioneered the use of questionnaires with large groups of children?


40. Who created the photographic dome to systematically observe children's behavior?

A. Alfred BinetB. G. Stanley HallC. Charles DarwinD. Arnold Gesell

41. Who developed a baby journal for recording systematic observations of children?


42. Freud claimed that

A. only genetics are important in a child's development.B. we all become what we want to become.C. early childhood experiences are important determinants of later personality development.D. children move through a series of stages of cognitive development.

6



43. In 1928, John B. Watson, a strict behaviorist, wrote a book about raising children in which he arguedthat good or bad parenting was the most influential factor in determining how children grow up. Hisview about the supreme importance of childhood experiences is consistent with which theorist?

A. Philippe ArièsB. Jean-Jacques RousseauC. John LockeD. Kenneth Clark

44. Which theorist believed that our lives are filled with conflict between biological urges and societaldemands?

A. James Mark BaldwinB. Sigmund FreudC. Jean PiagetD. John B. Watson

45. __________ believed that children could be shaped by the environment to become whatever societywished.


46. Who developed the theory of behaviorism in the 1920s and 1930s?


47. __________ proposed the term genetic epistemology for the study of how children's knowledge changesover time.


48. According to __________, children think in a qualitatively different manner than adults do.


49. Both __________ and __________ focused their own work on understanding how children think.

A. Baldwin; PiagetB. Baldwin; FreudC. Gesell; WatsonD. Piaget; Freud

7



50. Heredity is an example of which process of development?

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. socioemotionalD. individualistic

51. Which of the following is an example of a biological process in development?

A. attentionB. geneticsC. gender roleD. thinking

52. A psychologist observes and records the development of reaching behavior in young infants. Thispsychologist is primarily interested in which developmental process?

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. personalityD. socioemotional

53. The development of the brain, motor skills, and hormonal changes of puberty all reflect the role of_______ processes in development.

A. biologicalB. emotionalC. socialD. cognitive

54. Which of the following examples best reflects the role of cognitive processes in development?

A. a girl's development of assertivenessB. height and weight gainsC. the development of the brainD. memorizing a poem

55. When Tamika learns the first part of the multiplication table, she has shown development in the__________ process.

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. socioemotionalD. personality

56. Interactions with other people are part of which process of development?

A. ethnicB. biologicalC. cognitiveD. socioemotional

57. Kwame became angry because Harry took his toy without asking, and he punched Harry in the arm.Kwame's response reflects the role of __________ processes in his development.


8



58. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, andsocioemotional development?

A. The three are independent processes.B. The three are intricately intertwined during the life span.C. The three do not affect development as much as one's culture does.D. The three differ in their importance at different points in the life cycle.

59. The developmental period during which a single cell grows into an organism is the

A. prenatal period.B. infancy period.C. early childhood period.D. adolescent period.

60. The prenatal period extends from

A. labor to birth.B. conception to labor.C. the third trimester to birth.D. conception to birth.

61. The developmental period characterized by extreme dependence on adults is the

A. infancy period.B. early childhood period.C. middle and late childhood period.D. adolescent period.

62. The period extending from birth to 18 to 24 months is called

A. the neonatal period.B. early childhood.C. youth.D. infancy.

63. The end of early childhood is typically marked by

A. entering first grade.B. having the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic.C. successful toilet training.D. acquiring one's first friend.

64. During the early childhood period, young children are usually

A. learning to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves.B. developing school-readiness skills.C. spending many hours in play and with peers.D. involved in all of these.

65. Another name for middle and late childhood is

A. adolescence.B. the elementary school years.C. the play years.D. the transition years.

9



66. Achievement becomes more important for most children during which developmental period?

A. infancyB. early childhoodC. middle and late childhoodD. adolescence

67. The search for independence and identity are most important during

A. infancy.B. early childhood.C. middle and late childhood.D. adolescence.

68. The beginning of adolescence is marked by

A. the development of stable friendships.B. rapid physical changes.C. an increase in dependence.D. concern with achievement and self-control.

69. Today, developmentalists describe development as a

A. process that ends after adolescence.B. process that is very unpredictable.C. lifelong process.D. process that ends after middle age.

70. Dr. Perry believes that most development is the result of natural maturation and is not affected much bythe environment. Dr. Perry would be considered a proponent of the

A. nature position.B. nurture position.C. continuity position.D. discontinuity position.

71. Psychologists who emphasize the importance of maturation in development would typically focus onwhich of the following to explain development?

A. good prenatal careB. genetic strengths and defectsC. adequate amounts of nutritious foodsD. good educational experiences

72. Biology is to _____ as environment is to ______.

A. nature; nurtureB. nurture; natureC. maturation; natureD. experience; nurture

73. Nurture proponents argue that the most important influence on development is

A. genetic makeup.B. biological inheritance.C. biological environment.D. environmental experiences.

10



74. "It's no use putting her in a special educational program," Misha's dad explained patiently. "She just can'tunderstand things very well. Her grandpa was the same way. We might as well get used to it now."Misha's dad seems to

A. view development as a discontinuous process.B. hold a nurture view of development.C. view development as a continuous process.D. hold a nature view of development.

75. Which of the following statements might a nurture proponent make to provide support for his or herposition?

A. Humans walk before they talk.B. One grows rapidly in infancy and less so in early childhood.C. Individuals reach the peak of their physical strength in late adolescence and early adulthood and then

decline.D. Smoking during pregnancy affects the prenatal development of the fetus.

76. The nature-nurture controversy involves the debate about whether development is

A. gradual or comes in distinct stages.B. most influenced by experiences during infancy or those later in life.C. primarily influenced by biology or the environment.D. influenced by all of these.

77. The question of how much of development is due to heredity and how much is the result ofenvironment

A. relates to the existence of developmental stages.B. is the nature-nurture controversy.C. is the continuity-discontinuity issue.D. relates to whether qualitative or quantitative changes occur in development.

78. One psychologist says Michelle's problems at school are from brain damage she suffered because of hermother's poor nutrition before Michelle was born. Another discusses Michelle's genetically based healthproblems. A third emphasizes the lack of quality intervention during Michelle's early years. On which ofthe following would these three developmentalists be likely to agree?

A. There is little that can be done to help Michelle at this point.B. Michelle would be helped tremendously by intensive therapy.C. Michelle's problems are probably the result of an interaction between nature and nurture.D. Psychologists must identify whether Michelle's problems are due to either inadequate nature or

nurture before they can help her.

79. The continuity-discontinuity controversy involves a debate about whether development is


80. "The ability to engage in thoughtful reflection seems to happen all of a sudden. But if one carefullyexamines it, this ability is actually based on an accumulation of experiences across many years." Thisstatement supports a ______ view of development.

A. natureB. nurtureC. continuousD. discontinuous

11



81. A tadpole becoming a frog is an example of

A. continuity in development.B. nurture's role in development.C. discontinuity in development.D. developmental stability.

82. A belief in the existence of qualitative changes in development is consistent with

A. a continuity position.B. a discontinuity position.C. a nurture position in development.D. developmental stability.

83. How would a developmentalist who emphasizes continuity describe puberty? It is

A. an abrupt, discontinuous processB. a gradual process occurring over several yearsC. a period of storm and stressD. psychosocial change over which we have no control

84. Insects go through egg, larval, and adult stages of development. These stages best illustrate whichcharacteristic of development?

A. changeB. stabilityC. instabilityD. discontinuity

85. Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud were famous psychological theorists who proposed that humandevelopment should be seen as passing through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively,rather than quantitatively, different. Their theories are good examples of _____ theories ofdevelopment.

A. maturationalB. continuousC. discontinuousD. dialectical

86. José was abused as a young boy but did not grow up to become an abuser himself. Instead, he led afulfilling family life. This is an example of

A. the later-experience view of development.B. the early-experience view of development.C. discontinuity in development.D. continuity in development.

87. The early versus later experience controversy involves a debate about whether development is


12



88. According to the research findings of Jerome Kagan, children who showed an inhibited temperament attwo years of age

A. were unable to change their temperament later in life.B. were always able to change their temperament with the proper type of intervention.C. have the capacity to change their behavior at a later age.D. rarely showed inhibited characteristics by age four.

