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CH1 Introduction
Citation preview
Introduction to
Engineering Survey
Sr. Dr. Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Department of Civil & Structural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
National University of Malaysia
Goal
The goal of this course is to give knowledge, understanding and synthesis in engineering survey.
The students will be exposed to the field works to develop skill in using some surveying equipments such as leveling, theodolite and GPS.
Amongst the main topics discussed are traversing, tacheometry, mapping, setting out, triangulation, geometric design, vertical and
horizontal alignment, volume of earthwork, mass-haul diagram,
photogrametry, GIS, GPS, remote sensing and hydrographic survey.
At the end of semester, students are required to have one week surveying camp to carry out a comprehensive fieldwork surveying.
This course is a core subject in both programs offered by the Department of Civil & Structural Engineering.
Course Objective
Understanding:
What is Engineering Survey?
Why Engineering Survey very important in Civil Engineering?
Theory, concept and practical in Engineering Survey.
Adjustment and Survey calculation in Civil Engineering.
Student will able:
To produce survey mapping and can intergrate with the engineering design work.
Course Backgraound
Who Know about survey mapping and engineering survey?
Site Survey, observation.. Theodolite, GPS,.....etc
...........
Time Table
Lecture/Lab/Field work 3 hours/week ++
Time: 8.00am 10.00am (Tuesday) DK6
3.00pm 4.00pm (Wednesday) DK3
Lab/field work: Near Tasik Kejuruteraan
Course Content
Week Topic Lab
1 Introduction to Engineering Survey
2 Land Survey Equipment
3 Leveling Yes
4 Bearing/angle, coordinate system
5 Theodolite & Traverse Yes
6 Tachometry Yes
7 Setting Out Yes
8 mid sem
9 Land Acquisition
10 Land Area and Volume
11 Vertical and Horizontal Curve
12 Introduction to GPS Yes
13 Introduction to Hydrographic & Photogrammetry
14 Introduction to GIS & Remote Sensing
15 Project Presentation
16 Survey Camp
Any problem ??Contact info:
Pusat Pencerapan
Bumi (EOC)
Phone: ext. 6767
h/p: 019-3163068
Contact info:
Near Meeting
room JKAS
Phone: ext. xxxx
h/p: 019-3163068
Reference
Bannister, A., Raymond, S. dan Baker, R., 1998. Surveying, 7th
edition, Person Prentice Hall, London.
Campbell, J. (2001). Map Use & Analysis. United State of America: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Mario A. Gomarasca. (2009). Basics of Geomatics, Italy: Springer Science + Business Media.
Nathanson, J., Lanzafama, M. T. dan Kissam, P. (2006). SurveyingFundamentals and Practices, 5 th Edition, Person Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.
Thurston, J., Poiker, T. dan Moore, J. (2003). Integrated Geospatial Technologies A Guide to GPS, GIS and Data Logging, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
W. Schofield, (2001), Engineering Surveying - Theory and Examination Problems for Students, UK: Elsevier.
Evaluation
Project and Assignment 5 - 20 %
Field Work 5 - 20 %
Quiz/test 5 - 15 %
Survey Camp 10 - 30 %
Final Exam 30 - 60 %
TOTAL 100 %
. . . for thousands of years every man had counted only his own territory but the
measure of the terrestrial circumference will
mark for the men the exit from the village; and
every man, transcending the connection to
his land, will become an inhabitant of the
Earth. . .
Eratosthenes (275193 BCE) Greek mathematicianastronomergeographerpoet
Definition
Geomatics is defined as a systemic, multidisciplinary,
integrated approach to selecting the instruments and
the appropriate techniques for collecting, storing,
integrating, modelling, analysing, retrieving at will,
transforming, displaying and distributing spatially
georeferenced data from different sources with well-
defined accuracy characteristics, continuity and in a
digital format.
The disciplines and techniques constituting
geomatics are;
1. Computer science:
to represent and process applicable information through the
development of technological instruments (i.e. hardware) and
of methods, models and systems (i.e. software).
2. Geodesy:
to determine the shape and size of the Earth; it defines on the
one hand the surface of reference in its complete form, the
geoid, as well as in its simplified form, the ellipsoid, and on the
other hand the external gravitational field as a function of time.
3. Topography: started with and part of geodesy, this is a
combination of procedures for direct land survey. Topography
is a combination of methods and instruments to
comprehensively measure and represent details of the Earths surface:
i. planimetry: to determine the relative positions of the
representation of points on the Earths surface with respect to the same reference surface;
ii. altimetry: to determine the height of the points on the Earths surface with respect to the geoid surface;
iii. tachymetry: for the planimetric and altimetric survey of the Earths surface zones;
iv. land surveying: to measure areas, moving and rectify borders,
levelling zones of the Earth physical surface.
