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Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

Fellmann11e ch1

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Page 1: Fellmann11e ch1

Human Geography

Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis

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Human Geography

Chapter 1

Introduction

Image Copyright 2003 by Jon Malinowski, All rights reserved.

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© Thinkstock/Masterfile

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Human Geography 11e

What Is Geography?

• “Description of the Earth”• Spatial Science• Study of Spatial Variation

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Human Geography 11e

Evolution of the Discipline

• Ancient Period– Eratosthenes– Strabo– Herodotus– Ptolemy– Idrisi

• Non-Western Contributions• Modern Period

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Human Geography 11e

Focus of Geography

• Areal Variation on the Earth’s Surface• Spatial Systems• Regional Geography

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Human Geography 11e

Focus of Geography

– Areal Variation on the Earth’s Surface• Examines relationships between human societies and

the natural environments that they occupy and modify

– Spatial Systems• Link physical phenomena and human activities in one

area of the earth with other areas

– Regional Analysis• Studies human-environmental-”ecological”-

relationships and spatial systems in specific locational settings

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Human Geography 11e

Human Geography

• Subfields:– Behavioral– Political– Economic– Cultural– Social– Urban– Medical– Population

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Human Geography 11e

Core Geographic Concepts

• The Geographer’s Questions• Space and Place

– Absolute and relative space– Sense of place and “placelessness”

• Spatial Behavior, Relationships, and Processes

• Fundamental Characteristics of Places

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Human Geography 11e

Core Geographic Concepts

• Space and Place– Absolute

• Physically real with measureable extent

– Relative space• Perceptual and variable over time

– Sense of place• The attachment we have to specific locations

– Placelessness• Uniformity; elimination of uniqueness

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Human Geography 11e

Fundamental Characteristics of Places• Location, Direction, and Distance• Size and Scale• Physical & Cultural Attributes• The Changing Attributes of Place• Interrelations between Places• The Rational Structure of Place

• Density• Dispersion• Pattern

• Place Similarity & Regions• The Characteristics of Regions• Types of Regions

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Human Geography 11e

Location

• Absolute Location• Relative Location• Site vs. Situation

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Human Geography 11e

• Absolute Location– Identification of place by some precise and

accepted system of coordinates

• Relative Location– The position of a place in relation to that of other

places or activities

• Site – Physical and cultural attributes of a place

• Situation– Expression of relative location with particular

reference to items of significance to the place in question

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Human Geography 11e

Location

• Site vs. Situation

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Human Geography 11e

Direction

• Absolute Direction• Relative Direction

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Human Geography 11e

Distance

• Absolute Distance• Relative Distance

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Human Geography 11e

Physical & Cultural Attributes

• Natural Landscape– Climate, soil, water

resources, minerals and terrain features

– Provides the setting within which human actions occurs

• Cultural Landscape– Visible expression of

human activity

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© Doug Sherman/Geofile

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Human Geography 11e

Places

• Changing Attributes of Place• Interrelations between Places

– Accessibility and Connectivity – Spatial Diffusion and Globalization

• The Rational Structure of Place– Density– Dispersion– Pattern

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Human Geography 11e

Places• The Rational Structure of Place

– Density• a measure of the number of anything within

a defined unit area• Number of items in relation to the space in

which they are found

– Dispersion• The amount of spread of a phenomenon

over an area

– Pattern• The geometric arrangement of objects

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Human Geography 11e

Place Similarity & Regions• The Characteristics of Regions• Types of Regions:

– Formal• Uniform regions; uniformity in one or a

limited combination of physical or cultural features

– Functional• Give an organizational basis

– Perceptual• Reflect feelings and images

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Human Geography 11e

Perceptual Regions

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Human Geography 11e

Maps

• Map Scale• The Globe Grid• How Maps Show Data• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)• Mental Maps

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Human Geography 11e

Mental Maps• Our understanding of

distributions• Our view of spatial

reality• images about an area

or an environment developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted, and stored

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Human Geography 11e

Systems, Maps, and Models

• Spatial System– The content of area is interrelated– Component parts ar104e

interdependent

• Model– Simplified abstraction of reality– Clarifies causal relationships