89. Traditionally, persons in Western cultures have emphasized the importance of __________, whereas themajority of other people in the world have emphasized the importance of __________.

A. early experiences; later experiencesB. later experiences; early experiencesC. continuity in development; discontinuity in developmentD. discontinuity in development; continuity in development

90. People in many Asian countries stress the importance of experiences after the age of six or sevenbecause

A. this marks the age of lessening dependence on the mother.B. children of this age are often engaged in household chores and other such domestic employment.C. this marks a time of significant development of reasoning skills in children.D. this marks the age at which one's unique personality starts to show up.

91. Most developmentalists today

A. strongly agree with the nature position of development.B. strongly agree with the continuity position of development.C. do not hold extreme positions on the three developmental issues raised in the text.D. believe that development occurs primarily during the early years.

92. Scientific research must be

A. subjective.B. objective.C. based on personal beliefs.D. deductive.

93. The first step in the scientific method is

A. collecting data.B. revising the working theory.C. conceptualizing a problem.D. using statistics to draw conclusions.

94. A researcher observes how a teacher's leadership style affects classroom control. This exemplifies whichstep of the scientific method?

A. revising a theoryB. drawing a conclusionC. conceptualizing the problemD. collecting the data

95. An interrelated, coherent set of ideas to explain data and make further predictions is a

A. theory.B. prediction.C. explanation.D. observation.

13



96. A scientific hypothesis is most like a(n)

A. test.B. prediction.C. explanation.D. observation.

97. A good hypothesis should be

A. based on research.B. testable.C. a general statement about behavior.D. a coherent set of ideas.

98. Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method?

A. draw conclusionsB. collect informationC. conceptualize a problemD. fix a problem

99. A researcher conducts an experiment to see which type of marriage therapy is most successful. In thissituation, the experiment is part of the ______ step of the scientific method.

A. problem identificationB. theory revisionC. information collectionD. statistical analysis

100.After receiving feedback from colleagues on the results of her experiment, Dr. Chen determines that shemust make some changes in her ideas about children and video games. Her decision reflects which stepin the scientific method?


101.Which theory describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion?

A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. ethological theoryD. ecological theory

102.One of Freud's personality structures consists of instincts and is totally unconscious. This structure isreferred to as the

A. id.B. ego.C. superego.D. libido.

14



103.Ben watches his mother make chocolate-chip cookies and knows she does not want him to eat any of thecookies before dinner. However, once she leaves the room, Ben takes three cookies and eats them as fastas he can. In choosing to eat the cookies, Ben is following the desires of his

A. superego.B. ego.C. id.D. ego ideal.

104.In Freudian theory, the ego is to _____ as the id is to ___________.

A. aggression; nurturanceB. values; moralsC. a same sex parent; an opposite sex parentD. reality; instinct

105.Which of Freud's personality structures would say, "I feel guilty about drinking alcohol"?

A. the idB. the egoC. the ego idealD. the superego

106.In recent years Freud's psychoanalytic theory has

A. been substantially supported by scientific evidence.B. undergone significant revisions by other psychoanalytic theorists.C. added two additional stages to the original five.D. been combined with Erikson's theory to form a holistic theory of development.

107.Which of the following is true about Erikson's psychosocial theory?

A. It focuses on development only during childhood and adolescence.B. It focuses only on observable behavior.C. It places heavy emphasis on sexual instincts.D. It suggests that developmental change occurs throughout the life span.

108.Billy has begun to assert his independence by wanting to do things by himself. He is likely in Erikson's__________ stage of psychosocial development.

A. trust versus mistrustB. autonomy versus shame and doubtC. initiative versus guiltD. industry versus inferiority

109.During the _____________ stage of psychosocial development, children assume responsibility for theirbodies.

A. autonomy versus shame and doubtB. initiative versus guiltC. intimacy versus isolationD. trust versus mistrust

15



110.Third-grader Beth is very enthusiastic about learning how to use the computer to find things on theInternet. She is in Erikson's stage of

A. autonomy versus shame and doubt.B. initiative versus guilt.C. industry versus inferiority.D. identity versus identity confusion.

111.According to Erik Erikson, if one does not achieve integrity in later adulthood, one will likelyexperience

A. isolation.B. stagnation.C. despair.D. inferiority.

112.Which of the following is considered a contribution of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. They emphasize the importance of the conscious mind.B. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.C. They emphasize the positive found in humans.D. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.

113.Which of the following is considered a criticism of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. The conscious mind is given too much credit for influencing development.B. These theories do not give enough importance to individual variations in development.C. They give too much attention to environmental determinants of behavior.D. They are considered culture and gender biased.

114.__________ theories emphasize the importance of unconscious thought; __________ emphasize theimportance of conscious thought.

A. Sociocultural; cognitiveB. Psychoanalytic; ethologicalC. Cognitive; psychoanalyticD. Psychoanalytic; cognitive

115.Because Dr. Simons is a cognitive theorist, we know that she emphasizes the importance of ______ forunderstanding development.

A. conscious thought processesB. repressed memoriesC. reciprocal interactionsD. biologically determined critical periods

116.Jean Piaget believed that people

A. do not change in the way they think about things as they grow older.B. have a distinct way of understanding the world at each developmental stage.C. improve the efficiency of their thinking as they grow older.D. need to have a mentor available to help them move to the next stage.

117.Which statement best describes what happens in the sensorimotor stage?

A. Understanding is constructed by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.B. The world is represented by images and words.C. Logical reasoning occurs.D. Abstract thinking occurs.

16



118.In Jean Piaget's theory, "operations" refer to

A. physical behaviors.B. abstract levels of thinking.C. words and visual images.D. internalized mental actions.

119.Mark spends a lot of time thinking about the world as it currently is and the world as it could be ifeveryone took a greater degree of personal responsibility for environmental and social conditions. Piagetwould say that Mark is probably in the ______ stage of development.

A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationalD. formal operational

120.Lev Vygotsky contended that cognitive skills are

A. not affected by language.B. developed passively.C. based on assimilation and accommodation.D. greatly affected by social interaction and culture.

121.__________ believed that knowledge is situated and collaborative.

A. EriksonB. FreudC. PiagetD. Vygotsky

122.The information-processing approach to development is concerned mainly with

A. the influence of culture on development.B. how people manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information.C. how people learn by watching others in their environment.D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.

123.Unlike Jean Piaget's theory, the information-processing model

A. focuses on how people process their cognitions and emotions.B. focuses on the importance of biology in development.C. focuses on the individual's increasing capacity for knowledge.D. describes thinking as occurring in different ways at different stages.

124.Dr. Baker-Finch believes that thinking is defined as how individuals perceive, encode, represent, store,and retrieve information. Dr. Baker-Finch would be considered a(n)

A. psychoanalytic theorist.B. psychosocial theorist.C. sociocultural theoristD. information-processing theorist.

125.Which of the following is considered a contribution of the cognitive theories?

A. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.B. They emphasize the importance of developmental changes in children's thinking.C. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.D. They emphasize sensitive periods of development.

17



126.One criticism of the cognitive theories is that they

A. give too much attention to unconscious thought.B. do not give enough attention to unconscious thought.C. focus too much on individual variations in cognitive development.D. focus too much on how the culture affects cognitive development.

127.__________ believe that scientifically we can study only what can be directly observed and measured.

A. Behavioral theoristsB. Psychoanalytic theoristsC. Cognitive theoristsD. Information-processing theorists

128.Classical conditioning is to __________ as operant conditioning is to __________.

A. Bandura; SkinnerB. Skinner; PavlovC. Pavlov; BanduraD. Pavlov; Skinner

129."Sit down, shut up, and respect your brother!" Mom shouted to Timmy. "Learn to talk, instead offighting!" According to Bandura, Timmy is likely to

A. sit down, shut up, and learn to respect his brother.B. learn to yell to solve his problems.C. keep on talking and not respecting his brother.D. sit down and shut up, but never respect his brother.

130.Albert Bandura disagrees with B. F. Skinner's behavioristic idea about the unimportance of

A. reinforcement.B. punishment.C. cognition.D. environment.

131.__________ emphasizes the interaction between behavior, the environment, and the person and/orcognition.