4. Cartography: to supply a possible description of the shape and
dimension of the Earth and its natural and artificial details, by
means of graphical or numerical representation of more or less
wide areas, following fixed rules.
5. Photogrammetry: to determine the position and shapes of the
objects by measuring them on photographic images.
6. Remote Sensing: to remotely acquire territorial and
environmental data and to combine methods and techniques
for subsequent processing and interpretation (this definition
also fits digital photogrammetry).
7. Global Positioning System (GPS): to provide the three-
dimensional (3D) position of fixed or moving objects, in space
and time, all over the Earths surface, under any meteorological conditions and in real time.
8. Laser scanning system: to locate objects and measure their
distance by means of the incident radiation in the optical
frequencies (0.315 m) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
9. Geographical Information System (GIS): to make use of a
powerful combination of instruments capable of receiving,
recording, recalling, transforming, representing and processing
georeferenced spatial data.
10. Decision Support System (DSS): to implement complex
Geographical Information Systems, meant to create possible
scenarios by modelling the ground truth and to offer a set of
solutions to the decision maker.
11. Expert System (ES): to consider instruments capable of
imitating the experts cognitive processes and their ability to manage the complexity of reality by means of interdependent
processes of abstraction, generalization and approximation.
12. WebGIS: to distribute geographic data remotely stored on
dedicated machines for databases, according to complex
network architectures.
Introduction
Type of surveys;
Topographic Surveys
Produce maps and plans of the natural and man-made features
The main info in this survey is spot heights, scaling, contour & detail
features
Engineering Surveys
All the survey work during the construction and planning
Proposing location, on the ground marking (setting out) & finally as-
built
Cadastral Surveys
Producing plans for properties boundary for legal purposes
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
New field in survey
Is an information management process for organizing spatial data.
Data in layer based and can overlay in one view
Importance of Surveying
Surveying plays an essential role in the planning, design, layout and
construction of our physical environment and infrastructure.
Surveying is the link between design and construction
Surveying is playing an increasingly important role in modern industrial
technology
Good accuracy in industrial laser equipment,
IBS technologies
UAV
LIDAR
Scale The end product of a survey is usually the production of a scaled drawing
A Scale is a ratio between the drawing of an object and the actual object itself.
Example;
A line A-B in the drawing with scale 1:100 is;
Horizontal Distance A-B on the map = 1
Horizontal Distance A-B on the ground 100
If the length A-B on the plan is 20.5cm, the actual distance on the ground is;
20.5 x 100 = 2050 cm = 20.5 m
Large scale is .... Small ration - 1:50, 1: 100
Small scale is .....big ratio - 1:50,000
Type of plans/maps
Department of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) producing various maps an
plans.
Open and restricted /confidential maps
Types of maps is ;
a) Town Map
b) State Map
c) Topography map
d) Revenue Survey
e) Certified Plan
f) Remote Sensing
Town Map
Shows the details of the features such as roads, rivers, housing and landuse
Example of the map is map of Kuala lumpur- scale 1:15,000 & map of Johor
Bahru -1:12,500
Can be used for early planning to know the main features on the site
State Map
A large area compare to State map
Small scale such as 1 : 500,000
Example of State Map scale is 1:125,000.
Can only show , main road and river, location of town/village and important
land mark
Topographic map
A topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and
quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern
mapping, but historically using a variety of methods
Topographic map show both natural and man-made features
Useful to civil engineering work-planning of
road alignment and cut-fill volume
The main features in topographic map is;
Contour
Road network
Main river
Landuse
Settlement
Output from contour data
Revenue Survey
Useful to;
Calculate land tax and land compensation
Plan the identify a nearest lot
The main information in revenue survey map is, boundary line, lot number,
area & PA no
Scale unit is 2 chain per inch or 32 chain per inch
New map scale in metric is 1:1000 and 1:2000.
Certified Plan
Certified Plan (C.P) is a detail plan showing all the connecting lots
The main features in this plan is lots boundary, bearing and distance, road and
river reserved , coordinate and north direction.
Useful to;
Plan the detail
planning and design
Calculate the total area
of construction site
Identify and plan the
drainage and road system
Produced by Department of
Survey and Mapping.
Remote Sensing Image
A real picture and view from the top
Recieved via satellite
Malaysia agency - Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia (MACRES).
Malaysian satellite is TiungSAT-1 and RazakSAT
Example of image satellite is;
SPOT, LANDSAT, IKONOS, ERS-1, dan RADARSAT
New accurate image satellite is QuickBird ~ 0.67m resolution
END