A. BehaviorismB. Information-processing theoryC. Psychosocial theoryD. Social cognitive theory

132.One contribution of the social cognitive theories is that they emphasize

A. scientific research.B. developmental changes.C. human creativity.D. how unconscious thought affects behavior.

133.One criticism of the social cognitive theories is that they place too

A. little emphasis on the importance of scientific research.B. much emphasis on developmental changes.C. much emphasis on environmental determinants.D. much stress on how unconscious thought affects behavior.

18



134.Which theory emphasizes the role of evolution, biology, and critical or sensitive periods ofdevelopment?

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. ecologicalD. ethological

135.The presence of a sensitive period or a critical period is a key component of

A. ethological theory.B. ecological theory.C. biological theory.D. sociocultural theory.

136.John Bowlby's attachment theory is an application of __________ to human development.

A. ethological theoryB. ecological theoryC. biological theoryD. sociocultural theory

137.One contribution of the ethological theory is that it has increased

A. the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.B. research with humans.C. the focus on an individual's cognitive development.D. the importance of culture on development.

138.In Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, the microsystem refers to the

A. setting in which the individual lives.B. setting in which the individual does not live directly, but can observe.C. cultural context within which an individual is raised.D. changes in one's culture over time.

139.The macrosystem involves

A. the setting in which the child lives.B. indirect experiences that children have in their environment.C. relationships between microsystems.D. the attitudes and beliefs of whole cultures.

140.When a woman's work experiences affect her relationship with her husband and child, this is an exampleof the

A. microsystem.B. mesosystem.C. macrosystem.D. exosystem.

141.One criticism of the ethological theory is that it

A. does not pay enough attention to cognitive processes.B. does not take into account the effect of the culture on development.C. focuses only on observable behavior.D. focuses only on unconscious thought.

19



142.An eclectic theory of development assumes that

A. it is best to rely on one theory to help explain human development.B. no one theory alone can account for all of human development.C. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own context.D. the more recent theories are more accurate than those that were created before 1950.

143.A social worker is trying to help Tina put her life back together, find housing and work, and finish hertechnical degree. The social worker uses Skinner's theory to understand how to reward Tina for herefforts; uses Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crisis Tina is now facing; and usesBronfenbrenner's theory to understand how the relations between family, school, and work will affectTina's development. The social worker is using a (n) ______ approach to developmental theory.

A. ethologicalB. dynamicC. eclecticD. ethnographic

144.An important part of an observational measure is that it be conducted

A. in a real-world setting rather than a laboratory.B. in a laboratory rather than a real-world setting.C. in a way that is systematic and planned carefully in advance.D. with the consent and prior knowledge of all of the people being observed.

145.A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. The researcherplans to watch the videotape carefully to count the children's helping behaviors. This researcher is usingwhich research method?

A. case studyB. observationC. standardized testD. multifactorial study

146.Probably the most important feature of making observations in a laboratory is that

A. it allows the researcher to control most factors that influence behavior.B. it permits the researcher to see behavior in a natural setting.C. virtually any aspect of development can be observed in a laboratory setting.D. it allows the researcher to gather a great deal of information in a short time period.

147.One major problem with interviews and surveys is that they

A. must be conducted face to face.B. are unstructured.C. are structured.D. are subject to socially desirable answers.

148.Standardized tests are helpful because the individual's score

A. can be seen relative to others' scores.B. is not a single score.C. is never a percentile.D. is obtained under nonstressful circumstances.

20



149.Tim, a 15-year-old, seemed to be depressed at school. A counselor gave Tim a test with 100 questionsthat asked him to rate how sad or depressed he would be in a variety of situations. The counselordetermined that Tim fell in the upper ninetieth percentile when compared to others of his age. The testthe counselor gave Tim is an example of a

A. questionnaire.B. standardized test.C. physiological measure.D. survey.

150.If you wish to study a large number of people, you should not use

A. a case study.B. a questionnaire.C. a standardized test.D. naturalistic observation.

151.Which method of study is a developmentalist likely to use to examine the outcome of separatingconjoined twins?

A. naturalistic observationB. surveyC. correlationD. case study

152.George has been given an MRI and an EEG to assess the functioning of his body. These measures areconsidered

A. a type of questionnaire.B. a standardized test.C. physiological measures.D. part of naturalistic observation.

153.The primary aim of __________ is to observe and record behavior.

A. correlational researchB. experimental researchC. descriptive researchD. cross-sectional research

154.The goal of __________ is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events orcharacteristics.

A. the correlational methodB. the experimental methodC. the cross-sectional approachD. descriptive research

155.When the data in a correlational study are statistically analyzed, the result is a(n)

A. positive correlation.B. negative correlation.C. understanding of which factor caused which other factor.D. correlation coefficient.

21



156.Cause-and-effect relationships can best be determined by

A. longitudinal studies.B. cross-sectional studies.C. correlational studies.D. experimental studies.

157.In an experiment, the _________ variable is manipulated; the _________ variable is measured.

A. correlational; experimentalB. independent; dependentC. experimental; correlationalD. dependent; independent

158.A psychologist designs an experiment to determine the effect of eye contact on children's smiling. Group1 is exposed to all eye contacts during the session while Group 2 is exposed to zero eye contacts duringthe session. The psychologist records the number of times the children smile. In this study, thedependent variable is the number of ________ and the independent variable is the ________.

A. eye contacts; length of the sessionB. smiles; length of the sessionC. eye contacts; number of smilesD. smiles; number of eye contacts.

159.Random assignment of subjects to groups is a requirement of the

A. correlational method.B. experimental method.C. longitudinal approach.D. cross-sectional approach.

160.Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in memory in children, gave a memory test to a group ofsix-year-olds in 1995 and repeated the tests with the same children in 1998 when they werenine-year-olds. The research design used here was the

A. sequential approach.B. longitudinal approach.C. correlational approach.D. cross-sectional approach.

161.Most journal articles are comprised of

A. an abstract, the introduction, the methods section, the results, a discussion section, and a referencesection.

B. the introduction, the methods section, the results, and a discussion section.C. a variety of sections, depending on the journal; there is no set format.D. the introduction, the results, and a discussion section.

162.Tisha was reading an author's interpretation of the findings in a journal article. She must have beenreading the __________ section of the article.

A. methodB. resultsC. discussionD. introduction

22



163.Dr. Ryder wanted to know why people fight. He therefore proposed putting people in a laboratorysetting and having a research assistant instigate an argument among the participants. Dr. Ryder hopedthey might get into heated arguments so he could observe their interactions. One weakness of this typeof observational study is that

A. structured interview questions cannot be used.B. it is not effective for cross-cultural studies.C. Dr. Ryder does not have control over critical variables like the time and place of observation.D. Dr. Ryder cannot ethically subject people to stressful situations to observe their responses.

164.When using children as participants in research studies, psychologists must

A. retain a professional, distant atmosphere during all data collection.B. obtain informed consent from the child and parent prior to the start of the research.C. use deception to assure the confidentiality of the research.D. complete the data collection as planned to avoid having to repeat sessions, even if a particular child

does not seem willing to continue.

165.Research in psychology has been criticized for being sexist, because

A. researchers tend to believe males more than they do females.B. females have been studied as subjects more often than have males.C. conclusions about females have been drawn from studies that used only males.D. males have been mostly used for the more complicated studies.

166.When researchers use surface labels like African, Latino, Asian, or Native American, theyunderrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group. Using surfacelabels like these is referred to as

A. ethnic homogenization.B. ethnic grouping.C. ethnic gloss.D. cross-cultural standardization.

167.Suggest three ways that children's lives can be made better.

168.Your text discusses context, culture, and ethnicity. Define each term and then explain why cross-culturalstudies are necessary for a broader understanding of the development of children within a specificcontext.

23



169.Contrast the philosophical views of the original sin, tabula rasa, and innate goodness views as to thenature of children. Which view do you support, and why?

170.List two biological, two cognitive, and two socioemotional processes that influenced Tariq's acceptancein the following scenario.Scenario: Tariq immigrated from Kuwait to the United States in the third grade, to relocate in a smallmidwestern community. His English skills were excellent, as were his school grades. Popular andeagerly accepted by his new peers, Tariq was everyone's favorite. His family was easily integrated intothe mainstream of the busy rural community in every gathering from "farm and ranch" days to the socialevents of the church. Tariq was even introduced to the rural activity of the county fair when he "showed"his steer for livestock judging. His 4-H leader felt Tariq could be a future 4-H champion, as he had thecommitment already to work hard to succeed.

171.The nature versus nurture controversy has been a longstanding issue in child development. The 1980semphasized the nature side, while the 1990s emphasized the nurture side of this controversy. Describethe main ideas of the nature versus nurture controversy. Then discuss whether you think the decade2001-2010 will be judged as having emphasized nature or nurture, and give the reasons for yourprediction.

24



172.In the following scenario, consider the early and later experience of Ginny. Which will influence hermore as she moves into early adulthood, and why? What variables in her life are key factors?Scenario: Ginny was born to two warm, loving parents who were killed in an auto accident when shewas four. At that time she was placed in the care of an aunt, who was inconvenienced by her presencethere. Her aunt left her at a local day care for most of the day. When Ginny entered school she was aquiet, withdrawn child, with poor motor skills, further hindered by an inability to read in the earlygrades.

173.Jean Piaget's cognitive theory is based on adaptation, which includes assimilation and accommodation.Consider the following case scenario and explain how this child is using assimilation andaccommodation.Scenario: Jenny loves to sing at school and can read the music for almost all the songs. Now her teacherintroduces the recorder, which Jenny does not know how to play. Her teacher shows her that the notesshe sings are the same notes played on her new instrument. Jenny very quickly learns to play therecorder.

174.Urie Brofenbrenner's ecological theory of development discusses five environmental systems. Given thefollowing scenario, label which component is the microsystem and which the mesosystem, theexosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.Scenario: Albi is an African American child raised in a small rural community in Montana with a verysmall minority population. His parents recently moved from Abilene, Texas, to relocate for an oil-relatedoccupation. Albi's father represents the third generation to work in the oil field, but prior generationsalways worked in Texas. Albi attends a small, rural elementary school of 27 students and the majority ofhis friends live on nearby ranches. His parents changed church affiliations in order to have a socialsupport system here.

25



175.Describe the strengths and weaknesses of any two of the main theories described in the text.

176.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two of the following methods for collecting data:observation, surveys and interviews, standardized tests, psychophysiological measures, case study, andexperiment.

26



ch1 Key

1. According to your text, which of the following is true?

A. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and ends in early adulthood.B. All development involves growth.C. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decay.D. Approximately 95 percent of all development occurs in the first nine years of life.

Refer to page 7 in your textbook.

Bloom's Taxonomy: ConceptualDifficulty Level: Basic

Learning Goal: 1Santrock - Chapter 01 #1

2. Understanding the nature of children's development

A. can help you become a better parent or educator.B. is seldom helpful in becoming a better parent or educator.C. usually conflicts with what children learn about child development from their own parents.D. usually agrees with what children learn about child development from their own parents.


Bloom's Taxonomy: ConceptualDifficulty Level: Moderate


3. Most researchers would agree that

A. most public schools around the United States are doing an excellent job in educating our nation'schildren.

B. the education of our children needs very little improvement.C. something needs to be done to improve the education of our nation's children.D. inner-city schools seem to have adequate funding and teachers to educate the children who attend

those schools.




1



4. Context refers to

A. one's cultural heritage and nationality characteristics.B. the settings in which development occurs.C. the behavior, patterns, and beliefs that are passed from one generation to another.D. one's race, religion, and language.


Bloom's Taxonomy: FactualDifficulty Level: Basic


5. Madison grew up in a single-parent, poor, urban home with her mother and three siblings. This wasMadison's

A. context.B. culture.C. ethnicity.D. historical setting.


Bloom's Taxonomy: AppliedDifficulty Level: Moderate


6. A researcher who wants to study the effect of parenting styles on development would need to takeinto consideration the socioeconomic status and cultural settings of the families being studied. This isan example of concern with the _______ of development.

A. generational inequityB. consistencyC. social policyD. context




7. Culture encompasses

A. one's ethnic heritage and nationality characteristics.B. the settings in which development occurs.C. the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed on from one generation to another.D. one's race, religion, and language.




2



8. Passing beliefs and attitudes from one generation to the next is an important aspect of a(n)

A. race.B. culture.C. ethnicity.D. ethnic identity.




9. The Amish teach each generation their traditions for weddings, funerals, and how to manage theirhouseholds. These traditions are part of the Amish

A. cross-cultural context.B. context.C. culture.D. ethnic diversity.


Bloom's Taxonomy: AppliedDifficulty Level: Difficult


10. To determine what aspects of development are similar across cultures versus those that are culturespecific, one would perform a

A. cross-cultural study.B. cross-sectional study.C. longitudinal study.D. case study.




11. Ethnicity is rooted in

A. race.B. cultural heritage.C. religion.D. All of these.




3



12. Miyako considers herself to be a member of the Ainu tribe because she speaks their language,follows their customs, practices their religion, and knows a lot about their history. Miyako'smembership in the Ainu tribe is an example of her

A. race.B. ethnicity.C. socioeconomic status.D. cultural context.




13. Socioeconomic status refers to a person's position within society based on

A. occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.B. behavior patterns, beliefs, and other practices.C. historical, social, and interpersonal settings.D. cultural heritage, language, race, and religion.


Bloom's Taxonomy: FactualDifficulty Level: Moderate


14. Generally, around the world, the experiences of male and female children and adolescents continue tobe

A. very much the same.B. quite different.C. very much the same for young children, but very different for adolescents.D. very much the same for adolescents, but very different for young children.




15. Research has found that resilience in children is related to

A. good intellectual functioning.B. having a close relationship with a caring parent.C. having bonds to caring adults outside the family.D. All of these.




4



16. Recent research by Marsten and her colleagues on resilience in children has shown that __________factors characterize resilient children and adolescents.

A. individualB. familyC. extrafamilialD. individual, family, and extrafamilial




17. When a government's course of action is designed to promote the welfare of the society's citizens it iscalled

A. socialized equity programs.B. generational policy.C. programmatic legislation.D. social policy.




18. A U.S. politician giving a speech at a school function looks out over a crowd of 100 children. If thecrowd were representative of the children in the United States in 2006, approximately how many ofthe children would be living in poverty?

A. 12B. 17C. 22D. 27




5



19. In 2006, approximately _____ percent of U.S. children were living in families below the povertyline.

A. 7B. 12C. 17D. 22


Bloom's Taxonomy: FactualDifficulty Level: Difficult


20. Which country has the highest percentage of children living in poverty?

A. CanadaB. SwedenC. United StatesD. None of these




21. Historian Philippe Ariès studied medieval art and publications and concluded that European societiesprior to 1600

A. did not give any special status to children.B. considered children to have a "naive wisdom" that adults admired.C. considered children "immature" until at least 18 years old.D. viewed children as "childlike" until they married and led independent lives.




22. Historian Philippe Ariès's conclusions regarding the treatment of children prior to 1600 wereprimarily based on a study of how children were

A. discussed in cards, letters, and other correspondence that survived from that time.B. dealt with in the laws and courts.C. portrayed in fictional literature.D. portrayed in art and publications.




6



23. One criticism of Ariès's understanding of how children were treated in 1600 is that he mostlystudied

A. Children in public rather than private schools.B. children from immigrant families living in poverty.C. children who were older than 12 years.D. wealthy, aristocratic children.




24. One assumption of the __________ view of the nature of children was that the goal of raisingchildren was to provide salvation and remove evil from the child's life.

A. innate goodnessB. original sinC. tabula rasaD. mechanistic




25. An assumption of the original sin position is that

A. children's nature cannot be amended by child-rearing techniques or discipline.B. children should not be constrained by parents.C. children are sin-free until they are about three years old.D. children are born evil and need salvation.




7



26. Frank believes that children are born as evil beings and that it is important to punish bad behavior inchildren. When his children say "bad words," he washes their mouths out with soap. Frank seems toadhere to the ______________ view of childhood.

A. innate goodnessB. tabula rasaC. miniature adultD. original sin




27. The assumption that a child's mind is a "blank tablet" at birth that is "written on" by experiencesrepresents which philosophical view?

A. original sinB. tabula rasaC. determinismD. innate goodness




28. Lucy believes that her development has been influenced more by her experiences since birth than byher genetic inheritance. Her beliefs fit best with

A. those of Rousseau.B. the concept of original sin.C. an emphasis on nature.D. Locke's idea of the tabula rasa




8



29. Which philosophical view makes the assumption that children should be allowed to grow naturallywith little parental monitoring or constraint?

A. tabula rasaB. innate goodnessC. original sinD. the maturational view




30. A mother lets her child run freely on the playground and rarely intervenes to correct her child'sbehavior. When a second mother asks why she is so "laid back," she explains that she trusts that herchild will figure out the best way to play with other children. This mother has faith in whichphilosophical view of child development?

A. tabula rasaB. original sinC. religious originD. innate goodness




31. Which theorist or philosopher believed that children are born inherently good?

A. LockeB. RousseauC. SkinnerD. Watson




9



32. Locke and Rousseau differed in their views of the

A. importance of childhood.B. roles of continuity versus discontinuity in development.C. roles of nature and nurture.D. desirability of having children.


Bloom's Taxonomy: ConceptualDifficulty Level: Difficult


33. Contrary to the view held centuries ago, today we believe that

A. children are miniature adults.B. childhood is a highly eventful and unique period of life.C. children are born with little choice about who they become.D. children may be expected to grow and develop with very little parental support.




34. Unlike people in past centuries, the current view of childhood assumes that

A. children are similar to adults in most ways.B. childhood is a special time of growth and change.C. children are born with little choice about who they become.D. children are independent and can develop with little support from society.




35. The modern era of studying children began with some important developments in the

A. early 1800s.B. middle 1800s.C. late 1800s.D. early 1900s.




10



36. What major shift took place in the study of psychology in the late 1800s? This was a shift to a

A. strictly philosophical perspective on human psychology.B. perspective that includes systematic observation and experimentation.C. pragmatic, behavioristic perspective on human psychology.D. humanistic perspective on human psychology.




37. During the past 150 years, the study of children has

A. declined.B. evolved into a sophisticated science.C. increased at about the same rate as the study of adults.D. received much less attention than the study of adults.




38. Who developed the first modern test of intelligence?





39. Who pioneered the use of questionnaires with large groups of children?





11



40. Who created the photographic dome to systematically observe children's behavior?





41. Who developed a baby journal for recording systematic observations of children?





42. Freud claimed that

A. only genetics are important in a child's development.B. we all become what we want to become.C. early childhood experiences are important determinants of later personality development.D. children move through a series of stages of cognitive development.




43. In 1928, John B. Watson, a strict behaviorist, wrote a book about raising children in which he arguedthat good or bad parenting was the most influential factor in determining how children grow up. Hisview about the supreme importance of childhood experiences is consistent with which theorist?

A. Philippe ArièsB. Jean-Jacques RousseauC. John LockeD. Kenneth Clark




12



44. Which theorist believed that our lives are filled with conflict between biological urges and societaldemands?





45. __________ believed that children could be shaped by the environment to become whatever societywished.





46. Who developed the theory of behaviorism in the 1920s and 1930s?





47. __________ proposed the term genetic epistemology for the study of how children's knowledgechanges over time.





13



48. According to __________, children think in a qualitatively different manner than adults do.





49. Both __________ and __________ focused their own work on understanding how children think.

A. Baldwin; PiagetB. Baldwin; FreudC. Gesell; WatsonD. Piaget; Freud




50. Heredity is an example of which process of development?





51. Which of the following is an example of a biological process in development?

A. attentionB. geneticsC. gender roleD. thinking




14



52. A psychologist observes and records the development of reaching behavior in young infants. Thispsychologist is primarily interested in which developmental process?

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. personalityD. socioemotional




53. The development of the brain, motor skills, and hormonal changes of puberty all reflect the role of_______ processes in development.

A. biologicalB. emotionalC. socialD. cognitive




54. Which of the following examples best reflects the role of cognitive processes in development?

A. a girl's development of assertivenessB. height and weight gainsC. the development of the brainD. memorizing a poem




55. When Tamika learns the first part of the multiplication table, she has shown development in the__________ process.

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. socioemotionalD. personality




15



56. Interactions with other people are part of which process of development?

A. ethnicB. biologicalC. cognitiveD. socioemotional




57. Kwame became angry because Harry took his toy without asking, and he punched Harry in the arm.Kwame's response reflects the role of __________ processes in his development.





58. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, andsocioemotional development?

A. The three are independent processes.B. The three are intricately intertwined during the life span.C. The three do not affect development as much as one's culture does.D. The three differ in their importance at different points in the life cycle.




59. The developmental period during which a single cell grows into an organism is the

A. prenatal period.B. infancy period.C. early childhood period.D. adolescent period.




16



60. The prenatal period extends from

A. labor to birth.B. conception to labor.C. the third trimester to birth.D. conception to birth.




61. The developmental period characterized by extreme dependence on adults is the

A. infancy period.B. early childhood period.C. middle and late childhood period.D. adolescent period.




62. The period extending from birth to 18 to 24 months is called

A. the neonatal period.B. early childhood.C. youth.D. infancy.




63. The end of early childhood is typically marked by

A. entering first grade.B. having the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic.C. successful toilet training.D. acquiring one's first friend.




17



64. During the early childhood period, young children are usually

A. learning to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves.B. developing school-readiness skills.C. spending many hours in play and with peers.D. involved in all of these.




65. Another name for middle and late childhood is

A. adolescence.B. the elementary school years.C. the play years.D. the transition years.




66. Achievement becomes more important for most children during which developmental period?

A. infancyB. early childhoodC. middle and late childhoodD. adolescence




67. The search for independence and identity are most important during

A. infancy.B. early childhood.C. middle and late childhood.D. adolescence.




18



68. The beginning of adolescence is marked by

A. the development of stable friendships.B. rapid physical changes.C. an increase in dependence.D. concern with achievement and self-control.




69. Today, developmentalists describe development as a

A. process that ends after adolescence.B. process that is very unpredictable.C. lifelong process.D. process that ends after middle age.




70. Dr. Perry believes that most development is the result of natural maturation and is not affected muchby the environment. Dr. Perry would be considered a proponent of the

A. nature position.B. nurture position.C. continuity position.D. discontinuity position.




71. Psychologists who emphasize the importance of maturation in development would typically focus onwhich of the following to explain development?

A. good prenatal careB. genetic strengths and defectsC. adequate amounts of nutritious foodsD. good educational experiences




19



72. Biology is to _____ as environment is to ______.

A. nature; nurtureB. nurture; natureC. maturation; natureD. experience; nurture

Refer to pages 19-20 in your textbook.



73. Nurture proponents argue that the most important influence on development is

A. genetic makeup.B. biological inheritance.C. biological environment.D. environmental experiences.




74. "It's no use putting her in a special educational program," Misha's dad explained patiently. "She justcan't understand things very well. Her grandpa was the same way. We might as well get used to itnow." Misha's dad seems to

A. view development as a discontinuous process.B. hold a nurture view of development.C. view development as a continuous process.D. hold a nature view of development.




20



75. Which of the following statements might a nurture proponent make to provide support for his or herposition?

A. Humans walk before they talk.B. One grows rapidly in infancy and less so in early childhood.C. Individuals reach the peak of their physical strength in late adolescence and early adulthood and

then decline.D. Smoking during pregnancy affects the prenatal development of the fetus.




76. The nature-nurture controversy involves the debate about whether development is





77. The question of how much of development is due to heredity and how much is the result ofenvironment

A. relates to the existence of developmental stages.B. is the nature-nurture controversy.C. is the continuity-discontinuity issue.D. relates to whether qualitative or quantitative changes occur in development.




21



78. One psychologist says Michelle's problems at school are from brain damage she suffered because ofher mother's poor nutrition before Michelle was born. Another discusses Michelle's genetically basedhealth problems. A third emphasizes the lack of quality intervention during Michelle's early years. Onwhich of the following would these three developmentalists be likely to agree?

A. There is little that can be done to help Michelle at this point.B. Michelle would be helped tremendously by intensive therapy.C. Michelle's problems are probably the result of an interaction between nature and nurture.D. Psychologists must identify whether Michelle's problems are due to either inadequate nature or

nurture before they can help her.




79. The continuity-discontinuity controversy involves a debate about whether development is





80. "The ability to engage in thoughtful reflection seems to happen all of a sudden. But if one carefullyexamines it, this ability is actually based on an accumulation of experiences across many years." Thisstatement supports a ______ view of development.

A. natureB. nurtureC. continuousD. discontinuous




22



81. A tadpole becoming a frog is an example of

A. continuity in development.B. nurture's role in development.C. discontinuity in development.D. developmental stability.




82. A belief in the existence of qualitative changes in development is consistent with

A. a continuity position.B. a discontinuity position.C. a nurture position in development.D. developmental stability.




83. How would a developmentalist who emphasizes continuity describe puberty? It is

A. an abrupt, discontinuous processB. a gradual process occurring over several yearsC. a period of storm and stressD. psychosocial change over which we have no control




84. Insects go through egg, larval, and adult stages of development. These stages best illustrate whichcharacteristic of development?

A. changeB. stabilityC. instabilityD. discontinuity




23



85. Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud were famous psychological theorists who proposed that humandevelopment should be seen as passing through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively,rather than quantitatively, different. Their theories are good examples of _____ theories ofdevelopment.

A. maturationalB. continuousC. discontinuousD. dialectical




86. José was abused as a young boy but did not grow up to become an abuser himself. Instead, he led afulfilling family life. This is an example of

A. the later-experience view of development.B. the early-experience view of development.C. discontinuity in development.D. continuity in development.




87. The early versus later experience controversy involves a debate about whether development is





24



88. According to the research findings of Jerome Kagan, children who showed an inhibited temperamentat two years of age

A. were unable to change their temperament later in life.B. were always able to change their temperament with the proper type of intervention.C. have the capacity to change their behavior at a later age.D. rarely showed inhibited characteristics by age four.




89. Traditionally, persons in Western cultures have emphasized the importance of __________, whereasthe majority of other people in the world have emphasized the importance of __________.

A. early experiences; later experiencesB. later experiences; early experiencesC. continuity in development; discontinuity in developmentD. discontinuity in development; continuity in development




90. People in many Asian countries stress the importance of experiences after the age of six or sevenbecause

A. this marks the age of lessening dependence on the mother.B. children of this age are often engaged in household chores and other such domestic employment.C. this marks a time of significant development of reasoning skills in children.D. this marks the age at which one's unique personality starts to show up.




91. Most developmentalists today

A. strongly agree with the nature position of development.B. strongly agree with the continuity position of development.C. do not hold extreme positions on the three developmental issues raised in the text.D. believe that development occurs primarily during the early years.




25



92. Scientific research must be

A. subjective.B. objective.C. based on personal beliefs.D. deductive.




93. The first step in the scientific method is

A. collecting data.B. revising the working theory.C. conceptualizing a problem.D. using statistics to draw conclusions.




94. A researcher observes how a teacher's leadership style affects classroom control. This exemplifieswhich step of the scientific method?





95. An interrelated, coherent set of ideas to explain data and make further predictions is a

A. theory.B. prediction.C. explanation.D. observation.




26



96. A scientific hypothesis is most like a(n)

A. test.B. prediction.C. explanation.D. observation.




97. A good hypothesis should be

A. based on research.B. testable.C. a general statement about behavior.D. a coherent set of ideas.




98. Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method?

A. draw conclusionsB. collect informationC. conceptualize a problemD. fix a problem




99. A researcher conducts an experiment to see which type of marriage therapy is most successful. In thissituation, the experiment is part of the ______ step of the scientific method.

A. problem identificationB. theory revisionC. information collectionD. statistical analysis




27



100. After receiving feedback from colleagues on the results of her experiment, Dr. Chen determines thatshe must make some changes in her ideas about children and video games. Her decision reflectswhich step in the scientific method?





101. Which theory describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion?

A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. ethological theoryD. ecological theory




102. One of Freud's personality structures consists of instincts and is totally unconscious. This structure isreferred to as the

A. id.B. ego.C. superego.D. libido.




28



103. Ben watches his mother make chocolate-chip cookies and knows she does not want him to eat any ofthe cookies before dinner. However, once she leaves the room, Ben takes three cookies and eats themas fast as he can. In choosing to eat the cookies, Ben is following the desires of his

A. superego.B. ego.C. id.D. ego ideal.




104. In Freudian theory, the ego is to _____ as the id is to ___________.

A. aggression; nurturanceB. values; moralsC. a same sex parent; an opposite sex parentD. reality; instinct




105. Which of Freud's personality structures would say, "I feel guilty about drinking alcohol"?

A. the idB. the egoC. the ego idealD. the superego




106. In recent years Freud's psychoanalytic theory has

A. been substantially supported by scientific evidence.B. undergone significant revisions by other psychoanalytic theorists.C. added two additional stages to the original five.D. been combined with Erikson's theory to form a holistic theory of development.




29



107. Which of the following is true about Erikson's psychosocial theory?

A. It focuses on development only during childhood and adolescence.B. It focuses only on observable behavior.C. It places heavy emphasis on sexual instincts.D. It suggests that developmental change occurs throughout the life span.




108. Billy has begun to assert his independence by wanting to do things by himself. He is likely inErikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.

A. trust versus mistrustB. autonomy versus shame and doubtC. initiative versus guiltD. industry versus inferiority


Bloom's Taxonomy: AppliedDifficulty Level: Basic


109. During the _____________ stage of psychosocial development, children assume responsibility fortheir bodies.

A. autonomy versus shame and doubtB. initiative versus guiltC. intimacy versus isolationD. trust versus mistrust




110. Third-grader Beth is very enthusiastic about learning how to use the computer to find things on theInternet. She is in Erikson's stage of

A. autonomy versus shame and doubt.B. initiative versus guilt.C. industry versus inferiority.D. identity versus identity confusion.




30



111. According to Erik Erikson, if one does not achieve integrity in later adulthood, one will likelyexperience

A. isolation.B. stagnation.C. despair.D. inferiority.


Bloom's Taxonomy: FactualDifficulty Level: Difficult


112. Which of the following is considered a contribution of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. They emphasize the importance of the conscious mind.B. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.C. They emphasize the positive found in humans.D. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.




113. Which of the following is considered a criticism of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. The conscious mind is given too much credit for influencing development.B. These theories do not give enough importance to individual variations in development.C. They give too much attention to environmental determinants of behavior.D. They are considered culture and gender biased.




114. __________ theories emphasize the importance of unconscious thought; __________ emphasize theimportance of conscious thought.

A. Sociocultural; cognitiveB. Psychoanalytic; ethologicalC. Cognitive; psychoanalyticD. Psychoanalytic; cognitive




31



115. Because Dr. Simons is a cognitive theorist, we know that she emphasizes the importance of ______for understanding development.

A. conscious thought processesB. repressed memoriesC. reciprocal interactionsD. biologically determined critical periods




116. Jean Piaget believed that people

A. do not change in the way they think about things as they grow older.B. have a distinct way of understanding the world at each developmental stage.C. improve the efficiency of their thinking as they grow older.D. need to have a mentor available to help them move to the next stage.




117. Which statement best describes what happens in the sensorimotor stage?

A. Understanding is constructed by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.B. The world is represented by images and words.C. Logical reasoning occurs.D. Abstract thinking occurs.




118. In Jean Piaget's theory, "operations" refer to

A. physical behaviors.B. abstract levels of thinking.C. words and visual images.D. internalized mental actions.




32



119. Mark spends a lot of time thinking about the world as it currently is and the world as it could be ifeveryone took a greater degree of personal responsibility for environmental and social conditions.Piaget would say that Mark is probably in the ______ stage of development.

A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationalD. formal operational




120. Lev Vygotsky contended that cognitive skills are

A. not affected by language.B. developed passively.C. based on assimilation and accommodation.D. greatly affected by social interaction and culture.




121. __________ believed that knowledge is situated and collaborative.

A. EriksonB. FreudC. PiagetD. Vygotsky




122. The information-processing approach to development is concerned mainly with

A. the influence of culture on development.B. how people manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information.C. how people learn by watching others in their environment.D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.




33



123. Unlike Jean Piaget's theory, the information-processing model

A. focuses on how people process their cognitions and emotions.B. focuses on the importance of biology in development.C. focuses on the individual's increasing capacity for knowledge.D. describes thinking as occurring in different ways at different stages.




124. Dr. Baker-Finch believes that thinking is defined as how individuals perceive, encode, represent,store, and retrieve information. Dr. Baker-Finch would be considered a(n)

A. psychoanalytic theorist.B. psychosocial theorist.C. sociocultural theoristD. information-processing theorist.




125. Which of the following is considered a contribution of the cognitive theories?

A. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.B. They emphasize the importance of developmental changes in children's thinking.C. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.D. They emphasize sensitive periods of development.




126. One criticism of the cognitive theories is that they

A. give too much attention to unconscious thought.B. do not give enough attention to unconscious thought.C. focus too much on individual variations in cognitive development.D. focus too much on how the culture affects cognitive development.




34



127. __________ believe that scientifically we can study only what can be directly observed andmeasured.

A. Behavioral theoristsB. Psychoanalytic theoristsC. Cognitive theoristsD. Information-processing theorists




128. Classical conditioning is to __________ as operant conditioning is to __________.

A. Bandura; SkinnerB. Skinner; PavlovC. Pavlov; BanduraD. Pavlov; Skinner




129. "Sit down, shut up, and respect your brother!" Mom shouted to Timmy. "Learn to talk, instead offighting!" According to Bandura, Timmy is likely to

A. sit down, shut up, and learn to respect his brother.B. learn to yell to solve his problems.C. keep on talking and not respecting his brother.D. sit down and shut up, but never respect his brother.




130. Albert Bandura disagrees with B. F. Skinner's behavioristic idea about the unimportance of

A. reinforcement.B. punishment.C. cognition.D. environment.




35



131. __________ emphasizes the interaction between behavior, the environment, and the person and/orcognition.

A. BehaviorismB. Information-processing theoryC. Psychosocial theoryD. Social cognitive theory




132. One contribution of the social cognitive theories is that they emphasize

A. scientific research.B. developmental changes.C. human creativity.D. how unconscious thought affects behavior.




133. One criticism of the social cognitive theories is that they place too

A. little emphasis on the importance of scientific research.B. much emphasis on developmental changes.C. much emphasis on environmental determinants.D. much stress on how unconscious thought affects behavior.




134. Which theory emphasizes the role of evolution, biology, and critical or sensitive periods ofdevelopment?

A. biologicalB. cognitiveC. ecologicalD. ethological




36



135. The presence of a sensitive period or a critical period is a key component of

A. ethological theory.B. ecological theory.C. biological theory.D. sociocultural theory.




136. John Bowlby's attachment theory is an application of __________ to human development.

A. ethological theoryB. ecological theoryC. biological theoryD. sociocultural theory




137. One contribution of the ethological theory is that it has increased

A. the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.B. research with humans.C. the focus on an individual's cognitive development.D. the importance of culture on development.




138. In Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, the microsystem refers to the

A. setting in which the individual lives.B. setting in which the individual does not live directly, but can observe.C. cultural context within which an individual is raised.D. changes in one's culture over time.




37



139. The macrosystem involves

A. the setting in which the child lives.B. indirect experiences that children have in their environment.C. relationships between microsystems.D. the attitudes and beliefs of whole cultures.




140. When a woman's work experiences affect her relationship with her husband and child, this is anexample of the

A. microsystem.B. mesosystem.C. macrosystem.D. exosystem.




141. One criticism of the ethological theory is that it

A. does not pay enough attention to cognitive processes.B. does not take into account the effect of the culture on development.C. focuses only on observable behavior.D. focuses only on unconscious thought.




142. An eclectic theory of development assumes that

A. it is best to rely on one theory to help explain human development.B. no one theory alone can account for all of human development.C. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own context.D. the more recent theories are more accurate than those that were created before 1950.




38



143. A social worker is trying to help Tina put her life back together, find housing and work, and finishher technical degree. The social worker uses Skinner's theory to understand how to reward Tina forher efforts; uses Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crisis Tina is now facing;and uses Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how the relations between family, school, and workwill affect Tina's development. The social worker is using a (n) ______ approach to developmentaltheory.

A. ethologicalB. dynamicC. eclecticD. ethnographic




144. An important part of an observational measure is that it be conducted

A. in a real-world setting rather than a laboratory.B. in a laboratory rather than a real-world setting.C. in a way that is systematic and planned carefully in advance.D. with the consent and prior knowledge of all of the people being observed.




145. A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. Theresearcher plans to watch the videotape carefully to count the children's helping behaviors. Thisresearcher is using which research method?

A. case studyB. observationC. standardized testD. multifactorial study




39



146. Probably the most important feature of making observations in a laboratory is that

A. it allows the researcher to control most factors that influence behavior.B. it permits the researcher to see behavior in a natural setting.C. virtually any aspect of development can be observed in a laboratory setting.D. it allows the researcher to gather a great deal of information in a short time period.




147. One major problem with interviews and surveys is that they

A. must be conducted face to face.B. are unstructured.C. are structured.D. are subject to socially desirable answers.




148. Standardized tests are helpful because the individual's score

A. can be seen relative to others' scores.B. is not a single score.C. is never a percentile.D. is obtained under nonstressful circumstances.




149. Tim, a 15-year-old, seemed to be depressed at school. A counselor gave Tim a test with 100questions that asked him to rate how sad or depressed he would be in a variety of situations. Thecounselor determined that Tim fell in the upper ninetieth percentile when compared to others of hisage. The test the counselor gave Tim is an example of a

A. questionnaire.B. standardized test.C. physiological measure.D. survey.




40



150. If you wish to study a large number of people, you should not use

A. a case study.B. a questionnaire.C. a standardized test.D. naturalistic observation.




151. Which method of study is a developmentalist likely to use to examine the outcome of separatingconjoined twins?

A. naturalistic observationB. surveyC. correlationD. case study




152. George has been given an MRI and an EEG to assess the functioning of his body. These measures areconsidered

A. a type of questionnaire.B. a standardized test.C. physiological measures.D. part of naturalistic observation.




153. The primary aim of __________ is to observe and record behavior.

A. correlational researchB. experimental researchC. descriptive researchD. cross-sectional research




41



154. The goal of __________ is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events orcharacteristics.

A. the correlational methodB. the experimental methodC. the cross-sectional approachD. descriptive research




155. When the data in a correlational study are statistically analyzed, the result is a(n)

A. positive correlation.B. negative correlation.C. understanding of which factor caused which other factor.D. correlation coefficient.




156. Cause-and-effect relationships can best be determined by

A. longitudinal studies.B. cross-sectional studies.C. correlational studies.D. experimental studies.




157. In an experiment, the _________ variable is manipulated; the _________ variable is measured.

A. correlational; experimentalB. independent; dependentC. experimental; correlationalD. dependent; independent




42



158. A psychologist designs an experiment to determine the effect of eye contact on children's smiling.Group 1 is exposed to all eye contacts during the session while Group 2 is exposed to zero eyecontacts during the session. The psychologist records the number of times the children smile. In thisstudy, the dependent variable is the number of ________ and the independent variable is the________.

A. eye contacts; length of the sessionB. smiles; length of the sessionC. eye contacts; number of smilesD. smiles; number of eye contacts.




159. Random assignment of subjects to groups is a requirement of the

A. correlational method.B. experimental method.C. longitudinal approach.D. cross-sectional approach.




160. Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in memory in children, gave a memory test to a group ofsix-year-olds in 1995 and repeated the tests with the same children in 1998 when they werenine-year-olds. The research design used here was the

A. sequential approach.B. longitudinal approach.C. correlational approach.D. cross-sectional approach.


Bloom's Taxonomy: AppliedDifficulty Level: Basic


43



161. Most journal articles are comprised of

A. an abstract, the introduction, the methods section, the results, a discussion section, and a referencesection.

B. the introduction, the methods section, the results, and a discussion section.C. a variety of sections, depending on the journal; there is no set format.D. the introduction, the results, and a discussion section.




162. Tisha was reading an author's interpretation of the findings in a journal article. She must have beenreading the __________ section of the article.

A. methodB. resultsC. discussionD. introduction




163. Dr. Ryder wanted to know why people fight. He therefore proposed putting people in a laboratorysetting and having a research assistant instigate an argument among the participants. Dr. Ryder hopedthey might get into heated arguments so he could observe their interactions. One weakness of thistype of observational study is that

A. structured interview questions cannot be used.B. it is not effective for cross-cultural studies.C. Dr. Ryder does not have control over critical variables like the time and place of observation.D. Dr. Ryder cannot ethically subject people to stressful situations to observe their responses.




44



164. When using children as participants in research studies, psychologists must

A. retain a professional, distant atmosphere during all data collection.B. obtain informed consent from the child and parent prior to the start of the research.C. use deception to assure the confidentiality of the research.D. complete the data collection as planned to avoid having to repeat sessions, even if a particular

child does not seem willing to continue.




165. Research in psychology has been criticized for being sexist, because

A. researchers tend to believe males more than they do females.B. females have been studied as subjects more often than have males.C. conclusions about females have been drawn from studies that used only males.D. males have been mostly used for the more complicated studies.




166. When researchers use surface labels like African, Latino, Asian, or Native American, theyunderrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group. Using surfacelabels like these is referred to as

A. ethnic homogenization.B. ethnic grouping.C. ethnic gloss.D. cross-cultural standardization.




45



167. Suggest three ways that children's lives can be made better.

Students' answers may vary.* Educate parents about the nature of children's development.* Improve the education of children.* Increase mentoring opportunities.* Celebrate the diverse cultural and ethnic groups present in the culture.* Reduce poverty for children throughout childhood, not just at young ages.* Improve family policy.



168. Your text discusses context, culture, and ethnicity. Define each term and then explain whycross-cultural studies are necessary for a broader understanding of the development of childrenwithin a specific context.

Students' answers may vary.* Context: The setting in which development occurs.* Culture: Behavior, beliefs of a group of people passed on from generation to generation.* Ethnicity: Cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language.* Cross-cultural studies delineate the degree to which a child's development is universal acrosscultures or is specific to a particular culture.



169. Contrast the philosophical views of the original sin, tabula rasa, and innate goodness views as to thenature of children. Which view do you support, and why?

Students' answers may vary.* Original sin view: Children are innately bad.* Tabula rasa view: Children are a blank slate.* Innate goodness view: Children are inherently good.



46



170. List two biological, two cognitive, and two socioemotional processes that influenced Tariq'sacceptance in the following scenario.Scenario: Tariq immigrated from Kuwait to the United States in the third grade, to relocate in a smallmidwestern community. His English skills were excellent, as were his school grades. Popular andeagerly accepted by his new peers, Tariq was everyone's favorite. His family was easily integratedinto the mainstream of the busy rural community in every gathering from "farm and ranch" days tothe social events of the church. Tariq was even introduced to the rural activity of the county fair whenhe "showed" his steer for livestock judging. His 4-H leader felt Tariq could be a future 4-Hchampion, as he had the commitment already to work hard to succeed.

Students' answers may vary.* Biological: Race and genetic traits.* Cognitive: Intelligence and personality traits.* Socioemotional: Social adaptability and community interaction.



171. The nature versus nurture controversy has been a longstanding issue in child development. The 1980semphasized the nature side, while the 1990s emphasized the nurture side of this controversy.Describe the main ideas of the nature versus nurture controversy. Then discuss whether you think thedecade 2001-2010 will be judged as having emphasized nature or nurture, and give the reasons foryour prediction.

Students' answers may vary.* Nature proponents claim that biological inheritance is the most important influence ondevelopment, while nurture proponents claim that environmental components are the mostimportant.* The emphasis on sociocultural issues that was present in the 1990s will continue into the nextdecade, with ever-increasing concerns about violence and hostile environments for children.



172. In the following scenario, consider the early and later experience of Ginny. Which will influence hermore as she moves into early adulthood, and why? What variables in her life are key factors?Scenario: Ginny was born to two warm, loving parents who were killed in an auto accident when shewas four. At that time she was placed in the care of an aunt, who was inconvenienced by her presencethere. Her aunt left her at a local day care for most of the day. When Ginny entered school she was aquiet, withdrawn child, with poor motor skills, further hindered by an inability to read in the earlygrades.

Students' answers may vary.* In addition to considering her first years of life and their importance, the answer should evaluate therole of the extended family, the day care, and the quality of the school as to Ginny's later childhoodexperiences.



47



173. Jean Piaget's cognitive theory is based on adaptation, which includes assimilation andaccommodation. Consider the following case scenario and explain how this child is usingassimilation and accommodation.Scenario: Jenny loves to sing at school and can read the music for almost all the songs. Now herteacher introduces the recorder, which Jenny does not know how to play. Her teacher shows her thatthe notes she sings are the same notes played on her new instrument. Jenny very quickly learns toplay the recorder.

Students' answers may vary.Sample Answer: Assimilation is incorporating new information with previously learned knowledge.Jenny already knew how to read music, but she had to incorporate her reading music from singinginto reading music for the recorder, which is assimilation. She had to learn the fingerings on therecorder, which is accommodation.



174. Urie Brofenbrenner's ecological theory of development discusses five environmental systems. Giventhe following scenario, label which component is the microsystem and which the mesosystem, theexosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.Scenario: Albi is an African American child raised in a small rural community in Montana with avery small minority population. His parents recently moved from Abilene, Texas, to relocate for anoil-related occupation. Albi's father represents the third generation to work in the oil field, but priorgenerations always worked in Texas. Albi attends a small, rural elementary school of 27 students andthe majority of his friends live on nearby ranches. His parents changed church affiliations in order tohave a social support system here.

Students' answers may vary.Sample Answer:* Microsystem: Albi's family, school, and friends.* Mesosystem: Connections between friends at school, church, and work.* Exosystem: Neighbors and members of the church.* Macrosystem: Males within that family who work in the oil field. The African American culture.* Chronosystem: In the future, Albi is likely to work in the oil field.



175. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of any two of the main theories described in the text.

Students' answers may vary.Sample Answer:See pages 23-24, 27-28, and 29-34 in your textbook.



48



176. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two of the following methods for collecting data:observation, surveys and interviews, standardized tests, psychophysiological measures, case study,and experiment.

Students' answers may vary.Sample Answer:* Observation advantages: natural setting, can take place anywhere.* Observation disadvantages: unnatural if in a lab, need trained observers, must be systematic, havelittle or no control, difficulty getting representative sample to come to lab.* Surveys and interviews advantages: can study a wide range of topics, can do many in a shortperiod.* Surveys and interviews disadvantages: socially acceptable answers, difficult to write goodquestions, reading ability affects outcome.* Standardized tests advantages: can compare one child to group averages, and provide informationabout individual differences.* Standardized tests disadvantages: assumes that a person's behavior will be consistent; sometimesbiased in favor of Western cultures* Psychophysiological measures advantages: can measure nonobservable behavior such as heart rate.* Psychophysiological measures disadvantages: many factors might determine a body's physiologicalresponse.* Case study advantages: can provide depth about one case or individual.* Case study disadvantages: cannot be generalized to a large group; must be cautious due to theunknown reliability of the observer* Experiment advantages: determine cause and effect, control extraneous variables.* Experiment disadvantages: difficult to set up and perform properly, not always in a natural setting.



49



ch1 Summary

Category # of QuestionsBloom's Taxonomy: Applied 48Bloom's Taxonomy: Conceptual 74Bloom's Taxonomy: Factual 54Difficulty Level: Basic 42Difficulty Level: Difficult 37Difficulty Level: Moderate 97Learning Goal: 1 22Learning Goal: 2 30Learning Goal: 3 45Learning Goal: 4 79Santrock - Chapter 01 176

1



Documents

ch1 - thetestbank.euthetestbank.eu/sample/-Test-Bank-for-Children-11th-Edition-Santrock-.pdf · ch1 Student: _____ 1. According to your text, which of the following istrue? A. Development